GB1038777A - Improvements relating to ion-exchange materials - Google Patents
Improvements relating to ion-exchange materialsInfo
- Publication number
- GB1038777A GB1038777A GB1757063A GB1757063A GB1038777A GB 1038777 A GB1038777 A GB 1038777A GB 1757063 A GB1757063 A GB 1757063A GB 1757063 A GB1757063 A GB 1757063A GB 1038777 A GB1038777 A GB 1038777A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- exchange
- anion
- film
- cation
- films
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract 10
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 title abstract 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 15
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 abstract 12
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 abstract 11
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 abstract 10
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 6
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 abstract 6
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 4
- KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenolphthalein Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O1 KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 abstract 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 4
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- PVOAHINGSUIXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Methylpiperazine Chemical compound CN1CCNCC1 PVOAHINGSUIXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004160 Ammonium persulphate Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- XJUZRXYOEPSWMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloromethyl methyl ether Chemical compound COCCl XJUZRXYOEPSWMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000019395 ammonium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920002866 paraformaldehyde Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 229960005382 phenolphthalein Drugs 0.000 abstract 2
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- CXZRDVVUVDYSCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M pyronin B Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC3=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C3C=C21 CXZRDVVUVDYSCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 2
- HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydrosulfide Chemical compound [Na+].[SH-] HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 2
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 abstract 2
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid group Chemical group C(CC(O)(C(=O)O)CC(=O)O)(=O)O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000013035 low temperature curing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XTHPWXDJESJLNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurochloridic acid Chemical compound OS(Cl)(=O)=O XTHPWXDJESJLNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
- C08J5/2287—After-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J43/00—Amphoteric ion-exchange, i.e. using ion-exchangers having cationic and anionic groups; Use of material as amphoteric ion-exchangers; Treatment of material for improving their amphoteric ion-exchange properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/26—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/32—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment by reaction with compounds containing phosphorus or sulfur
- C08L23/34—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment by reaction with compounds containing phosphorus or sulfur by chlorosulfonation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/26—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08J2323/32—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment by reaction with phosphorus- or sulfur-containing compounds
- C08J2323/34—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment by reaction with phosphorus- or sulfur-containing compounds by chlorosulfonation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
For the generation of an acid or base there is arranged in order between cathode and anode an anion-exchange membrane, a cation-anion bipolar membrane and a cation-exchange membrane, acid being formed on the cathode side of the bipolar membrane and base on the anode side. A stainless steel cathode and a Pt screen anode may be employed at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Any electrolyte may be employed, an example being N/100 KCl. If it is desired to avoid precipitation of a metal hydroxide in the cell, the compartment on the anode side of the bipolar membrane may be fed with plain water. It is stated that if instead this compartment contains sodium citrate, citric acid forms therein and the sodium ion is transferred to the cathode compartment. The bipolar ion-exchange membrane comprises two layers of thermoplastic homogeneous synthetic organic polymeric material, one cationic and the other anionic, united over the whole common interface. Examples are given of the production of laminated membranes with both layers derived from polythene-styrene graft polymer films, glass fibre-reinforced PTFE, and of a polythene-styrene graft polymer anion-exchange layer coated with a syrup in aqueous sulphuric acid of formalin and p-phenolsulphonic acid and subjected to low-temperature curing or a syrup which cures to a cross-linked acrylamide polymer forming the cation-exchange layer. Examples are also given of a polythene-styrene graft copolymer film which has been treated with chlorosulphonic acid being treated on opposite sides with NaOH and N-methylpiperazine to form cation-and anion-exchange materials and of an anion-exchange layer being sandwiched between two cation-exchange layers. By varying the laminating conditions, bipolar membranes of different resitivities are obtained and reference is made to a step-junction bipolar membrane having a greater resistivity in one direction across the interface than in the other.ALSO:A bi-polar ion-exchange component comprises two layers of thermoplastic homogeneous synthetic organic polymeric material united throughout their interface, the layers being of cation- and anion-exchange material respectively. The components may be in film, tubular, wafer or other form. When pressed lightly together at comparatively low fusing temperature, the layers unite peelably and form a high resistance unit usable as a rectifier or for switching; fusing at a higher temperature and pressure results (owing to interpenetration of the material) in a lower resistance unit useful in electrochemical reactions involving changes in acidity or alkalinity. Combinations of high resistance units may be used as radio-frequency amplifiers. In Examples (1). Low-density polythene films are heated in monomer-grade styrene containing benzoyl peroxide to form a graft polymer and washed with ethylene dichloride; one film is then chlorosulphonated and treated with sodium hydroxide, and a second is treated with stannic chloride and paraformaldehyde in chlormethyl methylether followed by aqueous trimethyl amine and HCl; equal size pieces of the washed and dried films are superposed, sandwiched between aluminium foils, and pressed for two minutes at 160 DEG C. and 500 p.s.i. pressure. (2) The treatment of the films is reversed, the first being acid- and the second alkali-treated, the dried films are hot-pressed at 400 p.s.i. for 30 seconds only. (3) Similar treatments, with higher temperatures and pressures, are applied to films of high density polythene and to polytetrafluoroethylene reinforced with glass fibres respectively. (5) A piece of anion-exchange film placed on aluminium foil has cured on it a syrup of aqueous p-phenol sulphonic acid and formalin which has been warmed until viscous. (6) A film of chlorosulphonated polythenestyrene copolymer supported vertically between hollow glass clamps has diffused into it through the clamps sodium hydroxide solution coloured pink with phenol-phthalein and N-methyl piperazine coloured blue with pyronine B respectively; the diffusion can be observed by the dyes and when the reagents meet in the centre of the film the latter is removed and heated at 650 DEG C. for four hours to produce a bipolar anion-cation exchange component. (7) A mixture of acrylamide, N:N1-methylene bis-acrylamide, ammonium persulphate and sodium hydrosulphide is poured on to and cured on a portion of anion-exchange chlorosulphonated polythene-styrene copolymer film to produce a high resistance bipolar membrane. (8) Two pieces of anion-exchange film and an interposed piece of cation-exchange film are pressed at 125 DEG C. and 400 p.s.i. for 10 seconds between aluminium foils to produce a radio frequency amplifying unit.ALSO:A bi-polar ion-exchange component comprises two layers of thermoplastic homogeneous synthetic organic polymeric material united throughout their interface, the layers being of cation- and anion-exchange material respectively. The components may be in film, tubular, wafer or other form. When pressed lightly together at comparatively low fusing temperature the layers unite peelably and form a high resistance unit usable as a rectifier or for switching; fusing at a higher temperature and pressure results, (owing to interpenetration of the material) in a lower resistance unit useful in electrochemical reactions involving changes in acidity or alkalinity. Combinations of high resistance units may be used as radio frequency amplifiers. In modifications (a) one layer may be prepared by polymerization on the other, and the second layer may be thermosetting instead of thermoplastic, (b) the unit may be made by diffusion of anion- and cation-exchange material respectively into opposite sides of a single polymeric membrane. In Example (1). Low-density polythene films are heated in monomer-grade styrene p containing benzoyl peroxide to form a graft polymer and washed with ethylene dichloride; one film is then chlorosulphonated and treated with sodium hydroxide, and a second is treated with stannic chloride and paraformaldehyde in chlormethyl methylether followed by aqueous trimethyl amine and HCl; equal size pieces of the washed and dried films are superposed, sandwiched between aluminium foils, and pressed for two minutes at 160 DEG C. and 500 psi pressure. (2). The treatment of the films is reversed, the first being acid-and the second alkali-treated, the dried films are hot-pressed at 400 psi for 30 seconds only. (3). Similar treatments, with higher temperatures and pressures, are applied to films of high density polythene and to polytetrafluoroethylene reinforced with glass fibres respectively. (4). A high resistance bipolar unit enclosed with mercury contacts in a polymethylmethacrylate block is placed in series with a 20 ohm resistor across a sine-wave generator to demonstrate a different joint resistance for the two directions of the applied voltage, and is also connected similarly to a unidirectional pulse generator and exhibits differences of resistance according to the direction of the pulses and the orientation of the unit. (5). A piece of anion-exchange film placed on aluminium foil has cured on it a syrup of aqueous p-phenol sulphonic acid and formalin which has been warmed until viscous. (6). A film of chlorosulphonated polythenestyrene copolymer supported vertically between hollow glass clamps has diffused into it through the clamps sodium hydroxide solution coloured pink with phenol-phthalein and N-methyl piperazine coloured blue with pyronine B respectively; the diffusion can be observed by the dyes and when the reagents meet in the centre of the film the latter is removed and heated at 650 DEG C. for four hours to produce a bipolar anion-cation exchange component. (7). A mixture of acrylamide, N1N'-methylene bis acrylamide, ammonium persulphate and sodium hydrosulphide is poured on to and cured on a portion of anion-exchange chlorosulphonated polythene-styrene copolymer film to produce a high resistance bipolar membrane. (8). Two pieces of anion-exchange film and an interposed piece of cation-exchange film are pressed at 125 DEG C. and 400 psi for 10 seconds between aluminium foils to produce a radio frequency amplifying unit.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US19234262A | 1962-05-04 | 1962-05-04 | |
| US19231562A | 1962-05-04 | 1962-05-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1038777A true GB1038777A (en) | 1966-08-10 |
Family
ID=26887970
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1757063A Expired GB1038777A (en) | 1962-05-04 | 1963-05-03 | Improvements relating to ion-exchange materials |
| GB1756863A Expired GB1048026A (en) | 1962-05-04 | 1963-05-03 | Ion exchange materials |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1756863A Expired GB1048026A (en) | 1962-05-04 | 1963-05-03 | Ion exchange materials |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE1494902A1 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB1038777A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4116889A (en) * | 1976-08-19 | 1978-09-26 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Bipolar membranes and method of making same |
| EP0143582A3 (en) * | 1983-11-23 | 1986-01-15 | Union Resources And Technology Inc. | Bipolar membranes |
| EP0193959A3 (en) * | 1985-03-08 | 1986-11-26 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of bipolar membranes |
| US4673454A (en) * | 1983-11-23 | 1987-06-16 | Chinese Petroleum Corp. | Process for preparing bipolar membranes |
| WO1987007624A1 (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1987-12-17 | Allied Corp | Bipolar membranes and methods of making same |
Families Citing this family (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9600633D0 (en) * | 1996-01-12 | 1996-03-13 | Glegg Water Conditioning Inc | Elecrodeionization apparatus having geometric arrangement of ion exchange material |
| DE69716852T2 (en) * | 1996-03-21 | 2003-09-11 | Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING DEIONIZED WATER |
| JP3644182B2 (en) | 1997-02-27 | 2005-04-27 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Deionized water production equipment |
| GB0016846D0 (en) | 2000-07-10 | 2000-08-30 | United States Filter Corp | Electrodeionisation Apparatus |
| US7147785B2 (en) | 2000-09-28 | 2006-12-12 | Usfilter Corporation | Electrodeionization device and methods of use |
| US6607647B2 (en) | 2001-04-25 | 2003-08-19 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus with expanded conductive mesh electrode and method |
| US6649037B2 (en) | 2001-05-29 | 2003-11-18 | United States Filter Corporation | Electrodeionization apparatus and method |
| WO2003033122A2 (en) | 2001-10-15 | 2003-04-24 | United States Filter Corporation | Apparatus for fluid purification and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
| US7501061B2 (en) | 2002-10-23 | 2009-03-10 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Production of water for injection using reverse osmosis |
| US7862700B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2011-01-04 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
| US8377279B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2013-02-19 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Water treatment system and method |
| US7582198B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2009-09-01 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
| US7846340B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2010-12-07 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
| US7563351B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2009-07-21 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
| US7604725B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2009-10-20 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Water treatment system and method |
| US20050103717A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2005-05-19 | United States Filter Corporation | Water treatment system and method |
| US7083733B2 (en) | 2003-11-13 | 2006-08-01 | Usfilter Corporation | Water treatment system and method |
| US7329358B2 (en) | 2004-05-27 | 2008-02-12 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Water treatment process |
| US7658828B2 (en) | 2005-04-13 | 2010-02-09 | Siemens Water Technologies Holding Corp. | Regeneration of adsorption media within electrical purification apparatuses |
| EP1885655B1 (en) | 2005-06-01 | 2014-12-17 | Evoqua Water Technologies LLC | Water treatment process by intermittent sanitization |
| US10213744B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2019-02-26 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and system for water treatment |
| US10252923B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2019-04-09 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Method and system for water treatment |
| US8277627B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2012-10-02 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Method and system for irrigation |
| US20080067069A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 | 2008-03-20 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Low scale potential water treatment |
| US7820024B2 (en) | 2006-06-23 | 2010-10-26 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Electrically-driven separation apparatus |
| US7744760B2 (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2010-06-29 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Method and apparatus for desalination |
| KR20100099227A (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2010-09-10 | 지멘스 워터 테크놀로지스 코포레이션 | Systems and methods for water treatment |
| EA202090132A1 (en) | 2017-08-21 | 2020-08-03 | Эвокуа Уотер Текнолоджиз Ллк | TREATMENT OF SALT WATER FOR ITS USE FOR AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL NEEDS |
| US12180103B2 (en) | 2017-08-21 | 2024-12-31 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Treatment of saline water for agricultural and potable use and for generation of disinfectant solution |
-
1963
- 1963-05-03 GB GB1757063A patent/GB1038777A/en not_active Expired
- 1963-05-03 GB GB1756863A patent/GB1048026A/en not_active Expired
- 1963-05-03 DE DE19631494902 patent/DE1494902A1/en active Pending
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4116889A (en) * | 1976-08-19 | 1978-09-26 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Bipolar membranes and method of making same |
| EP0143582A3 (en) * | 1983-11-23 | 1986-01-15 | Union Resources And Technology Inc. | Bipolar membranes |
| US4673454A (en) * | 1983-11-23 | 1987-06-16 | Chinese Petroleum Corp. | Process for preparing bipolar membranes |
| EP0193959A3 (en) * | 1985-03-08 | 1986-11-26 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of bipolar membranes |
| US4670125A (en) * | 1985-03-08 | 1987-06-02 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Production of bipolar membranes |
| WO1987007624A1 (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1987-12-17 | Allied Corp | Bipolar membranes and methods of making same |
| EP0251511A1 (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1988-01-07 | AlliedSignal Inc. | Bipolar membranes and method of making same |
| US4766161A (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1988-08-23 | Allied Corporation | Bipolar membranes and methods of making same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1048026A (en) | 1966-11-09 |
| DE1494902A1 (en) | 1969-06-26 |
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