GB2117747A - A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal- like structure - Google Patents
A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal- like structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2117747A GB2117747A GB08307209A GB8307209A GB2117747A GB 2117747 A GB2117747 A GB 2117747A GB 08307209 A GB08307209 A GB 08307209A GB 8307209 A GB8307209 A GB 8307209A GB 2117747 A GB2117747 A GB 2117747A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- water
- coating
- pelletising
- substance
- pelletised
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract 2
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 petrol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/02—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
- C04B18/021—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates agglomerated by a mineral binder, e.g. cement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/50—Mixing liquids with solids
- B01F23/51—Methods thereof
- B01F23/511—Methods thereof characterised by the composition of the liquids or solids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
- B01J2/28—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic using special binding agents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Glanulating (AREA)
- Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
Crystalline or crystal-like substances, such as quartz sand, waste glass, and kieselguhr are intimately mixed with such a quantity of a mineral substance which reacts with water to form a water-insoluble compound, such as a hydroxide of a metal of Group II of the periodic table, to obtain a microfilm layer on the material grains, and are then agglomerated in known manner using a pelletising liquid. After wetting the crystalline material, the metal oxide is fed in dry form and is intimately mixed with the material to be pelletised, agglomeration then taking place while feeding pelletising liquid. The completion of the reaction can be monitored through the heat of reaction. The pellets can be provided with a coating of the same or another material which is insoluble or difficultly soluble in water.
Description
SPECIFICATION
A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal-like structure
The invention relates to a process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal-like structure.
In industry, large quantities of materials or crystalline or crystal-like structure such as quartz sand, powdered glass, kieselguhr, crystalline salts of all types occur or are produced as raw materials or waste materials. The finely granular structure in which they occur can give rise to considerable difficulties during their further processing, recycling, transportation or depositing, partly on account of the dust produced during transportation and possibly storage, and partly on account of the considerable compacting of the dusty and finely granular materials and the resultant impermeability to air, which often results in difficulty during their further processing. Attempts have therefore been made for some time to agglomerate these materials into lumps, but up to the present time this has been attained only by costly, partly thermal processes.These materials have been completely unsuitable, up to the present time, for simple granulating by the use of water as a pelletising liquid, because of the smoothness of the surface and the crystalline structure of such materials, which exclude mutual physical adhesion or bonding.
According to the invention, there is provided a process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal-like structure and comprising mixing intimately the substance to be pelletised with such a quantity of a mineral substance which reacts with water to form a water-insoluble compound, as to obtain a microfilm layer on the material grains, and then agglomerating the mixture so produced by the use of a pelletising liquid.
It has been found, surprisingly, that such mineral substances which react with water to form a water-insoluble compound also cover the smooth fractured surfaces of crystalline materials, such as the crystal surfaces of quartz sand, in the manner of a microfilm and/or form a closed casing of sufficient inherent stability about the grain of the material, which can be made to adhere to the casings of other grains of material. The result is that, on pelletising, the grains quickly agglomerate to ideal "rolling" pellets, which therefore quickly increase in size. The skeleton formed from the casings which adhere together is stable after the reaction of the material, and gives the pellets so produced a durable firmness which is sufficient to allow the pellets to be transported or further processed.The water-insoluble material which represents the skeleton material undergoes no changes due to drying, dissolving and no substantial reaction under atmospheric conditions. In this respect, when mixtures of substances are pelletised, pellets are obtained which contain the individual substances in the original mixture proportions, and the pelletisation produces no segregation or regional concentrations of individual substances.
Hydroxides of metals of main Group II or subsidiary Group II of the periodic table are preferably used as the skeleton material. The choice is preferably made according to the type of material to be pelletised and its further processing. In this respect, inexpensive calcium hydroxide can be used in the majority of cases as the skeleton material, this being useful in nearly all applications, such as in agriculture for neutralising soil acids, and in metallurgical smelting as a basic material for forming lime slags by pyrolysis.
The pelletising is desirable effected by firstly wetting the surface of the material to be pelletised with water, and then feeding the skeleton material in dry form as a metal oxide and intimately mixing it with the material to be pelletised, agglomeration then taking place while pelletising liquid is fed, until the end of the reaction in accordance with the equation
MeO + H20 = Me(OH)2, which results in a temperature rise.
In those cases in which the material to be pelletised is aggresive or is of a type which is changed by hygroscopy or by reaction with the components of the atmosphere, the pellets can be provided with a coating of a material which is insoluble or difficultly soluble in water. This can be done by use of a mineral substance which reacts with water to form a water-insoluble compound, and in particular an oxide of one of the metals of main Group II or subsidiary Group II of the periodic table which, by reaction with the pelletising liquid, which either emerges from the pellet or is additionally fed, forms a compound which is insoluble or difficultly soluble in water.
