ES2645393T3 - Métodos de manipulación de linfocitos T para inmunoterapia usando el sistema de nucleasa Cas guiada por ARN - Google Patents
Métodos de manipulación de linfocitos T para inmunoterapia usando el sistema de nucleasa Cas guiada por ARN Download PDFInfo
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- ES2645393T3 ES2645393T3 ES14714278.0T ES14714278T ES2645393T3 ES 2645393 T3 ES2645393 T3 ES 2645393T3 ES 14714278 T ES14714278 T ES 14714278T ES 2645393 T3 ES2645393 T3 ES 2645393T3
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Abstract
Un método de preparación de linfocitos T para inmunoterapia que comprende las etapas de: (a) Modificar genéticamente linfocitos T introduciendo en las células y/o expresando en las células al menos: - una endonucleasa guiada por ARN; y - un ARN guía específico que dirige dicha endonucleasa a al menos un locus elegido como diana en el genoma de linfocitos T, en el que dicha endonucleasa guiada por ARN se expresa de ARNm transfectado, y dicho ARN guía se expresa en las células como un transcrito de un vector de ADN; (b) expandir las células resultantes in vitro.
Description
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Preferentemente, dichas variantes de Cas9 tienen una secuencia de aminoácidos que comparte al menos el 70 %, preferentemente al menos el 80 %, más preferentemente al menos el 90 %, e incluso más preferentemente el 95 % de identidad con Cas9 de S. Pyogenes (COG3513 -SEQ ID NO. 3).
En otro aspecto del método de la presente invención, Cas9 o Cas9 dividida carecen de actividad endonucleolítica. La Cas9 o Cas9 dividida resultante se co-expresa con ARN guía diseñado para comprender una secuencia complementaria de la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana. La expresión de Cas9 que carece de actividad endonucleolítica produce el silenciamiento específico del gen de interés. Este sistema se llama interferencia por CRISPR (iCRISPR) (Qi, Larson et al. 2013). Por silenciamiento se indica que el gen de interés no se expresa en una forma de proteína funcional. El silenciamiento puede producirse en la etapa transcripcional o traduccional. Según el método de la presente invención, el silenciamiento puede producirse bloqueando directamente la transcripción, más particularmente bloqueando la elongación de la transcripción o dirigiendo los motivos que actúan en cis dentro de cualquier promotor, bloqueando estéricamente la asociación de sus factores de transcripción que actúan en trans relacionados. La Cas9 que carece de actividad endonucleolítica comprende tanto dominios HNH como RuvC no funcionales. En particular, el polipéptido Cas9 o Cas9 dividida comprende inactivar mutaciones en los restos catalíticos de cualquiera de los dominios de tipo RuvC o HNH. Por ejemplo, los restos catalíticos requeridos para la actividad de Cas9 de escisión pueden ser D10, D31, H840, H865, H868, N882 y N891 de Cas9 de S. Pyogenes (COG3513 -SEQ ID NO. 3) o posiciones alineadas usando el método de CLUSTALW en homólogos de miembros de la familia Cas. Los restos comprendidos en motivos HNH o RuvC pueden ser aquellos descritos en el párrafo anterior. Cualquiera de estos restos puede sustituirse por uno cualquiera de los otros aminoácidos, preferentemente por el resto alanina. La mutación en los restos catalíticos significa o bien sustitución por otros aminoácidos, o bien deleción o adición de aminoácidos que inducen la inactivación de al menos uno del dominio catalítico de Cas9.
En otra realización particular del método de la invención, Cas9 o cada uno de los dominios divididos puede fusionarse con al menos un dominio activo en el extremo N y/o extremo C. Dicho dominio activo puede seleccionarse del grupo que consiste en: nucleasa (por ejemplo, endonucleasa o exonucleasa), polimerasa, cinasa, fosfatasa, metilasa, desmetilasa, acetilasa, desacetilasa, topoisomerasa, integrasa, transposasa, ligasa, helicasa, recombinasa, activador transcripcional (por ejemplo, VP64, VP16), inhibidor transcripcional (por ejemplo, KRAB), enzima de procesamiento de extremos de ADN (por ejemplo, Trex2, Tdt), molécula indicadora (por ejemplo, proteínas fluorescentes, IacZ, luciferasa).
Actividad de nucleasa inducible para el sistema de endonucleasa guiada por ARN/ARN guiado
Dada la posible toxicidad de la endonucleasa guiada por ARN dentro de los linfocitos T, debido a posibles interacciones inespecíficas con diversos ARN en la célula y direccionamiento inespecífico esperable, los inventores han buscado soluciones para inducir la actividad de nucleasa de la endonucleasa guiada por ARN transitoriamente, idealmente durante la vida útil del ARN guía en las células.
Como solución primaria, la endonucleasa guiada por ARN puede expresarse en una forma estabilizada o inactiva, que se vuelve activa tras la activación por una enzima producida por el linfocito T o la desestabilización de su estructura de polipéptido dentro del linfocito T. Puede obtenerse estabilidad de proteínas condicional, por ejemplo, por fusión de la endonucleasa con una proteína estabilizante / desestabilizante basada, como ejemplo no limitante, en el sistema FKBP/rapamicina, donde el cambio conformacional de proteínas se indujo por una molécula pequeña.
La dimerización química o inducida por la luz de una proteína asociada fusionada con la proteína endonucleasa también puede usarse para bloquear o desbloquear la endonucleasa.
En la situación donde la endonucleasa guiada por ARN se divide en dos polipéptidos como se sugirió antes, cada división puede fusionarse con una proteína asociada. Ambas proteínas asociadas se dimerizarán tras la adición de una molécula pequeña y reconstituirán, en células vivas, una endonucleasa activa. Tales sistemas pueden basarse, como ejemplo no limitante, en el uso de FKBB/FRB como componentes de dimerización y rapamicina como molécula pequeña. Como otro ejemplo, la proteína que puede experimentar un cambio conformacional importante tras la unión a una molécula pequeña o metabolito insertado en la proteína endonucleasa (1 cadena de polipéptidos compuesta de 2 "divisiones"). La unión (o no) de la molécula pequeña cambiará la Cas9 entre una conformación activa e inactiva. Tales sistemas pueden basarse, como ejemplo no limitante, en el uso de calmodulina y Ca2+.
Cada mitad de la endonucleasa dividida también puede fusionarse con una proteína asociada sensible a la luz.
Tales sistemas pueden basarse, como ejemplo no limitante, en luz azul con criptocromo 2 (CRY2) y CIB1 como componentes de fusión o en luz ultravioleta con los componentes de fusión UVR8 y COP1 del fotorreceptor de ultravioleta-B. Pueden combinarse tanto luz como productos químicos usando también, por ejemplo, los componentes fitocromo B y PIF6 (asociación de luz roja, disociación de luz roja lejana) y un cromóforo de PCB exógeno.
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ARN guía
El método de la presente invención comprende proporcionar un ARN guía manipulado. El ARN guía se corresponde con una secuencia de ácidos nucleicos que comprende una secuencia complementaria. Preferentemente, dicho ARN guía se corresponde con un ARNcr y ARNcrtra que pueden usarse por separado o fusionados juntos.
En el sistema CRISPR de tipo II natural, las secuencias que se dirigen a ARN que se dirige a CRISPR (ARNcr) se transcriben de secuencias de ADN conocidas como protoespaciadores. Los protoespaciadores están agrupados en el genoma bacteriano en un grupo llamado una matriz CRISPR. Los protoespaciadores son secuencias cortas (∼20 pb) de ADN foráneo conocido separadas por una repetición palindrómica corta y se mantienen como un registro contra futuros encuentros. Para crear el ARNcr, la matriz CRISPR se transcribe y el ARN se procesa para separar las secuencias de reconocimiento individuales entre las repeticiones. El locus de CRISPR que contiene espaciador se transcribe en un pre-ARNcr largo. El procesamiento del transcrito de la matriz CRISPR (pre-ARNcr) en ARNcr individual depende de la presencia de un ARNcr de activación en trans (ARNcrtra) que tiene la secuencia complementaria a la repetición palindrómica. El ARNcrtra se hibrida con las regiones de repetición que separan los espaciadores del pre-ARNcr, iniciando la escisión de ARNbc por RNasa III endógena, que va seguido de un segundo evento de escisión dentro de cada espaciador por Cas9, produciendo ARNcr maduro que queda asociado al ARNcrtra y Cas9 y forman el complejo Cas9-ARNcrtra:ARNcr. El ARNcr manipulado con ARNcrtra es capaz de ser dirigido a una secuencia de ácidos nucleicos seleccionada, obviando la necesidad de RNasa III y el procesamiento de ARNcr en general (Jinek, Chilinski et al. 2012).
En el método de la presente invención, se manipula ARNcr para que comprenda una secuencia complementaria a una porción de un ácido nucleico diana de forma que sea capaz de ser dirigida, preferentemente escindiendo la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana. En una realización particular, el ARNcr comprende una secuencia de 5 a 50 nucleótidos, preferentemente 12 nucleótidos, que es complementaria a la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana. En una realización más particular, el ARNcr es una secuencia de al menos 30 nucleótidos que comprende al menos 10 nucleótidos, preferentemente 12 nucleótidos, complementaria a la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana.
En otro aspecto, el ARNcr puede ser manipulado para comprender una secuencia más grande complementaria a un ácido nucleico diana. De hecho, los inventores mostraron que el dominio RuvC de Cas9 dividida es capaz de escindir la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana solo con un ARN guía. Así, el ARN guía puede unirse a la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana en ausencia del dominio HNH de Cas9 dividida. El ARNcr puede diseñarse para comprender una secuencia más grande complementaria, preferentemente superior a 20 pb, para aumentar la hibridación entre el dúplex de ADN-ARN sin la necesidad de tener el efecto de estabilidad de la unión del dominio dividido HNH. Así, el ARNcr puede comprender una secuencia complementaria a una secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana de más de 20 pb. Tal ARNcr permite aumentar la especificidad de la actividad de Cas9.
El ARNcr también puede comprender una secuencia complementaria, seguida de 4-10 nucleótidos en el extremo 5' para mejorar la eficiencia de direccionamiento (Cong, Ran et al. 2013; Mali, Yang et al. 2013). En la realización preferida, la secuencia complementaria al ARNcr va seguida en el extremo 3' por una secuencia de ácidos nucleicos llamada secuencias de repetición o secuencia de extensión de 3'.
Puede usarse simultáneamente la co-expresión de varios ARNcr con distintas regiones complementarias a dos genes diferentes dirigidos a ambos genes. Así, en una realización particular, el ARNcr puede manipularse para reconocer diferentes secuencias de ácidos nucleicos diana simultáneamente. En este caso, el mismo ARNcr comprende al menos dos secuencias distintas complementarias a una porción de las secuencias de ácidos nucleicos diana diferentes. En una realización preferida, dichas secuencias complementarias están separadas por una secuencia de repetición.
Como realización adicional del método de la presente invención, dicho ARN guía es soportado por un ácido nucleico peptídico (PNA) o ácido nucleico bloqueado (LNA), en particular para mejorar la estabilidad de dicho ARN guía en los linfocitos T.
Motivo PAM
Cualquier posible secuencia de ácidos nucleicos diana seleccionada en la presente invención puede tener una secuencia específica en su extremo 3', llamada el motivo adyacente a protoespaciador o motivo asociado a protoespaciador (PAM). El PAM está presente en la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos elegida como diana, pero no en el ARNcr que se produce para elegirla como diana. Preferentemente, el motivo adyacente a protoespaciador (PAM) puede corresponderse con 2 a 5 nucleótidos que empiezan inmediatamente o en la proximidad del protoespaciador en el extremo distal conductor. La secuencia y la localización del PAM varían entre los diferentes sistemas. El motivo PAM puede ser, por ejemplo, NNAGAA, NAG, NGG, NGGNG, AWG, CC, CC, CCN, TCN, TTC como ejemplos no limitantes (Shah SA, RNA biology 2013). Diferentes sistemas de tipo II tienen requisitos de PAM diferentes. Por ejemplo, el sistema de S. pyogenes requiere una secuencia de NGG, donde N puede ser cualquier nucleótido. Los sistemas de tipo II de S. thermophilus requieren NGGNG (Horvath y Barrangou 2010) y NNAGAAW (Deveau, Barrangou et al. 2008), mientras que diferentes sistemas de S. mutant toleran NGG o NAAR (Van der Ploeg 2009).
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Tabla 2: Secuencias diana apropiados para el ARN guía usando Cas9 en linfocitos T
- TCR de exón
- Posición Hebra Secuencia genómica diana SEQ ID eficiencia
- Ex1
- 78 -1 GAGAATCAAAATCGGTGAATAGG 6 +++
- Ex3
- 26 1 TTCAAAACCTGTCAGTGATTGGG 7 +++
- Ex1
- 153 1 TGTGCTAGACATGAGGTCTATGG 8 +++
- Ex3
- 74 -1 CGTCATGAGCAGATTAAACCCGG 9 +++
- Ex1
- 4 -1 TCAGGGTTCTGGATATCTGTGGG +++
- Ex1
- 5 -1 GTCAGGGTTCTGGATATCTGTGG 11 +++
- Ex3
- 33 -1 TTCGGAACCCAATCACTGACAGG 12 +++
- Ex3
- 60 -1 TAAACCCGGCCACTTTCAGGAGG 13 +++
- Ex1
- 200 -1 AAAGTCAGATTTGTTGCTCCAGG 14 ++
- Ex1
- 102 1 AACAAATGTGTCACAAAGTAAGG 15 ++
- Ex1
- 39 -1 TGGATTTAGAGTCTCTCAGCTGG 16 ++
- Ex1
- 59 -1 TAGGCAGACAGACTTGTCACTGG 17 ++
- Ex1
- 22 -1 AGCTGGTACACGGCAGGGTCAGG 18 ++
- Ex1
- 21 -1 GCTGGTACACGGCAGGGTCAGGG 19 ++
- Ex1
- 28 -1 TCTCTCAGCTGGTACACGGCAGG ++
- Ex3
- 25 1 TTTCAAAACCTGTCAGTGATTGG 21 ++
- Ex3
- 63 -1 GATTAAACCCGGCCACTTTCAGG 22 ++
- Ex2
- 17 -1 CTCGACCAGCTTGACATCACAGG 23 ++
- Ex1
- 32 -1 AGAGTCTCTCAGCTGGTACACGG 24 ++
- Ex1
- 27 -1 CTCTCAGCTGGTACACGGCAGGG 25 ++
- Ex2
- 12 1 AAGTTCCTGTGATGTCAAGCTGG 26 ++
- Ex3
- 55 1 ATCCTCCTCCTGAAAGTGGCCGG 27 ++
- Ex3
- 86 1 TGCTCATGACGCTGCGGCTGTGG 28 ++
- Ex1
- 146 1 ACAAAACTGTGCTAGACATGAGG 29 +
- Ex1
- 86 -1 ATTTGTTTGAGAATCAAAATCGG +
- Ex2
- 3 -1 CATCACAGGAACTTTCTAAAAGG 31 +
- Ex2
- 34 1 GTCGAGAAAAGCTTTGAAACAGG 32 +
- Ex3
- 51 -1 CCACTTTCAGGAGGAGGATTCGG 33 +
- Ex3
- 18 -1 CTGACAGGTTTTGAAAGTTTAGG 34 +
- Ex2
- 43 1 AGCTTTGAAACAGGTAAGACAGG 35 +
- Ex1
- 236 -1 TGGAATAATGCTGTTGTTGAAGG 36 +
- Ex1
- 182 1 AGAGCAACAGTGCTGTGGCCTGG 37 +
- Ex3
- 103 1 CTGTGGTCCAGCTGAGGTGAGGG 38 +
- Ex3
- 97 1 CTGCGGCTGTGGTCCAGCTGAGG 39 +
- Ex3
- 104 1 TGTGGTCCAGCTGAGGTGAGGGG +
- Ex1
- 267 1 CTTCTTCCCCAGCCCAGGTAAGG 41 +
- Ex1
- 15 -1 ACACGGCAGGGTCAGGGTTCTGG 42 +
- Ex1
- 177 1 CTTCAAGAGCAACAGTGCTGTGG 43 +
- Ex1
- 256 -1 CTGGGGAAGAAGGTGTCTTCTGG 44 +
- Ex3
- 56 1 TCCTCCTCCTGAAAGTGGCCGGG 45 +
- Ex3
- 80 1 TTAATCTGCTCATGACGCTGCGG 46 +
- Ex3
- 57 -1 ACCCGGCCACTTTCAGGAGGAGG 47 +
- Ex1
- 268 1 TTCTTCCCCAGCCCAGGTAAGGG 48 +
- Ex1
- 266 -1 CTTACCTGGGCTGGGGAAGAAGG 49 +
- Ex1
- 262 1 GACACCTTCTTCCCCAGCCCAGG +
- Ex3
- 102 1 GCTGTGGTCCAGCTGAGGTGAGG 51 +
- Ex3
- 51 1 CCGAATCCTCCTCCTGAAAGTGG 52 +
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preferentemente en las posiciones L22 o F31 (Schweitzer, Dicker et al. 1990); solicitud internacional WO94/24277; patente de EE.UU. US 6.642.043).
Como se usa en el presente documento, "agente antifolato" o "análogos de folato" se refiere a una molécula dirigida a interferir con la vía metabólica del folato a cierto nivel. Ejemplos de agentes antifolato incluyen, por ejemplo, metotrexato (MTX); aminopterina; trimetrexato (Neutrexin™); edatrexato; ácido N10-propargil-5,8-didesazafólico (CB3717); ZD1694 (Tumodex), ácido 5,8-didesazaisofólico (IAHQ); ácido 5,10-didesazatetrahidrofólico (DDATHF); ácido 5-desazafólico; PT523 (N-alfa-(4-amino-4-desoxipteroil)-N-delta-hemiftaloil-L-ornitina); 10-etil-10desazaaminopterina (DDATHF, lomatrexol); piritrexim; 10-EDAM; ZD1694; GW1843; oemetrexato y PDX (10propargil-10-desazaaminopterina).
Otro ejemplo de gen de resistencia a fármaco también puede ser una forma mutante o modificada de ionisina-5'monofosfato deshidrogenasa II (IMPDH2), una enzima limitante de la velocidad en la síntesis de novo de nucleótidos de guanosina. La forma mutante o modificada de IMPDH2 es un gen de resistencia inhibidor de IMPDH. Los inhibidores de IMPDH pueden ser ácido micofenólico (MPA) o su profármaco micofenolato mofetilo (MMF). El mutante IMPDH2 puede comprender al menos una, preferentemente dos, mutaciones en el sitio de unión MAP de IMPDH2 humana no mutante (NP_000875.2) que conducen a una resistencia significativamente elevada al inhibidor de IMPDH. Las mutaciones son preferentemente en las posiciones T333 y/o S351 (Yam, Jensen et al. 2006; Sangiolo, Lesnikova et al. 2007; Jonnalagadda, Brown et al. 2013). En una realización particular, el resto de treonina en la posición 333 se sustituye por un resto de isoleucina y el resto de serina en la posición 351 se sustituye por un resto de tirosina.
Otro gen de resistencia a fármaco es la forma mutante de calcineurina. La calcineurina (PP2B) es una fosfatasa de proteína serina/treonina ubicuamente expresada que participa en muchos procesos biológicos y que es esencial para la activación de linfocitos T. La calcineurina es un heterodímero compuesto de una subunidad catalítica (CnA; tres isoformas) y una subunidad reguladora (CnB; dos isoformas). Después de la interacción del receptor de linfocitos T, la calcineurina desfosforila el factor de transcripción NFAT, permitiéndole translocarse al núcleo y activar el gen diana clave tal como IL2. FK506 en complejo con FKBP12, o ciclosporina A (CsA) en complejo con CyPA, bloquean el acceso de NFAT al sitio activo de calcineurina, previniendo su desfosforilación e inhibiendo así la activación de linfocitos T (Brewin, Mancao et al. 2009). El gen de resistencia a fármaco puede ser una secuencia de ácidos nucleicos que codifica una forma mutante de calcineurina resistente al inhibidor de calcineurina tal como FK506 y/o CsA. En una realización particular, dicha forma mutante puede comprender al menos un aminoácido mutado del heterodímero de calcineurina no mutante a en las posiciones: V314, Y341, M347, T351, W352, L354, K360, preferentemente mutaciones dobles en las posiciones T351 y L354 o V314 y Y341. La correspondencia de posiciones de aminoácidos descritas en el presente documento se expresa frecuentemente en términos de las posiciones de los aminoácidos de la forma del heterodímero de calcineurina humana no mutante (GenBank: ACX34092.1).
En otra realización particular, dicha forma mutante puede comprender al menos un aminoácido mutado del heterodímero de calcineurina no mutante b en las posiciones: V120, N123, L124 o K125, preferentemente mutaciones dobles en las posiciones L124 y K125. La correspondencia de posiciones de aminoácidos descritas en el presente documento se expresa frecuentemente en términos de las posiciones de los aminoácidos de la forma de polipéptido del heterodímero de calcineurina humana no mutante b (GenBank: ACX34095,1).
Otro gen de resistencia a fármaco es O(6)-metilguanina metiltransferasa (MGMT) que codifica alquil guanina transferasa humana (hAGT). La AGT es una proteína de reparación de ADN que confiere resistencia a los efectos citotóxicos de agentes alquilantes, tales como nitrosoureas y temozolomida (TMZ). La 6-bencilguanina (6-BG) es un inhibidor de AGT que potencia la toxicidad de la nitrosourea y se co-administra con TMZ para potenciar los efectos citotóxicos de este agente. Varias formas mutantes de MGMT que codifican variantes de AGT son altamente resistentes a la inactivación por 6-BG, pero retienen su capacidad para reparar el daño de ADN (Maze, Kurpad et al. 1999). En una realización particular, la forma mutante de AGT puede comprender un aminoácido mutado de la posición de AGT no mutante P140 (UniProtKB: P16455).
Otro gen de resistencia a fármaco puede ser el gen de la proteína 1 de multirresistencia a fármaco (MDR1). Este gen codifica una glucoproteína de membrana, conocida como P-glucoproteína (P-GP) implicada en el transporte de los subproductos metabólicos a través de la membrana celular. La proteína P-Gp muestra una amplia especificidad hacia varios agentes de quimioterapia estructuralmente no relacionados. Así, la resistencia a fármaco puede ser conferida a células por la expresión de la secuencia de ácidos nucleicos que codifica MDR-1 (NP_000918).
El gen de resistencia a fármaco también puede ser antibióticos citotóxicos, tales como el gen ble o gen mcrA. La expresión ectópica del gen ble o mcrA en una célula inmunitaria da una ventaja selectiva cuando se expone al agente quimioterapéutico, respectivamente la bleomicina o la mitomicina C.
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Con respecto a los agentes inmunosupresores, el método de la presente invención proporciona las posibles etapas opcionales de:
- (a)
- Proporcionar un linfocito T, preferentemente de un cultivo celular o de una muestra de sangre;
- (b)
- Seleccionar un gen en dicho linfocito T que expresa una diana para un agente inmunosupresor;
- (c)
- Introducir en dicho linfocito T endonucleasa guiada por ARN capaz de inactivar selectivamente por escisión de ADN, preferentemente por rotura bicatenaria, codificando dicho gen una diana para dicho agente inmunosupresor,
- (d)
- Expandir dichas células, opcionalmente en presencia de dicho agente inmunosupresor.
En una realización más preferida, dicho método comprende inactivar un componente del receptor de linfocitos T (TCR).
Un agente inmunosupresor es un agente que suprime la función inmunitaria por uno de varios mecanismos de acción. En otras palabras, un agente inmunosupresor es una función desempeñada por un compuesto que es presentada por una capacidad para disminuir el grado y/o la voracidad de una respuesta inmunitaria. Como ejemplo no limitante, un agente inmunosupresor puede ser un inhibidor de calcineurina, una diana de rapamicina, un bloqueante de la cadena α de interleucina-2, un inhibidor de inosina monofosfato deshidrogenasa, un inhibidor de ácido dihidrofólico reductasa, un corticosteroide o un antimetabolito inmunosupresor. Inmunosupresores citotóxicos clásicos actúan inhibiendo la síntesis de ADN. Otros pueden actuar mediante la activación de linfocitos T o inhibiendo la activación de linfocitos cooperadores. El método según la invención permite conferir resistencia inmunosupresora a linfocitos T para inmunoterapia inactivando la diana del agente inmunosupresor en linfocitos T.
Como ejemplos no limitantes, dianas para el agente inmunosupresor pueden ser un receptor para un agente inmunosupresor tal como: CD52, receptor de glucocorticoides (GR), un miembro del gen de la familia FKBP y un miembro del gen de la familia ciclofilina.
En hospedadores inmunocompetentes, células alógenas normalmente son rápidamente rechazadas por el sistema inmunitario del hospedador. Se ha demostrado que leucocitos alógenos presentes en hemoderivados no irradiados persistirán durante no más de 5 a 6 días (Boni, Muranski et al. 2008). Así, para prevenir el rechazo de células alógenas, el sistema inmunitario del hospedador debe ser eficazmente suprimido. Se usan ampliamente esteroides glucocorticoides terapéuticamente para inmunosupresión (Coutinho y Chapman 2011). Esta clase de hormonas esteroideas se une al receptor de glucocorticoide (GR) presente en el citosol de linfocitos T produciendo la translocalización en el núcleo y la unión de motivos de ADN específicos que regulan la expresión de varios genes implicados en el proceso inmunológico. El tratamiento de linfocitos T con esteroides glucocorticoides produce niveles reducidos de producción de citocinas que conducen a anergia de linfocitos T y que interfieren en la activación de linfocitos T. Alemtuzumab, también conocido como CAMPATH1-H, es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado que se dirige a CD52, una glucoproteína de 12 aminoácidos asociada a glucosilfosfatidil-inositol (GPI) (Waldmann y Hale 2005). CD52 se expresa a altos niveles en linfocitos T y B y a niveles más bajos en monocitos, mientras que está ausente en granulocitos y precursores de la médula ósea. Se ha mostrado que el tratamiento con Alemtuzumab, un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado dirigido contra CD52, induce un rápido agotamiento de linfocitos y monocitos circulantes. Se usa frecuentemente en el tratamiento de linfomas de linfocitos T y en ciertos casos como parte de un régimen de acondicionamiento para trasplante. Sin embargo, en el caso de inmunoterapia adoptiva, el uso de fármacos inmunosupresores también tendrá un efecto perjudicial sobre los linfocitos T terapéuticos introducidos. Por tanto, para usar eficazmente un enfoque de inmunoterapia adoptiva en estas condiciones, las células introducidas necesitarían ser resistentes al tratamiento inmunosupresor.
Como una realización preferida de las etapas anteriores, dicho gen de la etapa (b), específico para un tratamiento inmunosupresor, es CD52, y el tratamiento inmunosupresor de la etapa (d) comprende un anticuerpo humanizado que se dirige al antígeno CD52. Como otra realización, dicho gen de la etapa (b), específico para un tratamiento inmunosupresor, es un receptor de glucocorticoides (GR) y el tratamiento inmunosupresor de la etapa d) comprende un corticosteroide tal como dexametasona. Como otra realización, dicho gen diana de la etapa (b), específico para un tratamiento inmunosupresor, es un miembro de gen de la familia de FKBP o una variante del mismo y el tratamiento inmunosupresor de la etapa (d) comprende FK506 también conocido como tacrolimus o fujimicina. Como otra realización, dicho miembro de gen de la familia FKBP es FKBP12 o una variante del mismo. Como otra realización, dicho gen de la etapa (b), específico para un tratamiento inmunosupresor, es un miembro de gen de la familia de ciclofilina o una variante del mismo y el tratamiento inmunosupresor de la etapa (d) comprende ciclosporina.
En una realización particular del método de la invención, la etapa de modificación genética del método se basa en la inactivación de dos genes seleccionados del grupo que consiste en CD52 y GR, CD52 y TCR alfa, CDR52 y TCR beta, GR y TCR alfa, GR y TCR beta, TCR alfa y TCR beta. En otra realización, la etapa de modificación genética
17
LAIR1 y TCR beta, SIGLEC10 y TCR alfa, SIGLEC10 y TCR beta, 2B4 y TCR alfa, 2B4 y TCR beta y/o expresa un CAR o un CAR multi-cadena.
Linfocitos T manipulados que expresan receptores de antígeno quimérico contra células malignas 5
CAR monocatenario
La inmunoterapia adoptiva, que implica la transferencia de linfocitos T específicos de antígeno autólogos generados ex vivo, es una estrategia prometedora para tratar infecciones virales y cáncer. Los linfocitos T usados para
10 inmunoterapia adoptiva pueden generarse o bien por expansión de linfocitos T específicos de antígeno o bien por redirección de linfocitos T mediante ingeniería genética (Park, Rosenberg et al. 2011). La transferencia de linfocitos T específicos de antígeno viral es un procedimiento bien establecido usado para el tratamiento de infecciones virales asociadas a trasplante y tumores malignos relacionados con virus raros. Similarmente, se ha mostrado que el aislamiento y la transferencia de linfocitos T específicos de tumor son satisfactorios en el tratamiento de melanoma.
