GB2127501A - Plain bearing - Google Patents
Plain bearing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2127501A GB2127501A GB08325586A GB8325586A GB2127501A GB 2127501 A GB2127501 A GB 2127501A GB 08325586 A GB08325586 A GB 08325586A GB 8325586 A GB8325586 A GB 8325586A GB 2127501 A GB2127501 A GB 2127501A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- carbon fibers
- bearing according
- bearing
- surface layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910020888 Sn-Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910019204 Sn—Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/28—Brasses; Bushes; Linings with embedded reinforcements shaped as frames or meshed materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2253/00—Other material characteristics; Treatment of material
- F05C2253/16—Fibres
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
This invention relates to plain bearings comprising a steel base, an intermediate layer over the base, a nickel layer over the intermediate layer and over the nickel layer an antifriction layer of Pb-Sn-Cu alloy incorporating carbon fibers which improve the wearing characteristics of the bearing.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Plain bearing
The present invention relates to bearings and
primarily to plain bearings, bushings and thrust
washers, e.g. for internal combustion engines.
Plain bearings and the like have a base, usually of steel or aluminum, and a metallic bearing surface layer which is usually electrodeposited.
There may be more than one electrodeposited
metallic layer, and there may be an intermediate layer between the base and the said electrodeposited layer or layers.
According to the invention there is provided a bearing having deposited over a base a metallic bearing surface layer incorporating carbon fibers.
Where there is a deposited metallic sub-layer immediately below the surface layer, carbon fibers may be present in both sub-layer and surface layer, and preferably some at least of the carbon fibers project from within the sub-layer into the surface layer. There may be an intermediate layer, usually of metal such as Cu alloy or Al alloy, between the base and the surface or any sublayer. The carbon fibers are generally distributed randomly within the layer or layers containing them. Carbon fibres can be co-deposited with an electrodeposited surface layer and/or with any electrodeposited sub-layer; thus they may be electrodeposited from the same bath as the surface layer and/or from the same bath as any adjacent sub-layer. The surface layer may be an antifriction layer of Pb/Cu/Sn alloy, and this may have an adjacent Ni sub-layer.Preferably the copper content of the alloy is from 2 to 6% by weight and the tin content 8 to 13% by weight, the remainder being lead. The carbon fiber diameter is preferably < 7 ,um and fiber length is preferably from .025 to 2 mm. The carbon fibers, which may be arranged randomly in the layer(s) concerned, can exhibit good bond strength between their outer surface and the metal in which they are embedded.
The invention is particularly applicable to bearings of the type known as trimetal bearings which are composed of a base (usually steel or aluminum), an intermediate layer (usually copperbased alloy or aluminum alloy) applied thereto, and an antifriction layer electrodeposited on the previously finished surface of the intermediate layer. Generally, the antifriction layer (e.g. 25 ym thick) is a Pb-Sn-Cu alloy, which most commonly contains by weight 2.5% Cu, 10% Sn and the remainder Pb. This antifriction layer imparts the properties of conformability and embeddability as well as resistance to corrosion required for a satisfactory performance of the bearing. Between the intermediate layer and the antifriction layer is a sub-layer of nickel which operates as a barrier to prevent the diffusion of tin from the antifriction layer to the intermediate layer.The electrochemical ly deposited antifriction layer is the portion of the bearing subjected to the highest demands. Ideally this layer should remain undamaged over the engine service life.
Previously, however, this layer often failed during engine operation, sometimes necessitating dismantling of the engine for replacement of the bearings. The problem has been aggravated by the growing tendency towards increase of the engine power/weight ratio which imposes consistentiy higher demands on engine parts, and on the bearings in particular. The main factors causing the antifriction layer to fail were wear, erosion, and fatigue.
Wear involves the removal of low hardness material, especially lead. Under normal use and lubrication conditions wear of the bearing antifriction layer is comparable to that of other engine components.
The second factor was fatigue which is characterised by cracks developed by alternating loads which work down towards the underlying layer - in the case of trimetal bearings, the nickel barrier. When the cracks come close to the interface their propagation changes direction and develops parallel to the interface, thereby causing pieces of the antifriction layer to break loose from the bearing and be carried away by the lubricating oil stream.
The third factor inducing failure of the antifriction layer was erosion which causes washing away of the layer surface thus leaving the nickel barrier exposed. This removal, however, is limited to localised and well defined areas, leaving most of the antifriction layer undamaged. A study of the erosion phenomenon discloses several mechanisms which may be grouped in two main categories, flow erosion and cavitation erosion.
