GB1597345A

GB1597345A - Diagnostic immunochemical test materials and procedure

Info

Publication number: GB1597345A
Application number: GB5199077A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Millipore Corp
Current assignee: EMD Millipore Corp
Priority date: 1976-12-16
Filing date: 1977-12-14
Publication date: 1981-09-03
Also published as: IT1089403B; CA1104927A; DE2755689A1; FR2374646B1; FR2374646A1

Description

(54) DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE (71) We, MILLIPORE CORPORATION, a corporation organised under the laws of the State of Massachusetts, United States of America, of Ashby Road, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following state ment: Field of Invention.

This invention relates to the detection of antigen or antibody using immuno chemical reactions. Samples of bodily fluid rnay be tested for the presence of a particular antigen or antibody, from which a diagnostic inference may be made.

Background.

An immunochemical reaction is here defined as the specific binding which takes place between an antigen and antibody. Antigens and antibodies are components of the immunity system whereby mammals including man protect themselves against infectious agents. An antigen is any substance foreign to the organism into which it has been introduced, which is capable of eliciting the protective immune response of that organism. Most antigens are proteinaceous materials in whole or in part, having high molecular weights. Antibodies are also proteinaceous macromolecules, elicited in response to the presence of a foreign antigen, in the organism. Antibodies have the property of being capable of binding with antigen molecules in highly specific combinations. The binding is characterized by its high degree of specificity and low dissociation constant.

Normally, an animal has only those antibodies which are specifically directed against antigens to which it has been exposed in its environment. However, an animal can be induced to form antibodies against other antigens by artificially introducing them, for example by injection. Medical use is made of this phenomenon to immunize people against disease. It is also possible to cause a laboratory animal such as a rabbit or goat to make antibodies against specific substances. Such antibodies may be obtained from the blood of the animal and are exploited in highly specific assay techniques for the detection of the original antigenic substance. Virtually any protein can in principle be detected by means of an immunochemical reaction.

Immunochemical reactions have been exploited in a variety of ways: for the diagnosis of disease: for the identification of a specific infecting organism, as highly specific enzyme inhibitors, to determine the location of specific proteins in tissues and within cells, and for th equantitative measurement of specific proteins for which no chemical test is available. Since the reaction is a binding of one component (antigen) to another (antibody), there is no net change in the number of reaction groups as in an ordinary chemical reaction. Analysis of an immunochemical reaction therefore requires techniques for differentiating between bound and unbound com ponents.

A variety of methods has been employed in the prior art for the measurement of immunochemical reactions. These include hemagglutination, latex particle agglutina tion, agar gel diffusion, complement fixation, counterelectrophoresis, and the use of antibodies tagged with fluoreescent dyes or radioisotopes.

Hemagglutination and fluorescent antibody techniques have been applied in the detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Toxoplasma is a protozoan parasite of man which lives primarily inside the cells of the host, so that the organism is difficult to detect by microscopic means. The vast majority of Toxoplasma infections are asymptomatic. However, an asymptomatically infected mother can pass the organism to the fetus, where Toxoplasma infection can cause a variety of birth defects; malformations, hydrocephalus, mental retardation, eye diseases often leading to blindness, and infant mortality. A simple, inexpensive screening test for pregnant mothers would be highly desirable as a step toward the eradication of congenital Toxoplasmosis.

Although hem agglutination and fluorescent antibody techniques have been used in the diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection, the standard method has been the dye test. Serum antibody against Toxoplasma is detectd in the dye test by taking advantage of the fact that live Toxoplasma cells are partially unlysed in the presence of antibody.

Lysed cells are distinguishable from unlysed cells by the addition of methylene blue which only stains intact organisms. In practice the test is complicated by the additional requirement for an accessory factor, thought to be complement, which must be obtained from the serum of Toxoplasma-free donors. Great attention to detail is required in carrying out the tests successfully. More significantly, the test is dangerous to laboratory workers since it involves the use of live Toxoplasma A number of laboratory infections have resulted in individuals who have performed the test (see Javobs, L., "Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis", in Immunology of Parasitic Infections, S. Cohen and E. Sadun, eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1976). An improved immunochemical method for detecting Toxoplasma infection is therefore highly desirable.

Although immunochemical methods generally used in the prior art can be highly sensitive, especially radioimmunoassay using radioisotope-tagged antibody, the wide spread usefulness of immunochemical assays has been limited by three factors: (1) the need for a convenient and inexpensive method of separating bound immunochemically reacted components from unbound components, (2) the need for a convenient and inexpensive way to measure the amount of immunochemical reactant bound, and (3) the need for a procedure that can be carried out rapidly.

The first two of these difficulties have been overcome by recent advances in the prior art, the third is overcome by the present invention.

The first of these recent advances in the prior art is the development of techniques for coupling an immunochemically reactive antigen or antibody to an insoluble carrier material. An antibody immobilized on an insoluble carrier can, when exposed to a solution containing antigen, bind the antigen and render it, in turn, immobilized. The entire immunochemical reaction occurs on the carrier and the components which are bound on the carrier can be separated from the unreacted components by conventional techniques for separating solid phase materials from a liquid phase. For example, if the carrier is in the form of beads or finely divided powder, separation can be accomplished by centrifugation or decantation.Alternatively, the immobilized phase may be the inner surface of the reaction vessel itself, or it may be in the form of a sponge or porous matrix, so that separation may be carried out by simple decantation or by removal of the carrier, respectively.

The second advance has been the introduction of an enzyme-tagged antibody, which is a covalent conjugate of an antibody and an enzyme. Each retains its characteristic reactive properties: the antibody remains immunologically reactive and the enzyme retains its catalytic activity. When such a conjugate binds to an immobilized antigen, its presence can be detected through the activity of the coupled enzyme, after separating unbound conjugate by appropriate means.

These two techniques have been used in combination to develop a very sensitive type of assay termed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The invention which is the subject of this application embodies these basic techniques. For convenience, two types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay will be discussed and referred to as EL-1 and EL-2; see the diagram below: EL-1: C--A-AAg-Ab-Enz EL-2: C-Ag-Ab-AntiAb-Enz C stands for an inert, insoluble carrier; Ab symbolizes antibody; Ag symbolizes antigen; C-Ah symbolizes carrier-bound antibody; C-Ag symbolizes carrier-bound antigen; Ab-Enz symbolizes the conjugate of an antibody with an enzyme; AntiAb-Enz symbolizes an antibody against immunoglobulin, conjugated with an enzyme.

El-1 is a technique for detecting the presence of an antigen. Antibody against the antigen is immobilized on an insoluble carrier. The immobilized antibody is then exposed to an antigen-containing fluid. The immobolized antibody harvests the antigen from the solution by binding it in place. The carrier is then separated from the solution, washed free of contaminants, and exposed to a solution of the antibody conjugated to an enzyme. The principle of operation is that the conjugate is able to bind only at sites occupied by the antigen, and that the number of sites so occupied determines the amount of conjugate which can bind. Each site where antigen is bound is thus tagged with bound enzyme whose presence is manifested by its ability to catalyst a reaction.The rate of such reaction is proportioned to the amount of enzyme present and becomes a direct measure of the amount of antigen bound.

In EL-2, the component to be detected is an antibody. Antigen is immobilized on the carrier. Binding of the antibody is then measured by the subsequent binding of anti-immunoglobulin-enzyme conjugate. (See Wisdom, G. B., in Clinical Chemistry, vol. 22, p. 1243 (1976).) Antigen or antibody molecules may be immobilized on a solid carrier by a variety of methods known in the art, including covalent coupling, direct adsorption, physical entrapment and attachment to a protein-coated surface. For references describing this methodology, see Silman, I. H. and Katchalski, E. in Annual Review of Biochemistry, Vol. 35, p. 373 (1966); Melrose, G. J. H., in Review of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 21, p. 83, (1971); and Cuatrecasas, P. and Anfinsen, C. B., in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 22, (1971).

The method of attachment to a protein-coated surface is disclosed by Lai et al.

(German OS 2,539,657, U.S. Ser. No. 684,746 (U.S. Patent 4,066512). In this method, the internal and external surfaces of a microporous membrane are first coated with a water-insoluble protein such as zein, collagen, fibrinogen, keratin, glutelin, polyisoleucine, polytryptophan, polyphenylalanine, polytyrosine, or copolymers of leucine with p-aminophenylalanine. Such a coating renders the membrane capable of immobilizing a wide variety of biologically active proteins including enzymes, antigens, and antibodies. A microporous structure is defined as one having more than 50% cf its total volume in the form of pores ranging in size from 25 nanometers to 25 micrometers, preferably from 25 nanometers to 14 micrometers. A pore size range from 25 nanometers to 5 micrometers is employed in most applications herein.Uncoated microporous memebranes have as much as 70 to 75% of their volume as pore space.

The pores permit liquid flow through the membrane. After being coated by zein, for example, the pore space is reduced 5 to 10% with the result that the structure retains its essential properties of having a high proportion of its volume as pore space and permitting liquid flow through the pores. The structure has a large surface area in contact with any solution contained within the pores.

Such a coated membrane, having immobilized antigen or antibody, provides d compact, easy to manipulate carrier for the immobilized antigen or antibody. Its integral structure permits removal of bound from unbound components by simple mechanical means..

A difficulty attending the use of microporous membranes as carriers from immobilized antigen or antibody is that these structures may adsorb proteins nonspecifically.

Uncoated membranes of cellulose acetate and nitrate mixed esters can bind certain proteins and are also capable of exhanging bound for soluble protein. The physicochemical basis for the binding is unclear. Certain proteins appear to bind more readily than others. As a result, assays based on binding a specific antigen, antibody or conjugate in the presence of a mixture of proteins can result in high background interference which may occur in an unpredictable manner.

A related difficulty is presented when coated membranes are used. Coated membranes, as disclosed by Lai, et al. are capable of binding proteins generally, but the binding is neither as selective nor as variable as that displayed by uncoated membranes. Consequently, the use of such membranes to immobilize antibody or antigen in an EL-1 or EL-2 assay may also result in high background interference due to the binding of unwanted protein species. These difficulties have been effectively surmounted by the present invention.

Summary of the Invention.

The present invention is a diagnostic assay method and relates to the materials necessary to practice the method as well as to the method itself. The method is applicable to the detection of an antigen or an antibody in a fluid sample. In one application of the invention, for example, it is used to detect the presence or absence of an antibody in a sample of serum. In another application, an antigen is detected in a sample of a bodily fluid.

The materials used for the practice of the invention include an antigen or antibody immobilized on the surface of an integral structure having a large surface available for contact with the sample and treated to minimize nonspecific protein binding, means for mounting the structure so that sample, wash solutions and reagent may be permitted to flow through the structure, a first reagent comprising a conjugate of an antibody with an enzyme and a second reagent comprising a substrate for the enzyme.

In the preferred embodiment, one component of the immunochemical reaction, either antigen or antibody, is immobilized on the zein-coated internal and external surfaces of a microporous membrane, as previously defined, whereby these surfaces are rendered immunochemically reactive. The membrane is mounted so that the fluid to be tested, for example, serum, may be applied to one side of the membrane, allowed to flow through the pores of the membrane and collected from the other side. The desired immunochemical reaction between a component in the serum and the immobilized component takes place during during the period of time in which the serum is in contact with the reactive surfaces during passage through the membrane.

Once the desired immunochemical component is harvested from the test fluid, its presence on the membrane surface may be detected by the subsequent passage through the membrane of an antibody-enzyme conjugate. The antibody moiety of the conjugate is specific for the component to be detected, while the enzyme is chosen to be one whose activity is readily detected by methods well known in the art.

Peroxidase is preferred. Immunochemical binding of the conjugate to the harvested component occurs during passage of conjugate solution through the membrane. The conjugate will be immunochemically bound only at sites where the component to be detected is bound.

A reagent solution containing substrate for the bound enzyme is next passed through the membrane. Qualitatively, the presence of immunochemically bound peroxidase is detected by the use of a chromagenic substrate and the subsequent development of color. In the absence of nonspecific binding any color which develops is due to the immunochemical binding of the conjugate, which in turn depends on the presence of the component to be detected and demonstrates the existence of the component to be detected in the test fluid.

Quantitatively, the amount of color which is developed may be measured, for example, by spectrophotometry. The amount of color developed is a measure of the amount of chromogenic substrate converted to product, which in turn is a measure of the amount of enzyme bound. In the absence of nonspecific binding of the conjugate, the amount of conjugate bound is a measure of the amount of the component to be tested harvested on the membrane, and hence a measure of the amount of the component present in the test fluid.

In practice, a certain amount of nonspecific binding occurs. It is therefore necessary to employ a control sample, in which it is known that the component to be detected is absent. An important feature of the invention is the adoption of techniques which minimize the amount of nonspecific binding and maximize the differences observed between positive samples and controls. In this regard, the use of a zein coating on the microporous membranes, the use of a two stage immobilization procedure, and the use of highly purified peroxidase in forming the conjugate have been effectively combined in the preferred embodiment to reduce nonspecific binding.

The procedures employed are critical to the practice of the invention and will be discussed in detail below.

It has been discovered that immunochemical assays may be carried out according to the invention using extremely short incubation times. Complete tests can be run from start to finish in 20-30 minutes, as compared to several hours for prior methods.

In addition, the invention provides advantages of simplicity and ease of operation, adaptability for routine use, and lack of requirement for a highly trained technician or expensive equipment. Because of these advantages, the invention renders immunochemical assays more readily available for use in a wide range of clinical, industrial, and environmental tests. Examples of the invention's applicability include the routine detection of hepatitis B antigen in donated blood, the diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, and the testing of foodstuffs for microbial contamination of toxins.

Brief Description of the Drawings.

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a device for use in the diagnostic assay of multiple samples, constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; Fig. 2 is a fragmentary section, taken on the line 22 of Fig. 1, looking in the direction of the arrows; Fig. 3 is a fragmentary top plan view thereof, and Fig. 4 is a fragmentary top plan view of a device made in accordance with a different embodiment of the invention Detailed Description of the Invention.

Proper function of the invention is in part dependent upon the choice of a suitable surface upon which antigen or antibody is immobilized. The surface structure should permit fluid flow into and through the structure and should present a large surface area relative to the volume of fluid contained within the structure. Such requirements are satisfied, to varying degrees, by such diverse structures as hollow fiber bundles, porous refractory filters, microporous membrane filters, and packed columns. The choice of support in each case will depend upon the type of assay and the use to which it is put. For a wide variety of assays, where speed, convenience and economy must be considered, the use of a microporous membrane is preferred.

The method of immobilizing antigen or antibody to the surface of such a structure may in principle be any method suitable for the particular surface employed and material to be attached. The method of Lai, supra, is suitable for immobilization of biologically active materials to a wide variety of surfaces. In addition, the use of a coating has the unexpected advantage of providing a means for controlling nonspecific protein binding.

In the preferred embodiment, zein-coated microporous membranes are employed.

The term microporous membrane is here defined as having pores that fall within the size range from 25 nanometers to about 25 micrometers and preferably, from 25 nanometers to 14 micrometers. The coating may be applied without substantial loss of flow-through capability and with only a slight diminution of pore volume. Microporous membrane filters present the further advantage that their external as well as their internal surfaces become coated and thus able to immobilize antibody. Particulate antigens, such as whole cells or cell fragments, can be bound even though they may be too large to enter the pores of the membrane. Preparations of antibody immobilized to zein-coated microporous membrane filters remain immunochemically reactive for long periods of time under proper conditions.Samples may be stored under refrigeration or lyophilized and stored in a controlled humidity environment.

Antigens and antibodies used in the invention may be prepared by standard techniques well known in the art. Antibodies may be prepared from the serum of animals such as rabbits, horses, or goats which have been immunized against the appropriate antigen. Antigens are purified from the source organism by known techniques used in the separation and purification of biological materials.

Since the structure having the immobilized component is to be exposed to a bodily fluid comprising a mixture of proteinaceous materials, any affinity between such materials and the structure's surface can result in nonspecific binding. Such binding could seriously interfere with the assay. For example, the total amount of protein which could bind to the uncoated surfaces of a microporous membrane could exceed the amount bound by a specific immunochemical reaction. Similarly, where a coated microporous membrane is employed, the membrane may retain the ability to bind addition protein nonspecifically.

It has been discovered as a part of this invention that nonspecific binding may be minimized by interposing a second stage immobilization step, in which an immunochemically neutral protein is immobilized to the filter. Immobilization therefore occurs in two stages according to the preferred embodiment of the invention: a first stage in which the desired immunochemical component is immobilized, and a second stage, following the completion of the first, in which an immunochemically neutral protein such as fetal calf serum or bovine gamma globulin is next immobilized. The term immunochemically neutral is defined in terms of the specific components of the assay.

Any protein which does not combine immunochemically with a component of the assay or with one of the reagents is considered immunochemically neutral, even though such protein might be immunochemically reactive in another system. The combination of coating a microporous membrane by the method of Lai, immobilizing an immunochemical reactant in a first immobolization step, followed by immobilizing an immunochemically neutral protein in a second immobilization step results in substantial reduction of nonspecific binding when the membrane bearing its immobilized components is exposed to a mixture of proteinaceous materials.

The conjugate of antibody with enzyme is made using techniques known in the prior art. (For references, see Avrameas, S. and Uriel, J., in Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, vol. 262, p. 2543, (1966); Nakane, P. K. and Pierce, G. B., in Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 14, p. 929, (1966); Nakane, P. K., in Methods of Enzymology, vol. 37, p. 133, (1975).) In an EL-1 type of assay, the antibody moiety of the conjugate should have the same immunological specificity as the immobilized aritibody. In EG2 where the substance to be detected is an antibody, the immunochemically reactive moeity of the conjugate must be an antibody capable of binding immunochemically with the antibody to be tested.Such antibodies may be obtained by immunizing an animal with the antibody or immunoglobulin fraction of serum from the animal in which the antibody to be tested originated. For example, where the antibody to be tested is a human body, a goat antibody against human antibody is obtained from the serum of a goat immunized against human immunoglobulin (antibody). The enzyme moiety may be any enzyme capable of catalyzing a reaction which can be detected by any method known to those skilled in the art, and which retains its activity after conjugation with antibody. Horseradish peroxidase is preferred because of its convenience and suitability to a wide range of applications. It is well known that the enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic compounds in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.Many such organic substrates are chromagenic, i.e., undergo a color change upon oxidation.

It has been found in the present invention that the purity of the enzyme preparation used in the formation of conjugate has an effect on the degree of non specific binding. The greater the purity of the enzyme preparation, the less the non specific binding. In part, the reduction is made possible because the total amount of conjugate protein required is reduced as the specific activity of the enzyme is increased.

The opportunity for nonspecific binding is therefore reduced as well. In the preferred embodiment, the use of a highly purified peroxidase preparation has been found to significantly reduce the amount of color reaction observed in control samples as com pared with known positives.

The first reaction step in the assay procedure involves bringing together the immobilized component of the immunochemical reaction and the test fluid, which may contain the component to be detected, such that reactive contact occurs. It is at this step that the choice of a suitable carrier for he immobilized component, having a large surface area in relation to the volume contained within the structure becomes important. As the test fluid flows through the structure, the probability that a solute molecule will contact one of the surfaces during liquid flow through the structure is very high. The probability of an immunochemically reactive contact is further increased as the probability of such collisions per unit of surfac earea is maximized.

It is believed that the probability of such collisions depends in a general way, upon the parameters of pore size and flow rates, where solute concentration and reaction temperature are held constant. Thus, the more constricted the passageway- through which the solute molecules pass, relative to their mean free path, the greater the likelihood of collision with the surface. The lower the flow rate, the longer the residence time of the solute within the structure itself, and the greater the probability of collision.

In accord with the foregoing considerations, structures having large ratios of surface exposed to the volume of fluid flowing therethrough are employed in the present invention in an attempt to increase the probability of reactive contact with the surface and to reduce the time required to carry out the reactions involved.

Referring now in deail to the drawings by numerals of reference, the device 10 is formed from a molded plastic, preferably transparent and tough, base on a tray 12. The tray 12 has a bottom panel 13 and upstanding walls 14 that are formed with an internal lip 16. A holder 18 is detachably seated on the Iip 16. This holder is also formed from tough, transparent plastic and is in turn is formed with a plurality of generally cylindrical, cup-like recessed parts 20. The bottom opening of each cup 20 is covered with a membrane 22 that is heat sealed to the lower rim of the cup. In the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 4, the holder 18' is formed with a much larger number of cups 20', thus permitting a single device to be used for a larger number of assays.

In use, a sample is poured into a cup. The sample flows through the membrane into the tray. As will be described in detail hereafter, the membrane is washed and treated with reagents, as needed, to detect the presence or absence of a particular material in the sample.

In the preferred embodiment, microporous membranes are employed as carrier for the immobilized component. The membrane is mounted in a convenient holder in order to permit fluid flow of sample, wash solutions and reagents through the pores of the membrane. Such membranes are available in a variety of pore sizes. The optimum pore size will depend on the requirements of the specific assay, including the flow characteristics of the sample to be tested and the amount of fluid to be processed.

The incubation time is govemed by the flow rate through the filter and may be controlled by a variety of means known in the art. A simple and effective technique is to apply fluid dropwise to the upper surface of the membrane so that the rate of flow of fluid is governed only by the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drop as it rests on top of the membrane. If the droplet is small enough, i.e., approaching the retention volume of the membrane, the fluid will tend to flow into the pores of the membrane and be retained there by capillary attraction until displaced by additional fluid. Reaction time under these circumstances is controlled by the residence time of the sample within the membrane pores.

When the structure is mounted so that reactants and reagents can flow through the structure from one side to the other, the entire sequence of steps is easily and rapidly performed. First, test fluid is permitted to flow through the structure in order to harvest any of the component to be tested present therein. Second, a solution of conjugate is permitted to flow through at a controlled rate so that conjugate may immunochemically bind to any component to be tested harvested in the first step.

Third, substrate solution is permitted to flow through the structure at a controlled rate, in order to permit immunochemically bound enzyme to convert the substrate to a measureable product. Washing steps are normally interposed between the three reaction steps. The incubation temperature may be controlled with the range 150C to 450C to suit individual needs. Room temperature is preferred for the sake of convenience, in a qualitative assay. In the practice of the preferred embodiment, using Toxoplasma antigen immobilized on a microporous membrane, the presence of antibody to Toxoplasma in serum is readily detected using a series of 5 minute incubations for each step with a washing step interposed between each, so that the entire sequence of reactions is completed in 20-30 minutes, as described in detail in Example 1.

There is a variety of chromagenic substrates available for the detection of peroxidase activity. For qualitative tests, it is desirable to employ either a chromogen which precipitates on the membrane when acted upon by peroxidase, or one in which the peroxidase reaction product binds preferably to the membrane. An example of the former is 3-aminoethylcarbazole. An example of the latter is 4-amino antipyrine.

Quantitative measurements may be carried out using a soluble chromagen product and measuring the development of color by suitable methods such as spectrophotometry.

The speed and operating convenience of the present invention make it eminently suited for routine analysis. All the components can be provided in a stable form, dried or lyophilized, so that a technician has only to dissolve the preweighed mixture of buffer salts or reagents in a predetermined amount of water prior to use. A test kit embodying these advantages is contemplated. For example, a test kit for the detection of Toxoplasma antibodies in serum would comprise the following: micoporous membranes having Toxoplasma antigen immobilized thereon mounted in a suitable holder for adding reaction components to the upper surface of the membrane and for collecting the materials from the under surface which have flowed through, lyophilized antibody enzyme conjugate, dried buffer salts preweighed, and dry substrate preweighed.Where the enzyme moiety of the conjugate is peroxidase, a substrate mixture containing 4-amino antipyrine, 4-hydroxybenzoate, lyophilized glucose oxidase, glucose and buffer salts is advantageous. The action of glucose oxidase on glucose generates the hydrogen peroxide substrate used in the peroxidase reaction, thereby eliminating the need to provide hydrogen peroxide, which is difficult to stabilize for long periods of storage.

When oxidized by peroxide in the presence of peroxidase, 4-amino antpyrine forms a coloured substance which preferentially adsorbs to the microporous membrane. In this manner, all of the components of the test can be provided in stable, dry, water soluble form.

The described invention presents significant advances over the prior art in terms of speed, operating simplicity, convenience and expense. Specific examples of procedures embodying aspects of the invention will next be presented, in order to further demonstrate the invention.

Example 1.

Toxoplasma Antibody Screening Assay.

A. A microporous membrane filter having 3 micron nominal pore size (Type SS, manufactured by Millipore Filter Corp., Bedford, Mass.) was coated with zein according to the following procedure. Zein (79 g) was dissolved in a solvent mixture containing 180 ml ethanol, 340 ml n-butanol, 80 ml water and 30 ml Cellosolve (Registered Trade Mark), by mixing in a ball mill until completely dissolved. Filters were submerged in the zein solution, allowed to soak for 16 hours, removed and air dried.

B. Toxoplasma antigen was immobilized on coated membrane filters by immersing the coated filters overnight at 4"C in 1.5 ml of an antigen preparation containing 6 mg-12 mg total protein. The filters were then air dried at room temperature, washed with MilliROTY (Registered Trade Mark of Millipore Corporation, Bedford, Mass.) water and again air dried at room temperature.

The Toxoplasma antigen preparation was a lysate of fresh Toxoplasma cells obtained from peritoneal exudates of infected mice by techniques known in the art.

C. The second-stage immoblization was carried out after the immobilzation with Toxoplasma antigen was completed and the filters were dry. The filters were placed in a beaker containing a solution of bovine gamma globulin fraction II at a concentration of 20 mg per ml in MilliROTX water and allowed to soak for apporimately 16 hours. The filters were then air dried at room temperature, washed once with MilliROT9 water and air dried again at room temperature.

D. Serum to be tested was obtained from patient's blood samples which were allowed to clot to remove red blood cells and clotting proteins. The serum sample was diluted with an equal volume of tris-saline buffer. (Tris-saline buffer contained 0.1 M 2-amino-2-hdroxymethyl- 1,3-propanediol and 0.15 M sodium chloride, pH 8.0).

E. A coated membrane filter having immobilized Toxoplasma antigen was mounted in a suitable holder to permit added fluid to enter one side of the membrane, flow through the membrane pores and exit from the other side of the membrane.

Serum (100 pl, diluted 1:1 in tris-saline buffer) was passed into the membrane's pores and allowed to remain there for 5 minutes at room temperature. Serum was then washed out of the filter by addition of 1 ml tris-saline buffer.

F. The filter was then treated by the addition of 100 awl of antibody-enzyme conjugate. The conjugate was composed of horseradish peroxidase (Worthington, HPOFF) coupled to goat anti-human IgG antibody (Meloy Laboratories, Inc., Springfield, Va., lot No. G51624, 34.2 mg/ml). Coupling was carried out by the metaperiodate activation method, as described by Nakane, P. K. and Kawaoi, A., in J.

Histochem. Cytochem., vol. 22, p. 1084 (1974). The conjugate solution added to the filter had 6.6 ug/ml total conjugate protein and was diluted 500-fold from a stock solution, using 10% fetal calf serum as diluent. The conjugate was incubated with the filter for 5 minutes, then washed with 1 ml tris-saline buffer.

G. Qualitative staining was done using 3-amino-ethylcarbazole as the chromagen. The chromagen (10 mg) was dissolved in 6 ml dimethyl sulfoxide, followed by the further addition of 30 ml 0.02 M sodium acetate pH 5.0. Just before use, 0.5 ml of 3% (v/v) hydrogen pereoxide was added. The solution was then allowed to react 5 minutes with the components immobilized on the membrane filter while flowing through the filter. The presence of antibody to Toxoplasma in the test serum was indicated by a red color developed on the test filter. A filter treated with a sample of normal serum remained white or faintly colored.

Example 2.

In this experiment, the effect of varying the incubation times for the serum incubation step (as described in Example I/E) and for the conjugate incubation step (Example I/F) was tested. The experimental procedure of Example I was followed, except that the second-stage immobilization step (I/C) was omitted. Test samples of serum were known to be negative (lacking Toxoplasma antibody) or positive (containing Toxoplasma antibody) by the fluorescent antibody test. (Kelen, A. E., Ayllon-Leindl, L. and Labzoffsky, M. A., Canad. J. Microbiol., vol. 8, pp. 545-554 (1962)).

A. The time of serum incubation was varied, while conjugate incubation time and substrate incubation time were held constant. Results are shown in Table 1, where a minus sign (-) indicates lack of color development, and plus signs (+) indicate shades of color on a scale form light pink (+) to dark pink (+++).

TABLE 1

Serum incubation Tube Serum time number contents (minutes) Result 1 negative 15 + 2 negative 15 + 3 positive 5 4 positive 5 5 positive 10 6 positive 10 7 positive 15 8 positive 15 The 5 minute samples developed as much color as the 15 minute samples, indicating that a 5 minute incubation was adequate.

