GB2034464A - Assay of infected cells and kit therefor - Google Patents
Assay of infected cells and kit therefor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2034464A GB2034464A GB7935776A GB7935776A GB2034464A GB 2034464 A GB2034464 A GB 2034464A GB 7935776 A GB7935776 A GB 7935776A GB 7935776 A GB7935776 A GB 7935776A GB 2034464 A GB2034464 A GB 2034464A
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- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- antibody
- bacteria
- cells
- further characterized
- virus
- Prior art date
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- Granted
Links
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 241000191967 Staphylococcus aureus Species 0.000 claims description 6
- XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N IDUR Chemical compound C1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(I)=C1 XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000002606 Paramyxoviridae Infections Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012678 infectious agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000003265 stomatitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000005925 vesicular stomatitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 102000006395 Globulins Human genes 0.000 claims 1
- 108010044091 Globulins Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000036046 immunoreaction Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 241000699800 Cricetinae Species 0.000 description 3
- SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaraldehyde Chemical compound O=CCCCC=O SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006285 cell suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000018697 Membrane Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010052285 Membrane Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000711975 Vesicular stomatitis virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000000569 anti-influenzal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000834 fixative Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000005260 human cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000019260 B-Cell Antigen Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010012919 B-Cell Antigen Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000009889 Herpes Simplex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000725643 Respiratory syncytial virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700584 Simplexvirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013592 cell lysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940072221 immunoglobulins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001114 immunoprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003292 kidney cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002135 phase contrast microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004114 suspension culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000712461 unidentified influenza virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/70—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving virus or bacteriophage
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
- G01N33/56983—Viruses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/585—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with a particulate label, e.g. coloured latex
- G01N33/586—Liposomes, microcapsules or cells
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Viral infections are diagnosed and the infecting virus identified by immunoreaction of an antibody against a known virus with a sample of cells infected in vivo, followed by separation of free antibody from the sample, incubation of the sample with bacteria capable of binding to the antibody and removal of unbound bacteria. An enhanced number of bacteria bound to a cell surface as compared to a control free from antibody identifies cells infected with the known virus.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Assay of infected cells and kit therefor
This invention relates to diagnosis of viral infections and pertains more specifically to a kit and a method of using it to identify viral infections in vivo.
It has previously been reported that bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus contain surface protein which recognizes the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Kronvall et al., J. Immunol., Vol. 104, pages 140-147, 1970). This has led to widespread use of S. aureus for immunoprecipitation of antigens from cell lysates (Kessler,J. lmmunol.,Vol. 115, pages 1617 1624 (1975); Goding, J.lmmunol. Methods, Vol.20, pages 241-253 (1978)).
It has also been found by Austin et al., Lab.
Investig., Vol. 39, pp. 128-132 (Aug., 1978)that binding of Staphylococcus aureus to cultured rabbit cells infected in vitro with a strain of influenza virus is enhanced when the infected cells are treated with anti-influenzal serum. The authors also point out that anti-influenzal antibodies are elaborated quite early in the course of this viral infection in vivo, and postulate that because of this, bacteria are localized to the site of infection in vivo by binding to the infected cells.
It has now been found that contrary to the suggestion of Austin et al., cells which have been found infected in vivo by virus in many cases do not have all of the immunoreactive sites on their surfaces bound to host-generated antibodies and do not display greatly enhanced bonding to bacteria. It has further been found that cells infected by virus in vivo possess a capability, unlike other cells not so infected, of bonding to antibody or binding partner specific to the virus infecting the cells, after which such antibody-bonded infected cells are capable of bonding through the antibody to bacteria.The presence or absence of bacteria bonded to the antibody-bonded infected cells can be readily determined by simple observation using a light microscope, using as a control infected cells to which no antibody has been bound, thus making it possible, by employing a variety of antibodies, each specific to a different viral infection, to identify the particular virus or viruses causing the infection. The procedure can be carried out rapidly, in a matter of a few hours, using equipment readily available in test laboratories, and consequently provides a simple and rapid means for diagnosis of viral infections.
The method of the invention is a method of identifying a viral infection in a specimen of cells infected in vivo which comprises providing a control sample of said specimen and at least one test sample, incubating with each test sample an antibody against a known virus capable of binding to the surface of a cell infected with said known virus to form a reaction mixture having free antibody and bound pairs consisting of antibody bound to said infected cell surfaces, separating free antibody from said test sample, incubating said control sample and each said test sample with bacteria having the capability of binding with said antibody, separating from each sample any unbound bacteria, and determining the presence or absence of bacteria bound to the surfaces of cells of said control and test samples.
The invention also is embodied in a kit for identifying viral infections in a specimen of cells infected in vivo which contains as essential components a supply of bacteria capable of binding to antibody against the infectious agent and a supply of at least one antibody against a known viral infection.
In carrying out a diagnosis in accordance with the present invention, it is essential to include a control sample of the cell specimen; if the control sample exhibits bonding of bacteria to cells of the same order of magnitude as the test samples, the diagnosis cannot be made. However, if one or more test samples exhibit substantially enhanced bonding of bacteria to cell surfaces as compared to the control, the infectious virus is identified as the one against which the antibody used in the test is specific.
In practice, it is convenient to run a series of test samples simultaneously with a control sample, employing with each test sample a different antibody which is specific for a different virus. Antibodies against a variety of different viruses are commercially available or can be raised, if desired, by infecting any desired animal such as rabbits, sheep, etc. with a known virus, bleeding the animal after a suitable time period, and harvesting the antiserum containing the desired antibody.
Although the present invention is particularly adapted to identification of viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract, it is useful in the case of several different viruses such as vesicular stomatitis, herpes, and paramyxo including respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza.
The specimen of cells infected in vivo to which the present invention can be applied can be obtained in any conventional manner as for example by taking a specimen of biological material from an infected individual, by taking drainage from a wound, by swabbing the throat, by collecting nasal secretions, or by taking cervical tissue scrapings, or the like.
The bacteria which can be used and which serves as a marker or label on the infected cells can be any bacteria which have surface protein reacting specifically with antibody to a virus, that is, bacteria which possess surface immunoglobulin receptors. Preferred are bacteria containing protein A such as
Staphylococcus aureus. The determination of the presence or absence of bacteria bound to the cell surfaces can be made most simply by examining the whole cells visually under a microscope. At a magnification of 400 to 800 X, the presence of infected cells among uninfected cells at a ratio of 1:1000 can readily be detected in a few minutes, the bacteria serving as prominent visual markers on the cell surfaces.
The specimen of cells to be tested is preferably fixed by immersing it in a small volume of a suitable fixative, such as normal saline containing 1% by weight of glutaraldehyde, avoiding excessive dilution of the specimen in order to facilitate subsequent microscopic examination.
A control sample and one or more test samples are then separated from the specimen and allowed to dry at room temperature or at moderately ele vated temperature in the wells of a conventional microscope slide or other suitable containers, avoiding excessive heating which would, as is well known, destroy the morphology of the cells. Drying causes the cells to adhere to the container surface so that they are retained in position during subsequent rinsing steps. Each sample, after drying, is then briefly rinsed, either by immersion or with a squirt bottle, with normal saline containing a small quantity of non-ionic detergent. A small quantity of the desired antiserum our a dilution of the desired antibody is then added to each test sample and incubated.To the control sample is added nothing or a small quantity of normal saline before incubation; in a preferred embodiment there is added to the control sample before incubation non-immune serum from the same species of animal as the one in which the antiserum or antibody was raised. The amount of antiserum or antibody employed is preferably an excess over the amount required to react with all of the available immunoreactive sites on the cell surfaces. Incubation of control and test samples is carried out under identical conditions, ranging from about 2 minutes to about 60 minutes at room temperature; higher temperatures up to about 37"C. or even higher, as well as lower temperatures can also be used, as is well known for immunoreactions.Generally, incubation is carried out by heating for 10 minutes or more at 37"C., preferably for about 30 minutes.
The immunoreaction occurring between the antiserum or antibody and the test sample of cells forms a mixture of cells having antibody specifically bound to their surfaces and free antibody.
The free antibody is then separated from the bound antibody by rinsing or washing each test sample with a buffer having physiological pH and ionic strength, and the control sample is treated in the same way. However, when only a slight excess of antibody is employed, it is possible to omit this separation step.
There is then added to each sample, both control and test samples, a small amount of the desired
bacteria such as S. aureus, preferably in a suitable fixative such as a 1% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, and the mixture is incubated. Conditions for incubation can be the same as described above for incubation of cells with antibody. There is preferably
employed an excess of bacteria over the amount which reacts with all of the available immunoreactive sites on the bound antibody.