Flow erosion, owing to bearing design features, causes the oil flow to develop at certain regions a condition of turbulence which with the presence of particles in suspension in the lubricant has a highly detrimental effect on the antifriction layer.
This type of erosion is sometimes designated impact erosion. Cavitation erosion originates from variations in the oil pressure creating fluid pressures falling below vapor pressure at a given temperature, thereby causing vapor bubbles to form in the lubricating oil. When the vapor bubbles collapse, they may lead to extremely high localised pressures which will result in localised fatigue.
These problems, which have applied to plain bearings and the like in general, can be reduced by the incorporation of carbon fibers according to the invention. The present invention thus includes a bearing comprising a base, an intermediate layer over the base, a nickel layer over the intermediate layer, and over the nickel layer an antifriction layer of Pb-Sn-Cu alloy incorporating carbon fibers. The invention also provides a method of making such a bearing wherein the nickel and antifriction alloy layers are electrodeposited and the carbon fibers are co-deposited with the nickel and/or with the alloy. The embeddability in electrodeposits of particles in suspension in the electrolytic solution (as a rule an undesirable and detrimental phenomenon) is of advantage in carrying out the method of the invention as the carbon fibers can be co-deposited with the metal.In one method
according to the invention the carbon fibers are
added to the nickel bath from which the nickel is deposited on the intermediate layer; the deposited
nickel layer exhibits a surface having a large
number of fiber ends emerging from the layer, and these fiber tips become embedded in the next
layer, i.e. the Pb-Sn-Cu alloy electrodeposit.
In another embodiment the carbon fibers are added only to the Pb-Sn-Cu bath from which the antifriction alloy is deposited on the nickel layer.
In a third embodiment the carbon fibers are
added to both the nickel and the alloy baths.
The addition of carbon fibers to plain bearing antifriction layers can impart a substantial improvement to their mechanical properties by imparting a significant resistance to wear, fatigue and erosion to said layers. Furthermore, owing to their graphitic character, the carbon fibers provide good sliding properties where they are exposed at the surface.
Whilst the invention has been described above mainly in terms of trimetal bearings, it is applicable with similar advantage to bearing surface layers in general, particularly to electrodeposited such layers; i.e. according to the invention carbon fibers can be incorporated in any bearing antifriction surface layer in the manner and by any of the methods described above.
This may be by deposition with the surface layer, or when there is a sub-layer by deposition with both sub- and surface layers or with the sublayer alone -- deposited fibers projecting from the sub-layer then becoming embedded in the subsequently deposited surface layer.
Claims (14)
1. A bearing having deposited over a base a metallic bearing surface layer incorporating carbon fibers.
2. A bearing according to claim 1 having at least one deposited metallic sub layer between the base and the surface layer.
3. A bearing according to claim 2 having carbon fibers in both the surface layer and the adjacent sub layer.
4. A bearing according to claim 3 wherein at least some of the carbon fibers extend from with the adjacent sub layer into the surface layer.
5. A bearing according to any preceding claim having an intermediate metallic layer between the base and the surface layer or any sub layer.
6. A bearing according to any preceding claim wherein the surface layer is an antifriction layer of
Pb/Sn/Cu alloy.
7. A bearing according to claim 6 having a nickel sub layer immediately under the antifriction layer.
8. A bearing according to claim 6 or 7 wherein the surface layer alloy has a copper content from 2 to 6% by weight and a tin content from 8 to 13% by weight, the remainder being lead.
9. A bearing according to any preceding claim wherein the carbon fibers have a diameter of less than 7 ym.
10. A bearing according to any preceding claim wherein the carbon fibers have a length of from .025to2 mm.
11. A method of making a bearing according to claim 1 wherein the surface layer is electrodeposited and carbon fibers are codeposited therewith.
12. A method of making a bearing according to claim 2 wherein the surface layer and an adjacent sub layer are electrodeposited and carbon fibers are co-deposited with the surface layer and/or the sub layer.
13. A trimetal bearing having an antifriction layer incorporating carbon fibers and substantially as hereinbefore described.
14. A bearing according to claim 11 or 12 and substantially as hereinbefore described.
1 5. A bearing comprising a base and at least one metallic layer electrochemically deposited on an intermediate layer or directly on the base from a bath incorporating carbon fibers.
1 6. A bearing according to claim 1 5 wherein the carbon fibers are deposted at random.