B. In this experiment, serum incubation time and substrate incubation time were held constant at 5 minutes, and conjugate incubation time was varied from 5 minutes to 15 minutes. The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

Conjugate Tube Serum incubation time number contents (minutes) Result 1 negative 15 + 2 negative 15 + 3 positive 5 4 positive 5 ++ 5 positive 10 6 positive 10 7 positive 15 8 positive 15 It was concluded that 5 minute reaction times were adequate for both the serum incubation and the conjugate incubation.

Example 3.

This representative experiment was designed to test the effectiveness of the secondstage immoblization, described in Example I/C, in reducing the background color of negative control samples. The serum samples employed were known negative (Toxoplasma antibordy absent) or positive (having Toxoplasma antibody) samples as pre viously determined by the fluorescent antibody test, or the hemagglutination assay.

(Jacobs, L. and Lunde, M. N., J. Parasitol, vol. 43, pp. 303-314 (1957)). The tests were carried out as described in Example 1, except that for one-step immobiliza tion samples, step I/C was omitted, and for two-step immobilization samples, 100% (W/V) fetal calf serum was substituted for bovine gamma globulin in step I/C. The results are shown in Table 3. The symbols employed have the same meaning as in Example 2.

TABLE 3

Tube Method of number Sample Immobilization Result 1 negative 1 - step + 2 negative 1 - step + 3 negative 2 - step 4 negative 2 - step + 5 negative 2 - step 6 negative 2 - step 7 positive 2 - step 8 positive 2 - step It was concluded that 2-step immobilization significantly decreased background color in negative samples, and improved the color differential between negative and positive samples.

General Concluding Remarks.

The present invention relates to the detection of antigens and antibodies in bodily fluids for diagnostic purposes, exploiting immunochyemical reactions. A combination of factors and principles has been brought to bear in reducing the time required to carr out the sequence of steps and in improving the operating simplicity and economy of the entire procedure.

In the preferred embodiment the use of zein or collagen coated microporous membranes provides significant advantages in the practice of the invention. First, immobilization of specific antigens or antibodies is readily effected. Second, the binding properties of coated microporous membranes make them sufficiently manageable that nonspecific binding can be suppressed to an acceptable level.

The method is applicable to any test fluid capable of flowing through the type of structure described, or any fluid capable of being rendered flowable therethrough, by dilution, prefiltration, and the like. The method is suitable for use with either EL-1 or EL-2 assays, i.e. either an antigen or an antibody may be detected in the test fluid. Adaptation of the invention for the assay of a particular antigen or antibody is primarily a matter of choosing the appropriate component to be immobilized on the structure, and choosing the proper immunochemical component to be conjugated to an enzyme.

While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.

WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A device for use in detecting the presence of a component of an immunochemical reaction between a first component which is an antibody or an antigen and a second component which binds immunochemically therewith, which device comprises a microporous membrane having more than 50 /O of its total volume in the form of pores ranging in size from 25 nanometers to 25 micrometers, the membrane having immobilized thereon a first component antigen or antibody and the membrane being supported so that a fluid to be tested can be passed therethrough to test for the presence or absence of the second component.

2. A device according to claim 1, wherein the membrane also has immobilized thereon a neutral protein which does not combine immunochemically with the first component or the second component.

3. A device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first component and any neutral protein are immobilized on a coating disposed over the internal and external surfaces of the microporous membrane, said coating being a thin water-soluble film of zein or collagen.

4. A device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first component and any neutral protein are immobilized on a coating disposed over the internal and external surfaces of the microporous membrane, said coating being a thin waterinsoluble film of fibrinogen, keratin, glutelin, polyisoleucin, polytryptophan, polyphenylalanine, polytyrosine, or a copolymer of leucine with p-amino phenylalanine.

5. A device according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the coated membrane remains at least 50% porous by volume.

6. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pore size of the uncoated membrane is from 25 nanometers to 14 micrometers.

7. A device according to claim 6, wherein the pore size of the uncoated membrane is from 25 nanometers to 5 micrometers.

8. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first component is an antibody or antigen of Toxoplasma gondii.

9. A device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first component is an antigen of hepatitis B virus.

10. A device according to any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein the neutral protein is fetal calf serum or bovine gamma globulin, 11. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the said microporous membrane comprises a plurality of portions each forming a floor of a compartment of a support member having a plurality of said compartments each.

having a top opening, a non-porous side wall and said floor.

12. A device according to claim 1 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

13. A method of preparing a device for use in detecting the presence of a component of an immunochemical reaction between a first component which is an antibody or an antigen and a second component which binds immunochemically therewith, which method comprises immersing a microporous membrane having more than 50% of its total volume volume in the form of pores ranging in size from 25 nanometers to 25 micrometers in a solution of the first component antibody or antigen to immobilize the first component thereon, the membrane then being supported so that a fluid to be tested can be passed therethrough to test for the presence or absence of the second component.

14. A method according to claim 13, wherein the membrane having a first component immobilized thereon is immersed in a solution of a neutral protein which does not combine immunochemically either with the first component or the second component to immobilize the neutral protein on the membrane while the first component remains immobolized and retains its immunochemical reactivity to the second component.

15. A method according to claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the microporous membrane is first coated on its internal and external surfaces with a water-insoluble

**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A device for use in detecting the presence of a component of an immunochemical reaction between a first component which is an antibody or an antigen and a second component which binds immunochemically therewith, which device comprises a microporous membrane having more than 50 /O of its total volume in the form of pores ranging in size from 25 nanometers to 25 micrometers, the membrane having immobilized thereon a first component antigen or antibody and the membrane being supported so that a fluid to be tested can be passed therethrough to test for the presence or absence of the second component.

10. A device according to any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein the neutral protein is fetal calf serum or bovine gamma globulin,

11. A device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the said microporous membrane comprises a plurality of portions each forming a floor of a compartment of a support member having a plurality of said compartments each.

having a top opening, a non-porous side wall and said floor.

film of zein, collagen, fibrinogen, keratin, glutelin, polyisoleucine, polytryptophan, polyphenylalanine, polytyrosine, or a copolymer of leucine with p-amino phenylalanine.

16. A method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the device is as defined in any one of claims 5 to 11.

17. A method according to claim 13 substantially as hereinbefore described specifically.

18. A device as defined in claim 1, when prepared by a method according to any one of claims 13 to 17.

19. A test kit for diagnostic detection of the presence in a test fluid of a component which binds immunochemically with an antibody or an antigen, which kit comprises a device according to any one of claims 1 to 12 or 18 having immobilized on said microporous membrane an antibody or an antigen, a reagent which can bind with the component to be detected when the component is bound immunochemically with said ilmmobilized antigen or antibody, which reagent includes an enzyme moiety capable of catalyzing a measurable reaction, and means for detecting said enzyme.

20. A test kit according to claim 19, wherein the membrane has an antibody immobilized thereon and the reagent is the conjugate of an antibody with said enzyme moiety.

21. A test kit according to claim 19, wherein the membrane has an antigen immobilized thereon and the reagent is an antibody against immunoglobulin conjugated with said enzyme moiety.

22. A test kit according to any one of claims 19 to 21, wherein the enzyme moiety of the conjugate is peroxidase.

23. A test kit according to any one of claims 19 to 22, wherein said enzyme detecting means comprises hydrogen peroxide and a chromogen substrate of peroxidase.

24. A test kit according to claim 19 for diagnostic detection of an antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in serum, wherein the membrane has immobilized thereon an antigen of Toxoplasma goxdii, the reagent comprises the conjugate of an antibody and peroxidase, the antibody moiety being capable of immunochemically reacting with the antibody to Toxoplasma gondii which is to be detected, and the detecting means comprises a peroxidase substrate mixture in preweighed dry powder form, comprising 4-aminopyrine, 4-hydroxybenzoate, lyophilized glucose oxidase, glucose and buffer salts in amounts whereby addition of a prescribed volume of water is sufficient to dissolve the mixture and render the mixture ready for use.

25. A kit according to claim 24, which includes a positive control comprising a lyophilized sample of serum containing antibody to Toxoplasma gondii, and a negative control comprising a lyophilized sample of serum lacking an antibody to Toxoplasma gondii.

26. A kit according to claim 24 or claim 25, wherein the conjugate of an antibody and peroxidase is one lyophilized in the presence of 10% (w/v) fetal calf serum.

27. A kit according to any one of claims 24 to 26 including a dry buffer mixture comprising preweighed components of a buffer suitable as diluent and as reagent solvent.

28. A kit according to claim 19 substantially as hereinbefore described specifically.

29. A method of testing a fluid for the presence therein of a component which reacts immunochemically with an antibody or antigen, which method comprises providing a device according to any one of claims 1 to 12 or 18 having immobilized on said microporous membrane an antibody or an antigen with which said component can bind immunochemically, passing the fluid through the membrane, washing the membrane free of any residual fluid, and detecting the presence of any of said component bound to said antibody or antigen.

30. A method according to claim 29, wherein detecting the presence of any of said component bound to said antibody or antigen is effected by a method which comprises passing a solution of a conjugate through the membrane, the conjugate being an enzyme-labelled immunological component for said antibody or antigen, whereby the conjugate is immunochemically bound at the sites on the membrane where the said component to be detected is bound, washing the membrane free of any residual solution, and detecting the presence of the enzyme in the bound conjugate.

31. A method according to claim 30, wherein the presence of the enzyme in the bound conjugate is detected by means of a colour change.

32. A method according to claim 31, wherein a solution of a chromagenic substrate for the enzyme is passed through the membrane and the enzyme is immuno chemically bound conjugate causes the substrate to develop the colour change on the membrane.

33. A method according to claim 29 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings or Example 1 or Exmaple 3.