Any unbound bacteria is then separated from each
sample by rinsing or washing the control sample
and each test sample with a buffer having physiolo
gical pH and ionic strength.
The control sample and each test sample is then
examined visually under a microscope to determine the presence or absence of bacteria bound to the cell
surfaces. If necessary or desirable a suitable stain
such as a Gram stain or Giemsa can be used, or
phase contrast microscopy can be used to facilitate
the determination.
It is also possible to react the bacteria first with a
suitable antiserum or antibody to form an anti
serum-bacteria complex, after which the complex is reacted or incubated with the whole cells to bond the bacteria to the surface of the infected cells.
A kit for carrying out such an assay contains as essential components:
1. A supply of bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, preferably inactivated, as for example, a 1% suspension of formalin-inactivated S. aureusora lyophilized supply of such inactivated bacteria capable of reconstitution to a 1% suspension in normal saline or in 0.01 M tris buffer at pH 7.4 containing normal saline.
2. One or more supplies of antiserum or antibody, each specific, although not necessarily monospecific, to a known virus. The antiserum or antibody supply may be raised in conventional manner in any suitable animal, e.g. rabbit antiserum containing immunoglobulins specific to a particular viral infectious agent; it may be in the form of a dilution at the appropriate titer for use in the method, say 2 logs above Neutralization Potential of the antibody, or in the form of a lyophilized mass reconstitutable to such a dilution.
The kit may also contain, as optional additional components, a supply of microscope slides having appropriate wells, and supplies of the desired buffers. It may indeed include all of the desired or necessary facilities for carrying out the tests, including a supply of glutaraldehyde and stain as well as such equipment as pipettes, slide incubators, drying oven, and microscope.
The following specific examples will serve to illustrate more fully the nature of the invention without acting as a limitation upon its scope.
Example
A suspension culture of baby hamster kidney cells was infected with vesicular stomatitis virus "(VSV)" at a multiplicity of 20 by incubation for 3 hours at 35"C. A control sample of cells was mock infected.
After incubation, the cells were washed in isotonic buffer, fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde solution, and washed. Then the infected cells and the control cells were separately incubated with rabbit-anti-VSV serum (1:20) for 45 minutes at 37"C. The cell suspensions were washed to remove unbound or free antibody, and then the infected cells and control cells were separately exposed to a suspension of formalin-inactivated S. aureus (1:10, VN) for 30 minutes at 37"C. The two cell suspensions were then washed to remove remaining free bacteria not bound to the cells, and samples of the two cell suspensions were placed on glass slides and examined at 400 X using a binocular microscope. It was found that 100% of the infected cells were prominently marked by bacteria adherently bound to the cell surfaces, whereas none of the control cells displayed any bacteria bound to the cell surfaces.
When normal rabbit serum was substituted for the anti-VSV serum in the foregoing procedure, neither infected cells nor uninfected cells was marked by bacteria bound to the cell surfaces.
Similar results were obtained when in the foregoing procedure there were substituted for the
infected hamster cells, human cells infected with
herpes simplex virus, and there was also substituted the appropriate rabbit-anti-herpes simplex serum.
Similar results were also obtained when in the foregoing procedure there were substituted for the infected hamster cells, monkey cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus, and there was also substituted the appropriate rabbit-anti-respiratory syncytial serum.
Similar results can also be obtained using human cells infected in vivo with any of the foregoing viruses; the control sample of in vivo infected cells, not incubated with specific antiserum, will display few or none of the bacteria bound to the cell surfaces while cells incubated with the appropriate antiserum will display large numbers of bound bacteria. In the same way, cells infected in vivo with one virus and incubated only with an antibody against a different virus will display few or none of the bacteria bound to the cell surfaces.
Claims (12)
1. Method of identifying a viral infection in a specimen of cells infected in vivo characterized by
providing a control sample of said specimen and at least one test sample,
incubating with each test sample an antibody against a known virus capable of binding to the surface of a cell infected with said known virus to form a reaction mixture having free antibody and bound pairs consisting of antibody bound to said infected cell surfaces,
incubating said control sample and each said test sample with bacteria having the capability of binding with said antibody,
separating from each sample any unbound bacteria,
and determining the presence or absence of bacteria bound to the surfaces of cells of said control and test samples.