1 7. A bearing having a metallic antifriction surface layer incorporating carbon fibers.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BR8205632A BR8205632A (en) | 1982-09-23 | 1982-09-23 | SLIDING BUSHING WITH CARBON FIBER REINFORCEMENT |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8325586D0 GB8325586D0 (en) | 1983-10-26 |
| GB2127501A true GB2127501A (en) | 1984-04-11 |
Family
ID=4031808
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08325586A Withdrawn GB2127501A (en) | 1982-09-23 | 1983-09-23 | Plain bearing |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BR (1) | BR8205632A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3334116A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2127501A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2295546C1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-03-20 | Федеральное Государственное Унитарное Предприятие "Центральный Научно-Исследовательский Институт Конструкционных Материалов "Прометей" | Antifriction composition |
| WO2016127992A1 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-18 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Coating for a bearing, bearing, and method |
Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1166253A (en) * | 1966-07-26 | 1969-10-08 | Nat Res Dev | Carbon Fibre/Synthetic Resin Based Load Bearing Components. |
| GB1209916A (en) * | 1967-05-04 | 1970-10-21 | Nat Res Dev | Composite bearing materials and their manufacture |
| GB1219572A (en) * | 1967-03-28 | 1971-01-20 | Courtaulds Ltd | Composite material comprising a reinforcement of graphitised carbon fibres |
| GB1265472A (en) * | 1967-11-29 | 1972-03-01 | ||
| GB1313651A (en) * | 1969-06-25 | 1973-04-18 | Nat Res Dev | Bearing component |
| GB1316096A (en) * | 1969-05-09 | 1973-05-09 | Morganite Carbon Ltd | Low-friction materials |
| GB1325291A (en) * | 1971-01-06 | 1973-08-01 | British Railways Board | Methods of producing a metal and carbon fibre composite |
| GB1326193A (en) * | 1970-08-27 | 1973-08-08 | Vandervell Products Ltd | Beating materials |
| GB1335961A (en) * | 1970-11-17 | 1973-10-31 | Galcier Metal Co Ltd | Method of making a strip |
| GB1337995A (en) * | 1970-02-02 | 1973-11-21 | Garlock Inc | Composite bearings |
| GB1371041A (en) * | 1970-09-10 | 1974-10-23 | Nat Res Dev | Manufacture of bearing elements |
| GB1375541A (en) * | 1970-07-29 | 1974-11-27 | ||
| GB1403862A (en) * | 1971-07-23 | 1975-08-28 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Composite bearing materials |
-
1982
- 1982-09-23 BR BR8205632A patent/BR8205632A/en unknown
-
1983
- 1983-09-21 DE DE19833334116 patent/DE3334116A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1983-09-23 GB GB08325586A patent/GB2127501A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1166253A (en) * | 1966-07-26 | 1969-10-08 | Nat Res Dev | Carbon Fibre/Synthetic Resin Based Load Bearing Components. |
| GB1219572A (en) * | 1967-03-28 | 1971-01-20 | Courtaulds Ltd | Composite material comprising a reinforcement of graphitised carbon fibres |
| GB1209916A (en) * | 1967-05-04 | 1970-10-21 | Nat Res Dev | Composite bearing materials and their manufacture |
| GB1265472A (en) * | 1967-11-29 | 1972-03-01 | ||
| GB1316096A (en) * | 1969-05-09 | 1973-05-09 | Morganite Carbon Ltd | Low-friction materials |
| GB1313651A (en) * | 1969-06-25 | 1973-04-18 | Nat Res Dev | Bearing component |
| GB1337995A (en) * | 1970-02-02 | 1973-11-21 | Garlock Inc | Composite bearings |
| GB1375541A (en) * | 1970-07-29 | 1974-11-27 | ||
| GB1326193A (en) * | 1970-08-27 | 1973-08-08 | Vandervell Products Ltd | Beating materials |
| GB1371041A (en) * | 1970-09-10 | 1974-10-23 | Nat Res Dev | Manufacture of bearing elements |
| GB1335961A (en) * | 1970-11-17 | 1973-10-31 | Galcier Metal Co Ltd | Method of making a strip |
| GB1325291A (en) * | 1971-01-06 | 1973-08-01 | British Railways Board | Methods of producing a metal and carbon fibre composite |
| GB1403862A (en) * | 1971-07-23 | 1975-08-28 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Composite bearing materials |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2295546C1 (en) * | 2005-08-01 | 2007-03-20 | Федеральное Государственное Унитарное Предприятие "Центральный Научно-Исследовательский Институт Конструкционных Материалов "Прометей" | Antifriction composition |
| WO2016127992A1 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-18 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Coating for a bearing, bearing, and method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3334116A1 (en) | 1984-04-05 |
| GB8325586D0 (en) | 1983-10-26 |
| BR8205632A (en) | 1984-05-02 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |