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EP2565290B1 - Ballistic protection system - Google Patents

Ballistic protection system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2565290B1
EP2565290B1 EP12182382.7A EP12182382A EP2565290B1 EP 2565290 B1 EP2565290 B1 EP 2565290B1 EP 12182382 A EP12182382 A EP 12182382A EP 2565290 B1 EP2565290 B1 EP 2565290B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
carbide
cermetic
protection system
substrate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP12182382.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2565290A1 (en
Inventor
Berthold Peikert
Roland Dr. Niefanger
Rainer Prof.Dr. Gadow
Andreas Dr. Killinger
Andrei-Sorin Manzat
Martin Tobias Silber
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Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH
Original Assignee
Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH
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Priority to SI201231382T priority Critical patent/SI2565290T1/en
Priority to PL12182382T priority patent/PL2565290T3/en
Publication of EP2565290A1 publication Critical patent/EP2565290A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
    • C23C28/3215—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer at least one MCrAlX layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/129—Flame spraying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0492—Layered armour containing hard elements, e.g. plates, spheres, rods, separated from each other, the elements being connected to a further flexible layer or being embedded in a plastics or an elastomer matrix

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a thermo-kinetically deposited cermetic layer or such a layer composite for or as ballistic protection systems.
  • the thermally sprayed support layer has the task of breaking projectiles, especially those with hard metal character but also others.
  • the ballistic protection system itself comprises a base material and / or a substrate on which the cermetic layer and / or the cermetic layer composite is applied as a ballistic protective layer or as a ballistic-acting protection by high-speed flame spraying (HVOF, HVOLF).
  • HVOF high-speed flame spraying
  • liquid fuels are also preferred.
  • this protective structure When exposed to a protective structure with a projectile or with splinters, this protective structure experiences essentially a strong punctual load.
  • the protective structure assumes the task of reducing this burden and to prevent the impinging bullet from further penetration or penetration.
  • the ceramic breaks the bullet or eroded, while a so-called liner material, eg. As aramid or elastomers or other tough materials that stops or retains remaining fragments.
  • Another ballistic protection concept or protection module describes the DE 10 2009 043 492 B4 , Here, a ceramic tile and its support are tightly enclosed by a shrink tube, creating a compressive stress, the local ballistisehe Weaknesses in such ceramic composites prevented.
  • a protective device against projectile-forming charges shows the DE 10 2009 040 305 B4 on.
  • the protective device consists of strips of material consisting of different materials. These are superimposed lying facing the direction of action as a sandwich.
  • the DE 10 2008 028 318 A1 discloses a bullet-resistant transparent laminate.
  • the protective device after the DE 10 2010 054 568 A1 protects especially against multi-missiles.
  • metal and / or ceramic body are doped.
  • the US 2002/088340 A1 relates to a lightweight armor system comprising a substrate and graded metal matrix composite layers.
  • the layers consist of many individual layers with different mixing ratios (volume fraction) of ceramic to metallic materials.
  • the layers are in turn applied to the substrate by thermal spraying.
  • the armor system also consists of a ceramic impact layer applied to the metal matrix composites, at which the bullet is to fragment.
  • the invention has the object to show a ballistic-acting protection system that is easy to manufacture, projectiles and the like can break and is characterized by a low weight.
  • the invention is based on the idea to use thermo-kinetically deposited cermetic layers or laminates as a ballistic or ballistic-acting protective layer on (on) a base material.
  • Cermets for their part, are composites of ceramic materials in a metallic matrix binder phase and are characterized by particularly high hardness and wear resistance.
  • a base material different or different substrate or raw materials are considered.
  • the thermally sprayed Pad layer has and fulfills the task of breaking the projectiles, such as those with hard metal character but also with a soft core (eg lead, iron, etc.), and the like.
  • Special hard-material layers are used which, among other things, have very high hardnesses.
  • thermo-kinetically applied layer systems or layer composites of cermetic materials can be applied to very dense layers on the different substrate materials.
  • the spraying of the layer (s) allows the use of robotic burners.
  • the use of robot-guided burners in turn allows the coating of complex three-dimensional component structures and curved surfaces.
  • a method for applying a metallic corrosion protective layer of self-adhering but non-self-fluxing powders such as cermets, etc. by means of flame spraying discloses DE 35 15 314 A1 , Before the protective layer is sprayed onto the base material, a self-fluxing, corrosion-resistant metal powder is cold-sprayed on. This corrosion-resistant metal powder creates the corrosion protection layer.
  • a device for producing a hard metal or cermet mixture describes the DE 20 2007 012740 U1 ,
  • HVOF High Velocity Oxygen Fuel
  • burners with extremely high kinetic energy of the supersonic fast hot particle jet.
  • gaseous fuels such as e.g. Propane, propene or acetylene operated.
  • a special coating method is used as a special variant of the HVOF process group for the ballistic protective layers described here, in which additionally a liquid fuel, eg kerosene, is used as energy carrier (HVOLF burner).
  • HVOLF burner a liquid fuel, eg kerosene
  • the HVOLF process is used to process the cermets (ceramic hard material particles in metallic matrix), such as Cr 3 C 2 / NiCr and WC / Co.
  • the group of ultra-hard WC / co-materials can be processed very well with the process, since the thermal load of the powder can be kept low.
