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EP2497841B1 - Sn-Ag-Cu-Alloys - Google Patents

Sn-Ag-Cu-Alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2497841B1
EP2497841B1 EP11157478.6A EP11157478A EP2497841B1 EP 2497841 B1 EP2497841 B1 EP 2497841B1 EP 11157478 A EP11157478 A EP 11157478A EP 2497841 B1 EP2497841 B1 EP 2497841B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
amalgam
balls
alloy powder
indium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP11157478.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2497841A1 (en
Inventor
Olivier Hutin
Hans-Martin Ringestein
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Umicore AG and Co KG
Original Assignee
Umicore AG and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to EP11157478.6A priority Critical patent/EP2497841B1/en
Application filed by Umicore AG and Co KG filed Critical Umicore AG and Co KG
Priority to EP15179281.9A priority patent/EP2975143B1/en
Priority to BR112013022454A priority patent/BR112013022454A2/en
Priority to KR1020137026456A priority patent/KR20140018275A/en
Priority to US14/003,697 priority patent/US9263245B2/en
Priority to RU2013144956/02A priority patent/RU2013144956A/en
Priority to PCT/EP2012/053730 priority patent/WO2012119977A1/en
Priority to JP2013557061A priority patent/JP2014513205A/en
Priority to CA2829140A priority patent/CA2829140A1/en
Priority to CN201280011467.5A priority patent/CN103403200B/en
Publication of EP2497841A1 publication Critical patent/EP2497841A1/en
Priority to ZA2013/06115A priority patent/ZA201306115B/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2497841B1 publication Critical patent/EP2497841B1/en
Priority to US15/000,752 priority patent/US9659762B2/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02Details
    • H01J61/24Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel
    • H01J61/26Means for absorbing or adsorbing gas, e.g. by gettering; Means for preventing blackening of the envelope
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C13/00Alloys based on tin
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C5/00Alloys based on noble metals
    • C22C5/06Alloys based on silver
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C7/00Alloys based on mercury
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C26/00Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02Details
    • H01J61/12Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
    • H01J61/18Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having a metallic vapour as the principal constituent
    • H01J61/20Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having a metallic vapour as the principal constituent mercury vapour
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02Details
    • H01J61/38Devices for influencing the colour or wavelength of the light
    • H01J61/42Devices for influencing the colour or wavelength of the light by transforming the wavelength of the light by luminescence
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/70Lamps with low-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure < 400 Torr
    • H01J61/72Lamps with low-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure < 400 Torr having a main light-emitting filling of easily vaporisable metal vapour, e.g. mercury
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/38Exhausting, degassing, filling, or cleaning vessels
    • H01J9/395Filling vessels
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/40Closing vessels
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12049Nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12056Entirely inorganic
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/1209Plural particulate metal components

Definitions

  • Modern energy-saving lamps of the TFL (Tube Fluorescent Lamp) or CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) type belong to the low-pressure gas discharge lamps. They consist of a gas discharge flask filled with a mixture of mercury vapor and argon and internally coated with a fluorescent phosphor. The ultraviolet radiation of mercury emitted during operation is converted from fluorescence coating to visible light by the phosphor coating. The lamps are therefore also referred to as fluorescent lamps. Tanning and disinfection lamps work on the same principle, but are optimized for the emission of UV radiation and usually have no phosphor.
  • the US 4,145,634 describes the use of Amalgampellets with 36 at% indium, which contain high liquid content even at room temperature because of the high mercury content.
  • the pellets tend to stick together when they get in contact with each other. By coating the pellets with suitable materials in powder form, this can be prevented.
  • Stable metal oxides titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide
  • graphite glass powder
  • phosphors phosphors
  • borax antimony oxide and metal powders that do not form an amalgam with mercury (aluminum, iron and chromium) are suggested.
  • the WO 94/18692 describes the use of pellets of zinc amalgam with 5 to 60, preferably 40 to 60 wt.%, of mercury.
  • For the production of spheroid Amalgampellets is in the US 4,216,178 described method in which the molten amalgam by a vibrationally excited outlet nozzle in split small drops and cooled in a cooling medium below the solidification temperature.
  • the pellets are in accordance with WO 94/18692 not coated.
  • amalgam beads from the melt the amalgam must be heated to a temperature at which the amalgam is completely melted out. This is guaranteed with a zinc amalgam only at a temperature above 420 ° C with certainty. These high processing temperatures necessitate corresponding safety precautions because of the high mercury vapor pressure due to the toxicity of mercury.
  • the JP 2000251836 describes the use of amalgam zinc amalgam pellets for the production of fluorescent lamps.
  • the tin amalgam preferably has only a low mercury content with a tin / mercury atomic ratio of between 90-80: 10-20. This corresponds to a mercury content of 15.8 to 29.7 wt.%.
  • the JP 2000251836 Does not give any information about how the amalgam spherical pellets are made.
  • EP 2145028 shows amalgam balls with higher mercury content, which, however, tend to stick. This problem is reduced by a proposed coating of the amalgam balls with an amalgam-forming metal powder.
  • amalgam balls wherein the balls are coated with an alloy powder, wherein the alloy powder is the composition Silver (Ag) 24% to 75% by weight. Copper (Cu) 5 wt% to 43 wt% or 20 wt% to 30 wt%, tin (Sn) 10 wt% to 48 wt%. Zinc (Zn) 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight.
  • Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold.
  • Palladium and platinum (AulPd / Pt) individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt.% To 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-% , or the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, tin (Sn) 0 wt .-% to 35 wt .%, Zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%.
  • Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight , or the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight tin (Sn) 0% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc ( Zn) 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight.
  • Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper Cu) 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) 0% by weight to 35% by weight , Zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%.
  • Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0.1 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% , wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%, or the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt% to 72 wt%. Copper (Cu) 12.5% to 28% by weight.
  • the amalgam beads according to the invention are amalgams of the metals tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), bismuth (Bi), indium (In) and their alloys with each other.
  • these are amalgams with a mercury content between 30 and 70 wt .-%, in further embodiments of the invention have 40 to 60 and in particular from 40 to 55 wt .-% mercury content.
  • Amalgam spheres containing these mercury contents are in particular tin amalgam spheres, but also zinc amalgam spheres, ie SnHg30 to SnHg70, or SnHg40 to SnHg60, or SnHg45 to SnHg55 or SnHg50 or ZnHg30 to ZnHg70, or ZnHg40 to ZnHg60, or ZnHg45 to ZnHg55, or Bi ad 100% by weight, 10% by weight to 30% by weight, Sn 10% by weight to 40% by weight of mercury (BiSn10-30Hg10-40).
  • amalgam spheres which contain far smaller quantities of mercury, such as amalgams of bismuth, indium or mixtures thereof and mercury.
  • the proportions of the metals of the alloy complement each other to 100 wt .-%.
  • amalgam spheres with diameters between 50 ⁇ m and 3000 ⁇ m, in particular 100 ⁇ m to 2500 ⁇ m, or 200 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m or between 500 ⁇ m and 1500 ⁇ m are particularly suitable.
  • the alloy powder used for the coating should contain less or no particles with a core diameter greater than 100 microns. Particles with larger grain diameters only partially amalgamate and phillluen to a rough surface of the balls, which makes it difficult to meter the balls. It is better in this aspect to use an alloy powder whose powder particles have a particle diameter of less than 80 microns. In addition, alloy powders having an average particle diameter d 50 of 2 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m or of 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m or of 2 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m or of 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m or of 2 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m are well suited. No special requirements are placed on the shape of the powder particles in general, so that spherical, angular, platelet-shaped flake-shaped, needle-shaped, granular alloy powders or combinations thereof can be used.
  • the alloy powders have the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, tin (Sn) 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-%, zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%, indium (In) 0.1 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%.
  • the alloy powders have the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, Zim (Sn) 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-%, zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%, indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0.1 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%.
  • the alloy powders have the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, tin (Sn) 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-%, zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%, indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 1 wt .-% to 8 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%.
  • Suitable combinations of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum are described in Table 1 below.
  • Suitable compositions of the alloy powders are listed in the following Tables 3, 12 and 15, where also the copper and silver contents are given. Individual combinations are designated by the number of the table followed by the number of the respective combination of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination) from Table 1.
  • the alloy composition 3.013 means the combination of Elements silver, zinc, indium and also gold, palladium and platinum as in Table 1, Item No.
  • Table 3 consists of 12 alloy compositions 3.013 to 3.024, wherein the contents of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination with each other) in weight percent are given in Table 1, respectively, and the contents of tin (Sn) are 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-% and copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-% amount and the proportions of the metals add up to 100 wt .-%.
  • Table 12 consists of 24 alloy compositions 12.001 to 12.024, wherein the contents of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination with each other) in weight percent are given in Table 1, respectively, and the contents of tin (Sn) are 10 Wt .-% to 48 wt .-% and copper (Cu) 5 wt .-% to 43 wt .-% amount and the proportions of the metals to 100 wt .-% complementary.
  • Table 15 consists of 12 alloy compositions 15.013 to 15.024, wherein the contents of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination with each other) in weight percent are given in Table 1, respectively, and the contents of tin (Sn) are 20 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-% and copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-% amount and the proportions of the metals add up to 100 wt .-%.
  • compositions of the alloy powders can be found in Tables 3, 12 and 15, to which Table 20 refers.
  • Individual combinations are designated with the number of Table 20, followed by the number of the respective combination of amalgam, ball diameter and the coating table to be applied.
  • the combination 20.005 means the combination of a binary Zinnamalgams with 30 to 70 wt .-% mercury and a diameter of 50 to 2000 microns with the coatings of Table 15.
  • the amalgam balls can after a in the EP 1381485 B1 described method are prepared from a melt of the amalgam.
  • the completely melted amalgam is dropped into a cooling medium having a temperature below the solidification temperature of the amalgam.
  • the temperature of the cooling medium is 10 to 20 ° C below the liquidus temperature of the amalgam.
  • the melted amalgam is dripped into the cooling medium via a vibrating nozzle, wherein in a further embodiment of the invention the nozzle is immersed in the cooling medium.
  • the effort to ensure job security in the production of amalgam balls is therefore significantly reduced.
  • Another advantage is that Zinnamalgame completely melt at temperatures below 230 ° C.
  • the kithl medium used is preferably a mineral, an organic or a synthetic oil.
  • Well proven has a silicone oil. After formation of the amalgam beads in the cooling medium, they are separated from the cooling medium and degreased.
  • the balls can be presented after degreasing, for example in a rotating vessel and sprinkled with constant circulation with the metal or alloy powder until no sticking of the balls is more noticeable.
  • Well suitable devices for carrying out this method step are e.g. V-Blender, Tubularmixer or Dragierkessel.
  • the amount of metal or alloy powder applied here to the amalgam beads is between 1 and 10, preferably between 2 and 4,% by weight, based on the weight of the amalgam beads.
  • a further reduction in the tendency to sticking is obtained when the amalgam spheres are additionally coated, after coating with the metal or alloy powder, with a powder of a metal oxide in an amount of 0.001 to 1, preferably 0.01 to 0.5 and in particular in an amount of 0, 1 wt.%, Based on the weight of the amalgam balls are coated.
  • a powder of a metal oxide in an amount of 0.001 to 1, preferably 0.01 to 0.5 and in particular in an amount of 0, 1 wt.%, Based on the weight of the amalgam balls are coated.
  • Suitable metal oxides for this coating are, for example, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide and alumina.
  • Preference is given to using an aluminum oxide produced by flame pyrolysis with an average particle size of less than 5, preferably less than 1 micron.
  • the coating of the amalgam balls thus takes place in that the amalgam beads are degreased after separation from the cooling medium and sprinkled at room temperature with constant circulation with an alloy powder described above until no sticking of the balls is more detectable.
  • a further reduction in the tendency to sticking can be achieved by additionally coating the amalgam balls with a powder of a metal oxide in a further step.
