GB2064805A - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents
Liquid crystal display device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2064805A GB2064805A GB8038484A GB8038484A GB2064805A GB 2064805 A GB2064805 A GB 2064805A GB 8038484 A GB8038484 A GB 8038484A GB 8038484 A GB8038484 A GB 8038484A GB 2064805 A GB2064805 A GB 2064805A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- display device
- crystal display
- polariser
- crystal layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
- G02F1/1396—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent the liquid crystal being selectively controlled between a twisted state and a non-twisted state, e.g. TN-LC cell
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/02—Function characteristic reflective
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
A twisted nematic liquid crystal display device comprises a first substrate (14) having electrodes (12) on one surface and a first polariser (16) on the opposite surface, these electrodes being in contact with a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer (11). A second polariser(15) has electrodes (13) on one surface which is in contact with the liquid crystal layer. A reflective second substrate (17) is in contact with the opposite surface of the second polariser. This arrangement, by reducing the distance between the liquid crystal layer and the reflective surface, reduces the formation of shadow images when the planes of polarisation of the polarisers are parallel to one another to form a clear or white display on a black or dark background. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Liquid crystal display device
This invention relates to liquid crystal display devices and in particular twisted nematic liquid crystal display devices.
Twisted nematic liquid crystal display devices are commonly used in electronic watches, pocket calculators etc. Twisted nematic liquid crystal display devices are described in detail, for example, in U.S. Patent
Specification No. 3731 986 and U.S. Patent
Specification No. 3995949. A twisted nematic liquid crystal display device occupies a relatively large percentage of the space in an electronic watch or an electronic calculator and it is, therefore, desirable to make it lightweight and thin.
Usually, a twisted nematic liquid crystal display device produces a dark or black display on a clear or white background. If a twisted nematic liquid crystal display device produces a clear or white display on a dark background undesirable shadow images appear with the result that the display is indistinct and not easy to read.
According to the present invention there is provided a twisted nematic liquid crystal display device comprising a first substrate having electrode means on one surface and a first polariser on the opposite surface, the electrode means being in contact with a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer, a second polariser having electrode means on one surface thereof in contact with the liquid crystal layer, and a reflective second substrate in contact with the opposite surface of the second polariser.
Preferably the planes of polarisation of said first and second polarisers are parallel to each other to produce a white or clear display on a black or dark background.
The twist angle of said liquid crystal layer may be substantially 90 . Alternatively the twist angle of said liquid crystal layer may be between 65 and 89 or between 91 and 115'.
In the preferred embodiment the surface of said second substrate is roughened to diffuse light but has substantially no sharp points.
In one embodiment said second polariser comprises a stretched polyvinyl alcohol film impregnated with iodine and a transparent protective film.
In another embodiment said second polariser comprises a polarising plate.
Preferably the distance between the opposed surfaces of the said liquid crystal layer and the second substrate is sufficiently small so as to reduce substantially the formation of shadow images. Said distance may be less than 250 jum.
The invention is illustrated, merely by way of example, in the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional twisted nematic liquid crystal display device;
Figure 2 is provided to explain the formation of the shadow images in the conventional twisted nematic liquid crystal display device of
Fig. 1; and
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a twisted nematic liquid crystal display according to the present invention.
A conventional twisted nematic liquid crystal display device shown in Fig. 1 has a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer 1, an upper substrate 2, a lower substrate 3, an upper polariser 4, a lower polariser 5, and a reflector 6. The planes of polarisation of the upper and lower polarisers are perpendicular to each other, corresponding to the molecular direction of the adjacent surface of the liquid crystal layer 1. The interior or opposed surfaces of the substrates 2, 3 are each unidirectionally rubbed with a material such as cotton, the directions of rubbing being at about 90 to each other. The liquid crystal display device shown in Fig. 1 produces a dark display on a clear background. If the planes of polarisation of the upper and lower polariser are parallel to each other, then a clear or white display on a dark background will be produced.In the latter case, the liquid crystal display device has the disadvantage that the display is unclear and brightness and contrast are poor.
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the liquid crystal display device of Fig. 1 to explain these disadvantages. If the liquid crystal layer 1 has a display region 7 and the planes of polarisation of the upper and lower polarisers 4, 5 are parallel to each other, a clear or white display of the display region 7 on a dark background will be produced. The rays of light from directions A, B, C of incidence may pass through only the display region 7 and they form images between points a, and a2, between points b, and b2 and between points c, and c2 of the display region 7, respectively, on the light reflecting surface of the reflector 6. A relatively large amount of the incident light falls upon the area between points a, and c2 and, therefore, this area is relatively bright.However, only a relatively small amount of the incident light falls upon the area between points c, and b1 and between points b2 and a2 and so these areas are not very bright. Because the polarised light reflected by the reflector 6 from the area between points c, and b, and the area between points b2 and a2 enters the liquid crystal layer 1 away from the display region 7, and the plane of polarisation is rotated by 90 by the liquid crystal layer 1, this light cannot pass through the upper polariser 4.