  • liquid fuel increases the energy density in the combustion chamber and, above all, the kinetic energy of the particle-laden hot gas jet without the gas temperature increase. In this case, speeds of the powder particles of up to 1000 m / s are achieved. These high particle velocities lead to very dense, homogeneous layers with low porosity and at the same time high adhesion to the substrate. In addition to the high hardness, the layers have high corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Due to the intense heat and mass transfer in the coating process as well as the (extremely) high kinetic impact, process- and cooling-induced residual stresses develop in the laminate, which are used to advantage in a targeted process.
  • the HVOLF process permits a high material throughput, ie a high production output, which makes the process particularly suitable for large-area coatings and for producing high layer thicknesses.
  • a high material throughput ie a high production output
  • the use of intelligent robot systems and controls with optimized trajectories enables the coating of partially complex shaped components and curved open spaces.
  • the layers used preferably consist of the highest possible proportion of ceramic hard material powder and a small proportion of metallic or refractory metal binder phase, from which just one or the desired hard-tough layer composite results as a support layer.
  • Such a layer composition in combination with a high hardness, a good adhesion and a high compression bias forms a combination of the protective layer function for breaking the projectiles.
  • manufacturing technology the ability to complex component geometries, such as corners, radii, edges, fillets, etc., reliably, evenly and reproducibly coat.
  • Fig. 1 is a simplified protection system 1, comprising at least one base material or substrate 3, on which a cermetic layer or a cermetic layer composite 2 is sprayed. Even the cermetic layer can form the ballistic protective layer.
  • Fig. 2 shows by way of example applied to the substrate 3 layer material 2 in an enlarged view.
  • Fig. 3 indicates a simplified illustrated device 10 for coating the substrate 3 at. 11
  • a HVOF burner or HVOLF burner
  • HVOF burner injects molten particles 12 - cermetic materials - onto the substrate 3, which then solidify into a layer 2 on the surface 4 (interface) of the substrate 3.
  • the layer 2 was slightly separated from the substrate 3.
  • the layer 2 is directly or via adhesion support on or on the substrate 3) but also known coolant incl. circulation / integration in the burner 11th
  • the substrate 3 (material) and the layer material 2 should preferably be matched to one another become.
  • the substrate material is steel
  • the layer material should be applied in a different thickness than other substrate materials.
  • the process parameters for a thicker layer and a lighter substrate 3 are used differently than for thin layers and a denser material.
  • the cermetic layer or the layer composite 2 may be a proportion of hard material phase in% by weight of, for example, 60-98, the remainder being binder phase (particle 12).
  • the hard material phase can consist inter alia of a carbide, such as tungsten carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, vanadium carbide, silicon carbide, etc., as well as mixtures of these.
  • a carbide such as tungsten carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, vanadium carbide, silicon carbide, etc., as well as mixtures of these.
  • Co Cobalt
  • CoCr CoCr30W12C2.5 (STELLITE), CoNi32Cr21A18Y0.5, CoMo28Cr18 (TRIBALOY)
  • nickel (Ni) or nickel alloys as well as iron (Fe) or iron alloys can also be used as the binder phase.
  • a so-called adhesive layer can be provided, but this is not necessarily a condition.
  • e.g. NiCr, NiAl and the like are used as such an adhesive layer.
  • This layer then serves to better adhere the protective layer 2 to the base material 3, that is, the layer increases the adhesion of the cermetic layer 2 to the base material 3.
  • the thickness of this primer layer applied to the base material 3 may be in a range of max. a few hundred micrometers, but can also, as already mentioned, be omitted.
  • the surface of the base material 3 may be untreated. If a pretreatment is desired, the surface can be pretreated, for example, by sandblasting, water jetting, machining, erosion, laser ablation and / or laser processing, etc. This measure causes an additional roughening of the surface and generally serves to promote the micromechanical clamping of the layers.
  • the thermally applied layer can be sprayed directly onto the structure to be protected.
  • a protection system 1 or such protective systems 1 (not shown in detail) on the object to be protected, releasably secured, for example screwed or the like.
  • a combination of the two possibilities extends the field of application or the individual adaptation of the ballistic protection to the requirements or conditions.
  • the objects / vehicles etc. to be protected can be adapted to the individual protection requirements and, in the case of a subsequent connection of the protection systems 1, also on site. Due to the lower weight of the protection system 1 also requirements for various transport conditions can be met.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung beschäftigt sich mit einer thermo-kinetisch abgeschiedenen cermetischen Schicht bzw. einem derartigen Schichtverbund für bzw. als ballistische Schutzsysteme. Die thermisch gespritzte Auflageschicht hat dabei die Aufgabe, Geschosse, insbesondere solche mit Hartmetallcharakter aber auch andere, zu brechen. Das ballistische Schutzsystem selbst umfasst ein Basismaterial und / oder ein Substrat, auf dem die cermetische Schicht und / oder der cermetische Schichtverbund als ballistische Schutzschicht bzw. als ballistisch wirkenden Schutz durch Hochgeschwindigkeitsflammspritzen (HVOF, HVOLF) aufgebracht ist. Neben möglichen gasförmigen Energieträgern kommen bevorzugt auch flüssige Energieträger (liquid fuel) zum Tragen.The invention relates to a thermo-kinetically deposited cermetic layer or such a layer composite for or as ballistic protection systems. The thermally sprayed support layer has the task of breaking projectiles, especially those with hard metal character but also others. The ballistic protection system itself comprises a base material and / or a substrate on which the cermetic layer and / or the cermetic layer composite is applied as a ballistic protective layer or as a ballistic-acting protection by high-speed flame spraying (HVOF, HVOLF). In addition to possible gaseous energy sources, liquid fuels are also preferred.

Bei einer Beaufschlagung einer Schutzstruktur mit einem Geschoss oder mit Splittern erfährt diese Schutzstruktur im Wesentlichen eine starke punktuelle Belastung. Die Schutzstruktur übernimmt dabei die Aufgabe, diese Belastung abzubauen und das auftreffende Geschoss am weiteren Eindringen bzw. Durchdringen zu hindern.When exposed to a protective structure with a projectile or with splinters, this protective structure experiences essentially a strong punctual load. The protective structure assumes the task of reducing this burden and to prevent the impinging bullet from further penetration or penetration.

Neben reinen Panzerstahlstrukturen werden immer häufiger Keramik-Verbunde eingesetzt, wobei die Keramik das Geschoss bricht oder erodiert, während ein so genanntes Liner- Material, z. B. Aramid oder Elastomere oder andere zähe Materialien, die noch verbleibenden Fragmente stoppt bzw. zurückhält.In addition to pure armor steel structures more and more ceramic composites are used, the ceramic breaks the bullet or eroded, while a so-called liner material, eg. As aramid or elastomers or other tough materials that stops or retains remaining fragments.

Aus der DE 103 23 082 A1 ist ein Schichtverbundstoff aus Metall und faserverstärkter Keramik bekannt. Glaskeramisches Panzermaterial offenbart die DE 10 2007 025 894 B4 .From the DE 103 23 082 A1 is a composite layer of metal and fiber-reinforced ceramic known. Glass-ceramic armored material reveals the DE 10 2007 025 894 B4 ,

Ein weiteres ballistisches Schutzkonzept bzw. Schutzmodul beschreibt die DE 10 2009 043 492 B4 . Hierbei werden eine Keramik-Kachel und deren Träger von einem Schrumpfschlauch eng umschlossen, wodurch eine Druckspannung erzeugt wird, die lokale ballistisehe Schwachstellen in derartigen Keramik-Verbunden verhindert.Another ballistic protection concept or protection module describes the DE 10 2009 043 492 B4 , Here, a ceramic tile and its support are tightly enclosed by a shrink tube, creating a compressive stress, the local ballistisehe Weaknesses in such ceramic composites prevented.

Eine Schutzeinrichtung gegen Projektil bildende Ladungen zeigt die DE 10 2009 040 305 B4 auf. Die Schutzeinrichtung besteht aus Werkstoffstreifen, bestehend aus verschiedenen Werkstoffen. Diese sind übereinander liegend zur Einwirkungsrichtung weisend als Sandwich aufgebaut. Die DE 10 2008 028 318 A1 offenbart einen Durchschuss hemmenden transparenten Schichtverbund.A protective device against projectile-forming charges shows the DE 10 2009 040 305 B4 on. The protective device consists of strips of material consisting of different materials. These are superimposed lying facing the direction of action as a sandwich. The DE 10 2008 028 318 A1 discloses a bullet-resistant transparent laminate.

Die Schutzeinrichtung nach der DE 10 2010 054 568 A1 schützt insbesondere gegen Multislug- Geschosse. In den Schutzplatten sind Metall- und / oder Keramik-Körper eindotiert.The protective device after the DE 10 2010 054 568 A1 protects especially against multi-missiles. In the protective plates metal and / or ceramic body are doped.

Keramik-Liner-Verbunde zeichnen sich zwar durch ein geringeres Gewicht als reine Panzerstahllösungen aus, doch ist die Herstellung von insbesondere komplexen dreidimensionalen Strukturen und Flächengeometrien oftmals sehr aufwändig.Although ceramic liner composites have a lower weight than pure armor steel solutions, the production of particularly complex three-dimensional structures and surface geometries is often very complex.

Die US 2002/088340 A1 betrifft ein leichtes Panzerungssystem mit einem Substrat und abgestuften Metallmatrix-Verbundschichten. Die Schichten bestehen aus vielen Einzelschichten mit unterschiedlichen Mischungsverhältnissen (Volumenanteil) von keramischen zu metallischen Werkstoffen. Die Schichten werden ihrerseits auf das Substrat durch thermisches Aufspritzen aufgebracht. Das Panzerungssystem besteht zudem aus einer, auf den Metallmatrix-Verbundkörpern aufgebrachten keramischen Aufprallschicht, an der das Geschoss zersplittern soll.The US 2002/088340 A1 relates to a lightweight armor system comprising a substrate and graded metal matrix composite layers. The layers consist of many individual layers with different mixing ratios (volume fraction) of ceramic to metallic materials. The layers are in turn applied to the substrate by thermal spraying. The armor system also consists of a ceramic impact layer applied to the metal matrix composites, at which the bullet is to fragment.

Hier stellt sich die Erfindung die Aufgabe, ein ballistisch wirkendes Schutzsystem aufzuzeigen, das einfach in der Herstellung ist, Geschosse und dergleichen brechen kann und sich durch ein geringes Eigengewicht auszeichnet.Here, the invention has the object to show a ballistic-acting protection system that is easy to manufacture, projectiles and the like can break and is characterized by a low weight.

Gelöst wird die Aufgabe durch die Merkmale der Patentansprüche 1, 2, 3, 4 und 9. Vorteilhafte Ausführungen sind den Unteransprüchen entnehmbar.The problem is solved by the features of claims 1, 2, 3, 4 and 9. Advantageous embodiments are the dependent claims.

Der Erfindung liegt die Idee zugrunde, thermo-kinetisch abgeschiedene cermetische Schichten oder Schichtverbunde als ballistische bzw. ballistisch wirkende Schutzschicht auf (an) einem Basismaterial einzusetzen. - Cermets sind ihrerseits Verbundwerkstoffe aus keramischen Werkstoffen in einer metallischen Matrixbindephase und zeichnen sich durch eine besonders hohe Härte und Verschleißfestigkeit aus. - Als Basismaterial werden unterschiedliche bzw. verschiedene Substrat- oder Rohwerkstoffe angesehen. Die thermisch gespritzte Auflageschicht hat und erfüllt dabei die Aufgabe, die Geschosse, beispielsweise solche mit Hartmetallcharakter aber auch mit einem Weichkern (z.B. Blei, Eisen etc.), und dergleichen zu brechen. Es werden spezielle Hartstoff- Schichten (Cermetische-Schichten) eingesetzt, die unter anderem sehr hohe Härten aufweisen.The invention is based on the idea to use thermo-kinetically deposited cermetic layers or laminates as a ballistic or ballistic-acting protective layer on (on) a base material. - Cermets, for their part, are composites of ceramic materials in a metallic matrix binder phase and are characterized by particularly high hardness and wear resistance. - As a base material different or different substrate or raw materials are considered. The thermally sprayed Pad layer has and fulfills the task of breaking the projectiles, such as those with hard metal character but also with a soft core (eg lead, iron, etc.), and the like. Special hard-material layers (cermetic layers) are used which, among other things, have very high hardnesses.

Auf das Substratmaterial, dem so genannten >Backing<, wird entsprechend der (zukünftigen) Schutzaufgabe des ballistischen Schutzsystems eine entsprechende thermische Spritzschicht aufgebracht, die unter anderem hohe Härten ähnlich einer Keramik aufweist, jedoch im Gewicht leichter ist. Die thermo-kinetisch aufgebrachten Schichtsysteme bzw. Schichtverbunde aus cermetischen Materialien können dabei zu sehr dichten Schichten auf den unterschiedlichen Substratwerkstoffen aufgebracht werden.On the substrate material, the so-called> Backing <, according to the (future) protection task of the ballistic protection system, a corresponding thermal spray coating applied, which has, inter alia, high hardness similar to a ceramic, but lighter in weight. The thermo-kinetically applied layer systems or layer composites of cermetic materials can be applied to very dense layers on the different substrate materials.

Das Aufspritzen der Schicht(en) ermöglicht den Einsatz von robotergeführten Brennern. Der Einsatz von robotergeführten Brennern wiederum ermöglicht die Beschichtung von komplexen dreidimensionalen Bauteilstrukturen und gekrümmten Oberflächen.The spraying of the layer (s) allows the use of robotic burners. The use of robot-guided burners in turn allows the coating of complex three-dimensional component structures and curved surfaces.

Ein Verfahren zum Aufbringen einer metallischen Korrosions-Schutzschicht aus selbsthaftenden, aber nicht selbstfließenden Pulvern wie Cermets etc. mittels Flammenspritzen offenbart die DE 35 15 314 A1 . Vor dem Aufspritzen der Schutzschicht auf den Grundwerkstoff wird ein selbstfließendes, korrosionsbeständiges Metallpulver kalt aufgespritzt. Durch dieses korrosionsbeständige Metallpulver wird die Korrosions-Schutzschicht geschaffen. Eine Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Hartmetall- oder Cermetmischung beschreibt die DE 20 2007 012740 U1 .A method for applying a metallic corrosion protective layer of self-adhering but non-self-fluxing powders such as cermets, etc. by means of flame spraying discloses DE 35 15 314 A1 , Before the protective layer is sprayed onto the base material, a self-fluxing, corrosion-resistant metal powder is cold-sprayed on. This corrosion-resistant metal powder creates the corrosion protection layer. A device for producing a hard metal or cermet mixture describes the DE 20 2007 012740 U1 ,

Als bevorzugt einzusetzende Brenner bieten sich spezielle HVOF- Brenner (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel = Hochgeschwindigkeitsflammspritzen) mit extrem hoher kinetischer Energie des Überschall schnellen heißen Partikelstrahls an. Bei dessen Auftragen auf der Bauteiloberfläche (Substrat, Basismaterial) kommt es zu einer starken Haftung und Verdichtung der Schicht sowie zu einer prozessbedingten Ausbildung von hohen Druckeigenspannungen in der Hartstoffschicht. Klassisch werden HVOF-Brenner mit gasförmigen Energieträgern wie z.B. Propan, Propen oder Acetylen betrieben.Preferred burners are special HVOF (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel) burners with extremely high kinetic energy of the supersonic fast hot particle jet. When applied to the component surface (substrate, base material), there is a strong adhesion and compression of the layer and to a process-related formation of high residual compressive stresses in the hard material layer. Classically, HVOF burners are used with gaseous fuels such as e.g. Propane, propene or acetylene operated.

