ES2266173T3 - HAND FOR HAND AND GARDEN TOOLS AS WELL AS GAMES OF HANDS AND TOOLS COMBINED WITH THESE SLEEVES. - Google Patents

Abstract

Handle for hand and garden tools that, during use, require a preferred coupled position of an assigned group of hands, consisting essentially of a first piece (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) with a distal part (50, 91, 115, 168) intended for gripping with the bridge of the hand between the thumb and forefinger, associated with a handle head; a proximal part (54, 93, 117, 170) intended for the arrangement on the wrists, associated with a base of the handle; and a central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) disposed between the distal and the proximal part (50, 91, 115, 168) and / or (54, 93, 117, 170), which has a length ( L0.1), intended for provision in the palm of the hand, which continuously joins the distal part (50, 91, 115, 168) and the proximal part (54, 93, 117, 170), and a second piece (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) destined to grip with the phalanges, - both parts being found (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) respectively on a face of the plane yz of an imaginary xyz coordinate system, measuring the length (L) parallel to its z axis, the height (H) parallel to its x axis and the thickness (D) of the handle and / or its parts parallel to its axis and, - presenting the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) - view in the direction of the z-axis - an arc (57, 81, 102, 171, 176, 194) directed radially outwardly , which extends both the height (H) and the thickness of the handle (D) so that the height (H) and the thickness of the handle (D) are respectively greater in areas of the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) and are clearly reduced from there in the direction of areas located in the distal and proximal parts (50 , 91, 115, 168) and / or (54, 93, 117, 170), - presenting the distal (50, 91, 115, 168) and proximal (54, 93, 117, 170) parts in the longitudinal sections that they contain a straight, concave or convex contour in the form of a flat curve, - presenting the second piece (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) at least in a central part parallel to the z direction and transversely thereto contour, which corresponds to the trapezoidal internal contour of the clamping phalanges, but has a rounded configuration, - joining the first and the second section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163 , 185, 191) in the case of a one-piece handle (38, 78, 86, 106) by means of an internal section (44, 104, 112) with surfaces that end up level in their contours, separating, however, in the case of a handle in two pieces (160, 183, 189) by means of an intermediate zone corresponding to the internal section (44, 104, 112), - and being the relations of measures of the first and second piece (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) and its sections adapted to the sizes and / or shapes of the assigned group of hands so that the arc (57, 81, 102, 171, 176, 194) may possibly be placed in the hollow of the hand of these hands and consequently adopt its preferred coupled position, characterized in that the arc (57, 81, 102, 171, 176, 194) is configured asymmetrically, thanks to the fact that - the first section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) has in its central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) a greater maximum height (+ x), which corresponds to the maximum height (-x) of the central part of the second section (43, 111, 163, 185, 191), - the first section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) it has, for right-handed people, a greater thickness and n a first direction (+ y) than in a second direction (-y) opposite it; for left-handers, on the other hand, it has in the second direction (-y) a thickness greater than in the first direction (+ y), - and the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) of the first and the second section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) - seen in the longitudinal planes containing the z-axis - has radii of curvature (R2.1, R2.2, R2.3, R2.4) at the places of maximum height (+ xy / or -x) and thickness (+ yy / or -y) respectively, with R2.1 <R2.3 and also for right-handed R2.2 <R2.4, while for left-handed R2.4 <R2.2, and that the length (L0.1) of the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) of the first section ( 42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) amounts to between 45% and 55% of the hand width of the assigned hand group.

Description

Handle for garden and hand tools as well as handle and tool sets combined with these mangoes

The present invention is related to handles for hand and garden tools according to the concept general of Claim 1, as well as with sets of handles and of Tools combined with these handles.

It is understood by handles for hand tools and garden, in the context of the present invention, especially those handles that, during employment, require a position preferred hand coupling, that is whose hand grip they grip users preferably in a completely position determined by the hand dependent on the manipulation of the tool during use, varying this position of the Hand during use. In addition, it is in particular mangoes, which during use they focus on the hollow of the hand approximately in the center of its longitudinal extension. Other hand handles are elaborate commercially so far considering the purpose of application of the respective tool, for example, a saw hand or lime, in pre-selected and ready-made groups and forms of different way by the various manufacturers, which frequently the given norm is followed. In the product series of any / any manufacturer also exists for a tool a certain type and size always only a certain handle of hand in each case. This is valid, in principle, independently of whether they are one-piece handles such as those for hammers, forms, files, blades, saws or the like; or of two-section handles, such as those for pliers, pruning shears or similar tools shaped like tongs or scissors.

The configuration of the handles according to the application purpose of the respective tool should be done according to ergonomic criteria, especially when the tools are used professionally. Therefore, it has already been investigated [for example in "Ergonomic, Systematic Work Means Configuration" (Investigation Report No. 156), published by the German National Institute for Labor Protection and Accident Investigation 1979], what coupled positions they should have the hands with respect to the handles and what measures the ergonomically favorable handles should have. Surprisingly, it should be noted, however, that these investigations do not lead to handles, which sufficiently consider the anatomical progress of the sizes and / or the totally different shapes of the human hand. Thus, a barrel shape with a curvature radius for the longitudinal contour of 220 mm is proposed for manual grip handles (p. 253). For handles similar to those of pliers, a radius of curvature of 220 mm is also proposed. These radii are considerably too large and do not result in any optimal arrangement of the handles in the hand. Also in the case of handles belonging to the state of the art and known in the market, there is no known further development of the removable knowledge of the forms. Hammer handles, for example, do not fill the hollow of the hand, but are partially molded in the contact area of the hand to the concave shape, so that, above all, the recoil of the hammers is distributed over limited and small areas of the hand. The saw handles are molded, however, convexly by the upper face in the longitudinal direction, since the radii of curvature are not too large and perhaps the existing grooves where the fingers rest are not adjusted to the hand. In the case of pliers, however, there are multiple handle sections that are convex or elliptically constituted in the longitudinal direction, since the continuous handles are usually too thin and short, so that the base of the hand edge is not supports and, in the case of very tight closing of the pliers, the inner face of the hand and the second joint of the fingers withstand painful sensations of pressure in a thin area. The shank handles (wood chisels) generally run continuously conically or are concavely curved even in the longitudinal direction, which is completely contrary to the anatomy of the enveloping hand. Corresponding and additional defects can be determined in other handles of
tool.

The handles of the type indicated at the beginning are explained in detail in the previous requests of the same applicant EP-A-1144165 and WO-A-00/43166. Other mangoes should automatically adopt, during the employment of the respective tools, a preferred coupled position of the hand and, on the other part, facilitate essential normalization of mangoes according to different sizes and / or shapes of the handle. The main elements of these handles are, in each case, central sections, whose parts Upper and lateral are constructed so that during use the handles fit centered in the hollow of the hand and face Internal hand folds considerably in many layers. Without a doubt, these previous indications do not imply any exact knowledge to deduce, what dimensions of the handles they should be affected to obtain the desired effect.

Certain handles are also known for various sports equipment such as ski poles or bicycles (PCT-WO 98/29167), which have certain arcs for adaptation in the hollow of the hand and distinguished in particularly for the special positioning and support areas for the thumb, other fingers and other hand grip areas to mango It is not mentioned what dimensions these handles should have, to correspond in practice to reasonable handle sizes and provide the hand with a preferred coupled position during the job.

In the case of electric blades with cuts Rotary is supported (EP A2-0 482 351) the Planning different handle sizes. Handle sizes they are thus determined based on the products from the lengths and the thickness of hands as they are typically conceived, provided, for example, three handle sizes or typical classes. Dimensions valid for the use of the mangoes themselves cannot be deducted from there. In addition, it has sought to facilitate a good, provision of the hand holding hand to the handle. The proposed solution is not without However, optimal, since the lateral contour of the central part, provided for the arrangement on the surface of the hand, it runs straight in the longitudinal direction and therefore cannot fill in particular the hollow of the hand.

Finally it is admitted in the case of cutlery (DE-A1-24 26 810), assign to each functional piece (for example, knife, fork and spoon) more interchangeable handle sets, all handles being any of the same games between them. This should be generated the possibility of using, depending on the occasion, the same functional parts with different handles. Also here they are missing, without However, specifications about the size, which could facilitate practical configuration of the handles according to criteria ergonomic

Against this background, the invention is based on the technical problem of substantially improving type handles noted at the beginning and indicate the dimensions of these handles, which lead best to a preferred coupled position of the hand and be appropriate for essential normalization. However, the handles should not be arranged of course adapted in a way completely individual to individual hands even for one hand considered as "middle hand" but should be ordered and classify dimension data using the measures of the hand obtained and from this groups of sizes can be formed hand.

For the resolution of this problem the typical characteristics of the independent claims 1, 29, 31 and 32.

Other beneficial features of the invention are deduced from the dependent claims 2-28, 30 and 33.

The invention is explained in detail below. in relation to the attached designs with execution examples. They show:

Figs. 1 and 2, in each, a representation schematic perspective and a plan view of a section of an oval handle, known thanks to the state of the art, for the explanation of the terms used in the following descriptions;

Fig. 3, schematically, the inner face of a right hand for the representation of the parts of the hand important for the invention;

Fig. 4, a cross section through the hand along the line IV-IV of Fig. 3;

Fig. 5, a profile view of a handle according to the invention for a hand tool in the form of hammer;

Fig. 6, a plan view of the handle of the Fig. 5;

Figs. 7 to 10, cross sections of the handle along the A-A lines, B-B, C-C and D-D of the Fig. 5 and / or 6;

Fig. 11, a schematic profile view of the handle of Figs. 5 to 10 in relation to a hammer and a hand of grip of the handle in a preferred coupled position;

Figs. 12 and 13, schematic sections to along lines XII-XII and / or XIII-XIII of Fig. 11;

Figs. 14 to 18, the views corresponding to Fig. 5 to 9 of a second embodiment of a handle for hammer according to the invention;

Figs. 19 to 24, the views corresponding to Fig. 5 to 10 of a handle according to the invention for a palette-shaped hand tool;

Figs. 25 to 30, the views corresponding to Fig. 19 to 24 of a second embodiment of a handle for palette according to the invention;

Fig. 31 and / or 32, each, a view schematic profile of the handles of Fig. 19 to 24 and / or Fig. 25 to 30 with a hand grip on the handle in an attached position preferred;

Fig. 33, a schematic profile view of a handle according to the invention for a hand tool shaped of saw;

Fig. 34, a front view of the handle of the Fig. 33 (seen from the right in Fig. 33);

Figs. 35 to 37, cross sections of the handle along the lines A-A to C-C of Fig. 33;

Figs. 38 and 39, a schematic view of handle profile of Fig. 33 in relation to a hand grip thereof, arranged in Fig. 38 still partially open and in the Fig. 39 in a preferred coupled position;

Fig. 40 to 43, the longitudinal sections schematics of a handle according to the invention especially suitable for a pallet along four cutting planes different, rotated each 45º;

Fig. 44a and 44b, cross sections of the handle along lines A to T of Fig. 40;

Fig. 45, schematically, the situation of the x, y, and z coordinates of selected points on the surface of the handle of Fig. 40;

Fig. 46, a reticular representation in perspective of handles corresponding mainly to Fig. 40 to 45;

Fig. 47, a corresponding profile view to Fig. 5 of the handle of Fig. 46 in reticular representation;

Fig. 48 to 50, a plan view of the handle of Fig. 47, another profile view rotated 90 ° with respect to that of the Fig. 47, as well as a bottom view rotated 180º from that of Fig. 47, these turns being made counterclockwise;

Fig. 51, a profile view of a handle according to the invention for a hand tool in the form of pliers;

Fig. 52, a plan view of the handle of the Fig. 51;

Figs. 53 to 55, sections along the lines A-A to C-C of Fig. 51;

Fig. 56, schematically, the handle of the Fig. 51 in relation to a semi-open hand;

Fig. 57, a view corresponding to Fig. 56 of a hand in a preferred coupled position;

Fig. 58, a corresponding view essentially to Fig. 13 of the handle of Fig. 51 with a hand of grip it in a preferred coupled position;

Fig. 59 to 63, the views corresponding to Fig. 51 to 55 of a second embodiment of a chord handle to the invention for a pliers;

Fig. 64 and 65, the views corresponding to Fig. 51 to 55 of a third embodiment of a handle according to the invention for a pliers;

Fig. 66 to 69, the longitudinal sections schematics of a handle according to the invention especially suitable for a hammer along four cutting planes different, rotated each 45º;

Fig. 70, the cross sections of the handle along lines A to L of Fig. 66;

Figs. 71 to 73, the representations lattices corresponding to Fig. 47 to 50 of the handle of the Fig. 66 to 70;

Fig. 74, a representation crosslinked by perspective points of the handle of Fig. 71;

Figs. 75 to 83, the representations corresponding to Fig. 66 to 74 of a handle according to the invention especially suitable for a saw; Y

Figs. 84 to 92 the representations corresponding to Fig. 66 to 74 of a handle according to the Appropriate invention for a pliers.

The difficulties produced while the Ergonomic handle construction, explained below to background based on a regular oval handle and a human hand (Fig. 1 to 4).

Figs. 1 and 2 show an enlargement schematic of a portion of oval running handle essentially continuous in longitudinal direction 1, which is, for example, at the end of a hammer stick. A given axis in the section transverse of the largest diameter is the x axis; a given axis of the minor diameter, the y-axis and a respect of both perpendicular central axis and / or longitudinal axis, the z axis. In addition, the height of the handle 1 is measured in the direction of the x-axis (measure H), the thickness of the handle 1 in the direction of the y-axis (measure D) and the length of the handle 1 in the z direction (measure L). In addition, it is accepted, that handle 1 is subdivided by two imaginary boundary surfaces 5, 6, suggested discontinuous painted, for example, extend parallel to the zy plane, in a first external section of the handle 7, a second external section of the handle 8 and a third, located between these and / or internal section of the handle 9, so that these three parts are in the direction of the x-axis next to each other. In this way, the first section of the handle 7 has a first external surface 10, which includes a first zone with small radii of curvature, and the second section of the handle 8 a second external surface 11 diametrically opposite, which contains a second zone with small radii of curvature. The third piece 9 it has, on the other hand, two third and fourth external surfaces 12 and 13 diametrically opposed, with large radii of curvature, reaching these surfaces 12 and 13, in each case, approximately up to cut lines suggested by points 14, 15 and / or 16, 17 with the respective 5 and / or 6 boundary surfaces and contours formed of surfaces 10 and 11 remain constant, so that all the external contour of the surface is here in the cross section continuously elliptical and / or oval. It is also facilitated, which, for right-handed, the section of the handle 7 adapts to the hollow of the hand and the different surfaces 10 to 13 are in certain areas of the hand and fingers. Finally it can be accepted mentally, that the handle 1 is appropriate, for example, in one piece and solid and, for example, for a hammer, a trowel or the like. In this In this case, the height of the handle section 9 may be zero. Whether instead, it involves pliers that usually have two arms adjustable handle, can be accepted mentally for purposes of the invention, that a handle arm is realized essentially by section 7 according to Figs. 1 and 2 and the another handle arm essentially by the handle arm 8, while here the internal section is missing 9. In this case they have sections 7 and 8 a distance between one and another estimated in the x-axis direction, depending on the type of tool. The height, thickness and length of these handles in two pieces in the directions x, y and z are indicated analogously to Figs. 1 and 2 by measures H, D and L or are determined from distance vectors described later. The following Figures suggest the boundary surfaces, which at least partially subdivide the individual sections, using dashed lines, although They also mention others.

The sections of a right hand 19 needed for the explanation of the invention can be seen in Fig. 3. According to this, hand 19 contains a thumb 20 with a proximal phalanx 21 fixed to hand 19 and a distal phalanx 22 away from hand 19, as well as the other four running fingers each with a phalanx proximal, middle and distal 23, 24 and 25. Hand 19 also has between the thumb 20 and the index a membrane of the thumb 26, one side of finger grip 27, a thumb pad 28, a hand base pad 29 and a hand edge 30 with a hand singing pad 31. The part, where they start the fingers, is called the base pad of the fingers 32, and the part delimited by pads 28, 29, 31 and 32 as well as by the membrane of the thumb 26 is called the inner side of the hand or, of abbreviated form, palm of the hand 33, which becomes the preferred engaged position here interesting in a hand hole characteristic around the midpoint 34.

The hand width is measured according to Fig. 3 in the case of an extended hand 19 between the edge of hand 30 and the diametrically opposite finger grip side 27 in the area of the base of the thumb 26. In addition, this dimension is measured transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the hand 19, as suggests in Fig. 19 with a B line.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic section of the palm of the hand 33 along the line IV-IV of Fig. 3 with a handle 1 according to Fig. 1 schematically ready. Here it can be seen that the current oval handles 1 do not they can therefore satisfy the ergonomic requirements, because only lean on the palm area 33 on thin areas of the base of thumb 26 and / or pad of thumb 28 and the hand singing pad 31, leaving the area instead Central palm overload free.

Figs. 5 to 10 show in contrast a handle 38 according to the invention, for example, suitable for a hammer, which adapts considerably to hand 19 of Figs. 3 and 4 and is Preferably make a piece. The handle 38 contains a shaft longitudinal 39, which coincides here essentially with the central axis of handle 38, and cutting planes in the respective direction perpendicular, which essentially have mostly egg shapes, elliptical and / or oval (Fig. 7 to 10).

The longitudinal axis 39 can run, by example, through the midpoints of the frontal surfaces shafts configured at the ends of handle 38, arranged coaxially with respect to the central axis of an insertion hole, provided on a handle base, intended for the insertion of a tool shank, or otherwise fixed in a central area of mango Form, according to the definitions indicated above explained on the basis of Figs. 1 and 2, the z axis of a system Cartesian imaginary coordinates. In the cutting planes arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 39 (for example, Fig. 7 to 10) the axes placed in each case pass through the larger diameter parallel to the x axis and the placed axes in each case through the smaller diameter parallel to the axis and imaginary coordinate system, where they result from also the dimensions H and D. The dimensions measured in the z-axis direction are called here distances between planes of preselected cross section. H and D measures of handle 38 they have different values along the longitudinal axis 39.

Handle 38 is mentally subdivided into three sections 42 to 44, as shown in Figs. 5 and 8, using two planes 40 and 41 suggested with dashed lines, which are each on one side of the plane yz and placed parallel to them. The sections 42 and 43 correspond to sections 7 and 8 according to the Fig. 1 and 2 and are designated according to their superior and / or inferior situation to the yz plane as first section 42 and / or second section 43, while that section 44 corresponding to section 9 of Figs. 1 and 2 It is called the internal section. The handle 38 is also limited both at its distal end, attached to a functional section of the own tool and found on the left in Figs. 5 and 6 as also at its opposite proximal end by a plane 45 and / or 46 arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 39 (Fig. 5), so that the distance of the planes 45, 46 specifies their total length. Between these planes 45, 46 an end extends in each case distal 48 limited by plane 45 and extending to a plane of cross-section 47, a distal part 50 limited by it, which extends to a cross-sectional plane 49, a part central 52 limited by this and extending to a plane of cross section 51, a next proximal part 54, which is extends to a cross-sectional plane 53, and finally a proximal end 55 limited by plane 46. Furthermore, it is evident that all these sections are subdivided imaginary by planes 40, 41 (Fig. 8) in sections in each first case, second and internal and / or intermediate, which are complemented by the sections 42 to 44. In the other aspects it is the handle 38 preferably solid, however it can also be configured internally hollow.

The surfaces of the first sections, second and internal 42 to 44 have the visible contours in Fig. 5 and 6 and the cross-sectional shapes visible in Fig. 7 a 10, identifying the surfaces of the different sections and / or essentially level cuts in each case. The handle 38 has in addition, on the one hand in the cross section the egg shape visible in Figs. 7 to 10. On the other hand, the central part 52 - view in the longitudinal section - it is provided in each case with a surface contour, which is configured more or less very convex to the least for a part of the perimeter of the first section 42, while that the distal section 50 and the proximal section 54 have essentially a concave surface contour, which extends also on at least a part of the perimeter of the first section 42. In the exemplary embodiment, surface contours they are configured on all sides convex and / or concave, as shown in particular a comparison of Fig. 5 and 6 on the one hand and Fig. 7 to 10 on the other hand. The cross sections of Fig. 7 to 10 also show that in the central part 52 both the height H and the thickness D of the handle 1 are greater than in the distal and / or sections proximal 50 and 54, so that it is also obtained in the view in plan of Fig. 6 a surface contour that extends in longitudinal direction concave-convex-concave. If of a rotationally symmetric body around the axis longitudinal 39 would therefore be for example a line concave-convex-concave 56 in the Fig. 6 a generatrix of the revolution surface of this body.

The distal end 48 is configured so analogous to the neck anti-slip current and is less significant for the purposes of the invention. Can also missing completely, while giving proximal end 55 has a bowl shape more or less very accentuated and is also less significant for the purposes of the invention.

In the case of a right-handed handle, configure the central part 52 in the first section 42 according to the invention, so that during use of the handle 38 conforms to the inner face 33 of the hand 19 (Fig. 3) of the user and inserted in the hollow of the hand. Therefore, the central part 52 in the first section 42 is provided with a pointed radial arc directed towards outside 57 (Fig. 8), which is accentuated in at least two directions perpendicular to each other, extends at least over a part of the perimeter of the first section 42, and so that It produces the convex surface contour. In the visual direction from the distal part the arch is placed in the case of a handle 38 for right-handed people on the left side of the xz plane.

The distal section 50 serves in the first section 42 for the purpose of grabbing with the bridge of the hand between the thumb 20 and index (Fig. 3). This area is provided for that. according to Fig. 5 with a concave surface contour, extended also at least on a part of the perimeter of the first section 42. In contrast, the proximal section 54 in the first section 42 serves for the placement of the hand pad 29 (Fig. 3). This area is also concave according to Figs. 5 and 6 at least on a part of the perimeter of the first section 42.

The surface contour of the second section it is preferably formed as demanded for the grip of the phalanges that occurs there and the trapezoidal internal contour being of the clamping fingers in a preferred coupled position of the hand.

The surfaces of the internal section 44 corresponding to surfaces 12 and 13 in Fig. 2 serve, as can be seen in Figs. 7 to 10, for the connection of sections 42 and 43. May have appropriate longitudinal direction (z axis) concave and / or convex surface contours, leading to leveled at the contours of the surfaces of sections 42 and 43

Concave and convex surface contours can be determined by the radii of curvature R1.1 to R3.4 (Fig. 5 and 6). For the purposes of the present invention are besides importance, especially those radii of curvature, that occur in the upper section of the central part 52 with a maximum and / or zenith 59 of the convex surface contour (plane of section B-B in Fig. 5) and the upper section of the distal and proximal sections 50, 54 each with a minimum of 60 and / or 61 of the concave surface contour (cutting planes A-A and C-C in Fig. 5). How shows a comparison of Figs. 5 and 6, the cutting planes transverse, which extend through these maximum 59 and / or minimum 60, 61, may have in the first section 42 in each case an axial situation different from that of the second section 43 (example maximum 62 in Fig. 5).

The radii of curvature R2.1 to R2.4 especially significant for the purposes of the invention, which would be found in Fig. 8, where they are not drawn, above, to left, down and / or right in the there drawn system of coordinates per turn counterclockwise every 90º, defined in the Fig. 5 and 6 in each case more or less arc sections of circumference, found in the xz plane (Fig. 6). These circumference arc sections can run on both sides of the maximums (for example, 59), seen in the direction of the z axis, at longer path length with radius of curvature essentially constant (for example, R 2.1), before it gradually increases and the surface contours of the central part 52 are finally they become a turning point in the concave contours of surface of sections 50, 54. This is applicable not only for the four contour lines represented in Fig. 5 and 6, which are found in the xz and / or yz planes with radii R 2.1 to R 2.4, but also for the other planes that contain the z axis. Further, for example in Fig. 5, the inflection points of the line of contour that extends through the maximum 59 are determined by locating the cross-cutting planes 49 and 51. The transition zones between the zones indicated by the radii of curvature R2.1 to R2.4 are defined in each case by radii analogues, which may vary depending on the convenience of radii R2.1 to R2.4. The course of the concave areas with the radii of curvature R1.1 to R1.4 and R3.1 to R3.4 is preferably proportional.

The cross-sectional faces in the form of Egg from Figs. 7 to 10 can be determined by radii RA. 10 to RC.13. For the purposes of the present invention are besides importance, especially those radii of curvature RA. 10, RB.10 and RC.10, which occur in the area of the cutting planes A-A to C-C and at maximum 59 and / or in the minimum 60, 61 in each case in the upper sections. Further, according to Fig. 7 to 10, radii RA.10 to RA. 13, RB. 10 to RB. 13, etc., are in each case in planes parallel to the xy and y plane in the imaginary anti-clockwise coordinate coordinate system and in 90º angular separations. In addition, the letters A, B and C, etc., represent the A-A cutting planes, B-B, C-C, etc., according to Fig. 5. The aforementioned radii therefore define arc sections of circumference located in these planes. Analogous to radii R 1.1 to R 3.4 can also the arc sections of circumference corresponding to radii RA.10 to RC.13 run along a longer curved section with radii of curvature essentially constant, on both sides of the maximum and / or minimum (for example, 59 in Fig. 8), considered in parallel planes to the xy plane. The transition zones between the zones indicated by these radios are defined in each case by analog radios, which can be varied depending on the convenience of radios RA.10 to RC.13. Similar considerations may apply to many others. desired cross-sectional planes along the longitudinal axis 39.

In longitudinal direction they are of importance for the handle 38 in particular the distances L0.1, LI.1, LII.1 and LIII.1 visible in Fig. 5, described later in depth. How reference plane for these measurements serves here the cutting plane B-B, which runs on one side through the maximum upper 59, located in the xz plane, and on the other hand parallel to the xy plane, that is, the maximum 59 existing on the upper face of the first section 42 obviously specifies the situation of the reference plane 63. Its distance to the corresponding planes that run through the minimum 60, 61 are measures LI.1 and LII.1, while LIII.1 is the distance to reference plane 63 of the proximal end of the proximal section 54 (plane 53) of handle 38. Equivalently they can be used for this measures LI.2 to LI.4, LII.2 to LII.4 and LIII.2 to LIII.4, for indicate the distances to the reference plane 63 from other minimums, which are assigned, for example, to radios R1.2 to R1.4 and R3.1 to R3.4 in Figs. 5 and 6 (see, for example, LI.4 and LII.4 in Fig. 6). Instead it indicates the dimension LIV.2, for example, the distance of the maximum 62 to the reference plane, these distances may be also equal to zero, when the maximum 62 is also located in the reference plane 63.

The lengths of the distal sections and proximal 50, 54 as well as the central part 52 are not definable exactly, since this definition is arbitrary. For the Purposes of the invention are therefore specified a length L0.1 of the central part 52 in the first section 42 by means of the points of inflection, in which the convex curved section located in the xz plane, which contains the maximum 59 becomes the neighbors concave curved sections, which are also in the xz plane and contain the minimum 60, 61, while the distal and proximal 50, 54 arrive from there to the respective parts final 48, 55. The situation of the turning point is determined in Fig. 1 by locating the cutting planes transverse 49 and 51, so that the size L0.1 of the central part 52 of the first section 42 is equal to the distance of the planes 49, 51. The same or another distance can be used for the calculation of the length of the central part of the second section 43.

They also result from Fig. 7 sizes A1A to A4A (again with counterclockwise rotation in the xy coordinate system). These sizes are referred to as distance vectors, since indicate the distances of the minimums (here, for example, 60) to the axis longitudinal 39, these distances may be the same or different between them. The sum of measures A1A and A3A results in the height H, the sum of the measures A2A and A4A the thickness D of the handle 38 in the sense of the definition in Fig. 2, in each case, in the cross section A-A. Equivalently it get the distance vectors A1B to A4B and A1C to A4C for the B-B and C-C cutting planes, being the distance vectors A1B and A2B the most important, since set the shape of the handle 38 in an area, grasped by the palm of hand 33 and of the fingers that start from it and that presents the arc 57. The letters A to C, etc., represent in this context again the respective cutting planes according to Fig. 7 a 9.

It follows from the above description, that the aforementioned dimensions (for example, R2.1, L0.1, RB.10, A1B, etc.) fully referred to points in two selected planes, correspond to the longitudinal sections of the handle 38 in the xz y / o yz plane. The main reason for this is that point 59 especially important for obtaining a coupled position preferred with the greatest absolute distance to the z axis is located according to the definition in the xz plane. It is also clear that except the longitudinal sections visible in Fig. 5 also other or additional longitudinal sections located between the xz planes e and z and which also contain the z axis can be used for description of the outer lateral surface of the handle 38. To do this the longitudinal sections especially come into consideration in that area sector of the first section 42, which contains the lateral section with arc 57 (Fig. 8) and, starting from the yz plane, they extend over a range of angles of approximately 90º to 135º.

The configuration shown shows a handle for right-handed projected optimally. A left-handed handle optimally projected would have a shape, which compared to the handle 38 described runs as a mirror image to the xz plane. For right and left handed the handle would be set symmetrically to the plane xz. In this way it does not offer any good disposition for the fingers as the handle 38 projected asymmetrically. The way to right-handed, however, also gives left-handers a better available in the hand that the known handles of the market. If it should plan a handle for right and / or left handed, can also be appropriate, project asymmetries in particular in the area of distance vectors A2A, A4A, A2B, A4B, etc.

The handle 38 described based on Figs. 5 to 10 it is centered approximately in the center of its longitudinal extension in the hollow of the hand. On the upper sections of the distal / proximal sections the pad of the base of the hand and / or the hand singing pad. The mangoes of this type serve especially for light hammers, small blades and similar hand and garden tools. A longitudinal axis imaginary hand takes in the preferred coupled position a very steep angle, often almost straight with respect to the axis longitudinal 39 of the respective handle 38. All these handles are In addition to a piece.

In Figs. 11 to 13 it is suggested, how the handle 38 during use, for example, of a hammer 64 is held first by the face of the first section 42 and then grabbed by the human hand 19. Furthermore, in Figs. 11 to 13 the possible position for right-handed people, and Fig. 11 shows the position preferred coupling during the use of a hammer 42. With a dashed line 65 is clarified, where approximately the convex arch 57 visible in Fig. 8, on hand 19. Fig. 12 and 13 schematically show two hand positions from the distal section in a rotated position relative to Fig. 8 approximately 180º around the z axis and the trapezoidal shape formed of the phalanges 23, 24 and 25 represented in Fig. 3 of the index finger in connection with the situation of the thumb 20.

While the mangoes known from state of the art do not fill the hollow of the grip hand of the handle and do not secure enough at hand, so that produce deformations, the shape of the handle according to the invention is available so that you get a complete propped up if possible with a very uniform pressure distribution and the handle adjusts everywhere "full" in the respective areas of the hand. The hand that holds the handle should find in practice by itself same a fixed coupled position, which is pleasant and favorable for the user and designated here "preferred coupled position". However, the handles should of course not be adapted. individually to individual hands even for one hand considered as "middle hand", but to be sized based on the "groups of hand dimensions", which are produced from dimension data obtained based on hand measurements and its reasonable ordering and classification.

According to the invention these are adjusted dimensions and shapes of the handles each other so that automatically provides the shape and size of the handle obtained a preferred coupled position of the hand in the whole group of hands assigned and the handle is nice to grab by the users of this group during the employment of the respective tool, also in the case of application of greater efforts or in the case of continued use, by uniform distribution of the pressure. This should apply in particular for use. operator professional and achieve, that seem to be possible little and / or no fatigue and pain in the hand or arm. This is between others, a consequence, as shown in Fig. 4, that size LO.1, LI.1, LII. 1 and LIII.1 drawn there and described above based on Figs. 5 and 6 as well as the measurements associated essentially corresponding to the shape of the hand that They are found in other cutting planes. In addition, dimension LO.1 is essentially determined by the inflection points, at which the concave hollow of the hand becomes the convex arch of the 26 thumb pad on one side and the singing pad hand 31 by the other. The LI.1 dimension is determined by the distance from the center of the hand hole at the greatest distance from the thumb pad 26, dimension LII.1 by means of the distance from the center of the hand hole at the greatest distance from the hand singing pad 31. The LIII dimension. 1 of the handle is determined by the distance from the center of the hollow of the hand at the edge of hand 30, which has to be strengthened in the section proximal in Figs. 5 to 10.

Fig. 12 shows very abstractly a section along the handle 38 and the grip hand 19 thereof a right handed The contact areas of the palm of the hand 33 and the fingers on the perimeter of the handle 38 are also represented as sectors in an angular system of counterclockwise rotation coordinates, that is, rotating counterclockwise. He 0º-180º angular coordinate plane corresponds to the xz plane and the 90º-270º angular plane to the yz plane of the Cartesian system of coordinates according to Fig. 5 and 6, while through the point Z runs the longitudinal axis 39 and / or z axis of the handle 38 according to Fig. 5 and 6.

Figs. 12 and 13 should also show that the grip fingers of the handle 38 are closed on the lower face and both laterally in the direction of the inner face of the hand 33 as well as on the inside of the thumb pad 28. The hand edge pad 31 is positioned laterally to the proximal section 54 of handle 38. The inner face of the pad of thumb 28 is approximately along a range of angles from 315º to 0º, as indicated schematically in Fig. 12 by a segment 67 represented exaggeratedly large indicating the contact surface. The palm of the hand 33 is located at along a range of angles of approximately 0º to 135º indicated by a segment 68, while the suggested middle finger in Fig. 12 fits handle 38 analogously to the ring fingers and the pinky approximately in the range of angles from 135º to approximately more than 270º (segment 69). In the case of a left handed, the range of angles would run in the opposite direction of rotation.

Fig. 13 shows, that handle 38 conforms to the inner side of the fingers through its second section 43, which it has a comparatively small radius of curvature (for example, RB.12, in Fig. 8), these forming with their phalanges a line internal trapezoidal in the clamping position. It is also noticeable that thumb 20 is adjusted below its middle joint to a face of the handle 38, and the index with its inner face below the first joint to the other side of handle 38. Both fingers exert lateral pressure on the handle in the contact areas, guiding it. Prehensile contact areas they are represented in Fig. 13 as striped segments 70, 71. The thumb membrane 26 exerts little pressure on handle 38 and rest on this only with its thin skin film 72, to that no tension appears on the skin of the membrane, taking this area of the hand however also a good disposition in the handle 38. A dashed line 73 represents in Fig. 13 a not visible part of handle 38 in the area of greatest height and thickness (arch 57 in Fig. 8).

In the pressure resistance test of the palm of the hand is shown, that a "deviated" position it is located in the border area between the thumb pad 28 and the palm of the hand 33. In the case of uniform specific pressure this area bends more strongly, even than the palm of the hand 33. For this reason, in the case of an ergonomic handle correctly arranged, arc 57 (Fig. 8) is larger here, to get the load uniform of the entire area of curvature of the hand.

The invention of the shapes and sizes of the handle part of the knowledge that for the proper "seat" and / or for obtaining the preferred coupled position, the measurements LO.1, LI.1, LII.1 and, where appropriate, LIII.1 according to Fig. 5 and the analogous measures in the other longitudinal cutting planes, in particular in the contact area of the thumb pad 28 and the hollow of the hand in the angular coordinate system according to the Fig. 12, are particularly important between approximately 315º and 135º. For the consideration of this knowledge it is useful especially the clear convexity 57 in the central part 52 of the first section 42 of handle 38 in at least two planes perpendicular to each other, relative to Fig. 12 or in the range of angles between 0º and 90º. It is also important the course of the curved surfaces of this arch 57 both in direction longitudinal as in the perimeter direction, as determined approximately by means of the radios RB. 10 and RB. 11 (Fig. 8). They are also significant the lengths of the respective vectors of distance, starting from the point Z of the respective section transverse, whose lengths are determined, for example, in Fig. 8 using dimensions A1B and A2B.

It is also important for a feeling nice of the handle the radius in the second section 43 of the handle 38, on which the fingers are placed. fingers folded in Joints form a trapezoidal contour on its inner face. The radius or curve of the cross section of the handle must be dimension in this area so that it touches the trapezoidal contour during a journey as much as possible and so that the effort of pressure is distributed over a surface of the fingers the most possible. This requirement should also apply, when modifies the situation of the phalanges, by varying the hand placement or in the case of hands with different fingers long

The proximal phalanges that rest on the underside of the handles formed in a hand grip handle a weakly curved contour in the transverse direction by hand. Equally, also the bow on the underside of the handles, characterized by the radius R 2.3, it is configured only slightly, it is Say, it has a large radius. The middle and distal phalanges are found on the outer face of the handle in the area of the part lower of the handle 43 and partially in the middle part of the handle 44. The internal contour of these phalanges is also curved slightly in transverse direction to the hand, and the handle is correspondingly only slightly curved on this face in the Optimal ergonomic configuration, as indicated by the R 2.4 radio in Fig. 6. The handles can be arranged however also in their way so that a compromise between the configuration is reached optimal for right-handed people and a relatively good way even for left handed So, the radius R 2.4 is smaller, that is, the face is bend more strongly. In any case, the convexity is without seizure less than on the opposite side, and is determined by radius R 2.2, calculated at the top by means of radius R 2.1.

As a basis for the deduction of LO measures, LI, LII and LIII were used in the context of the invention the existing anthropometric investigations, as published in the research report 156 of the German National Institute of Labor Protection and Accident Investigation 1979 on page 231. As groups, three hand dimensions are foreseen first: "S" = "small", "M" = "medium", "L" = "big". As "small" the dimensions of the hand of up to a 20% percentile, as "medium" the dimensions of the hand of a percentile between 20% and 75% and as "large" dimensions of up to a 100% percentile. In the context of the invention has also been discovered that LO.1 dimension according to Fig. 5 should be worth approximately one 50%, preferably 45% to 55% of the average width of the hand corresponding to dimension B in Fig. 3. In addition, the dimension LII.1 according to Fig. 5 should be worth approximately 33% at 37% of the average width of hand B and LIII.1 approximately 50% at 55% of the average width of hand B, which results for Hand dimensions "S" to "L" a value of LIII. 1 of approximately 47 mm to 60 mm. In the loading conditions of wide of the hand of the aforementioned investigations you get a LO.1 length of approximately 43 mm for small hands (S), of approximately 46 mm for intermediate hands (M) and approximately 48 mm for large hands (L). Starting from these core dimensions were determined empirically the others mango measurements based on models and group tests, having also taken into account the tendency to standardization. Different finger lengths, as presented in the hands of the same width, have therefore not been taken into account in the configuration and dimensioning of the handles.

The adaptation of the handle size to the different hand sizes are carried out essentially within the measurement range LI and LII, while the total length of the handle is maintained according to the possibilities. The distal end parts and proximal 48, 55 are adapted starting from the sections transversal originating at the end points of the handle 38, up to the base of the handle in continuous course. In the case of mangoes, which they have a thumb pad in the distal area, it is changed also appropriately the total length of the handle, for the adaptation to hand size.

Surprisingly it has also been shown that the handles with characteristics and dimensions described above They are appropriate for different tools. In function of the respective function only comparative variations are necessary small of the basic form, so that at least the parts central 52 of the first section 42 have great similarities in regards to shape and size. Different settings they are appropriate mainly in the area of the final parts distal 48 of mangoes 38, depending on the use of the various tools, and also partially of the proximal end parts 55. Depending on the type and size of the tool, for which handles 38 should be used, it is appropriate to modify the height H and thickness D and / or the length of the distance vectors, being able to conserve however the contour adjacent to the hand with great similarity in the 38 handles used for different tools

As explained in detail based on the Fig. 11 to 13, are considered, for a good seat of the handle 38 and / or a good molding of the hollow of the hand according to the invention, especially significant sections 50, 52 and 54 in the first section 42 (as well as the neighboring faces of section 44, which can contemplated here of course as absent, in which the section 42 of the entire upper part to section 43 of the entire part lower handle 38). That's why the shapes are adapted there and dimensions so that a location can be obtained almost automatic of the preferred coupled position practically in solitary by the first section 42 for all the hands of the respective group of hands.

The surfaces of the internal section 44 (Fig. 8) of handle 38 are curved out in the exemplary embodiment also convex (Fig. 7 to 10), to provide the hand also in this area a good contact surface. The surfaces of sections 42 and 43 also remain constant, it is that is, the transition zones between the different surfaces of Sections 42, 43 and 44 are preferably continuous, without staggered, smooth and so that the central part 52 precurved Convex gradually becomes curved concave sections in 50 and / or 54.

The second section 43 of the handle 38 diametral opposite to the first section 42 and located in Fig. 5 below of an imaginary central plane (= plane and z) is formed in the example of execution similar to the first section 42 and it dimensions and is arranged in particular in the form of an egg, rounded and without corners and edges that press the fingers (Fig. 7 to 10).

So that the preferred coupled position and / or taken by preferred hand of an assigned group of hands it find not only independent, but forced into practice by handle configuration, can be specified onwards selected dimensions of handle 38 based on experiences and tests, as deemed appropriate for a docked position Special when handling a hammer. To this end they can, by example, sections 50 and 54 of minimum 60, 61 (Fig. 5) run towards the distal and / or proximal areas less concave than in Fig. 5 or even flat and / or smooth. In this case they are specified the minimum 60, 61 as those points that have the highest distance to a rope described by the extreme points of the sections 50 and / or 54. A continuously concave course of the sections 50 and 54 and the corresponding sections in the other sections of the handle certainly brings with it the essential advantage that the handle 38 gets to be placed almost positively in the hand and that's why its inclination is reduced during use, to slide in the longitudinal axis direction 39.

Other important measures in the context of invention are the radii of curvature, in particular the radius R2.1 (Fig. 5), which is located depending on the size of the hand between 50 mm and 120 mm. This dimension determines the convex arc in longitudinal direction, that is, in a first direction (x axis and / or plane xz). Another important dimension is the radius R 2.2 in the plane yz. This determines the arc that extends in longitudinal direction in the second direction. The same applies for the radii that extend in the longitudinal direction in the transition zone between the xz and yz planes.

Other important dimensions are RA radios. 10 to RA.13, RB10 to RB.13, etc., and here particularly the radios RB.10 and RB.11. These radii specify the course of arc 57 (Fig. 8) in the transverse direction, that is, in a second direction (axis and / or plane yz), so that the arc 57 is accentuated in two directions perpendicular to each other. In the case of a handle 38 for left-handers the radius RB.13 must be sized proportionally, to insert the arc further to the right side in Fig. 8.

They are also important in this context naturally also the total thickness D and the total height H of the handle 38, the distance vectors A1A to A4A, A1B to A4B, etc., being able, be in each case the same or different in the x and / or y direction, as show Figs. 7 to 9.

In the case of configured handles 38 symmetrically with respect to the xz and / or xy planes, the values assigned A1A to A4C can be the same (for example, A1B = A3B and / or A2B = A4B) and, therefore, are replaced by measures H and D. It is expected also preferably provide interesting handles here at least the identical measure L0.1 and R2.1 that are next to another for a preselected group of hands. Finally can preferably a load is made so that for processing of the preferred coupled position after determining the dimensions indicated above are also set, for example, different dimensions of the distal part 50, while the dimensions of the proximal section 54 and, where appropriate, of the part Proximal end 55 are the least significant.

With regard to measures LI.1 and LII.1 may be beneficial, select them more or less equally large for most mangoes, that is, set the maximum 59 in the xz plane at the center of the associated minima 60 and 61. You can however, also submit cases, in which the maximum 59 are not arrange exactly in the center, but move to the distal or proximal end. The distal and proximal sections 50, 54 of the handles 38 are furthermore as a rule approximately equal to long, so that the central parts 52 are located essentially in the center of both distal and / or neighboring parts proximal 50, 54.

Finally it is also important for the invention, that a large number of the measures be standardized above indicated R, L, A, H and D and are set essentially identical for a large number of hand and garden tools. This is based on the knowledge that mangoes of the type described have very great similarities in terms of shape and sizes, at least in the central part 52, but also in the distal section 50. Then you only need to adjust your shape and size any of the indicated dimensions, for example, distance vectors as well such as proximal sections 54 and / or proximal end parts 55, to the respective purpose of use (type of tool). From this form is obtained for the user, in particular for the user professional, the advantage that you find handles with the same basic shape and size for numerous types of tools and, for that, you can easily select the handles corresponding to his hand.

At the distal and / or proximal end of the handle 38 appropriately toroidal end portions 48 and / or 55 are arranged, limited by its cross sections mostly than in the area of sections A-A and C-C in the Fig. 7 and / or 9. In these final parts 48, 55 can be secured in the preferred coupled position of the hand the outer faces of the phalanges of the index finger and the small finger and, if necessary, also the hand edge 30 and / or the hand edge pad 31.

According to Figs. 6 and 10, handle 38 may be finally provided with a contact surface 74 for the thumb 20. This support surface 74 is properly positioned on the face upper part of the distal end part 48 and an area of the part distal 50 neighboring this and may, as the Fig. 10, consist of a parallel cavity or flattening or slightly diagonal with respect to the yz axis.

Another preferred execution example for a handle 78 are depicted in Figs. 14-18. This handle 78 is distinguishes from handle 38 considerably only by an area of support 80 configured on the surface of a central part 79. This it is configured, as shown particularly in Fig. 17 in the section transverse, on the face of the xz plane offset from an arc 81, the arc 81 corresponding to the arc 57 according to Fig. 8. The bearing surface 80 can also be extended, according to Fig. 14 and 15, in the direction of a longitudinal axis 82 of the handle 78 at along a greater distance or even the total distance of the central part 79. In other aspects, the support surface 80 it is configured, analogously to a support surface 83 for the thumb, essentially smooth or slightly concave and / or, depending on the type, with a slit or cavity that extends in the direction of the axis longitudinal 82 and, in addition, is arranged as or instead of the support surface 83. Support surface 80 serves preferably for the arrangement of the thumb pad 28, to get an even better adaptation at hand and / or a position docked even more comfortable.

In the execution mode according to Fig. 19 to 24, it is a handle 86 for a functional section not shown in the form of a pallet. The handle 86 corresponds essentially to the handle 38 according to Figs. 5 to 10, with a supporting surface 87 for the thumb being arranged as in Figs. 6 and 10. In addition, a distal end of the handle is located in a plane 89 perpendicular to a longitudinal axis 88 of the handle 86, at which a distal end portion 90 ends. At this end 90, a distal part 91 is similarly analogous to the previous description. a central part 92, a proximal part 93 and a proximal end
94.

The values for the different dimensions are choose so that handle 86 can be used except for paddles, for example, also for heavy hammers, hammers pickaxe, two-handed hammers and axes and similarly in two sections for garden shears and pruning shears. In what I know refers to the determining measures for a preferred example of handle execution 86 is particularly effective, that the length LO.1, measured in a first section, of the central part 92 arranged between two cross-section planes 95, 96 voucher approximately 50% of the hand width of the associated hand group and measures LI.1 and LII.1 should establish the situation of minimum 97, 98 of the upper surface contour in the section distal and / or proximal 91 and / or 93. The situation of a plane of reference 99 is set as in Fig. 5 by a maximum of 100 of the central part 92. In the other aspects, the handle configuration It is essentially identical to that of Figs. 5 to 10.

Figs. 25 to 30 show a second example of execution of the handle 86 according to Fig. 19 to 24, so for The same sections use the same reference marks. In addition, to the support surface 87 located on the upper face of the first section is added a second lateral support surface 101 for thumb 20. This is located analogously to the bearing surface 87 in distal section 91 of handle 86 and is preferably extends into the distal end 90. As shown particularly in the cross section of the Fig. 27 and 30, the support surface 101 is configured on the face of the xz planes deviated from an arc 102, the arc corresponding 102 to arc 57 of Fig. 8. Support surfaces 87 and 101 are they can configure essentially smooth or slightly concave for the adaptation to the shape of the thumb, and the support surface 101 it can extend, as shown in Figs. 27 and 29, from a first section 103 of handle 86 to the inside of a section Internal and / or average 104 neighbor, which can also be accepted as completely absent. The lateral support surface is used for additional side handle guide. A lateral support surface as this can be similarly provided also for handles for hammers according to Fig. 5 to 6 and Fig. 10 to 18. In the other aspects, the handle configuration is essentially identical to that of Fig. 19 to 24.

Fig. 31 shows the handle 86 in connection with a paddle 105 as well as is grasped during use by hand 19 of a right hand in a preferred first coupled position. The thumb 20 is placed in this context on the upper support surface 87. Fig. 32 shows, by contrast, handle 86 with vane 105 as well as holding a right hand in a second coupled position preferred. Thumb 20 is located here on the lateral surface of support 101, not visible in Fig. 32.

While the handles 38, 78 and 86 according to Figs. 5 to 32 are especially suitable for tools 64, 103, in which the hand grips the handle from above in the position preferred trailer; Figs. 33 to 37 show a handle 106 for a hand tool with reciprocating movement, represented here as saw 107, but it could also be, for example, a brush hand, a formon (wood chisel) or the like. According to Fig. 33 to 37, the handle 106 of the saw 107 is fixed by screws or similar to a functional section 108. The handle 106 is provided with a central hole 109, as generally applied, for example, to the so-called handsaw. On the face of the handle 106 deflected from the functional section 108 and / or hole 109, presents, in the sense of the explanations to Fig. 1, 2 as well as from 5 to 32, a first section 110 (right in Fig. 36) with surfaces of contact for the inner face of the hand while a second section 111 of handle 106 deflected from hole 109 (on the left in Fig. 36) it is provided with contact surfaces for the fingers Sections 110, 111 and a section 112 present between them (Fig. 17) correspond to sections 7, 8 and 9 of Fig. 1 and 2. Equivalently a handle could be provided for a curved saw or similar.

A comparison of Fig. 5 to 9 with Fig. 33 to 37 shows, that the surface contours of the sections 110, 111, as well as the internal section 112 that joins them (Fig. 36) considerably the same as those in sections 42 to 44. Handles 38, 78 and 86 also present as handle 106 in each case a distal end 114, a distal part 115, a central part 116, a proximal part 117 and a proximal end 118, which is placed in series in the direction of a longitudinal axis 119 (Fig. 3. 4). The cutting plane serves as the reference plane again B-B, which runs through a point of inflection and / or a maximum 120 of the surface contour of the central part 116 in the first section 110. The length of the part central convex 116 is determined by location of the point turning to neighboring concave parts 115, 117 and / or by cross-sectional planes 121, 122, which run through this inflection point, and is dimensioned to approximately 50% of the width of hand B (Fig. 3) of the average user of the assigned group. The situation of the concave minimums 123, 124 of the distal section and / or proximal 115, 117 is given by LI.1 and LII.1, having these dimensions the same measurements as in Figs. 5 to 10.

In the other aspects, the same as for handles 38, 78 and 86. In addition, in Figs. 38 and 39 it is suggested, how the handle 106 during the use of the saw 107 is held first from behind and then grabbed by the human hand 19. Furthermore, in Fig. 38, 39 the possible positions for right-handed, which suggests at the same time the preferred coupled position from hand to saw 107 during use.

Mangos 38, 78, 86 and 106 so far described were explained in depth, based on the views of profile and / or plan views and some cross sections that are extend perpendicular to its longitudinal axis (for example, Fig. 27 to 30). In addition, profile views and plan views in the upper and / or lower zones show here in each case an outline external shaped curve constituted concave-convex-concave 127, 128 (Fig. 25) and / or 129, 130 (Fig. 26), which could also occur, when in Fig. 25 instead of the profile view it is represented a longitudinal section containing the z axis and located in the xz plane; and in Fig. 26 an appropriate section will be represented longitudinal located in the yz plane. Each of these curves 127 at 130 represents, therefore, a (generally different) generatrix of the lateral surface of the handle body, which would be a body of revolution with the z axis as the axis of rotation, if all curves 127 to 130 were identical. A singularity of the invention it consists, however, as shown for example in Figs. 25 and 26, in that curves 127 to 130 can follow courses completely different, since the handles arranged accordingly according to Ergonomic demands are considerably shaped asymmetric

In addition, it was accepted in the previous description for the simplification of the representation, that the cross sections, for example, according to Figs. 27 to 30 approximately up to the available bearing surfaces 87, 99 essentially have an egg and / or oval shape and / or elliptical, placing, in each case, the largest diameter according to Fig. 1 and 2 on a parallel with respect to the x axis and the smaller diameter on a parallel with respect to the y axis. Therefore, the maximum and minimum described (for example, 97, 98, 100 in Fig. 25) are found in the xz plane with the consequence that curve 127 is a curve that extends in a plane. Consequently, it is effective for curves 128 to 130, whereby curves 129, 130 are of course in the yz plane. Finally, in the previous description it was implicitly assumed that the maximums (for example, 100 in Fig. 25, although also 59 and 120 in Figs. 5 and 33) define that point on the lateral surface of the handle body, which it has the greatest absolute distance to the respective z axis (for example, dimension A1B in Fig. 22). For this reason, curve 127 is represented as the geometric place of all points on the lateral surface of the handle body, which have along the z-axis, in each case, the greatest distances from this, and therefore form a generatrix of the lateral surface, which in the area of the arc 102 always has a convex course and is located, according to the invention and in each case, in the first section 42 and / or
103.

These conditions are not up to location of arc 102 in first section 42 and / or 103 neither necessary nor Always favorable for ergonomic reasons. Can be particularly appropriate, move the point with the greatest distance to the z axis to a plane, which is arranged parallel to the xz plane always considered here as a central plane. This enables a improved adaptation of handle 86 to the hollow of the hand 19 especially by a strong lateral accentuation of the arc 102 (Fig. 28). In addition, for this case it can also be specified by definition for simplicity, that the curve that contains the absolute maximum is a curve that extends in a plane, located in a plane parallel to the xz plane. Unlike this it is however also possible, to represent again the curve that contains the absolute maximum as the geometric place of all the points that along the z axis have the greatest distance to this, so that this curve can also be a three-dimensional curved arc, which place only on one side of the xz plane or have points located by Both sides this plane. This is fully explained below in base to Fig. 40 to 45.

Figs. 40 to 43 show sections lengths of a handle 131, whose external contour corresponds essentially to the previous description. Fig. 40 is also a longitudinal section in the xz plane that contains the z axis, so that the contours correspond, for example, essentially to those according to Fig. 25. Fig. 41 shows a section longitudinal which also contains the z axis, which however in the angular system suggested in Fig. 12 corresponds to a plane of cut that extends from 45º to 225º. Fig. 42 shows a longitudinal section in the 90º-270º position according to Fig. 12, and, finally, Fig. 43 is a longitudinal section, which contains the z axis like the other longitudinal sections and runs in Fig. 12 from 135º to 315º. The three longitudinal sections of the Fig. 41 to 43 can also be produced mentally, so that handle 131, starting from the position according to Fig. 40, is rotated gradually 45º and then sectioned parallel to the plane of reference.

In Fig. 44 they are represented - starting from the Fig. 40 - in total 20 cross sections perpendicular to the axis z, so that in all sections the x-axis of the imaginary coordinate system point vertically up. Therefore, if all the sectioned views of Fig. 44 are strung in series on the z axis with the distances observed in Fig. 40, then it is deduced from its perimeter line 132 (see section cross section A in Fig. 44a) with a good approximation of the contour of surface of the complete lateral surface of the handle 131, when all perimeter lines 132 are interconnected by the Shortest path through cones-like surfaces. How many more cross sections are used, more exactly the lateral surface.

It is important for the present invention, that in the first section, showing the arc, analogously to Fig. 28 provided with reference mark 103 (see section cross section A in Fig. 44a) are presented in each case not only points in the xz plane, but also those points 133 to 143 with the greatest distances to the z axis in the respective section transverse, not at least partially located in the plane xz. The distance vectors 144 to 154 that lead to these points 133 to 143 are suggested in Fig. 44a and 44b in each case by arrow lines It happens, therefore, that the radiovectors 144 to 154 they run according to the type of spatial indicators partially over the right side and partially on the left of the xz plane, with what angles? (see cross section H), limited by the xz plane, they allow to distinguish exactly, in what Longitudinal cutting planes, formed analogously to Fig. 40 to 43 and containing the z axis, points 133 to 143. In addition, all points 133 to 143 can be theoretically found over other longitudinal sections.

The greatest absolute length of all radio vectors shown in Fig. 44 within the distance assigned to the central part (see for example the sections transverse H to R) has the radiovector 147 in the section transversal K. Therefore, point 136 designated by him has the highest distance to the z axis within the central part in the first section of the handle and therefore corresponds, for example, to the maximum 100 in the representation of Fig. 25. Fig. 45 also shows that points 133 to 143 joined through curves 155 and / or 156 in the case of the option represented in Fig. 12 of the system xyz coordinates have partially positive values and partially negative of y, while the values of x are all positive and they have their maximum in the cross section L, so that they find on a three-dimensional curved arc.

Differently than in Figs. 40 to 44 is possible to place points 133 to 143 so that all on the same face of the xz plane, although at a distance from it. The selected form in each case depends considerably on in what transverse position are the various maxima and arcs and how strong these should be accentuated.

Regarding measures L0.1, LI.1 L.II.1 and LIII.1 described on the basis of Fig. 5 change only slightly in one distribution according to Fig. 40 to 45. If the points with the greater distances to the z axis are on a curve, which is situated at a plane that contains the z axis which, then easily rotates the xyz coordinate system around the z axis over an angle up to that the xz plane coincides with a plane, which contains the curve that It extends in one plane. The new coordinate system thus obtained it is then used as the coordinate system so far described for the definition of the various measures, and in particular a reference plane is placed perpendicular to the z axis corresponding to the reference plane 63 (Fig. 5), through the point with the greatest absolute distance to the z axis. The only difference it consists, therefore, that the new xyz coordinate system occupies a different situation in the area, compared to Fig. 5.

If points 133 to 143 according to Fig. 44 and 45 are, however, in a plane, although this does not contain the z axis, but, for example, is arranged parallel to the xz plane, the coordinate system can conform to the above description, turn until point 136 is located at the greatest absolute distance to the z axis in the rotated xz plane. In the case of application of the definitions indicated above for dimensions L0.1, LI.1, LII.1, LIII.1, etc., then slightly different values would result from when determined in the plane, which contains all the points 133 to 143. It is appropriately effective then, that points 133 to 143 are not located on a curve that extends along a plane, but that they are, analogously to Fig. 44, 45, on a three-dimensional curve and are use as a new plane xz a plane containing the z-axis and point 136. In these cases, the locations of the maximum and minimum determined according to Fig. 5 to 10 and / or the values for the dimensions L, R, A, etc., they move a little away from the existing real values. The deviations are however much smaller, the smaller the distance from the maximum 136 to the xz plane is (see, for example, Fig. 45), so that even in a case like this the described definitions can be applied with good approximation based on Figs. 5 to 10. In the other aspects, it is schematically suggested in Fig. 44a in cross section K, in which cutting planes the longitudinal sections according to Figs. 40 to 43 appear. In addition, it is called longitudinal section L1 to the section in the xz plane
(α = 0 °) and L2 to the longitudinal section in the yz plane (α = 90 °). Accordingly, L3, L4 and L5 designate the longitudinal sections that include the z axis with the angles α = 180 °, α = 270 ° and α = 45 °, in each case with the visual lines indicated by arrows.

Figs. 46 to 50 show reticular representations of a handle 157, in which the points with the greatest distance to the z axis analogously to Fig. 40 to 44 extend along a three-dimensional curved arc in the longitudinal direction of handle 157, the distal end to the left and the proximal end to the right being arranged in each case. The handle 157 is also shown in perspective in Fig. 46, while Fig. 47 is a profile view analogous to the representations of Figs. 5, 14 and 19 and shows a view of the right side of the handle
157 - view from the distal part -. Fig. 48 is a plan view, Fig. 49 a profile view from the other side and Fig. 50 a bottom view of the handle, these views being obtained, starting from Fig. 47, in each case by turning of the handle 157 of 90 ° around a longitudinal axis 158. In the special case, the left face is instead the face provided with an accentuated arch 159 extending at least in two directions.

The handles described so far (for example, 38) are configured in each case of a piece, being joined the first sections (for example, 42) through an internal section adapted (for example, 44) of a piece with the second sections (for example, 43). The invention is not limited, however, to these mangoes, but also applicable analogously to mangoes two-piece with relatively one mobile handle arms with respect to the other, as presented in pliers, scissors or Similar. Similar to Figs. 1 and 2 it is called in forward, for the normalization of the description, one of the two handle arms as first section and the other arm as second section, so that both arms and / or handle sections in contrast, for example, with Figs. 5 to 10 are separated by a intermediate zone, that is, they are not physically united.

In the pliers handle configuration it depends on whether in normal open position, approximately when applies for cutting a wire or when grabbing an object with the serrated opening in the jaw of a combination plier, finding all four distal phalanges 25 (Fig. 3) to be uniformly possible on the surface of the second section inferior, to be able to exert a satisfactory force. In the case of a closed pliers should find the surface of this section, on the other hand, in the middle phalanges 23.

Figs. 51 to 55 show a handle 160 arranged according to the invention, for example, for adjustable tongs. A handle arm and / or first section 162 is configured here in your external surface analogous to the first section and / or top of the handles described so far (for example, 42 of 38), while a handle arm and / or second section 163 is set on its external surface analogously to the section second and / or lower of the handles described so far (for example, 43 of 38). Both sections 162 and 163 are configured to both sides of a central plane that extends along an axis longitudinal 164 (plane yz). To get the pliers to be optionally use in two positions rotated 180º around the longitudinal axis 164 and in both positions is approximately in the same preferred coupled position for the hollow hand and thumb pad, has the bottom face of the second section 163 of Fig. 51 the same shape as the face top of the first section 162, although arranged as an image speculate about a central plane (xy plane). That's why it doesn't provide during use the lower face (in each case) of the sections lower 163 and / or 162 no optimal arrangement for the fingers. Already that the upper faces of both sections 162 163, important for the invention, they are formed equal, explained below to background only the configuration according to the invention of the first section 162. The central plane is preferably also placed shape that contains an axis of rotation not represented by a rotary joint joint of both pliers arms, running this axis of rotation perpendicular to the reference plane of Fig. 51 and, therefore, parallel to the axis and in the direction of the definitions so far used.

According to Figs. 51 and 52, the first section 162 it is provided with a surface contour 165 and is subdivided by imaginary planes 166, 167 in a distal part 168, a central part 169 and a proximal part 170, which are placed one to continuation of the other in the longitudinal direction. According to the invention section 162 is formed and sized so that, in the coupled position of the running hand for combination pliers, the central part 169 enters the hollow of the hand, the distal section 168 grabs with thumb pad 26 and proximal section 170 serves for the arrangement of the hand pad 29 and of the hand singing pad 31. That is why the part is provided central 169 in longitudinal direction and in one direction transverse with a pointed convex arch 171 directed outward, while the distal part 168 of the central part 169 follows running down to a non-slip neck 172 located at the distal end. The external contour of the distal part 168 is configured in a lateral area 174, so that it passes according to the profile view of Fig. 52 with a concave curve flat and with a small angle of inclination with respect to the axis longitudinal 164, while running, however, likewise slightly concave along the upper surface 165 that is observed in Fig. 51, although, in comparison, with a large angle of inclination with respect to the longitudinal axis 164. Similarly the proximal section 170 runs on the upper surface (Fig. 51) with an angle of inclination with respect to longitudinal axis 164 comparatively large, although essentially concave, while its surface runs in a lateral zone 175 (Fig. 52) with a angle of inclination with respect to longitudinal axis 164 comparatively small and essentially concave shaped slightly decreasing to the proximal end. To the extreme proximal the first section 162 is properly configured in shape of bowl.

In the other aspects, the external contour of the section 162 is sized and constructed in the longitudinal sections and transverse, as well as both in the direction of the handle height H as in the direction of the thickness of the handle D, so that the second section 163 is adapted in the case of identical configuration well enough and without the formation of annoying corners and edges on the trapezoidal internal contour of the clamping fingers resulting in the preferred coupled position of the hand. The arch 171 in section 162 it is also configured as arc 176 in section 163, which is effective after the 180º turn of the pliers around to longitudinal axis 164.

The facing surfaces 162a, 163a of the sections 162, 163 are not important to the objectives of the invention and can therefore be formed in a known manner with edges well rounded. The height of the handle H in the various positions a along the handle 160 (Fig. 53 to 55) and in particular the convexities are proportionally sized to the group of hands assigned, so that a comfortable coupled position is obtained preferred considering the function of the pliers.

In Fig. 56 it is suggested how to grab the handle 160 during the use of the pliers by the human hand 19. In addition, it represents as far as possible the position for right-handed people, suggesting Fig. 56 the initial grip of the pliers from behind, the Fig. 57 the preferred coupled position of the hand for pliers during use and Fig. 58 in a section analogous to that of the Fig. 13, how both sections 162, 163 of handle 160 are placed in the preferred coupled position of the hand 19 separated from each other and on both sides of the xy plane. With a dashed line 177 you It also clarifies in Fig. 56 and 57, where the arches are located visible 171 and / or 176 of Fig. 54 in hand 19.

As reference plane it serves, in the case of handle 160 as with handle 38, the cross-sectional plane B-B at a maximum 178 in the first section 162, which it is situated, on the one hand, in a plane parallel to the xy plane and, on the other side, in a longitudinal section in the plane.

The length L0.1 of the convex central part 169 is determined by locating the inflection point with the neighboring concave parts 168, 170 and / or by cutting planes transverse 166, 167, which pass through this point of inflection, and is dimensioned, as in the case of the handles of a piece, up to about 50%, preferably 45% to 55% of the width of hand B (Fig. 3) of the average user of the group assigned. The situation of the minimum concave 179, 180 of the distal and / or proximal section 168, 170 is given by LI.1 and LII.1, these dimensions may have the same values as in Fig. 5 to 10

In others the same applies as for handle 38.

In the case of an execution example depicted in Figs. 59 to 63 of a pliers handle 183, a first and second section 184, 185 are also configured asymmetric in relation to the surfaces, which are arranged in the preferred coupled position with the hollow of the hand and the base of the thumb, as shown in Fig. 61 to 63 among others. In particular it molds the bottom surface of section 185, designed for finger placement, with cross section considerably cylindrical, while presenting only a small arc in the direction of a longitudinal axis 186 (see R2.2 in Fig. 59), corresponding to the course of the contour in the case of handles One piece on this face. The radios and other measures of the second section 185 are also selected so that they give the fingers of grabbing it an arrangement if possible pleasant. He "trapezoid" formed by the bent phalanges 23 to 25 (Fig. 3) and thumb 20 (see also Fig. 58) is well occupied by that by handle 183, so that a very distribution is possible pressure uniform. The first section 184 is configured from the same shape as the first section of the handle 160 in Fig. 51 a 55.

The pliers shown in Fig. 51 to 63 they have handles 160, 183 for right-handed people. In the case of mangoes sections 162, 163 are configured for left-handers and / or 184, 185 as mirror images with respect to the xz plane (see 61 to 63).

In others the same applies as for handle 160.

Finally, Fig. 64 and 65 show a handle 189, with two sections 190, 191, which are specularly molded symmetrical on both sides of a longitudinal axis 192 and / or a plane central that contains it (plane yz). Both sections 190, 191 they present in a central part 193 a clearly pointed arch 194 both in the x direction and in the direction and in the direction of the other handles described. Through such a shape of the handle are obtained optimal features for right and left handed in part 190 (and / or 191) upper coinciding with the hollow of the hand. Also I know handles 189 clearly improve in section 191 (and / or 190) encompassed by fingers versus available pliers handles in the market.

Most known pliers handles, even of the greatest combination or cutting pliers, they are no longer therefore as a rule favorable enough ergonomically, because they have no proximal part Ergonomically well formed or no proximal part suitable for the arrangement of the base of the hand edge. Pliers handle it is too short even in the case of major pliers, or runs in a continuous curve that is in a plane until the proximal end, so that it does not adapt in any way to the hollow of the hand. The total thrust force must therefore be applied With the hollow of the hand. For the reduction of the specific thrust in These zones are proposed, according to the invention, to lengthen widely the handles at least in the case of larger pliers, so that also the base of the edge of the hand rests on a section corresponding proximal (for example, 170 in Fig. 51), with that the thrust efforts exerted by the base of the edge of the hand get a longer lever arm and so that the thrust forces acting on the inner face of the hand are reduce further. As explained in the detailed description above, the contour of configured surface concave-convex-concave consequently also in the case of pliers handles.

With the pliers handles described and others they can also clearly equip other types of pliers such as example, telephone pliers, combination pliers, pliers long-nose and other pliers for gripping and cutting, as well as scissors, in particular shears.

Figs. 66 to 74 show analogously to the Fig. 40 to 50 longitudinal sections, cross sections and grid and / or plot points representations for a handle hammer, for example, one according to Figs. 14 to 18. Also here the longitudinal sections are represented in the four 0º planes, 45º, 90º and 135º (Fig. 66 to 69) and Fig. 70 also contains a large number of cross sections A to L along the z axis.

Figs. 75 to 83 show the views corresponding to Fig. 66 to 74 for a saw handle, approximately according to Fig. 33 to 39, and Fig. 84 to 92 lo same for the first piece of a pliers handle, for example, the pliers according to Fig. 51 to 58. Regarding Fig. 84 to 87, you can see, of course, that this is a first piece here of a pliers corresponding to section 162 in Figs. 51 to 55 and that the location of the longitudinal sections is selected corresponding to the cross section K in Fig. 88a. Further, the longitudinal sections are represented in comparison to the other corresponding representations (for example, Fig. 40 to 43) in each case in a 180º rotated position and the z axis.

The invention is not limited to the examples of execution described, which can be modified in numerous ways. This is particularly effective for configurations. individual, described based on the drawings, of the different hand handles and the dimensions selected for a given group of hands For a large hand, an optimal handle has a higher total volume than a handle for a small hand. In addition, you can also resort to other criteria for configuration in group of hand handles, in particular when they should be shown as convenient, in the context of the test series and by Ergonomic motifs, other measures different from those shown in the drawings. Regarding the cross sections, it should be noted that mangoes, however, preferably especially where come into contact with the user's hand, are conveniently oval, egg-shaped, circular, elliptical or similar, although they also have other forms and, in particular, the second sections can be equipped with the known slots where fingers or the like rest. In particular you can choose different the angle amplitudes visible in Fig. 12, generally considering an amplitude of approximately 315º to 90º with respect to the extension of the arc angle described as especially effective This does not exclude that mangoes can also present angular shapes, where the less loaded parts of the hand during use. Hereinafter, the measures of the handles for the various groups of hands chosen, in the context of the invention, they are preferably in a S: M: L ratio as 43: 46: 48, referring to this relationship in particular, for example, to measure L0.1, being able to select also other group organizations according to needs.

It is also convenient to include in the seen the minimum and maximum values for the contours of the arches in the field of different cross sections. So by For example, the radii R10, R12 have convenient lengths between 12 mm and 30 mm long, the radii R11, R13, instead, lengths convenient from approximately 15 mm to 30 mm. In this context it is also beneficial, in the case of group size variations to group or also within the same group, for example, in the case of a variation of the length L0.1, modify in the same relation percentage other measures of the respective handle. The length of the central part of all described mangoes handles amounts to approximately 50% of hand width. In addition, the radius of R2.1 curvature is in all handles between 50 mm and 120 mm and the radii of curvature R2.2 and R2.4 between 50 mm and 150 mm. Surprisingly, this is precisely why these measures especially essential for the essentially coupled position Same in all handles. In addition, the invention includes not only the described handles, but also the tools made with the mangoes, as well as the combined of several mangoes and / or different tools, equal functional sections of certain games In addition, they can be included in each of these games, according to the needs, handles and / or tools provided with right and left handed handle, as well as other tools such as The above described. Finally it is known that the characteristics Individuals can be used in other combinations than described.

Claims (33)

1. Handle for garden and hand tools which, during use, require a preferred coupled position of an assigned group of hands, consisting essentially of a first piece (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) with a distal part (50, 91, 115, 168) intended for grip with the hand bridge between the thumb and index, associated with a mango head; a proximal part (54, 93, 117, 170) intended for provision in dolls, associated with a handle base; and a central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) disposed between the distal and the proximal part (50, 91, 115, 168) and / or (54, 93, 117, 170), which has a length (L0.1), intended for disposal in the palm of the hand, which unites continuously the distal part (50, 91, 115, 168) and the proximal part (54, 93, 117, 170), and a second piece (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) destined to grab it with the phalanges, - finding both sides (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) respectively on a face of the yz plane of an imaginary xyz coordinate system, measuring the length (L) parallel to its z axis, the height (H) parallel to its x-axis and the thickness (D) of the handle and / or its parts parallel to its axis and, - presenting the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) - view in the direction of the z axis - an arc (57, 81, 102, 171, 176, 194) directed radially outwardly, which extends both the height (H) and the thickness of the handle (D) so that the height (H) and the thickness of the handle (D) are respectively greater in areas of the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) and are reduced clearly from there in the direction of areas located in the parts distal and proximal (50, 91, 115, 168) and / or (54, 93, 117, 170), - presenting the distal parts (50, 91, 115, 168) and proximal (54, 93, 117, 170) in the longitudinal sections that contain a straight, concave or just contour to the z axis convexly shaped flat curve, - presenting the second piece (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) at least in a central part parallel to the direction z and transversely to it an outline, corresponding to the outline trapezoidal internal phalanges, but has a rounded configuration, - joining the first and the second section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) in the case of a one-piece handle (38, 78, 86, 106) by an internal section (44, 104, 112) with surfaces that end up level in their contours, separating, however, in the case of a handle in two pieces (160, 183, 189) by means of a corresponding intermediate zone to the internal section (44, 104, 112), - and being the relations of measures of the first and second piece (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) and their sections adapted to sizes and / or shapes of the group of hands assigned so that the arc (57, 81, 102, 171, 176, 194) possibly get into the hollow of the hand of these hands and consequently adopt your coupled position preferred characterized in that the arc (57, 81, 102, 171, 176, 194) is configured asymmetrically, thanks to the fact that - the first section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) presents in its central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) a greater maximum height (+ x), which corresponds to the maximum height (-x) of the central part of the second section (43, 111, 163, 185, 191), - the first section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) has, for right-handed people, a greater thickness in a first direction (+ y) that in a second direction (-y) opposite it; for lefties, instead, it has in the second direction (-y) a thickness greater than in the first direction (+ y), - and the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) of the first and second section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) and / or (43, 111, 163, 185, 191) - seen in the longitudinal planes that contain the z-axis - it has radii of curvature (R2.1, R2.2, R2.3, R2.4) at the places of maximum height (+ x and / or -x) and thickness (+ y and / or -y) respectively, where R2.1 <R2.3 and also for right-handed R2.2 <R2.4, while left-handed R2.4 < R2.2, and that the length (L0.1) of the central part (52, 79, 92, 169, 193) of the first section (42, 103, 110, 162, 184, 190) amounts to between 45% and 55% of the hand width of the assigned hand group. 2. Handle according to Claim 1, characterized in that the radius of curvature (R2.1) has a value of 50 mm to 120 mm in a maximum (59, 100, 120, 178) of the arc (57, 81, 102, 171, 176, 194). 3. Handle according to Claim 2, characterized in that the maximum (59, 178) is located in a plane (plane xz) perpendicular to the central plane containing the z axis (39, 164). 4. Handle according to Claim 2, characterized in that the maximum (point 137) is located in a plane perpendicular to the central plane (xz plane) and is disposed with respect to the z axis. 5. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the arc surface (57, 171) contains a generatrix that extends from the distal to the proximal part (50, 168; 54, 170), which is the geometric place of all points, which have the greatest separation in the central part (52, 169) in all cross sections (BB) along the z axis (39, 164) of the same z axis. 6. Handle according to Claim 5, characterized in that the generatrix is a curve that extends in a plane. 7. Handle according to Claim 5, characterized in that the generatrix is a curved three-dimensional curve (155, 156). 8. Handle according to Claim 7, characterized in that the points (133 to 143) of the three-dimensional curve (155, 156) are located partially on the one and partially on the other side of a plane perpendicular to the z axis. 9. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that all the generatrices of the arc surface (57, 171) have a convex course. 10. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the proximal part has a continuously descending surface contour from the central part to the proximal end
evil. 11. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the proximal part (54, 170) has a continuous concave surface contour from the central part (52, 169) to the proximal end. 12. Handle according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that a length LIII.1 measured between the maximum (59, 178) and a proximal end (46) amounts to 50 to 55% of the hand width (B) of the group of assigned hands. 13. Handle according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that a length LII.1 measured between the maximum (59, 178) and a minimum (61, 180) and / or a central area of the proximal part (54, 170) amounts to approximately 33% to 37% of the hand width (B) of the assigned hand group. 14. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the distal part (50, 168) has a continuous concave surface contour from the central part (52, 169) to the distal end. 15. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the central part (52, 169) has radii of curvature (R2.3, R2.4) gradually increasing on both sides of an imaginary plane, placed through the maximum (59, 178) e containing the z axis (39, 164) - seen in longitudinal sections. 16. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 15, characterized in that it has in longitudinal direction transverse sections essentially in continuous egg, oval or elliptical shape. 17. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 16, characterized in that it is configured as a pliers handle in two sections and so that the maximum of its arc is located closer to the proximal part than to the distal part. 18. Handle according to Claim 17, characterized in that the first section (162) and the second section (163) are designed essentially identical and specularly symmetrical to a central plane (plane yz). 19. Handle according to Claim 17 or 18, characterized by having continuously elliptical, oval or egg-shaped cross sections along the z-axis, which contain imaginary lateral areas of the surface joining sections (162, 163). 20. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 19, characterized in that it is assigned to a group of small hands. 21. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 20, characterized in that it is assigned to a group of large hands. 22. Handle according to Claim 21, characterized by being assigned to a group of medium-sized hands and presenting their dimensions at least partially values, which are among those for the groups according to Claims 20 and 21. 23. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 22, characterized in that the arc extends (57, 171) in at least two perpendicular directions relative to each other and their spatial shape and size are essentially combined by the surface contour that it extends in the xz plane at least along its length (L0.1) in the first section (42, 162) of the central part (52, 169) with the radius R2.1; the surface contour that extends in the yz plane with the radius R2.2 and / or R2.4; the radii RB.10 and RB.11 and / or RB.13 that determine the contour of the cross section at the maximum (59, 178) of the central part (52, 169); and the eccentrics A1B and A2B and / or A1B and A4B. 24. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the radii of curvature R 2.2 are presented in the area of the central part (52, 169), in a 90 ° plane relative to the plane with the radius of curvature R 2.1 and R 2.5 in a plane 5 of 45 ° relative to the plane with the radius of curvature R 2.1, 50-150 mm. 25. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 24, characterized by having a cavity or flattening (83, 87) in the distal area as the base of the thumb on the upper face that extends parallel or slightly diagonally with respect to the yz plane and / or laterally a cavity or flattening (101) that extends slightly diagonally from the xz plane. 26. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 25, characterized in that, in the case of handles in two sections, the said second section for the placement of the fingers (185) is formed considerably cylindrical and only has a small arch in the direction of the z axis, while the first section (184) presents the pointed concave-convex-concave arc that extends in the direction of the xz plane and in the direction of the yz plane. 27. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 26, characterized in that it is designed for left-handers as a mirror image of the shape of the right-handed handle. 28. Handle according to one of Claims 1 to 27, characterized in that its cross-sectional faces are determined by the radii RA.10 to RC.13, the radii R. 10 and R. 12 being found between 12 mm and 30 mm and the radii R.11 and R.13 between 15 mm and 30 mm. 29. Set of handles for a hand and garden tool which, during use, requires a preferred coupled position of the hand, characterized by containing a preselected plurality of handles (38, 78, 86, 106, 160) according to one or more than Claims 1 to 28, the shape and / or size of each handle (38, 78, 86, 106, 160) claiming the preferred coupled position of the hands of different groups of sizes and / or hand shapes. 30. Set of handles according to Claim 29, characterized in that it contains at least two handles of different sizes. 31. Hand or garden tool with a functional section and a hand handle, characterized in that the hand handle (38, 78, 86, 106, 160) is configured according to one or more of Claims 1 to 28. 32. Hand or garden tool set, characterized by containing a plurality of hand or garden tools with one and the same functional section (64, 105, 108), although different handles (38, 78, 86, 106, 160 ) according to one or more of Claims 1 to 28, the shape and / or size of each handle (38, 78, 86, 106, 160) claiming a preferred coupled position of the hands of a different group of hands. 33. Hand or garden tool kit according to Claim 32, characterized in that for each functional section (64, 105, 108) at least two handles (38, 78, 86, 106, 160) with different sizes are provided.