Thus the central part of the image produced from the display region 7 is brightest and as one moves away from this central part, the brightness reduces. That is, the image of the display region 7 has a non-uniform brightness. In the case of a black display on a clear background, the same phenomenon is present but non-uniformity of the black display is inconspicuous. However, in the case of a clear or white display on a dark background, the display is indistinct because of the various angles of incidence of light passing through the display region 7 and so such a liquid crystal display device has not, up until now, been practical. The non-uniformity of the brightness depends upon the distance between the lower surface of the liquid crystal layer 1 and the reflecting surface of the reflector 6. The greater this distance the more the brightness of the image is non-uniform.Conventionally, as this distance is usually greater than 500 ,um, the image has a distinct nonuniformity of brightness.
Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a twisted nematic liquid crystal display device according to the present invention. Upper electrodes 1 2 having a desired pattern and made of a transparent electrically conductive material such as indium oxide or indium tin oxide are formed on an inner surface of an upper transparent substrate 14.
The upper electrodes 1 2 are in contact with a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer 11. A lower substrate 1 7 is made of glass, plastics material, ceramic material, metal or some other suitable material, and the inner surface thereof is roughened by, for example, grinding, sand-blasting or moulding to provide a light diffusing surface 18. In the case where the lower substrate is transparent, a coating of a reflecting material, for example, aluminium, silver, gold or copper is deposited on the roughened surface. Preferably, the inner surface of the lower substrate 1 7 is roughened by aluminium balls or the like having diameters of 1 to 100 ,um, preferably about 50 ,um, and is buffed or heat-treated so that the roughness of the surface has no sharp points.
This has been found to improve contrast of the display because sharp points cause light to be reflected in a undesired directions. Light reflected in undesired directions, i.e. directions which are at a large angle to the normal to the lower surface of the liquid crystal layer 11, is reflected by the latter and is not used in the formation of an image. A lower polarising layer 1 5 is disposed on the lower substrate 1 7. The polarising layer 1 5 may be formed by adhering a stretched polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film impregnated with iodine and a transparent protective film such as silicon dioxide, (Sio), aluminium oxide (Al203) or plastics material thereon, or by adhering a conventional polarising plate thereto.In the former case the polarising layer may be 20 ,um to 50 ,um thick, and in the latter case it may be a 100 ,um to 250 ,um thick. On the polarising layer 15, lower electrodes 1 3 having a desired pattern of transparent conductive material such as indium oxide or indium tin oxide is formed by, for example, cold spattering. The lower electrodes 1 3 are in contact with the liquid crystal layer 11. It is preferably to form the lower electrode 1 3 at a relatively low temperature if the polarising layer 1 5 is a stretched PVA film impregnated with iodine, because the latter loses its polarising characteristics at above about 1 00 C.
The inner surfaces of the upper transparent substrate 14 with the upper electrodes 12 and the polarising layer 1 5 with the protective film and the lower electrodes 1 3 are each unidirectally rubbed with, for example, cotton and nematic liquid crystal material is sandwiched therebetween to form the twisted nematic liquid crystal layer 11. The upper and lower substrates 14, 1 7 are mounted so that the directions of rubbing of the opposed surfaces are at about 90 to each other, and the molecules of the liquid crystal layer 11 form a helix with a 90 twist.The angle between the rubbing directions, that is the twist angle of the liquid crystal layer 11, may be between 65 and 89 or 91 and 115' so that the molecules are arrayed in helices having the same twist. This is described in greater detail in U.S. Patent Specification No. 3947 185.
An upper polarising layer 16 is disposed on the outer surface of the upper substrate 14 so that the plane of polarisation of the upper polarising layer 1 6 is parallel to that of the lower polarising layer 1 5. Such a liquid crystal display device produces a white or clear display on a black or dark background.
The twisted nematic liquid crystal display device described above in relation to Fig. 3 may be made very thin and only a very small space exists between the lower surface of the liquid crystal layer 11 and the reflecting surface of the lower substrate, so that it is possible to reduce the formation of undesired shadow images to produce a clear or white display on a black background. Thus the display can have a high degree of contrast and a relatively wide visual angle.
Claims (11)
1. A twisted nematic liquid crystal display device comprising a first substrate having electrode means on one surface and a first polariser on the opposite surface, the electrode means being in contact with a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer, a second polariser having electrode means on one surface thereof in contact with the liquid crystal layer, and a reflective second substrate in contact with the opposite surface of the second polariser.
2. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1 in which the planes of polarisation~of said first and second polarisers are parallel to each other to produce a white or clear display on a black or dark back ground.
3. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1 or 2 in which the twist angle of said liquid crystal layer is substantially 90 .
4. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1 or 2 in which the twist angle of said liquid crystal layer is between 65 and 89 or between 91 and 115 .
5. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in any preceding claim in which the surface of said second substrate is roughened to diffuse light but has substantially no sharp points.
6. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in any preceding claim in which said second polariser comprises a stretched polyvinyl alcohol film impregnated with iodine and a transparent protective film.
7. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in any of clairns 1 to 5 in which said second polariser comprises a polarising plate.
8. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in any preceding claim in which the distance between the opposed surfaces of the said liquid crystal layer and the second substrate is sufficiently small so as to reduce substantially the formation of shadow images.
9. A liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 8 in which said distance is less than 250 'lem.
10. A twisted nematic liquid crystal display device substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Fig. 3 of the accompanying drawings.
11. In a liquid crystal display device, the combination comprising upper and lower substrates each having an electrode, a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer provided between said upper and lower substrates, an upper polariser, and a lower polariser disposed on said lower substrate in the side of said liquid crystal layer through a reflector.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP15877079A JPS5681887A (en) | 1979-12-07 | 1979-12-07 | Liquid crystal display unit |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2064805A true GB2064805A (en) | 1981-06-17 |
| GB2064805B GB2064805B (en) | 1983-10-19 |
Family
ID=15678954
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8038484A Expired GB2064805B (en) | 1979-12-07 | 1980-12-01 | Liquid crystal display device |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5681887A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2064805B (en) |
| HK (1) | HK64886A (en) |
| SG (1) | SG26585G (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1983001310A1 (en) * | 1981-10-06 | 1983-04-14 | Chung, Chi, H. | Liquid crystal display having high brightness reflector |
| EP0084930A1 (en) * | 1982-01-21 | 1983-08-03 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Liquid crystal display device |
| EP0184003A3 (en) * | 1984-12-06 | 1988-04-27 | Vdo Adolf Schindling Ag | Liquid-crystal cell |
| US4883343A (en) * | 1987-07-13 | 1989-11-28 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display element having a Cr2 O3 thin film for preventing dazzlement |
| US5684551A (en) * | 1992-06-26 | 1997-11-04 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Reflective type liquid crystal display device with phase compensator and reflector with undulating surface |
| US5940154A (en) * | 1996-11-05 | 1999-08-17 | Nec Corporation | Reflection type liquid crystal display and method of fabricating the same |
| US6008875A (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 1999-12-28 | Nec Corporation | TN-mode liquid crystal display wherein a leveling layer is formed on the surface of an uneven electrode |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5895325A (en) * | 1981-12-01 | 1983-06-06 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display element |
| JPS58205181A (en) * | 1982-05-26 | 1983-11-30 | セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社 | Matrix liquid crystal display |
-
1979
- 1979-12-07 JP JP15877079A patent/JPS5681887A/en active Pending
-
1980
- 1980-12-01 GB GB8038484A patent/GB2064805B/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-04-10 SG SG26585A patent/SG26585G/en unknown
-
1986
- 1986-08-28 HK HK64886A patent/HK64886A/en unknown
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1983001310A1 (en) * | 1981-10-06 | 1983-04-14 | Chung, Chi, H. | Liquid crystal display having high brightness reflector |
| EP0084930A1 (en) * | 1982-01-21 | 1983-08-03 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Liquid crystal display device |
| US4519678A (en) * | 1982-01-21 | 1985-05-28 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device |
| EP0184003A3 (en) * | 1984-12-06 | 1988-04-27 | Vdo Adolf Schindling Ag | Liquid-crystal cell |
| US4883343A (en) * | 1987-07-13 | 1989-11-28 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display element having a Cr2 O3 thin film for preventing dazzlement |
| US5684551A (en) * | 1992-06-26 | 1997-11-04 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Reflective type liquid crystal display device with phase compensator and reflector with undulating surface |
| US5847789A (en) * | 1992-06-26 | 1998-12-08 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Reflective type liquid crystal display device |
| US6008875A (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 1999-12-28 | Nec Corporation | TN-mode liquid crystal display wherein a leveling layer is formed on the surface of an uneven electrode |
| US6580485B1 (en) | 1996-04-30 | 2003-06-17 | Nec Corporation | Liquid crystal display apparatus having improved gray scale display characteristics |
| US5940154A (en) * | 1996-11-05 | 1999-08-17 | Nec Corporation | Reflection type liquid crystal display and method of fabricating the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SG26585G (en) | 1988-09-30 |
| HK64886A (en) | 1986-09-05 |
| JPS5681887A (en) | 1981-07-04 |
| GB2064805B (en) | 1983-10-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19921201 |