In einer bevorzugten Anwendung wird für die hier beschriebenen ballistischen Schutzschichten ein spezielles Beschichtungsverfahren als besondere Variante aus der HVOF-Verfahrensgruppe eingesetzt, bei dem zusätzlich ein >liquid fuel<, z.B. Kerosin, als Energieträger genutzt wird (HVOLF- Brenner). Das HVOLF- Verfahren wird zur Verarbeitung der Cermets (keramische Hartstoffpartikel in metallischer Matrix), wie z.B. Cr3C2/NiCr und WC/Co, herangezogen. Vor allem die Gruppe der ultraharten WC/Co- Werkstoffe lassen sich mit dem Verfahren sehr gut verarbeiten, da die thermische Belastung des Pulvers gering gehalten werden kann.In a preferred application, a special coating method is used as a special variant of the HVOF process group for the ballistic protective layers described here, in which additionally a liquid fuel, eg kerosene, is used as energy carrier (HVOLF burner). The HVOLF process is used to process the cermets (ceramic hard material particles in metallic matrix), such as Cr 3 C 2 / NiCr and WC / Co. Above all, the group of ultra-hard WC / co-materials can be processed very well with the process, since the thermal load of the powder can be kept low.

Der Einsatz von Flüssigbrennstoff erhöht die Energiedichte in der Brennkammer und vor allem die kinetische Energie des partikelbeladenen Heißgasstrahls ohne die Gastemperatur zu erhöhen. Dabei werden Geschwindigkeiten der Pulverpartikel von bis zu 1000 m/s erreicht. Diese hohen Partikelgeschwindigkeiten führen zu sehr dichten, homogenen Schichten mit geringer Porosität bei gleichzeitig hoher Haftung am Substrat. Die Schichten weisen neben der hohen Härte eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit und Verschleißfestigkeit auf. Durch den intensiven Wärme- und Stoffübergang beim Beschichtungsprozess sowie durch den (extrem) hohen kinetischen Impact entstehen prozess- und abkühlbedingte Eigenspannungen im Schichtverbund, welche bei einer zielgerichteten Prozessführung vorteilhaft genutzt werden. Ebenso erlaubt das HVOLF- Verfahren einen hohen Werkstoffdurchsatz, d.h., eine hohe Produktionsleistung, wodurch sich das Verfahren insbesondere für großflächige Beschichtungen sowie zur Erzeugung hoher Schichtstärken eignet. Der Einsatz von intelligenten Robotersystemen und Steuerungen mit optimierten Trajektorien ermöglicht die Beschichtung von auch teilweise komplex geformten Bauteilen und gekrümmten Freiflächen.The use of liquid fuel increases the energy density in the combustion chamber and, above all, the kinetic energy of the particle-laden hot gas jet without the gas temperature increase. In this case, speeds of the powder particles of up to 1000 m / s are achieved. These high particle velocities lead to very dense, homogeneous layers with low porosity and at the same time high adhesion to the substrate. In addition to the high hardness, the layers have high corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Due to the intense heat and mass transfer in the coating process as well as the (extremely) high kinetic impact, process- and cooling-induced residual stresses develop in the laminate, which are used to advantage in a targeted process. Likewise, the HVOLF process permits a high material throughput, ie a high production output, which makes the process particularly suitable for large-area coatings and for producing high layer thicknesses. The use of intelligent robot systems and controls with optimized trajectories enables the coating of partially complex shaped components and curved open spaces.

Die eingesetzten Schichten bestehen bevorzugt aus einem möglichst hohen Anteil an keramischem Hartstoffpulver und einem geringen Anteil an metallischer oder refraktärmetallischer Bindephase, aus der eben ein bzw. der gewünschte hartzähe(r) Schichtverbund als Auflageschicht resultiert. - Eine solche Schichtzusammensetzung in Verbindung mit einer hohen Härte, einer guten Haftung und einer hohen Druckvorspannung bildet eine Kombination der Schutzschichtfunktion zum Brechen der Geschosse. Gleichzeitig schafft es, wie bereits ausgeführt, fertigungstechnisch die Möglichkeit, komplexe Bauteilgeometrien, wie Ecken, Radien, Kanten, Verrundungen etc., zuverlässig, gleichmäßig und reproduzierbar beschichten zu können.The layers used preferably consist of the highest possible proportion of ceramic hard material powder and a small proportion of metallic or refractory metal binder phase, from which just one or the desired hard-tough layer composite results as a support layer. Such a layer composition in combination with a high hardness, a good adhesion and a high compression bias forms a combination of the protective layer function for breaking the projectiles. At the same time it creates, as already stated, manufacturing technology, the ability to complex component geometries, such as corners, radii, edges, fillets, etc., reliably, evenly and reproducibly coat.

Durch die Vielfalt an möglichen Kombinationen aus Hartstoff- Schichtmaterialien und Substratmaterialien (Stähle, Sonderstähle, Leichtmetalle, Verbundwerkstoffe, Titanlegierungen, Aluminiumlegierungen, etc.) können maßgeschneiderte Lösungen für unterschiedliche Anwendungsfälle (bezogen auf den jeweiligen Schutzanspruch an das Schutzsystem selbst = Schutzlevel) und zusätzliche Gewichtseinsparungen erzielt werden.Due to the variety of possible combinations of hard material layer materials and substrate materials (steels, special steels, light metals, composites, titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, etc.) tailor-made solutions for different applications (related to the protection demand on the protection system itself = protection level) and additional weight savings be achieved.

Anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels mit Zeichnung soll die Erfindung näher erläutert werden. Es zeigt:

Fig. 1
eine einfache Darstellung eines ballistisches Schutzsystems nach der Erfindung,
Fig. 2
eine beispielhafte Abbildung eines Schichtwerkstoffs, vergrößerte Darstellung,
Fig. 3
eine allgemeine, vereinfachte Darstellung einer Vorrichtung für das Beschichten zur Schaffung des Schutzsystems nach Fig. 1.
Reference to an embodiment with drawing, the invention will be explained in more detail. It shows:
Fig. 1
a simple representation of a ballistic protection system according to the invention,
Fig. 2
an exemplary illustration of a layer material, enlarged representation,
Fig. 3
a general, simplified representation of a device for coating to create the protection system according to Fig. 1 ,

In Fig. 1 ist vereinfacht dargestellt ein Schutzsystem 1, umfassend zumindest ein Basismaterial bzw. Substrat 3, auf dem eine cermetische Schicht bzw. ein cermetischer Schichtverbund 2 aufgespritzt ist. Bereits die cermetische Schicht kann die ballistisch wirkende Schutzschicht bilden.In Fig. 1 is a simplified protection system 1, comprising at least one base material or substrate 3, on which a cermetic layer or a cermetic layer composite 2 is sprayed. Even the cermetic layer can form the ballistic protective layer.

Fig. 2 zeigt beispielhaft einen auf das Substrat 3 aufgebrachten Schichtwerkstoff 2 in einer vergrößerten Darstellung. Fig. 2 shows by way of example applied to the substrate 3 layer material 2 in an enlarged view.

Fig. 3 gibt eine vereinfacht dargestellte Vorrichtung 10 für das Beschichten des Substrates 3 an. Mit 11 ist ein HVOF- Brenner (bzw. HVOLF-Brenner) vereinfacht dargestellt, der schmelzflüssige Partikel 12 - cermetische Materialien - auf das Substrat 3 aufspritzt, die dann zu einer Schicht 2 an der Oberfläche 4 (Interface) des Substrates 3 erstarren. (Da das Erstarren im Verlaufe des Verfahrens selbst erfolgt, wurde die Schicht 2 leicht getrennt vom Substrat 3 dargestellt. In der Praxis ist jedoch die Schicht 2 direkt oder über eine Haftunterstützung auf bzw. am Substrat 3.)- Nicht näher dargestellt sind die notwendigen aber auch bekannten Kühlmittel inkl. Kreislauf / Einbindung im Brenner 11. Fig. 3 indicates a simplified illustrated device 10 for coating the substrate 3 at. 11, a HVOF burner (or HVOLF burner) is shown in simplified form, which injects molten particles 12 - cermetic materials - onto the substrate 3, which then solidify into a layer 2 on the surface 4 (interface) of the substrate 3. (Since the solidification takes place in the course of the process itself, the layer 2 was slightly separated from the substrate 3. In practice, however, the layer 2 is directly or via adhesion support on or on the substrate 3) but also known coolant incl. circulation / integration in the burner 11th

Der Ablauf des Verfahrens wird hier anhand eines HVOLF- Brenners (11) näher beschrieben:
Beim High Veloctiy Liquid Fuel - Verfahren wird zusätzlich Flüssigbrennstoff 15 neben Sauerstoff 16 in eine Brennkammer 14 des Brenners 11 eingedüst, zerstäubt und verbrennt dort zusammen mit reinem Sauerstoff. Die entstehenden Verbrennungsgase strömen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit durch eine Expansionsdüse 13 nach außen. Am Brennkammeraustritt 14' wird radial der pulverförmige Beschichtungswerkstoff 12 eingedüst 17. Aufgrund der hohen Gastemperatur kommt es dabei zum partiellen oder vollständigen Aufschmelzen der Pulverpartikel 12, die vom Gaststrom mitgerissen, beschleunigt und schließlich auf dem zu beschichtenden Bauteil (3) abgeschieden werden. Als Pulverwerkstoffe kommen beispielswiese Cr3C2/NiCr und (oder) WC/Co -Werkstoffe zum Einsatz.The procedure of the method is described in more detail here by means of a HVOLF burner (11):
In the case of the high-velocity liquid-fuel method, liquid fuel 15 in addition to oxygen 16 is injected into a combustion chamber 14 of burner 11, atomized and burnt there together with pure oxygen. The resulting combustion gases flow at high speed through an expansion nozzle 13 to the outside. The pulverulent coating material 12 is injected radially at the combustion chamber outlet 14 '. Due to the high gas temperature, the partial or complete melting of the powder particles 12 is entrained by the gas flow, accelerated and finally deposited on the component (3) to be coated. For example, Cr 3 C 2 / NiCr and (or) WC / Co materials are used as powder materials.

Das Substrat 3 (Material) und das Schichtmaterial 2 sollten vorzugsweise aufeinander abgestimmt werden. Handelt es sich beim Substratmaterial beispielsweise um Stahl, dann ist das Schichtmaterial in einer anderen Dicke aufzutragen als bei anderen Substratmaterialien. Ebenfalls zu berücksichtigen ist die Abstimmung der Prozessparameter Substrat 3 und Schichtmaterial 2. So werden die Prozessparameter für eine dickere Schicht und ein leichteres Substrat 3 anders angesetzt als für dünne Schichten und einem dichteren Material.The substrate 3 (material) and the layer material 2 should preferably be matched to one another become. For example, if the substrate material is steel, then the layer material should be applied in a different thickness than other substrate materials. Also to be considered is the coordination of the process parameters substrate 3 and layer material 2. Thus, the process parameters for a thicker layer and a lighter substrate 3 are used differently than for thin layers and a denser material.

Die cermetische Schicht bzw. der Schichtverbund 2 kann einen Anteil Hartstoffphase in Gew% von beispielsweise 60-98 betragen, der Rest ist Binderphase (Partikel 12).The cermetic layer or the layer composite 2 may be a proportion of hard material phase in% by weight of, for example, 60-98, the remainder being binder phase (particle 12).

Die Hartstoffphase kann unter anderem aus einem Carbid, wie Wolframcarbid, Chromcarbid, Titancarbid, Tantalcarbid, Niobcarbid, Vanadiumcarbid, Siliziumcarbid etc. sowie Mischungen aus diesen bestehen.The hard material phase can consist inter alia of a carbide, such as tungsten carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, vanadium carbide, silicon carbide, etc., as well as mixtures of these.

Als Binderphase bieten sich Cobalt (Co) oder Cobaltlegierungen, wie CoCr, CoCr30W12C2.5 (STELLIT), CoNi32Cr21A18Y0.5, CoMo28Cr18 (TRIBALOY), an. Neben diesen können auch Nickel (Ni) oder Nickellegierungen sowie Eisen (Fe) oder Eisenlegierungen als Binderphase eingesetzt werden. Hierzu zählen beispielsweise Ni99, NiCr13, NiCr18Al6, NiCr16Fe9, NiAl5, NiCr21Mo9Nb3 (INCOTEL) etc., bzw. FeCr13C0.5, FeNi2C0.2, FeAl10Mo1C0.2 und FeCr17Ni12Mo2Si1C.Cobalt (Co) or cobalt alloys, such as CoCr, CoCr30W12C2.5 (STELLITE), CoNi32Cr21A18Y0.5, CoMo28Cr18 (TRIBALOY), are suitable as the binder phase. Besides these, nickel (Ni) or nickel alloys as well as iron (Fe) or iron alloys can also be used as the binder phase. These include, for example, Ni99, NiCr13, NiCr18Al6, NiCr16Fe9, NiAl5, NiCr21Mo9Nb3 (INCOTEL) etc., or FeCr13C0.5, FeNi2C0.2, FeAl10Mo1C0.2 and FeCr17Ni12Mo2Si1C.

Als Haftunterstützung kann eine so genannte Haftvermittlerschicht vorgesehen werden, was aber nicht zwangsläufig Bedingung ist. So kann z.B. NiCr, NiAl und dergleichen als eine derartige Haftschicht genutzt werden. Diese Schicht dient dann dazu, dass die Schutzschicht 2 auf dem Basismaterial 3 besser haften kann, d.h., die Schicht erhöht das Haftverhalten der cermetischen Schicht 2 auf dem Basismaterial 3. Die Dicke dieser auf das Basismaterial 3 aufgebrachten Haftvermittlungsschicht kann in einem Bereich von max. wenigen hundert Mikrometern liegen, kann aber auch, wie bereits erwähnt, entfallen.As adhesion support, a so-called adhesive layer can be provided, but this is not necessarily a condition. Thus, e.g. NiCr, NiAl and the like are used as such an adhesive layer. This layer then serves to better adhere the protective layer 2 to the base material 3, that is, the layer increases the adhesion of the cermetic layer 2 to the base material 3. The thickness of this primer layer applied to the base material 3 may be in a range of max. a few hundred micrometers, but can also, as already mentioned, be omitted.

Die Oberfläche des Basismaterials 3 kann unbehandelt sein. Ist eine Vorbehandlung erwünscht, kann die Oberfläche beispielsweise durch Sandstrahlen, Wasserstrahlen, spanende Bearbeitung, Erodieren, Laserablation und / oder Laserbearbeitung etc. entsprechend vorbehandelt werden. Diese Maßnahme bewirkt eine zusätzliche Aufrauhung der Oberfläche und dient allgemein zur Förderung der mikromechanischen Verklammerung der Schichten.The surface of the base material 3 may be untreated. If a pretreatment is desired, the surface can be pretreated, for example, by sandblasting, water jetting, machining, erosion, laser ablation and / or laser processing, etc. This measure causes an additional roughening of the surface and generally serves to promote the micromechanical clamping of the layers.

Alle vorgenannten Angaben wie Menge, Zusammensetzung der einzelnen Bestandteile der Schutzschicht 2 etc. sind nicht als einschränkend zu sehen. Vielmehr ergeben sich daraus Hinweise auf weitere Materialien, Mengenverhältnisse, Dicken und Vorbehandlungsmöglichkeiten.All the above information such as amount, composition of the individual components of the protective layer 2, etc. are not to be regarded as limiting. Rather, it results Notes on other materials, ratios, thicknesses and pretreatment options.

Bevorzugt kann die thermisch aufgebrachte Schicht direkt auf die zu schützende Struktur aufgespritzt werden. Alternativ wird ein derartiges Schutzsystem 1 bzw. werden derartige Schutzsysteme 1 an dem zu schützenden Objekt (nicht näher dargestellt), lösbar befestigt, beispielsweise angeschraubt oder dergleichen. Eine Kombination der beiden Möglichkeiten erweitert das Einsatzgebiet bzw. die individuelle Anpassung des ballistischen Schutzes an die Anforderungen bzw. Gegebenheiten. Die zu schützenden Objekte / Fahrzeuge etc. können den individuellen Schutzanforderungen und im Falle einer nachträglichen Anbindung der Schutzsysteme 1 auch vor Ort angepasst werden. Durch das geringere Eigengewicht des Schutzsystems 1 können auch Anforderungen an diverse Transportbedingungen erfüllt werden. Preferably, the thermally applied layer can be sprayed directly onto the structure to be protected. Alternatively, such a protection system 1 or such protective systems 1 (not shown in detail) on the object to be protected, releasably secured, for example screwed or the like. A combination of the two possibilities extends the field of application or the individual adaptation of the ballistic protection to the requirements or conditions. The objects / vehicles etc. to be protected can be adapted to the individual protection requirements and, in the case of a subsequent connection of the protection systems 1, also on site. Due to the lower weight of the protection system 1 also requirements for various transport conditions can be met.

Claims (15)

  1. Use of a cermetic layer, applied to the base material (3) and/or on the substrate (3), as ballistic-effect protection layer (2) in a ballistic protection system (1), where the cermetic layer consists of a fraction of hard material phase and a balance of binder phase (12), where the fraction of hard material phase in wt% is 60-98, the hard material phase consists of components including a carbide, such as tungsten carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, vanadium carbide, silicon carbide, etc., and also mixtures of these, and the binder phase is suitably cobalt (Co) or cobalt alloys, nickel (Ni) or nickel alloys and iron (Fe) or iron alloys.
  2. Use of a cermetic laminate, applied to the base material (3) and/or on the substrate (3), as ballistic-effect protection layer (2) in a ballistic protection system (1), where the cermetic laminate (2) consists of a fraction of hard material phase and a balance of binder phase (12), where the fraction of hard material phase in wt% is 60-98, the hard material phase consists of components including a carbide, such as tungsten carbide, chromium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, niobium carbide, vanadium carbide, silicon carbide, etc., and also mixtures of these, and the binder phase is suitably cobalt (Co) or cobalt alloys, nickel (Ni) or nickel alloys and iron (Fe) or iron alloys.
  3. Ballistic protection system (1) using a cermetic layer, applied to the base material (3) and/or on the substrate (3), as ballistic-effect protection layer (2) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the cermetic layer is a covering layer (2).
  4. Ballistic protection system (1) using a cermetic laminate, applied to the base material (3) and/or on the substrate (3), as ballistic-effect protection layer according to Claim 2, characterized in that the cermetic laminate is a covering layer (2).
  5. Ballistic protection system (1) according to Claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the base material (3) and/or the substrate (3) consist of different or various substrate materials, such as steels, speciality steels, light metals, composite materials, titanium alloys, aluminium alloys, etc.
  6. Ballistic protection system (1) according to any of Claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the base material (3) and/or the substrate (3) are formed by complex three-dimensional component structures and/or curved surfaces.
  7. Ballistic protection system (1) according to any of Claims 3 to 6, characterized in that an adhesion promoter layer which can be applied on the base material (3) and/or on the substrate (3) may be incorporated between the cermetic layer and/or the cermetic laminate (2) and also the base material (3) and/or the substrate (3).
  8. Ballistic protection system (1) according to Claim 7, characterized in that NiCr, NiAl and the like are utilized as adhesion promoter layer.
  9. Process for producing a protection system (1) according to any of Claims 3 to 8, characterized in that an HVOF burner or HVOLF burner (11) sprays molten particles (12), cermetic materials, onto the base material or substrate (3), these particles then solidifying to form a thermokinetically deposited cermetic sprayed layer on the surface (4) of the base material or substrate (3).
  10. Process according to Claim 9, characterized in that the surface (4) of the base material (3) is untreated.
  11. Process according to Claim 10, characterized in that the surface (4) has been processed, by sandblasting, water jetting, machine cutting, eroding, laser ablation and/or laser machining, etc.
  12. Object having a protection system (1) according to any of Claims 3 to 11.
  13. Object according to Claim 12, characterized in that the protection system (1) has been sprayed directly onto the object.
  14. Object according to Claim 12, characterized in that the protection system (1) has been detachably fastened on the object to be protected.
  15. Object according to Claim 13, characterized in that the protection system (1) has been screwed onto the object.
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