This coating can alternatively be effected by spraying a dissolved or dispersed liquid reagent onto the pellets which by reaction with the pellet material itself forms a compound which is insoluble or difficultly soluble in water, so that a protective casing is formed which hinders diffusion of moisture. Dilute acids or alkalis, or organic solvents such as petrol, benzene, methanol, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, paraffin or the like can be used as such a reagent, according to the material to be pelletised and the manner of its further processing.
The feed quantity is so determined, according to the type of material and its reaction products, that either a complete conversion reaction takes place or only a partial conversion occurs.
The coating is advantageously effected in a ploughshare mixer with a peripheral drum speed of 0.120 to 0. 180, and preferably 0.165 m/sec, and an operating temperature of 30"C. The temperature rise is limited to a maximum of 10"C during the coating stage by controlling the liquid feed. In this respect, the quantity of wetting liquid to be fed is 2 to 5% by weight and preferably 3.5 to 4,5% by weight with respect to the weight of the material to be pelletised, and the quantity of bonding agent to be fed is three to four times, and preferably three times the weight of the wetting liquid used.
The invention will now be described hereinafter with reference to an example.
EXAMPLE
Glass is manufactured basically by fusing sand, soda and lime in quantities of about 12% Na20 and CaO by weight, and about 76% of SiO2 by weight. The production of pellets with a uniformly distributed quantity of the component materials by simple build-up agglomeration with water has not heretofore been possible. Instead, the quantities of the materials distributed in the pellets is nonuniform, and in addition a residual quantity of non-pelletisable sand remains, which can be between 10 and 25% of the total quantity of the component material.
In accordance with the process of the invention, about 150.0 kg of washed sand and 6.0 kg of water are fed to a pelletising ploughshare mixture of V = 300 litres, and are mixed intensively until the surfaces of the sand grains are completely wetted. About 18.0 kg of quicklime, CaO, are then mixed in until the water adhereing to the surfaces of the grains has reacted in accordance with the equation
CaO + H20 = Ca(OH)2. As this reaction is exothermic, the end of the reaction is indicated by the absence of any further production of heat.
On further feeding of water as pelletising liquid, pelletising takes place together with simultaneous reaction of the quicklime which has remaimed unreacted in the first stage of the process, and if necessary with the feed further flux materials. In preparing a raw material for glass, further flux materials in the form of about 26.0 kg of soda and an additional 16.0 kg of quicklime are added, together with a total of 26.0 kg of water as pelletising liquid. The result is table pellets which do not disintegrate even under storage pressure or transportation and which show no exposed sand grains even under a microscope.
Claims (15)
1. A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal-like structure and comprising mixing intimately the substance to be pelletised with such a quantity of a mineral substance which reacts with water to form a water-insoluble compound, as to obtain a microfilm layer on the material grains, and then agglomerating the mixture so produced by the use of a pelletising liquid.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mineral substance for forming the microfilm layer is a hydroxide of a metal of main Group II or subsidiary Group II of the periodic table.
3. A process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the surface of the material to be pelletised is firstly wetted with water, and then the metal oxide coating material is fed in dry form and intimately mixed with the substance to be pelletised, agglomeration then taking place during the feed of pelletising liquid, until the consequent reaction terminates.
4. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pellets are provided with a coating of a material which is insoluble or difficultly soluble in water.
5. A process as claimed in claim 4, wherein the coating is of a mineral substance which reacts with the pelletising liquid which either emerges from the pellet or is additionally fed, from a compound which is insoluble or difficultly soluble in water.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the coating is of an oxide of a metal of main Group II or subsidiary Group II of the periodic table.
7. A process as claimed in claim 4, wherein the coating is made by spraying a dissolved or dispersed liquid reagent which, by reaction with the pellet material, forms a compound which is insoluble or difficulty soluble in water, so as to form a protective casing which hinders diffusion of moisture.
8. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein a dilute acid or alkali, or an organic solvent is used as the reagent.
9. A process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the reagent is petrol or benzene or methanol or alcohol or carbon tetrachloride or paraffin.
10. A process as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the reagent is sprayed in a quantity which results in reaction on the pellet surface only.
11. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the coating is carried out in a ploughshare mixer with a peripheral drum speed of 0.120 to 0.180 m/sec and an operating temperature of 30"C or substantially 30"C.
1 2. A process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the temperature rise during the coating stage is limited to a maxim of 10"C by controlling the application of wetting water or feed of the coating substance, the coating stage lasting for five minutes.
1 3. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the quantity of wett
ing water is 2 to 5% by weight of the substance to be pelletised.
14. A process as claimed in claim 13, wherein the coating material is fed in a quan tity which is three to four times the weight of the wetting liquid used.
1 5. A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal-like structure substantially as hereinbefore described with respect to the foregoing Example.
1 6. A pelletised substance of crystalline or crystal-like structure when produced by the method of any one of claims 1 to
1 5.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3209619A DE3209619A1 (en) | 1982-03-17 | 1982-03-17 | METHOD FOR PELLETIZING SUBSTANCES WITH A CRYSTALINE OR CRYSTAL-LIKE STRUCTURE |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8307209D0 GB8307209D0 (en) | 1983-04-20 |
| GB2117747A true GB2117747A (en) | 1983-10-19 |
| GB2117747B GB2117747B (en) | 1985-10-16 |
Family
ID=6158447
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08307209A Expired GB2117747B (en) | 1982-03-17 | 1983-03-16 | A process for pelletising substances of crystalline or crystal-like structure |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BE (1) | BE896168A (en) |
| DD (1) | DD207537A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3209619A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK44983A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2523473A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2117747B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1194157B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU84692A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8300917A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE8301317L (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2154997A (en) * | 1984-03-01 | 1985-09-18 | Kemira Oy | Production of porous silica granules |
| AU637168B2 (en) * | 1989-12-18 | 1993-05-20 | Aardelite Holding B.V. | Method for reducing the leachability of granular material and granular material obtained using this method |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2686861B1 (en) * | 1992-02-04 | 1995-04-21 | Thuring Sarl | ANTI-ENGAGING ENCAPSULATING PROCESS OF GRANULAR OR COMPACTED MATERIALS AND ENCAPSULATED MATERIALS OBTAINED. |
| DE19600299A1 (en) * | 1996-01-05 | 1997-07-10 | Gruenzweig & Hartmann | Moldings and method and device for their production |
| CN106964271B (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2022-12-23 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | Iron ore-containing powder composite batching system and method |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1438676A (en) * | 1972-07-11 | 1976-06-09 | Combustion Eng | Bonding and forming inorganic materials |
| GB1454293A (en) * | 1973-07-24 | 1976-11-03 | Inst Chimii Vysokomolekulyarny | Method of preparating carriers for contct-catalytic processes |
| GB2053876A (en) * | 1979-07-02 | 1981-02-11 | Flowcon Oy | Process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate |
| GB1586039A (en) * | 1977-04-18 | 1981-03-11 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method for manufacturing pellets |
| EP0028341A1 (en) * | 1979-10-24 | 1981-05-13 | Werner Kaas | Process for the recovery of residues produced during the manufacture and working of steel |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD83815A (en) * | 1970-07-03 | |||
| BE835777A (en) * | 1975-11-20 | 1976-03-16 | PROCESS FOR TREATING WASTE CONTAINING AT LEAST 3% SULFUR IN THE FORM OF BASIC IRON SULPHATES |
-
1982
- 1982-03-17 DE DE3209619A patent/DE3209619A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1983
- 1983-02-03 DK DK44983A patent/DK44983A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-03-09 DD DD83248656A patent/DD207537A5/en unknown
- 1983-03-10 IT IT20012/83A patent/IT1194157B/en active
- 1983-03-10 SE SE8301317A patent/SE8301317L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-03-14 NL NL8300917A patent/NL8300917A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-03-15 LU LU84692A patent/LU84692A1/en unknown
- 1983-03-16 FR FR8304290A patent/FR2523473A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1983-03-16 GB GB08307209A patent/GB2117747B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-03-16 BE BE2/60050A patent/BE896168A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1438676A (en) * | 1972-07-11 | 1976-06-09 | Combustion Eng | Bonding and forming inorganic materials |
| GB1454293A (en) * | 1973-07-24 | 1976-11-03 | Inst Chimii Vysokomolekulyarny | Method of preparating carriers for contct-catalytic processes |
| GB1586039A (en) * | 1977-04-18 | 1981-03-11 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method for manufacturing pellets |
| GB2053876A (en) * | 1979-07-02 | 1981-02-11 | Flowcon Oy | Process for manufacturing lightweight aggregate |
| EP0028341A1 (en) * | 1979-10-24 | 1981-05-13 | Werner Kaas | Process for the recovery of residues produced during the manufacture and working of steel |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2154997A (en) * | 1984-03-01 | 1985-09-18 | Kemira Oy | Production of porous silica granules |
| AU637168B2 (en) * | 1989-12-18 | 1993-05-20 | Aardelite Holding B.V. | Method for reducing the leachability of granular material and granular material obtained using this method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1194157B (en) | 1988-09-14 |
| LU84692A1 (en) | 1983-09-08 |
| DK44983A (en) | 1983-09-18 |
| DE3209619A1 (en) | 1983-09-22 |
| DK44983D0 (en) | 1983-02-03 |
| SE8301317D0 (en) | 1983-03-10 |
| GB2117747B (en) | 1985-10-16 |
| SE8301317L (en) | 1983-09-18 |
| FR2523473A1 (en) | 1983-09-23 |
| NL8300917A (en) | 1983-10-17 |
| DD207537A5 (en) | 1984-03-07 |
| IT8320012A0 (en) | 1983-03-10 |
| GB8307209D0 (en) | 1983-04-20 |
| BE896168A (en) | 1983-07-18 |
| IT8320012A1 (en) | 1984-09-10 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |