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EP3075041B1 - Overvoltage protection comprising a spark gap - Google Patents

Overvoltage protection comprising a spark gap Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3075041B1
EP3075041B1 EP15700975.4A EP15700975A EP3075041B1 EP 3075041 B1 EP3075041 B1 EP 3075041B1 EP 15700975 A EP15700975 A EP 15700975A EP 3075041 B1 EP3075041 B1 EP 3075041B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
laser
spark gap
overvoltage protection
compressor element
laser pulses
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Application number
EP15700975.4A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3075041A1 (en
Inventor
Michael Hofstetter
Dennie Lange
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
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Publication of EP3075041A1 publication Critical patent/EP3075041A1/en
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Publication of EP3075041B1 publication Critical patent/EP3075041B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T1/00—Details of spark gaps
    • H01T1/20—Means for starting arc or facilitating ignition of spark gap
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T2/00—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an overvoltage protection with a spark gap and with a laser for igniting the spark gap.
  • Such overvoltage protection is known from the published patent application DE 10 2004 002 582 A1 known.
  • a spark gap is arranged on an electrically insulated platform, wherein this platform is at a high voltage potential.
  • a laser pulse is guided by means of an optical waveguide to the spark gap.
  • the high-energy laser pulses which are necessary for igniting the spark gap
  • an energetically highly resilient and therefore expensive optical waveguide must be used in the known overvoltage protection.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a surge protector of the type mentioned above and a method for igniting a spark gap, which can be realized inexpensively.
  • a surge arrester having a spark gap (having opposing electrodes) and a laser for igniting the spark gap, the laser being connected to an input of an optical extender is, which serves for temporally stretching the laser pulses generated by the laser, the output of the stretching element is connected to one end of an optical transmission fiber, in particular to one end of an optical waveguide, a second end of the transmission fiber is connected to an input of an optical compressor element, which serves for temporal compression of the laser pulses, and the output of the compressor element (optically) is connected to the spark gap. It is particularly advantageous that the optical transmission fiber only needs to transmit the time-stretched laser pulses.
  • the maximum occurring local energy density in the optical transmission fiber is significantly reduced (compared to a transmission of non-stretched laser pulses).
  • damage to the optical transmission fiber is avoided or the service life of the transmission period is extended.
  • the optical compressor element is arranged, which upsets the laser pulses in time.
  • laser pulses are present at the output of the compressor element, which again have a greater maximum energy density.
  • the spark gap can be reliably ignited with the aid of these laser pulses.
  • the overvoltage protection can be designed such that the (optical) output of the compressor element is directed in the direction of at least one electrode of the spark gap or in the direction of the gap between two electrodes of the spark gap.
  • the overvoltage protection can be realized in such a way that the laser is a pulse laser, in particular a femtosecond laser.
  • the pulse laser in particular by means of the femtosecond laser, very short laser pulses can be generated, so that the temporal stretching of the laser pulses and the subsequent temporal upsetting of the laser pulses can be effectively applied.
  • the overvoltage protection can also be realized in such a way that the transmission fiber is free from laser-active media.
  • a simple and inexpensive transmission fiber in particular a simple and inexpensive optical waveguide, can be used.
  • the overvoltage protection can also be implemented such that the spark gap and the compressor element are arranged on an electrically isolated platform which is at a (high) electrical potential (and which is intended to carry at least one electrical component to protect against overvoltage is), and the laser is connected to ground potential.
  • the located at ground potential laser can be easily and inexpensively supplied with electrical energy.
  • this laser can be connected to a conventional AC power supply network and be supplied in this way with electrical energy.
  • the laser pulses are then transmitted to the platform via the transmission fiber, in particular the optical fiber. Due to the galvanic isolation realized by the transmission fiber / optical waveguides, there is no undesirable influence between the laser connected to earth potential and the platform connected to high voltage potential.
  • the overvoltage protection can also be designed such that the stretching element is arranged outside the platform and the transmission fiber connects the stretching element to the platform, in particular to the compressor element.
  • the transmission fiber connects the stretching element to the platform, in particular to the compressor element.
  • the overvoltage protection can also be realized in such a way that optics for focusing the compressed laser pulses are arranged between the compressor element and the spark gap. By means of this optics, the laser pulses / the laser radiation can be focused on the spark gap, so that the spark gap can be ignited even safer and more reliable.
  • the overvoltage protection may also be implemented such that the compressor element is rigidly coupled (i.e., in particular immovable) to the spark gap.
  • This rigid coupling between the compressor element and the spark gap has the advantage that even in harsh everyday operation (in which, for example, vibration or vibration can occur), the laser radiation / laser pulses are always safely coupled into the spark gap.
  • the rigid coupling between the compressor element and the spark gap furthermore ensures that the laser radiation always enters the space between the electrodes of the spark gap at the same angle or strikes the electrodes.
  • Such a rigid coupling between the compressor element and the spark gap may also be referred to as a "quasi-monolithic" coupling.
  • the overvoltage protection can also be realized in such a way that the spark gap is part of an ignition circuit for igniting a main spark gap. As a result, it is advantageously possible to first ignite a spark gap of low power by means of the laser, whereupon this spark gap is then used to ignite a main spark gap of greater power.
  • a method for igniting a spark gap of an overvoltage protection (which has opposing electrodes) by means of a laser, wherein in the method the laser pulses generated by a laser are temporally stretched, the time-stretched laser pulses by means of an optical transmission fiber, in particular by means of an optical waveguide , be transmitted after the transmission the time-stretched laser pulses are compressed in time, and the temporally compressed laser pulses are coupled into the spark gap.
  • This method may be configured to transmit the time-extended laser pulses by means of the optical transmission fiber to an electrically isolated platform that is at a high voltage potential (and provided for supporting at least one electrical component to be protected from overvoltage ).
  • the method can also be configured such that the spark gap and the compressor element are arranged on the platform, and the laser is connected to ground potential.
  • FIG. 1 is from the published patent application DE 10 2004 002 582 A1 known overvoltage protection 1 shown.
  • This overvoltage protection 1 has a main spark gap 2 with two main electrodes 3.
  • the overvoltage protection 1 is arranged on an electrically isolated platform 4, which is supported by columnar (not shown figuratively) insulators at a ground potential environment.
  • the lower main electrode 3 is electrically connected to the potential of the platform 4, for example with a high voltage potential of the platform 4.
  • the upper main electrode 3 is at a different electrical potential, for example at a high voltage potential of a high voltage three-phase system. Between the main electrodes 3, a voltage of the order of, for example, a few hundred kV may be applied, for example 160 kV.
  • an ignition circuit 5 with an ignition electrode 6 is provided, the ignition circuit 5 having a capacitive voltage divider with a first capacitor 7 and a second capacitor 8 (ignition capacitor 8).
  • the second capacitor 8 can be bridged by a parallel branch.
  • a spark gap 9 tripping spark gap 9
  • an ohmic resistor 10 is arranged in the parallel branch.
  • a fiber laser 17 is provided, the laser pulses of which are transmitted by means of an optical waveguide 15 to the tripping spark gap 9.
  • a protective device 13 and a pump laser 14 are arranged.
  • the pump laser 14 serves to pump the fiber laser 17.
  • the protection device (protection device) 13 is not shown figuratively with sensors / sensors, such. As voltage meters, so that measured values of the voltage drop across the component to be monitored voltage can be supplied to the protective device 13 and overvoltages can be detected by the protective device 13.
  • the laser pulses of the fiber laser 17 are called Züriumt.
  • the laser pulses are guided via the optical waveguide 15 to the tripping spark gap 9. These laser pulses are so intense that an optical breakthrough in the tripping spark gap 9 is generated and thus the tripping spark gap 9 is ignited.
  • the optical waveguide 15 must be designed to be robust and energy-resistant, whereby the optical waveguide 15 is costly.
  • FIG. 2 an embodiment of the overvoltage protection 200 according to the invention is shown.
  • This overvoltage protection 200 is in accordance with FIG. 1 a main spark gap 2, an upper and a lower main electrode 3, a platform 4 (high-voltage platform 4), an ignition circuit 5, an ignition electrode 6, a first capacitor 7, a second capacitor 8, a spark gap 9 (tripping spark gap 9), an ohmic resistor 10 and a protection device 13.
  • the overvoltage protection 200 has a laser 210, which is arranged at earth potential 260 including the (not individually shown) pump source.
  • the laser 210 is a pulsed laser, in particular a femtosecond laser (this is a laser which emits laser pulses whose duration is in the femtosecond range).
  • the laser 210 is connected to ground potential 260 and is located outside the platform 4.
  • the pump source of the laser 210 may be configured as a conventional pump source, which may be e.g. B. generated by laser diodes pump light.
  • the laser pulses generated by the laser 210 are temporally stretched by means of an optical stretching element 218.
  • an output 222 of the laser 210 is optically connected to an input 226 of the stretching element 218.
  • An output 230 of the stretching element 218 is connected to one end of an optical transmission fiber 15 '.
  • a second end of the optical transmission fiber 15 ' is connected to an input 234 of an optical compressor element 238.
  • the stretched laser pulses are compressed in time, so that the laser pulses (ideally) again get their original shape.
  • An output 242 of the compressor element 238 is connected to the spark gap 9, in particular the output 242 of the compressor element 238 is optically coupled to the spark gap 9.
  • the compressor element 238 is arranged directly on the spark gap 9, so that the compressed laser pulses leaving the compressor element 238 directly reach the spark gap 9.
  • the compressor element 238 is coupled to the spark gap 9.
  • the compressor element 238 is rigidly coupled (ie immobile) to the spark gap 9, so that the laser radiation always invades the spark gap under the same conditions (same angle of incidence, etc.).
  • the compressor element 238 may even be considered as part of the spark gap 9.
  • the rigid (quasi-monolithic) attachment of the compressor element 238 to the spark gap 9 ensures the greatest possible freedom from external disturbances (such as, for example, vibrations) on the location of the laser focus in the spark gap.
  • the spark gap 9 is an encapsulated spark gap, which is arranged in a housing.
  • the spark gap 9 has a first electrode 246 and a second electrode 248; the electrodes 246 and 248 face each other. An arc is ignitable between the first electrode 246 and the second electrode 248.
  • the Compressor element 238 is rigidly connected to the housing of the spark gap 9.
  • the optical output 242 of the compressor element 238 is directed in the direction of the first electrode 246 and / or in the direction of the second electrode 248; the optical output 242 of the compressor element 238 may also be directed in the direction of the gap between the electrodes 246 and 248 of the spark gap 9.
  • the laser radiation (compressed laser pulses) radiated from the compressor element 238 can reach the electrodes 246 and / or 248 or enter into the gap between the electrodes 246 and 248.
  • the transmission fiber 15 ' is an optical waveguide 15'.
  • the optical waveguide 15 'does not have to transmit the extremely short laser pulses of the laser 210, which have a high energy density. Rather, advantageously only the time-stretched laser pulses are transmitted to the platform with the optical waveguide 15 ', which have a comparatively lower energy density. Therefore, the optical waveguide 15 'is relatively less energetically loaded, so that a cost-effective optical waveguide can be used here.
  • the optical waveguide 15 'as such has no laser-active medium, it is free of laser-active media. Also, therefore, a cost-effective optical fiber can be used here.
  • the local intensity of the laser pulses in the optical waveguide 15 ' is significantly reduced compared to the local intensity in the optical waveguide 15 in the transmission of the laser radiation according to the FIG. 1 , As a result, a less expensive optical waveguide can be used and / or extended due to the lower wear the life of the fibers of the optical fiber.
  • the independent of the optical waveguide 15 'laser 210 and the expression of the compressor element 238 as a separate component at the end of the optical waveguide 15' also allows better adjustability and maintenance and facilitates the replacement or repair of the compressor element or the laser.
  • a partially redundant design of the components of the overvoltage protection is easy to implement.
  • two redundant optical waveguide 15 'could be laid from the stretching element 218 to the platform 4, wherein only one compressor element 238 is present on the platform 4.
  • the optical waveguide 15 ' (eg by means of another laser of different wavelengths) can be monitored for the presence of interruptions. This monitoring is particularly simple, since the optical waveguide 15 'is free of laser-active media.
  • an optic 252 (which contains, for example, one or more focusing lenses) for focusing the laser pulses / laser radiation may be provided on the compressor element 238 so that this laser radiation can be introduced even more accurately into the spark gap 9. But it can also be dispensed with the look. Also optionally also known as such so-called self-focusing of the laser can be used.
  • the electrically isolated platform 4 which is at high voltage electrical potential 256, carries the spark gap 9 and the compressor element 238.
  • this platform 4 carries the electrical or electronic component or components, which are to be protected by means of overvoltage protection against overvoltage.
  • the overvoltage protection 200 or the method for igniting the spark gap 9 functions as follows: As soon as the protective device 13 detects an overvoltage on the component to be protected, it sends a signal to the laser 210, whereupon the laser 210 generates short laser pulses with high energy density. Such a short laser pulse is shown schematically in FIG FIG. 3 shown. These laser pulses are transmitted to the stretching element 218 and stretched in this time. At the output 230 of the stretching element 218, the time-stretched laser pulses then have a shape which is schematically illustrated in FIG FIG. 4 is shown. These stretched laser pulses are then fed into the optical waveguide 15 'and transmitted to the platform 4. The stretched laser pulses then pass to the compressor element 238.
  • the compressor element 238 upsets the laser pulses in time, so that the laser pulses at the output 242 of the compressor element have a shape which is schematically shown in FIG FIG. 5 is shown.
  • the laser pulses at the output 242 of the compressor element 238 again have the same shape as at the input 226 of the stretching element 218.
  • the laser pulses can optionally be focused by means of the optics 252.
  • the laser pulses are then fed into the spark gap 9. Because of these laser pulses / laser radiation 255, the spark gap 9 is ignited, ie an arc begins to burn between the first electrode 246 and the second electrode 248 of the spark gap.
  • the second capacitor 8 of the ignition circuit 5 is bridged.
  • the ignition electrode 6 is brought almost to the electrical potential of the platform 4. Since the distance between the ignition electrode 6 and the upper main electrode 3 is smaller than the distance between the two main electrodes 3, an arc between the upper main electrode 3 and the ignition electrode 6 starts to burn. Due to this arc, the first capacitor 7 bridged, whereby the second capacitor 8 can recharge.
  • the second capacitor 8 has a sufficiently high capacitor voltage, an arc begins to burn between the ignition electrode 6 and the lower main electrode 3, so that now the main spark gap 2 is completely ignited.
  • a parallel to the main spark gap 2 switched to be protected component (which in the FIG. 2 not shown) protected against overvoltage.
  • the laser pulse generated by the laser 210 is thus stretched in time prior to coupling into the transmission fiber 15 '. This reduces the maximum occurring local energy density of the laser pulse in the transmission fiber 15 ', so that damage to the transmission fiber can be avoided.
  • a known as such method for temporal stretching of the laser pulse is the so-called “chirping”:
  • a short laser pulse consists of a wide color spectrum.
  • “Chirping” uses the different transit times of the individual colors when passing through different media.
  • the passage of the short laser pulse through certain grating arrangements or prism arrangements or by means of special multilayer mirrors ("chirp mirrors") results in a so-called “negatively chirped” pulse whose long-wave (red) frequency components follow the short-wave (blue) frequency components.
  • Such a "negatively chirped” pulse is temporally stretched, cf.
  • FIG. 4 Such grid arrangements, prism arrangements or multilayer mirrors are thus examples of the stretching element 218.
  • the stretching element 218 is shown as a prismatic arrangement.
  • a thin quartz block is an example of a compressor element 238.
  • a simple optical component which may be e.g. contains a thin quartz block, are arranged at the end of the optical transmission fiber.
  • a focusing lens can be arranged on the quartz block.
  • acoustooptic dispersion filters can also be used as the compressor element and / or stretch element, for example.
  • FIG. 3 a schematic representation of an exemplary laser pulse 310 at the output 222 of the laser 210 is shown.
  • the intensity I ie the energy per time and area
  • the intensity I is shown.
  • FIG. 4 shows an exemplary representation of a time-stretched laser pulse 410, as occurs at the output 230 of the stretching element 218. It can be seen clearly the temporal extension of the laser pulse 410. This temporal extension of the laser pulse 410 results in the maximum intensity I being significantly reduced in comparison to the unstretched laser pulse 310 of FIG. 3 ,
  • FIG. 5 11 shows a representation of the exemplary time-compressed laser pulse 255 that occurs at the output 242 of the compressor element 238. It is clear the temporal compression of the laser pulse 255 in comparison to the laser pulse 410 of FIG. 4 to recognize. This temporal compression of the laser pulse 255 causes the maximum intensity I compared to the stretched laser pulse 410 of the FIG. 4 is enlarged again. This temporally compressed laser pulse 255 corresponds in this embodiment again to the original laser pulse 310.
  • the main spark gap 2 can also be ignited directly by means of the laser 210.
  • the main spark gap 2 higher energies occur than in the case of the spark gap 9 (in particular, larger currents flow and higher temperatures occur), in which case the compressor element 238 is correspondingly protected from heat.
  • overvoltage protection components / components can be protected, which are arranged parallel to the main spark gap 2.
  • overvoltage protection with spark gaps can be used to protect the capacitor banks and / or Ableiterbänke.
  • the series compensation system and the spark gaps are located on the isolated against the ground potential high-voltage platform 4.
  • a control room with the monitoring electronics is not on the platform 4, but on the ground 258, ie at ground potential 260th
  • the laser 210 is also disposed on the ground 258, that is at ground potential 260.
  • the laser pulse is stretched in time in a controlled manner with the aid of the stretching element 218 before being coupled into the transmission fiber 15 '.
  • the maximum local energy density occurring in the optical waveguide 15 'by the laser pulse is reduced, as a result of which irreversible damage to the optical waveguide is avoided or the service life of the optical waveguide 15' is extended.
  • the laser pulse is again compressed / compressed in the compressor element 238. This is enough occurring by this temporally compressed laser pulse local energy density again to ignite the spark gap 9.
  • the compressor element 238 and optics 252 optionally arranged thereon can be realized at the end of the transmission fiber in the form of an end piece which is arranged rigidly (ie in particular immovably) on the spark gap 9.
  • the local intensity or the local energy density of the laser pulse in the optical waveguide / transmission fiber 15 ' is considerably reduced in the transmission of the elongated laser pulses 410 compared to the transmission of the unstretched laser pulses 310, d. H. to the transmission of the original laser pulses 310 of the laser 210.

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  • Laser Surgery Devices (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Überspannungsschutz mit einer Funkenstrecke und mit einem Laser zum Zünden der Funkenstrecke.The invention relates to an overvoltage protection with a spark gap and with a laser for igniting the spark gap.

Ein derartiger Überspannungsschutz ist aus der Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2004 002 582 A1 bekannt. Bei diesem bekannten Überspannungsschutz ist eine Funkenstrecke auf einer elektrisch isoliert aufgestellten Plattform angeordnet, wobei sich diese Plattform auf einem Hochspannungspotential befindet. Zum Zünden der Funkenstrecke wird ein Laserpuls mittels eines Lichtwellenleiters zu der Funkenstrecke geführt. Hierbei besteht jedoch das Problem, dass die hochenergetischen Laserpulse (welche zum Zünden der Funkenstrecke notwendig sind) durch die hohe lokale Intensität den Lichtwellenleiter beschädigen können. Um eine derartige Beschädigung des Lichtwellenleiters zu vermeiden, muss bei dem bekannten Überspannungsschutz ein energetisch hoch belastbarer und damit teurer Lichtwellenleiter eingesetzt werden.Such overvoltage protection is known from the published patent application DE 10 2004 002 582 A1 known. In this known overvoltage protection, a spark gap is arranged on an electrically insulated platform, wherein this platform is at a high voltage potential. To ignite the spark gap, a laser pulse is guided by means of an optical waveguide to the spark gap. Here, however, there is the problem that the high-energy laser pulses (which are necessary for igniting the spark gap) can damage the optical waveguide due to the high local intensity. In order to avoid such damage to the optical waveguide, an energetically highly resilient and therefore expensive optical waveguide must be used in the known overvoltage protection.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Überspannungsschutz der eingangs genannten Art und ein Verfahren zum Zünden einer Funkenstrecke anzugeben, welche kostengünstig realisiert werden können.The invention has for its object to provide a surge protector of the type mentioned above and a method for igniting a spark gap, which can be realized inexpensively.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch einen Überspannungsschutz nach dem Patentanspruch 1 und durch ein Verfahren nach dem Patentanspruch 10. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen des Überspannungsschutzes und des Verfahrens sind in den abhängigen Patentansprüchen angegeben.This object is achieved by an overvoltage protection according to claim 1 and by a method according to claim 10. Advantageous embodiments of the overvoltage protection and the method are specified in the dependent claims.

Offenbart wird ein Überspannungsschutz mit einer Funkenstrecke (die einander gegenüberliegende Elektroden aufweist) und mit einem Laser zum Zünden der Funkenstrecke, wobei der Laser mit einem Eingang eines optischen Streckelements verbunden ist, welches zum zeitlichen Strecken der von dem Laser erzeugten Laserpulse dient, der Ausgang des Streckelements mit einem Ende einer optischen Übertragungsfaser, insbesondere mit einem Ende eines Lichtwellenleiters, verbunden ist, ein zweites Ende der Übertragungsfaser mit einem Eingang eines optischen Kompressorelements verbunden ist, welches zum zeitlichen Stauchen der Laserpulse dient, und der Ausgang des Kompressorelements (optisch) mit der Funkenstrecke verbunden ist. Dabei ist besonders vorteilhaft, dass die optische Übertragungsfaser nur die zeitlich gestreckten Laserpulse zu übertragen braucht. Auf diese Weise verringert sich (gegenüber einer Übertragung von zeitlich nicht gestreckten Laserpulsen) die maximal auftretende lokale Energiedichte in der optischen Übertragungsfaser deutlich. Dadurch werden Schäden der optischen Übertragungsfaser vermieden bzw. die Lebensdauer der Übertragungsdauer wird verlängert. Weiterhin ist vorteilhaft, dass an dem zweiten Ende der Übertragungsfaser das optische Kompressorelement angeordnet ist, welches die Laserpulse zeitlich staucht. Damit liegen am Ausgang des Kompressorelements Laserpulse vor, welche wieder eine größere maximale Energiedichte aufweisen. Dadurch kann mit Hilfe dieser Laserpulse die Funkenstrecke sicher gezündet werden.Disclosed is a surge arrester having a spark gap (having opposing electrodes) and a laser for igniting the spark gap, the laser being connected to an input of an optical extender is, which serves for temporally stretching the laser pulses generated by the laser, the output of the stretching element is connected to one end of an optical transmission fiber, in particular to one end of an optical waveguide, a second end of the transmission fiber is connected to an input of an optical compressor element, which serves for temporal compression of the laser pulses, and the output of the compressor element (optically) is connected to the spark gap. It is particularly advantageous that the optical transmission fiber only needs to transmit the time-stretched laser pulses. In this way, the maximum occurring local energy density in the optical transmission fiber is significantly reduced (compared to a transmission of non-stretched laser pulses). As a result, damage to the optical transmission fiber is avoided or the service life of the transmission period is extended. Furthermore, it is advantageous that at the second end of the transmission fiber, the optical compressor element is arranged, which upsets the laser pulses in time. Thus, laser pulses are present at the output of the compressor element, which again have a greater maximum energy density. As a result, the spark gap can be reliably ignited with the aid of these laser pulses.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann so ausgestaltet sein, dass der (optische) Ausgang des Kompressorelements in Richtung mindestens einer Elektrode der Funkenstrecke oder in Richtung des Zwischenraumes zwischen zwei Elektroden der Funkenstrecke gerichtet ist. Durch eine derartige Ausrichtung des Kompressorelements kann vorteilhafterweise sichergestellt werden, dass mittels der gestauchten Laserpulse die Funkenstrecke sicher und zuverlässig gezündet werden kann.The overvoltage protection can be designed such that the (optical) output of the compressor element is directed in the direction of at least one electrode of the spark gap or in the direction of the gap between two electrodes of the spark gap. By such an orientation of the compressor element can be advantageously ensured that the spark gap can be ignited safely and reliably by means of the compressed laser pulses.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann so realisiert sein, dass der Laser ein Pulslaser, insbesondere ein Femtosekundenlaser, ist. Mittels des Pulslasers, insbesondere mittels des Femtosekundenlasers, können sehr kurze Laserpulse erzeugt werden, so dass das zeitliche Strecken der Laserpulse und das darauffolgende zeitliche Stauchen der Laserpulse wirkungsvoll angewendet werden kann.The overvoltage protection can be realized in such a way that the laser is a pulse laser, in particular a femtosecond laser. By means of the pulse laser, in particular by means of the femtosecond laser, very short laser pulses can be generated, so that the temporal stretching of the laser pulses and the subsequent temporal upsetting of the laser pulses can be effectively applied.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann auch so realisiert sein, dass die Übertragungsfaser frei von laseraktiven Medien ist. Dadurch kann eine einfache und kostengünstige Übertragungsfaser, insbesondere ein einfacher und kostengünstiger Lichtwellenleiter, verwendet werden.The overvoltage protection can also be realized in such a way that the transmission fiber is free from laser-active media. As a result, a simple and inexpensive transmission fiber, in particular a simple and inexpensive optical waveguide, can be used.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann auch so realisiert sein, dass die Funkenstrecke und das Kompressorelement auf einer elektrisch isoliert aufgestellten Plattform angeordnet sind, die sich auf einem (elektrischen) Hochspannungspotential befindet (und die zum Tragen von mindestens einem elektrischen Bauteil vorgesehen ist, das vor Überspannung zu schützen ist), und der Laser mit Erdpotential verbunden ist. Hierbei ist besonders vorteilhaft, dass der sich auf Erdpotential befindende Laser einfach und kostengünstig mit elektrischer Energie versorgt werden kann. Beispielsweise kann dieser Laser an ein herkömmliches Wechselstrom-Energieversorgungsnetz angeschlossen sein und auf diese Art und Weise mit elektrischer Energie versorgt werden. Die Laserpulse werden dann über die Übertragungsfaser, insbesondere den Lichtwellenleiter, zu der Plattform übertragen. Aufgrund der durch die Übertragungsfaser/den Lichtwellenleiter realisierten galvanischen Trennung tritt dabei keine unerwünschte Beeinflussung zwischen dem mit Erdpotential verbundenen Laser und der mit Hochspannungspotential verbundenen Plattform auf.The overvoltage protection can also be implemented such that the spark gap and the compressor element are arranged on an electrically isolated platform which is at a (high) electrical potential (and which is intended to carry at least one electrical component to protect against overvoltage is), and the laser is connected to ground potential. It is particularly advantageous that the located at ground potential laser can be easily and inexpensively supplied with electrical energy. For example, this laser can be connected to a conventional AC power supply network and be supplied in this way with electrical energy. The laser pulses are then transmitted to the platform via the transmission fiber, in particular the optical fiber. Due to the galvanic isolation realized by the transmission fiber / optical waveguides, there is no undesirable influence between the laser connected to earth potential and the platform connected to high voltage potential.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann auch so ausgebildet sein, dass das Streckelement außerhalb der Plattform angeordnet ist und die Übertragungsfaser das Streckelement mit der Plattform, insbesondere mit dem Kompressorelement, verbindet. Hier wird mittels der Übertragungsfaser eine galvanische Trennung zwischen dem außerhalb der Plattform angeordneten Streckelement und der Plattform realisiert.The overvoltage protection can also be designed such that the stretching element is arranged outside the platform and the transmission fiber connects the stretching element to the platform, in particular to the compressor element. Here, by means of the transmission fiber, a galvanic separation is realized between the stretching element arranged outside the platform and the platform.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann auch so realisiert sein, dass zwischen dem Kompressorelement und der Funkenstrecke eine Optik zum Fokussieren der gestauchten Laserpulse angeordnet ist. Mittels dieser Optik können die Laserpulse/die Laserstrahlung auf die Funkenstrecke fokussiert werden, so dass die Funkenstrecke noch sicherer und zuverlässiger gezündet werden kann.The overvoltage protection can also be realized in such a way that optics for focusing the compressed laser pulses are arranged between the compressor element and the spark gap. By means of this optics, the laser pulses / the laser radiation can be focused on the spark gap, so that the spark gap can be ignited even safer and more reliable.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann auch so realisiert sein, dass das Kompressorelement starr (d.h. insbesondere unbeweglich) an die Funkenstrecke angekoppelt ist. Diese starre Kopplung zwischen dem Kompressorelement und der Funkenstrecke hat den Vorteil, dass auch im rauen Alltagsbetrieb (bei dem beispielsweise Vibrationen oder Erschütterungen auftreten können) die Laserstrahlung/die Laserpulse stets sicher in die Funkenstrecke eingekoppelt werden. Durch die starre Kopplung zwischen dem Kompressorelement und der Funkenstrecke wird weiterhin sichergestellt, dass die Laserstrahlung immer im selben Winkel in den Raum zwischen den Elektroden der Funkenstrecke eintritt bzw. die Elektroden trifft. Eine derartige starre bzw. unbewegliche Kopplung zwischen Kompressorelement und Funkenstrecke kann auch als eine "quasi-monolithische" Kopplung bezeichnet werden.The overvoltage protection may also be implemented such that the compressor element is rigidly coupled (i.e., in particular immovable) to the spark gap. This rigid coupling between the compressor element and the spark gap has the advantage that even in harsh everyday operation (in which, for example, vibration or vibration can occur), the laser radiation / laser pulses are always safely coupled into the spark gap. The rigid coupling between the compressor element and the spark gap furthermore ensures that the laser radiation always enters the space between the electrodes of the spark gap at the same angle or strikes the electrodes. Such a rigid coupling between the compressor element and the spark gap may also be referred to as a "quasi-monolithic" coupling.

Der Überspannungsschutz kann auch so realisiert sein, dass die Funkenstrecke Teil eines Zündkreises zum Zünden einer Hauptfunkenstrecke ist. Dadurch ist es mit Vorteil möglich, mittels des Laser zunächst eine Funkenstrecke kleiner Leistung zu zünden, woraufhin diese Funkenstrecke dann zum Zünden einer Hauptfunkenstrecke größerer Leistung verwendet wird. Offenbart wird weiterhin ein Verfahren zum Zünden einer Funkenstrecke eines Überspannungsschutzes (die einander gegenüberliegende Elektroden aufweist) mittels eines Lasers, wobei bei dem Verfahren die von einem Laser erzeugten Laserpulse zeitlich gestreckt werden, die zeitlich gestreckten Laserpulse mittels einer optischen Übertragungsfaser, insbesondere mittels eines optischen Lichtwellenleiters, übertragen werden, nach der Übertragung die zeitlich gestreckten Laserpulse zeitlich gestaucht werden, und die zeitlich gestauchten Laserpulse in die Funkenstrecke eingekoppelt werden.The overvoltage protection can also be realized in such a way that the spark gap is part of an ignition circuit for igniting a main spark gap. As a result, it is advantageously possible to first ignite a spark gap of low power by means of the laser, whereupon this spark gap is then used to ignite a main spark gap of greater power. Furthermore, a method is disclosed for igniting a spark gap of an overvoltage protection (which has opposing electrodes) by means of a laser, wherein in the method the laser pulses generated by a laser are temporally stretched, the time-stretched laser pulses by means of an optical transmission fiber, in particular by means of an optical waveguide , be transmitted after the transmission the time-stretched laser pulses are compressed in time, and the temporally compressed laser pulses are coupled into the spark gap.

Dieses Verfahren kann so ausgestaltet sein, dass die zeitlich gestreckten Laserpulse mittels der optischen Übertragungsfaser zu einer elektrisch isoliert aufgestellten Plattform übertragen werden, die sich auf einem Hochspannungspotential befindet (und die zum Tragen von mindestens einem elektrischen Bauteil vorgesehen ist, das vor Überspannung zu schützen ist) .This method may be configured to transmit the time-extended laser pulses by means of the optical transmission fiber to an electrically isolated platform that is at a high voltage potential (and provided for supporting at least one electrical component to be protected from overvoltage ).

Das Verfahren kann auch so ausgestaltet sein, dass die Funkenstrecke und das Kompressorelement auf der Plattform angeordnet sind, und der Laser mit Erdpotential verbunden ist.The method can also be configured such that the spark gap and the compressor element are arranged on the platform, and the laser is connected to ground potential.

Diese Verfahrensvarianten weisen gleichartige Vorteile auf, wie sie oben im Zusammenhang mit dem Überspannungsschutz angegeben sind.These variants of the method have similar advantages as stated above in connection with the overvoltage protection.

Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert: Dazu ist in

Figur 1
ein Überspannungsschutz nach dem Stand der Technik, in
Figur 2
ein Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Überspannungsschutzes und Verfahrens, in
Figur 3
ein beispielhafter Laserpuls, in
Figur 4
ein beispielhafter gestreckter Laserpuls und in
Figur 5
ein beispielhafter gestreckter und wieder gestauchter Laserpuls
dargestellt.The invention will be explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments
FIG. 1
a surge protector according to the prior art, in
FIG. 2
an embodiment of the overvoltage protection according to the invention and method, in
FIG. 3
an exemplary laser pulse, in
FIG. 4
an exemplary elongated laser pulse and in
FIG. 5
an exemplary stretched and re-compressed laser pulse
shown.

In Figur 1 ist der aus der Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2004 002 582 A1 bekannte Überspannungsschutz 1 dargestellt. Dieser Überspannungsschutz 1 weist eine Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 mit zwei Hauptelektroden 3 auf. Der Überspannungsschutz 1 ist auf einer elektrisch isoliert aufgestellten Plattform 4 angeordnet, die über säulenförmige (figürlich nicht dargestellte) Isolatoren an einer sich auf Erdpotential befindenden Umgebung abgestützt ist. Die untere Hauptelektrode 3 ist elektrisch mit dem Potential der Plattform 4 verbunden, beispielsweise mit einem Hochspannungspotential der Plattform 4. Die obere Hauptelektrode 3 befindet sich auf einem anderen elektrischen Potential, beispielsweise auf einem Hochspannungspotential eines Hochspannungsdrehstromnetzes. Zwischen den Hauptelektroden 3 kann eine Spannung in der Größenordnung von beispielsweise einigen Hundert kV anliegen, zum Beispiel 160 kV.In FIG. 1 is from the published patent application DE 10 2004 002 582 A1 known overvoltage protection 1 shown. This overvoltage protection 1 has a main spark gap 2 with two main electrodes 3. The overvoltage protection 1 is arranged on an electrically isolated platform 4, which is supported by columnar (not shown figuratively) insulators at a ground potential environment. The lower main electrode 3 is electrically connected to the potential of the platform 4, for example with a high voltage potential of the platform 4. The upper main electrode 3 is at a different electrical potential, for example at a high voltage potential of a high voltage three-phase system. Between the main electrodes 3, a voltage of the order of, for example, a few hundred kV may be applied, for example 160 kV.

Parallel zu der Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 sind diejenigen elektrischen bzw. elektronischen Bauteile geschaltet, welche mittels der Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 vor Überspannung geschützt werden sollen. Bei diesen Bauteilen kann es sich beispielsweise um Kondensatoren handeln. (Diese zu schützenden Bauteile sind in den Figuren nicht dargestellt.)Parallel to the main spark gap 2 those electrical or electronic components are connected, which should be protected by means of the main spark gap 2 against overvoltage. These components may be, for example, capacitors. (These components to be protected are not shown in the figures.)

Zum Zünden der Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 ist ein Zündkreis 5 mit einer Zündelektrode 6 vorgesehen, wobei der Zündkreis 5 einen kapazitiven Spannungsteiler mit einem ersten Kondensator 7 und einem zweiten Kondensator 8 (Zündkondensator 8) aufweist. Der zweite Kondensator 8 ist durch einen Parallelzweig überbrückbar. In dem Parallelzweig ist eine Funkenstrecke 9 (Auslösefunkenstrecke 9) und in Reihenschaltung zu dieser ein ohmscher Widerstand 10 angeordnet. Zum Zünden der Auslösefunkenstrecke 9 ist ein Faserlaser 17 vorgesehen, dessen Laserpulse mittels eines Lichtwellenleiters 15 zu der Auslösefunkenstrecke 9 übertragen werden.For igniting the main spark gap 2, an ignition circuit 5 with an ignition electrode 6 is provided, the ignition circuit 5 having a capacitive voltage divider with a first capacitor 7 and a second capacitor 8 (ignition capacitor 8). The second capacitor 8 can be bridged by a parallel branch. In the parallel branch a spark gap 9 (tripping spark gap 9) and in series with this an ohmic resistor 10 is arranged. To ignite the tripping spark gap 9, a fiber laser 17 is provided, the laser pulses of which are transmitted by means of an optical waveguide 15 to the tripping spark gap 9.

Auf Erdpotential sind ein Schutzgerät 13 und ein Pumplaser 14 angeordnet. Der Pumplaser 14 dient zum Pumpen des Faserlasers 17. Das Schutzgerät (Schutztechnikgerät) 13 ist mit figürlich nicht dargestellten Messgebern/Sensoren, wie z. B. Spannungsmessern, verbunden, so dass Messwerte der an dem zu überwachenden Bauteil abfallenden Spannung dem Schutzgerät 13 zuführbar sind und Überspannungen von dem Schutzgerät 13 erkannt werden können.At ground potential, a protective device 13 and a pump laser 14 are arranged. The pump laser 14 serves to pump the fiber laser 17. The protection device (protection device) 13 is not shown figuratively with sensors / sensors, such. As voltage meters, so that measured values of the voltage drop across the component to be monitored voltage can be supplied to the protective device 13 and overvoltages can be detected by the protective device 13.

Die Laserpulse des Faserlasers 17 werden Zündlicht genannt. Die Laserpulse werden über den Lichtwellenleiter 15 zur Auslösefunkenstrecke 9 geführt. Diese Laserpulse sind so intensiv, dass ein optischer Durchbruch in der Auslösefunkenstrecke 9 erzeugt wird und damit die Auslösefunkenstrecke 9 gezündet wird. Um Beschädigungen des Lichtwellenleiters 15 durch diese intensiven und energiereichen Laserpulse zu vermeiden, muss der Lichtwellenleiter 15 entsprechend robust und energiebeständig ausgeführt sein, wodurch der Lichtwellenleiter 15 kostenintensiv ist.The laser pulses of the fiber laser 17 are called Zündlicht. The laser pulses are guided via the optical waveguide 15 to the tripping spark gap 9. These laser pulses are so intense that an optical breakthrough in the tripping spark gap 9 is generated and thus the tripping spark gap 9 is ignited. To avoid damage to the optical waveguide 15 by these intense and high-energy laser pulses, the optical waveguide 15 must be designed to be robust and energy-resistant, whereby the optical waveguide 15 is costly.

In Figur 2 ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Überspannungsschutzes 200 dargestellt. Dieser Überspannungsschutz 200 weist in Übereinstimmung mit Figur 1 eine Hauptfunkenstrecke 2, eine obere und eine untere Hauptelektrode 3, eine Plattform 4 (Hochspannungsplattform 4), einen Zündkreis 5, eine Zündelektrode 6, einen ersten Kondensator 7, einen zweiten Kondensator 8, eine Funkenstrecke 9 (Auslösefunkenstrecke 9), einen ohmschen Widerstand 10 und ein Schutzgerät 13 auf. Weiterhin weist der Überspannungsschutz 200 einen Laser 210 auf, der einschließlich der (nicht einzeln dargestellten) Pumpquelle auf Erdpotential 260 angeordnet ist. Der Laser 210 ist im Ausführungsbeispiel ein Pulslaser, insbesondere ein Femtosekundenlaser (das ist ein Laser, der Laserpulse aussendet, deren Dauer im Femtosekunden-Bereich liegen). Der Laser 210 ist mit Erdpotential 260 verbunden und befindet sich außerhalb der Plattform 4. Die Pumpquelle des Lasers 210 kann als eine herkömmliche Pumpquelle ausgestaltet sein, welche z. B. mittels Laserdioden Pumplicht erzeugt.In FIG. 2 an embodiment of the overvoltage protection 200 according to the invention is shown. This overvoltage protection 200 is in accordance with FIG. 1 a main spark gap 2, an upper and a lower main electrode 3, a platform 4 (high-voltage platform 4), an ignition circuit 5, an ignition electrode 6, a first capacitor 7, a second capacitor 8, a spark gap 9 (tripping spark gap 9), an ohmic resistor 10 and a protection device 13. Furthermore, the overvoltage protection 200 has a laser 210, which is arranged at earth potential 260 including the (not individually shown) pump source. In the exemplary embodiment, the laser 210 is a pulsed laser, in particular a femtosecond laser (this is a laser which emits laser pulses whose duration is in the femtosecond range). The laser 210 is connected to ground potential 260 and is located outside the platform 4. The pump source of the laser 210 may be configured as a conventional pump source, which may be e.g. B. generated by laser diodes pump light.

Im Unterschied zu dem Überspannungsschutz nach der Figur 1 werden die von dem Laser 210 erzeugten Laserpulse mittels eines optischen Streckelements 218 zeitlich gestreckt. Dazu ist ein Ausgang 222 der Lasers 210 mit einem Eingang 226 des Streckelements 218 optisch verbunden. Ein Ausgang 230 des Streckelements 218 ist mit einem Ende einer optischen Übertragungsfaser 15' verbunden. Ein zweites Ende der optischen Übertragungsfaser 15' ist mit einem Eingang 234 eines optischen Kompressorelements 238 verbunden. Mittels dieses Kompressorelements 238 werden die gestreckten Laserpulse zeitlich gestaucht, so dass die Laserpulse (im Idealfall) wieder ihre ursprüngliche Form erhalten. Ein Ausgang 242 des Kompressorelements 238 ist mit der Funkenstrecke 9 verbunden, insbesondere ist der Ausgang 242 des Kompressorelements 238 an die Funkenstrecke 9 optisch angekoppelt. Das Kompressorelement 238 ist unmittelbar an der Funkenstrecke 9 angeordnet, so dass die das Kompressorelement 238 verlassenden gestauchten Laserpulse unmittelbar die Funkenstrecke 9 erreichen.In contrast to the surge protection after the FIG. 1 For example, the laser pulses generated by the laser 210 are temporally stretched by means of an optical stretching element 218. For this purpose, an output 222 of the laser 210 is optically connected to an input 226 of the stretching element 218. An output 230 of the stretching element 218 is connected to one end of an optical transmission fiber 15 '. A second end of the optical transmission fiber 15 'is connected to an input 234 of an optical compressor element 238. By means of this compressor element 238, the stretched laser pulses are compressed in time, so that the laser pulses (ideally) again get their original shape. An output 242 of the compressor element 238 is connected to the spark gap 9, in particular the output 242 of the compressor element 238 is optically coupled to the spark gap 9. The compressor element 238 is arranged directly on the spark gap 9, so that the compressed laser pulses leaving the compressor element 238 directly reach the spark gap 9.

Das Kompressorelement 238 ist an die Funkenstrecke 9 angekoppelt. Vorteilhafterweise ist das Kompressorelement 238 starr (d. h. unbeweglich) an die Funkenstrecke 9 angekoppelt, so dass die Laserstrahlung stets unter gleichen Bedingungen (gleicher Einfallswinkel etc.) in die Funkenstrecke einfällt. Das Kompressorelement 238 kann sogar als ein Teil der Funkenstrecke 9 betrachtet werden. Die starre (quasi-monolithische) Befestigung des Kompressorelements 238 an der Funkenstrecke 9 gewährleistet eine weitestgehende Einflussfreiheit von äußeren Störungen (wie z. B. Vibrationen) auf den Ort des Laserfokus in der Funkenstrecke.The compressor element 238 is coupled to the spark gap 9. Advantageously, the compressor element 238 is rigidly coupled (ie immobile) to the spark gap 9, so that the laser radiation always invades the spark gap under the same conditions (same angle of incidence, etc.). The compressor element 238 may even be considered as part of the spark gap 9. The rigid (quasi-monolithic) attachment of the compressor element 238 to the spark gap 9 ensures the greatest possible freedom from external disturbances (such as, for example, vibrations) on the location of the laser focus in the spark gap.

Bei der Funkenstrecke 9 handelt es sich um eine gekapselte Funkenstrecke, welche in einem Gehäuse angeordnet ist. Die Funkenstrecke 9 weist eine erste Elektrode 246 und eine zweite Elektrode 248 auf; die Elektroden 246 und 248 liegen sich gegenüber. Zwischen der ersten Elektrode 246 und der zweiten Elektrode 248 ist ein Lichtbogen zündbar. Das Kompressorelement 238 ist starr mit dem Gehäuse der Funkenstrecke 9 verbunden. Dabei ist der optische Ausgang 242 des Kompressorelements 238 in Richtung der ersten Elektrode 246 und/oder in Richtung der zweiten Elektrode 248 gerichtet; der optische Ausgang 242 des Kompressorelements 238 kann auch in Richtung des Zwischenraumes zwischen den Elektroden 246 und 248 der Funkenstrecke 9 gerichtet sein. Dadurch kann die von dem Kompressorelements 238 ausgestrahlte Laserstrahlung (gestauchte Laserpulse) die Elektroden 246 und/oder 248 erreichen oder in den Zwischenraum zwischen den Elektroden 246 und 248 eintreten.In the spark gap 9 is an encapsulated spark gap, which is arranged in a housing. The spark gap 9 has a first electrode 246 and a second electrode 248; the electrodes 246 and 248 face each other. An arc is ignitable between the first electrode 246 and the second electrode 248. The Compressor element 238 is rigidly connected to the housing of the spark gap 9. In this case, the optical output 242 of the compressor element 238 is directed in the direction of the first electrode 246 and / or in the direction of the second electrode 248; the optical output 242 of the compressor element 238 may also be directed in the direction of the gap between the electrodes 246 and 248 of the spark gap 9. Thereby, the laser radiation (compressed laser pulses) radiated from the compressor element 238 can reach the electrodes 246 and / or 248 or enter into the gap between the electrodes 246 and 248.

Der Laser 210 und das Streckelement 218 sind räumlich entfernt von der Plattform 4, dem Kompressorelement 238 und der Funkenstrecke 9 angeordnet. Die räumliche Entfernung wird mittels der Übertragungsfaser 15' überbrückt. Die Übertragungsfaser 15' ist im Ausführungsbeispiel ein Lichtwellenleiter 15'.Hierbei ist besonders vorteilhaft, dass der Lichtwellenleiter 15' nicht die extrem kurzen Laserpulse des Lasers 210 übertragen muss, welche eine große Energiedichte aufweisen. Vielmehr werden vorteilhafterweise mit dem Lichtwellenleiter 15' lediglich die zeitlich gestreckten Laserpulse zu der Plattform übertragen, welche eine vergleichsweise geringere Energiedichte aufweisen. Daher wird der Lichtwellenleiter 15' energetisch vergleichsweise weniger belastet, so dass hier ein kostengünstiger Lichtwellenleiter zum Einsatz kommen kann. Der Lichtwellenleiter 15' als solcher weist kein laseraktives Medium auf, er ist frei von laseraktiven Medien. Auch deshalb kann hier ein kostengünstiger Lichtwellenleiter eingesetzt werden.The laser 210 and the stretching element 218 are located away from the platform 4, the compressor element 238 and the spark gap 9. The spatial distance is bridged by means of the transmission fiber 15 '. In the exemplary embodiment, the transmission fiber 15 'is an optical waveguide 15'. Here, it is particularly advantageous that the optical waveguide 15 'does not have to transmit the extremely short laser pulses of the laser 210, which have a high energy density. Rather, advantageously only the time-stretched laser pulses are transmitted to the platform with the optical waveguide 15 ', which have a comparatively lower energy density. Therefore, the optical waveguide 15 'is relatively less energetically loaded, so that a cost-effective optical waveguide can be used here. The optical waveguide 15 'as such has no laser-active medium, it is free of laser-active media. Also, therefore, a cost-effective optical fiber can be used here.

Bei der Übertragung der gestreckten Laserpulse zu der Plattform 4 gemäß der Figur 2 ist also die lokale Intensität der Laserpulse in dem Lichtwellenleiter 15' erheblich reduziert gegenüber der lokalen Intensität im Lichtwellenleiter 15 bei der Übertragung der Laserstrahlung gemäß der Figur 1. Dadurch kann ein kostengünstigerer Lichtwellenleiter verwendet werden und/oder aufgrund des niedrigeren Verschleißes verlängert sich die Lebensdauer der Fasern des Lichtwellenleiters. Der von dem Lichtwellenleiter 15' unabhängige Laser 210 und die Ausprägung des Kompressorelements 238 als ein eigenständiges Bauteil am Ende des Lichtwellenleiters 15' ermöglicht zudem eine bessere Justierbarkeit und Wartung und erleichtert den Austausch oder die Reparatur des Kompressorelements bzw. des Lasers.In the transmission of the stretched laser pulses to the platform 4 according to the FIG. 2 Thus, the local intensity of the laser pulses in the optical waveguide 15 'is significantly reduced compared to the local intensity in the optical waveguide 15 in the transmission of the laser radiation according to the FIG. 1 , As a result, a less expensive optical waveguide can be used and / or extended due to the lower wear the life of the fibers of the optical fiber. The independent of the optical waveguide 15 'laser 210 and the expression of the compressor element 238 as a separate component at the end of the optical waveguide 15' also allows better adjustability and maintenance and facilitates the replacement or repair of the compressor element or the laser.

Eine teilweise redundante Ausführung der Komponenten des Überspannungsschutzes ist leicht realisierbar. Beispielsweise könnten aus Sicherheitsgründen zwei redundante Lichtwellenleier 15' von dem Streckelement 218 zur Plattform 4 verlegt werden, wobei auf der Plattform 4 nur ein Kompressorelement 238 vorhanden ist. Optional kann der Lichtwellenleiter 15' (z. B. mittels eines weiteren Lasers unterschiedlicher Wellenlänge) auf das Vorliegen von Unterbrechungen überwacht werden. Diese Überwachung gestaltet sich besonders einfach, da der Lichtwellenleiter 15' frei von laseraktiven Medien ist.A partially redundant design of the components of the overvoltage protection is easy to implement. For example, for safety reasons, two redundant optical waveguide 15 'could be laid from the stretching element 218 to the platform 4, wherein only one compressor element 238 is present on the platform 4. Optionally, the optical waveguide 15 '(eg by means of another laser of different wavelengths) can be monitored for the presence of interruptions. This monitoring is particularly simple, since the optical waveguide 15 'is free of laser-active media.

Optional kann am Kompressorelement 238 eine Optik 252 (die zum Beispiel eine oder mehrere Fokussierlinsen enthält) zum Fokussieren der Laserpulse / Laserstrahlung vorgesehen sein, so dass diese Laserstrahlung noch zielgenauer in die Funkenstrecke 9 eingebracht werden kann. Es kann aber auch auf die Optik verzichtet werden. Ebenfalls optional kann auch die als solches bekannte sogenannte Selbstfokussierung des Lasers genutzt werden.Optionally, an optic 252 (which contains, for example, one or more focusing lenses) for focusing the laser pulses / laser radiation may be provided on the compressor element 238 so that this laser radiation can be introduced even more accurately into the spark gap 9. But it can also be dispensed with the look. Also optionally also known as such so-called self-focusing of the laser can be used.

Die elektrisch isoliert aufgestellte Plattform 4, die sich auf elektrischem Hochspannungspotential 256 befindet, trägt die Funkenstrecke 9 sowie das Kompressorelement 238. Außerdem trägt diese Plattform 4 das elektrische bzw. elektronische Bauteil bzw. die Bauteile, welche mittels des Überspannungsschutzes vor Überspannung zu schützen sind. Durch das Anordnen des Lasers 210 auf Erdpotential 260 ist es nicht notwendig, eine (aufwendige und teure) elektrische Energieversorgung des Lasers 210 auf dem Hochspannungspotential 256 der Plattform 4 zu realisieren. Auch dies führt zu erheblichen Kostenvorteilen.The electrically isolated platform 4, which is at high voltage electrical potential 256, carries the spark gap 9 and the compressor element 238. In addition, this platform 4 carries the electrical or electronic component or components, which are to be protected by means of overvoltage protection against overvoltage. By placing the laser 210 at ground potential 260, it is not necessary to provide (expensive and expensive) electrical power to the laser 210 at the high voltage potential 256 of the laser Platform 4 to realize. This also leads to significant cost advantages.

Der Überspannungsschutz 200 bzw. das Verfahren zum Zünden der Funkenstrecke 9 funktioniert wie folgt: Sobald das Schutzgerät 13 eine Überspannung an dem zu schützenden Bauteil erkennt, gibt es ein Signal an den Laser 210 ab, woraufhin der Laser 210 kurze Laserpulse mit hoher Energiedichte erzeugt. Ein derartiger kurzer Laserpuls ist schematisch in Figur 3 dargestellt. Diese Laserpulse werden zu dem Streckelement 218 übertragen und in diesem zeitlich gestreckt. Am Ausgang 230 des Streckelements 218 weisen die zeitlich gestreckten Laserpulse dann eine Form auf, die schematisch in Figur 4 dargestellt ist. Diese gestreckten Laserpulse werden dann in den Lichtwellenleiter 15' eingespeist und zur Plattform 4 übertragen. Die gestreckten Laserpulse gelangen daraufhin zu dem Kompressorelement 238. Das Kompressorelement 238 staucht die Laserpulse zeitlich, so dass die Laserpulse am Ausgang 242 des Kompressorelements eine Form aufweisen, die schematisch in Figur 5 dargestellt ist. Im Idealfall haben die Laserpulse am Ausgang 242 des Kompressorelements 238 wieder die gleiche Form wie am Eingang 226 des Streckelements 218. Daraufhin können die Laserpulse optional mittels der Optik 252 fokussiert werden. Die Laserpulse werden dann in die Funkenstrecke 9 eingespeist. Aufgrund dieser Laserpulse / Laserstrahlung 255 wird die Funkenstrecke 9 gezündet, d. h. es beginnt ein Lichtbogen zwischen der ersten Elektrode 246 und der zweiten Elektrode 248 der Funkenstrecke zu brennen.The overvoltage protection 200 or the method for igniting the spark gap 9 functions as follows: As soon as the protective device 13 detects an overvoltage on the component to be protected, it sends a signal to the laser 210, whereupon the laser 210 generates short laser pulses with high energy density. Such a short laser pulse is shown schematically in FIG FIG. 3 shown. These laser pulses are transmitted to the stretching element 218 and stretched in this time. At the output 230 of the stretching element 218, the time-stretched laser pulses then have a shape which is schematically illustrated in FIG FIG. 4 is shown. These stretched laser pulses are then fed into the optical waveguide 15 'and transmitted to the platform 4. The stretched laser pulses then pass to the compressor element 238. The compressor element 238 upsets the laser pulses in time, so that the laser pulses at the output 242 of the compressor element have a shape which is schematically shown in FIG FIG. 5 is shown. Ideally, the laser pulses at the output 242 of the compressor element 238 again have the same shape as at the input 226 of the stretching element 218. Thereafter, the laser pulses can optionally be focused by means of the optics 252. The laser pulses are then fed into the spark gap 9. Because of these laser pulses / laser radiation 255, the spark gap 9 is ignited, ie an arc begins to burn between the first electrode 246 and the second electrode 248 of the spark gap.

Durch diese gezündete Funkenstrecke 9 (d. h. durch den brennenden Lichtbogen) wird der zweite Kondensator 8 des Zündkreises 5 überbrückt. Dadurch wird die Zündelektrode 6 nahezu auf das elektrische Potential der Plattform 4 gebracht. Da der Abstand zwischen der Zündelektrode 6 und der oberen Hauptelektrode 3 geringer ist als der Abstand zwischen den beiden Hauptelektroden 3, beginnt ein Lichtbogen zwischen der oberen Hauptelektrode 3 und der Zündelektrode 6 zu brennen. Aufgrund dieses Lichtbogens wird der erste Kondensator 7 überbrückt, wodurch sich der zweite Kondensator 8 wieder aufladen kann. Sobald der zweite Kondensator 8 eine ausreichend hohe Kondensatorspannung aufweist, beginnt ein Lichtbogen zwischen der Zündelektrode 6 und der unteren Hauptelektrode 3 zu brennen, so dass jetzt die Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 komplett gezündet ist. Dadurch wird ein parallel zur Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 geschaltetes zu schützendes Bauelement (welches in der Figur 2 nicht dargestellt ist) vor Überspannung geschützt.Through this ignited spark gap 9 (ie by the burning arc), the second capacitor 8 of the ignition circuit 5 is bridged. As a result, the ignition electrode 6 is brought almost to the electrical potential of the platform 4. Since the distance between the ignition electrode 6 and the upper main electrode 3 is smaller than the distance between the two main electrodes 3, an arc between the upper main electrode 3 and the ignition electrode 6 starts to burn. Due to this arc, the first capacitor 7 bridged, whereby the second capacitor 8 can recharge. As soon as the second capacitor 8 has a sufficiently high capacitor voltage, an arc begins to burn between the ignition electrode 6 and the lower main electrode 3, so that now the main spark gap 2 is completely ignited. As a result, a parallel to the main spark gap 2 switched to be protected component (which in the FIG. 2 not shown) protected against overvoltage.

Der von dem Laser 210 erzeugte Laserpuls wird also vor der Einkopplung in die Übertragungsfaser 15' zeitlich gestreckt. Dadurch verringert sich die maximal auftretende lokale Energiedichte des Laserpulses in der Übertragungsfaser 15', so dass Schäden an der Übertragungsfaser vermieden werden.The laser pulse generated by the laser 210 is thus stretched in time prior to coupling into the transmission fiber 15 '. This reduces the maximum occurring local energy density of the laser pulse in the transmission fiber 15 ', so that damage to the transmission fiber can be avoided.

Eine als solches bekannte Methode zum zeitlichen Strecken des Laserpulses ist das sogenannte "Chirpen": Ein kurzer Laserpuls besteht aus einem breiten Farbspektrum. Beim "Chirpen" wird die unterschiedliche Laufzeit der einzelnen Farben beim Durchgang durch verschiedene Medien genutzt. Beim Durchgang des kurzen Laserpulses durch bestimmte Gitteranordnungen oder Prismenanordnungen oder mittels spezieller Multilagenspiegel ("Chirpspiegel") entsteht ein sogenannter "negativ gechirpter" Puls, dessen langwelligen (roten) Frequenzkomponenten den kurzwelligen (blauen) Frequenzkomponenten hinterher laufen. Ein solcher "negativ gechirpter" Puls ist zeitlich gestreckt, vergleiche Figur 4. Solche Gitteranordnungen, Prismenanordnungen oder Multilagenspiegel sind also Beispiele für das Streckelement 218. In der Figur 2 ist das Streckelement 218 als eine Prismenanordnung dargestellt.A known as such method for temporal stretching of the laser pulse is the so-called "chirping": A short laser pulse consists of a wide color spectrum. "Chirping" uses the different transit times of the individual colors when passing through different media. The passage of the short laser pulse through certain grating arrangements or prism arrangements or by means of special multilayer mirrors ("chirp mirrors") results in a so-called "negatively chirped" pulse whose long-wave (red) frequency components follow the short-wave (blue) frequency components. Such a "negatively chirped" pulse is temporally stretched, cf. FIG. 4 , Such grid arrangements, prism arrangements or multilayer mirrors are thus examples of the stretching element 218. In the FIG. 2 For example, the stretching element 218 is shown as a prismatic arrangement.

Beim Durchgang des Laserpulses durch ein dispersives Medium (z.B. durch Quarz) entsteht ein sogenannter "positiv gechirpter" Puls, dessen kurzwellige (blaue) Frequenzkomponenten den langwelligen (roten) Frequenzkomponenten hinterher laufen. Ein solcher "positiv gechirpter" Puls ist zeitlich gestaucht, vergleiche Figur 5. Ein dünner Quarzblock ist ein Beispiel für ein Kompressorelement 238.During the passage of the laser pulse through a dispersive medium (eg by quartz), a so-called "positively chirped" pulse is produced whose short-wave (blue) frequency components follow the long-wave (red) frequency components. Such a "positively chirped" pulse is timed compressed, compare FIG. 5 , A thin quartz block is an example of a compressor element 238.

Wenn man den kurzen Laserpuls 310 des Lasers 210 nacheinander zuerst "negativ chirpt" und dann "positiv chirpt", dann entsteht als Ergebnis im Idealfall wieder der ursprüngliche Laserpuls 210, also ein "chirpfreier" Puls. Die Reihenfolge von Streckelement (Strecker) und Kompressorelement (Kompressor) kann vertauscht werden.If one consecutively "chirps" the short laser pulse 310 of the laser 210 one after the other and then "chirps positively", then the original laser pulse 210, that is to say a "chirp-free" pulse, is produced as a result in the ideal case. The sequence of stretch element (expander) and compressor element (compressor) can be reversed.

Als Kompressorelement 238 kann also ein einfaches optisches Bauteil, welches z.B. einen dünnen Quarzblock enthält, am Ende der optischen Übertragungsfaser angeordnet werden. Optional kann an dem Quarzblock eine Fokussierlinse angeordnet sein. Bei größeren Pulslängen können aber beispielsweise auch akustooptische Dispersionsfilter als Kompressorelement und/oder Streckelement verwendet werden.As the compressor element 238, therefore, a simple optical component, which may be e.g. contains a thin quartz block, are arranged at the end of the optical transmission fiber. Optionally, a focusing lens can be arranged on the quartz block. For larger pulse lengths, however, acoustooptic dispersion filters can also be used as the compressor element and / or stretch element, for example.

In Figur 3 ist eine prinzipielle Darstellung eines beispielhaften Laserpulses 310 am Ausgang 222 des Lasers 210 dargestellt. Dabei ist die Intensität I (also die Energie pro Zeit und Fläche) über der Zeit t dargestellt.In FIG. 3 a schematic representation of an exemplary laser pulse 310 at the output 222 of the laser 210 is shown. The intensity I (ie the energy per time and area) over the time t is shown.

Figur 4 zeigt eine beispielhafte Darstellung eines zeitlich gestreckten Laserpulses 410, wie er am Ausgang 230 des Streckelements 218 auftritt. Es ist deutlich die zeitliche Streckung des Laserpulses 410 zu erkennen. Diese zeitliche Streckung des Laserpulses 410 führt dazu, dass die maximale Intensität I deutlich reduziert ist im Vergleich zu dem ungestreckten Laserpuls 310 der Figur 3. FIG. 4 shows an exemplary representation of a time-stretched laser pulse 410, as occurs at the output 230 of the stretching element 218. It can be seen clearly the temporal extension of the laser pulse 410. This temporal extension of the laser pulse 410 results in the maximum intensity I being significantly reduced in comparison to the unstretched laser pulse 310 of FIG FIG. 3 ,

Figur 5 zeigt eine Darstellung des beispielhaften zeitlich gestauchten Laserpulses 255, wie er am Ausgang 242 des Kompressorelements 238 auftritt. Es ist deutlich die zeitliche Stauchung des Laserpulses 255 im Vergleich zu dem Laserpuls 410 der Figur 4 zu erkennen. Diese zeitliche Stauchung des Laserpulses 255 führt dazu, dass die maximale Intensität I im Vergleich zu dem gestreckten Laserpuls 410 der Figur 4 wieder vergrößert ist. Dieser zeitlich gestauchte Laserpuls 255 entspricht in diesem Ausführungsbeispiel wieder dem ursprünglichen Laserpuls 310. FIG. 5 11 shows a representation of the exemplary time-compressed laser pulse 255 that occurs at the output 242 of the compressor element 238. It is clear the temporal compression of the laser pulse 255 in comparison to the laser pulse 410 of FIG. 4 to recognize. This temporal compression of the laser pulse 255 causes the maximum intensity I compared to the stretched laser pulse 410 of the FIG. 4 is enlarged again. This temporally compressed laser pulse 255 corresponds in this embodiment again to the original laser pulse 310.

In einem weiteren (figürlich nicht dargestellten) Ausführungsbeispiel kann mittels des Lasers 210 auch direkt die Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 gezündet werden. Da bei der Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 höhere Energien auftreten als bei der Funkenstrecke 9 (es fließen insbesondere größere Ströme und treten höhere Temperaturen auf), ist in diesem Fall das Kompressorelement 238 entsprechend vor Hitze zu schützen.In another embodiment (not shown in the figure), the main spark gap 2 can also be ignited directly by means of the laser 210. In the case of the main spark gap 2, higher energies occur than in the case of the spark gap 9 (in particular, larger currents flow and higher temperatures occur), in which case the compressor element 238 is correspondingly protected from heat.