2. Method as claimed in claim 1 further characterized in that said bacteria comprise Staphylococcus aureus and that it includes the step of separating free antibody from said test sample before incubating with bacteria.
3. Method as claimed in claims 1 or 2 further characterized by including the steps, prior to incubating with bacteria, of
incubating said control sample with non-immune globulin and
separating from said control non-immume globulin which is not bound to said cells.
4. Method as claimed in claims 1,2 or 3 further characterized in that one said antibody is against a virus infecting the upper respiratory tract.
5. Method as claimed in claims 1,2 or 3 further characterized in that one said antibody is against a virus selected from the group consisting of herpes, paramyxo, and vesicular stomatitis.
6. Method as claimed in claims 1,2 or 3 further characterized in that said antibody is against a virus selected from the group consisting of respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza.
7. A kit for identifying viral infections in a specimen of cells infected in vivo characterized in that it contains as essential components
a supply of bacteria capable of binding to antibody against the infectious agent and
a supply of at least one antibody against a known viral infection.
8. A kit as claimed in claim 7 further characterized in that said bacteria comprise Staphylococcus aureus.
9. A kit as claimed in claim 7 or claim 8 further characterized in that one said antibody is against a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.
10. A kit as claimed in claim 7 or claim 8 further characterized in that one said antibody is against a virus selected from the group consisting of herpes, paramyxo, and vesicular stomatitis.
11. A kit as claimed in claim 7 or claim 8 further characterized in that one said antibody is selected from the group consisting of respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza.
12. A method of, or kit for, identifying a viral infection substantially as hereinbefore described.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US95271978A | 1978-10-19 | 1978-10-19 | |
| US7943879A | 1979-09-27 | 1979-09-27 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2034464A true GB2034464A (en) | 1980-06-04 |
| GB2034464B GB2034464B (en) | 1983-05-25 |
Family
ID=26762008
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7935776A Expired GB2034464B (en) | 1978-10-19 | 1979-10-15 | Assay of infected cells and kit therefor |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1127536A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2941575A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2439233A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2034464B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7908656L (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1990015326A1 (en) * | 1989-06-01 | 1990-12-13 | Karobio Aktiebolag | Rosette technique for the diagnosis of an active infection |
| WO1991002809A1 (en) * | 1989-08-24 | 1991-03-07 | Vaccine Research Foundation Limited | Method for in vivo testing of immunity in non-human subjects |
| CN114384244A (en) * | 2021-11-11 | 2022-04-22 | 北京英诺特生物技术股份有限公司 | Preparation method, kit and joint inspection method of direct immunofluorescence detection kit |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL66733A (en) * | 1982-09-07 | 1986-03-31 | Yeda Res & Dev | Assay for ifn and kit therefor |
| DE3377743D1 (en) * | 1983-10-26 | 1988-09-22 | Lembke Jurgen | Method for the detection of viruses in pure cultures of microscopic organisms, as well as in foodstuffs and in technological products |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1562804A (en) * | 1972-06-26 | 1980-03-19 | Gen Electric | Detection of antibodies and antigens |
| DE2322562C2 (en) * | 1972-11-06 | 1984-03-29 | Pharmacia AB, Uppsala | Method for the determination of antigens in a sample |
-
1979
- 1979-10-13 DE DE19792941575 patent/DE2941575A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1979-10-15 GB GB7935776A patent/GB2034464B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-10-18 CA CA337,922A patent/CA1127536A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-10-18 SE SE7908656A patent/SE7908656L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-10-19 FR FR7926072A patent/FR2439233A1/en active Granted
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1990015326A1 (en) * | 1989-06-01 | 1990-12-13 | Karobio Aktiebolag | Rosette technique for the diagnosis of an active infection |
| WO1991002809A1 (en) * | 1989-08-24 | 1991-03-07 | Vaccine Research Foundation Limited | Method for in vivo testing of immunity in non-human subjects |
| CN114384244A (en) * | 2021-11-11 | 2022-04-22 | 北京英诺特生物技术股份有限公司 | Preparation method, kit and joint inspection method of direct immunofluorescence detection kit |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2941575A1 (en) | 1980-04-30 |
| FR2439233B1 (en) | 1985-03-08 |
| CA1127536A (en) | 1982-07-13 |
| GB2034464B (en) | 1983-05-25 |
| SE7908656L (en) | 1980-04-20 |
| FR2439233A1 (en) | 1980-05-16 |
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