15 Tabla 3: Lista de genes que codifican proteínas reguladoras inmunitarias.
- Vía
- Genes que pueden inactivarse en la vía
- Co-receptores inhibitorios
- CTLA4 (CD152) CTLA4, PPP2CA, PPP2CB, PTPN6,PTPN22
- PDCD1 (PD-1, CD279)
- PDCD1
- CD223 (lag3)
- LAG3
- HAVCR2 (tim3)
- HAVCR2
- BTLA (cd272)
- BTLA
- CD160 (by55)
- CD160
- Familia IgSF
- TIGIT
- CD96
- CRTAM
- LAIR1(cd305)
- LAIR1
- SIGLEC
- SIGLEC7
- SIGLEC9
- CD244(2b4)
- CD244
- Receptores de muerte
- TRAIL TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF10A, CASP8, CASP10, CASP3, CASP6, CASP7
- FAS
- FADD, FAS
- Señalización de citocinas
- Señalización de TGF-beta TGFBRII, TGFBRI, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD10, SKI, SKIL, TGIF1
- Señalización de IL10
- IL10RA, IL10RB, HMOX2
- Señalización de IL6
- IL6R, IL6ST
- Prevención de la señalización de TCR
- CSK, PAG1
- SIT1
- Treg inducidos
- Treg inducidos
- FOXP3
- Factores de transcripción que controlan el agotamiento
- Factores de transcripción que controlan el agotamiento
- PRDM1 (=blimp1, ratones heterocigotos controlan infección viral crónica mejor que KO wt o condicionales)
- BATF
- Tolerancia mediada por hipoxia
- Ciclasa guanilada inducida por iNOS GUCY1A2, GUCY1A3, GUCY1B2, GUCY1 B3
Se han generado satisfactoriamente novedosas especificidades en linfocitos T mediante la transferencia genética de receptores de linfocitos T transgénicos o receptores de antígeno quimérico (CAR) (Jena, Dotti et al. 2010). Los CAR 20 son receptores sintéticos que consisten en un resto de direccionamiento que está asociado a uno o más dominios de señalización en una única molécula de fusión. En general, el resto de unión de un CAR consiste en un dominio de unión al antígeno de un anticuerpo monocatenario (scFv), que comprende los fragmentos ligero y variable de un anticuerpo monoclonal unidos por un conector flexible. También se han usado satisfactoriamente restos de unión basados en dominios de receptor o de ligando. Los dominios de señalización para los CAR de primera generación 25 derivan de la región citoplasmática de las cadenas gamma del receptor de CD3zeta o de Fc. Se ha mostrado que los CAR de primera generación redirigen satisfactoriamente la citotoxicidad de linfocitos T, sin embargo, dejaron de proporcionar expansión y actividad antitumoral prolongadas in vivo. Se han añadido dominios de señalización de moléculas coestimuladoras que incluyen CD28, OX-40 (CD134) y 4-1BB (CD137) solos (segunda generación) o en combinación (tercera generación) para potenciar la supervivencia y aumentar la proliferación de linfocitos T
30 modificados por CAR. Los CAR han permitido satisfactoriamente que los linfocitos T sean redirigidos contra antígenos expresados en la superficie de células tumorales de diversos tumores malignos que incluyen linfomas y tumores sólidos (Jena, Dotti et al. 2010).
El método de la presente invención incluye además la posibilidad de expresar un receptor de antígeno quimérico 35 como se describe en la bibliografía en linfocitos T manipulados como se describe en el presente documento.
19
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| WO2014191128A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
| EP3309248B1 (en) | 2021-06-09 |
| EP3004337B1 (en) | 2017-08-02 |
| DK3309248T3 (da) | 2021-08-02 |
| EP3309248A1 (en) | 2018-04-18 |
| US20160272999A1 (en) | 2016-09-22 |
| US9890393B2 (en) | 2018-02-13 |
| CA2913830A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
| JP2016525888A (ja) | 2016-09-01 |
| DK3004337T3 (da) | 2017-11-13 |
| JP6608807B2 (ja) | 2019-11-20 |
| AU2014273490A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 |
| EP3004337A1 (en) | 2016-04-13 |
| CA2913830C (en) | 2021-06-29 |
| AU2014273490B2 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
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