Insbesondere können mit dem beschriebenen Überspannungsschutz Bauteile/Bauelemente (wie zum Beispiel Kondensatoren oder Ableiter) geschützt werden, welche parallel zu der Hauptfunkenstrecke 2 angeordnet sind. Beispielsweise in Serienkompensationsanlagen für Hochspannungswechselstromnetze kann ein derartiger Überspannungsschutz mit Funkenstrecken zum Schutz der Kondensatorbänke und/oder Ableiterbänke eingesetzt werden. Die Serienkompensationsanlage sowie die Funkenstrecken befinden sich dabei auf der gegen das Erdpotential isolierten Hochspannungsplattform 4. Eine Leitwarte mit der Überwachungselektronik (z. B. mit Schutzgeräten) befindet sich dabei nicht auf der Plattform 4, sondern auf der Erde 258, also auf Erdpotential 260. Der Laser 210 ist ebenfalls auf der Erde 258, also auf Erdpotential 260, angeordnet.In particular, with the described overvoltage protection components / components (such as capacitors or arresters) can be protected, which are arranged parallel to the main spark gap 2. For example, in series compensation systems for high-voltage AC grids such overvoltage protection with spark gaps can be used to protect the capacitor banks and / or Ableiterbänke. The series compensation system and the spark gaps are located on the isolated against the ground potential high-voltage platform 4. A control room with the monitoring electronics (eg with protective equipment) is not on the platform 4, but on the ground 258, ie at ground potential 260th The laser 210 is also disposed on the ground 258, that is at ground potential 260.

Bei dem beschriebenen Überspannungsschutz wird der Laserpuls vor der Einkopplung in die Übertragungsfaser 15' kontrolliert mit Hilfe des Streckelements 218 zeitlich gestreckt. Auf diese Weise verringert sich die durch den Laserpuls auftretende maximale lokale Energiedichte in dem Lichtwellenleiter 15', wodurch irreversible Schäden des Lichtwellenleiters vermieden werden bzw. die Lebensdauer des Lichtwellenleiters 15' verlängert wird. Nach dem Durchgang des gestreckten Laserpulses durch die Übertragungsfaser 15' (hier: durch den Lichtwellenleiter) wird der Laserpuls in dem Kompressorelement 238 wieder zeitlich komprimiert/gestaucht. Dadurch reicht die durch diesen zeitlich gestauchten Laserpuls auftretende lokale Energiedichte wieder aus, um die Funkenstrecke 9 zu zünden. Das Kompressorelement 238 und die optional daran angeordnete Optik 252 können am Ende der Übertragungsfaser in Form eines Endstücks realisiert sein, welches starr (d. h. insbesondere unbeweglich) an der Funkenstrecke 9 angeordnet ist.In the described overvoltage protection, the laser pulse is stretched in time in a controlled manner with the aid of the stretching element 218 before being coupled into the transmission fiber 15 '. In this way, the maximum local energy density occurring in the optical waveguide 15 'by the laser pulse is reduced, as a result of which irreversible damage to the optical waveguide is avoided or the service life of the optical waveguide 15' is extended. After the passage of the stretched laser pulse through the transmission fiber 15 '(here: through the optical waveguide), the laser pulse is again compressed / compressed in the compressor element 238. This is enough occurring by this temporally compressed laser pulse local energy density again to ignite the spark gap 9. The compressor element 238 and optics 252 optionally arranged thereon can be realized at the end of the transmission fiber in the form of an end piece which is arranged rigidly (ie in particular immovably) on the spark gap 9.

Die lokale Intensität bzw. die lokale Energiedichte des Laserpulses in dem Lichtwellenleiter/Übertragungsfaser 15' ist bei der Übertragung der gestreckten Laserpulse 410 erheblich reduziert gegenüber der Übertragung der ungestreckten Laserpulse 310, d. h. gegenüber der Übertragung der ursprünglichen Laserpulse 310 des Lasers 210.The local intensity or the local energy density of the laser pulse in the optical waveguide / transmission fiber 15 'is considerably reduced in the transmission of the elongated laser pulses 410 compared to the transmission of the unstretched laser pulses 310, d. H. to the transmission of the original laser pulses 310 of the laser 210.

Es wurde ein Überspannungsschutz mit einer Funkenstrecke sowie ein Verfahren zum Zünden einer Funkenstrecke beschrieben, mit denen auf kostengünstige Art und Weise eine Funkenstrecke gezündet und damit ein Überspannungsschutz eines Bauteils realisiert werden kann.It has been described an overvoltage protection with a spark gap and a method for igniting a spark gap, which ignited in a cost effective manner, a spark gap and thus overvoltage protection of a component can be realized.

Claims (12)

  1. Overvoltage protection comprising a spark gap (9) and a laser (210) for igniting the spark gap,
    characterized in that
    - the laser (210) is connected to an input (226) of an optical stretching element (218), which serves for the temporal stretching of the laser pulses (310) generated by the laser,
    - an output (230) of the stretching element (218) is connected to one end of an optical transmission fiber (15'), in particular to one end of an optical waveguide (15'),
    - a second end of the transmission fiber (15') is connected to an input (234) of an optical compressor element (238), which serves for the temporal compressing of the laser pulses (410), and
    - an output (242) of the compressor element (238) is connected to the spark gap (9).
  2. Overvoltage protection according to Claim 1,
    characterized in that
    - the output (242) of the compressor element (238) is directed in the direction of at least one electrode (246, 248) of the spark gap (9) or in the direction of the intermediate space between two electrodes (246, 248) of the spark gap (9).
  3. Overvoltage protection according to Claim 1 or 2,
    characterized in that
    - the laser (210) is a pulsed laser, in particular a femtosecond laser.
  4. Overvoltage protection according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that
    - the transmission fiber (15') is free of laser-active media.
  5. Overvoltage protection according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that
    - the spark gap (9) and the compressor element (238) are arranged on a platform (4) that is set up in an electrically insulating manner and is at a high-voltage potential (256), and
    - the laser (210) is connected to ground potential (260).
  6. Overvoltage protection according to Claim 5,
    characterized in that
    - the stretching element (218) is arranged outside the platform (4) and
    - the transmission fiber (15') connects the stretching element (218) to the platform (4), in particular to the compressor element (238).
  7. Overvoltage protection according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that
    - an optical system (252) for focusing the compressed laser pulses (255) is arranged between the compressor element (238) and the spark gap (9).
  8. Overvoltage protection according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that
    - the compressor element (238) is rigidly coupled to the spark gap (9).
  9. Overvoltage protection according to one of the preceding claims,
    characterized in that
    - the spark gap (9) is part of an ignition circuit (5) for igniting a main spark gap (2).
  10. Method for igniting a spark gap (9) of an overvoltage protection by means of a laser (210), wherein in the method
    - the laser pulses (310) that are generated by a laser (210) are temporally stretched,
    - the temporally stretched laser pulses (410) are transmitted by means of an optical transmission fiber (15'), in particular by means of an optical waveguide (15'),
    - after the transmission the temporally stretched laser pulses (410) are temporally compressed, and
    - the temporally compressed laser pulses (255) are coupled into the spark gap (9).
  11. Method according to Claim 10,
    characterized in that
    - the temporally stretched laser pulses (410) are transmitted by means of the optical transmission fiber (15') to a platform (4) that is set up in an electrically insulating manner and is at a high-voltage potential (256).
  12. Method according to Claim 10 or 11,
    characterized in that
    - the spark gap (9) and the compressor element (238) are arranged on the platform (4), and
    - the laser (210) is connected to ground potential (260).
EP15700975.4A 2014-01-31 2015-01-09 Overvoltage protection comprising a spark gap Active EP3075041B1 (en)

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DE102014201752.1A DE102014201752A1 (en) 2014-01-31 2014-01-31 Overvoltage protection with a spark gap
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RU2735091C1 (en) * 2020-02-07 2020-10-28 Акционерное общество "НПО "Стример" Arrester with protective spark gap

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US5175664A (en) * 1991-12-05 1992-12-29 Diels Jean Claude Discharge of lightning with ultrashort laser pulses
JP3829175B2 (en) * 2000-04-20 2006-10-04 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 Switching device using laser induced discharge
GB2385460B (en) * 2002-02-18 2004-04-14 Univ Southampton "Pulsed light sources"
DE102004002582A1 (en) * 2004-01-13 2005-08-04 Siemens Ag Optically ignited spark gap
JP4825809B2 (en) * 2004-12-20 2011-11-30 イムラ アメリカ インコーポレイテッド Pulsed laser source with adjustable grating compressor
FR2939974A1 (en) * 2008-12-17 2010-06-18 Centre Nat Rech Scient IMPULSIVE FIBER OPTICAL LASER FOR HIGH ENERGY SUB PICOSECOND PULSES IN L-BAND AND LASER TOOL FOR OPHTHALMIC SURGERY
US8532150B1 (en) * 2011-04-01 2013-09-10 Calmar Optcom, Inc. Generating laser light of high beam quality and high pulse quality in large mode area fiber amplifiers based on suppression of high optical modes by fiber coiling
US9219344B2 (en) * 2012-01-06 2015-12-22 Calmar Optcom, Inc. Generating ultrashort laser pulses based on two-stage pulse processing
CN102946055B (en) * 2012-11-05 2013-12-11 清华大学 Laser-triggered gas switch

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BR112016017494B1 (en) 2022-02-15
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WO2015113796A1 (en) 2015-08-06
CN105900299A (en) 2016-08-24
EP3075041A1 (en) 2016-10-05
CN105900299B (en) 2018-08-31
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BR112016017494B8 (en) 2023-04-25
DE102014201752A1 (en) 2015-08-06

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