  • a further reduction in the tendency to sticking can be achieved by subjecting the amalgam balls to a heat treatment after being sprinkled with alloy powder be subjected. This heat treatment can be carried out by tempering the amalgam beads at a temperature of 35 ° C to 100 ° C for a period of 2 to 20 hours.
  • one of the steps selected from the group consisting of sprinkling the amalgam spheres with alloy powder, coating with a metal oxide, or heat treating the amalgam spheres may be repeated.
  • the desired coating with alloy powder or metal oxide is not achieved in one step, but it is applied in a first step, the alloy powder and (optionally after the separation of excess alloy powder) in a further step again coated with an alloy powder, as above described.
  • metal oxide can also be applied in several steps.
  • the alloy powders or metal oxides which are applied in the various steps may be the same or different, so that multilayer coatings, if appropriate also alternating alloy powder and metal oxide layers are obtainable, whereby the alloy powders and metal oxide may each differ from one another.
  • a coating with two different alloy powders according to the invention thus also exists if, for example, in a first step, a coating with an alloy powder having an average particle diameter d 50 of 50 microns and in a subsequent step, a coating with an alloy powder of the same chemical composition and a mean particle diameter dso of 15 microns are applied.
  • the amalgam spheres coated with alloy powder according to the invention are provided as described above.
  • the glass body of the gas discharge or fluorescent lamp is in the simplest case a glass tube, which can be bent one or more times and often has a diameter of about 4 mm to 80 mm, in particular from 6 mm to 40 mm.
  • a simple, straight glass tube can be used, for energy-saving lamps usually multi-curved glass tubes are used with a diameter of 4 to 10 mm.
  • the amalgam beads according to the invention are then introduced into the glass tube. These are usually placed at certain locations, which are provided with a receptacle for the amalgam balls or fixed at a designated location, so that the amalgam remain in this place. At this location, the amalgam balls can also be heated during the later use of the fluorescent lamp.
  • the introduction can also be done by fixing the amalgam ball or amalgam balls according to the invention in the receptacle and then introduced.
  • the recording can also be a part which is attached to or in the fluorescent lamp, such as a closure for the glass body.
  • the desired atmosphere is then produced in the glass body, if not already done, which can be effected, for example, by purging with a gas (such as argon), evacuating the glass body, or a combination thereof.
  • a gas such as argon
  • evacuating the glass body or a combination thereof.
  • For the production of visible light of the glass body be provided with a fluorescent phosphor. As phosphors, calcium halophosphates are often used. The procedure in detail for this purpose is known to the person skilled in the art and is generally carried out in the case of fluorescent lamps.
  • Post-processing may include several subsequent steps, such as cleaning, providing electrical contacts or sockets, or mounting a clarifier container. These options for post-processing are known as such and include, for example, steps such as post-cleaning, attaching contacts or sockets or even attaching electrical and / or electronic components, such as the attachment of ballasts.
  • the present invention also relates to amalgam beads which are coated with an alloy powder according to the invention, even if these amalgam balls without coating are not prone to stick together.
  • the invention therefore also relates to a method of controlling the reabsorption of mercury in amalgam spheres by coating the amalgam spheres with an alloy powder having a composition as described above.
  • the powder layers applied to the amalgam balls improve the handling of the amalgam balls with dosing machines.
  • the amalgam spheres can be on average for up to three hours at room temperature before they are filled in a fluorescent lamp. It has been shown that the amalgam spheres according to the invention survive the average residence time of 24 hours at temperatures of up to 40 ° C in dosing without complaint.
  • Amalgam spheres of the compositions specified below are prepared with a diameter of about 1 mm ⁇ 0.1 mm, classified and coated after degreasing with an alloy powder indicated in the table by a one-minute circulation in a tubular mixer.
  • the service life is evaluated in accordance with the scheme given below, each determining the time at which production had to be interrupted either due to sticking of the balls or if such a large amount of dissolved alloy powder contamination is detected by visual inspection that there is a break for cleaning of the dosing machine and the loading of new amalgam balls is required.
  • ad 100 50 0 44.5 30 26.5 - Second ad 100 50 ++ 70 12 18 - Third ad 100 50 0 43.1 26.1 30.8 - 4th ad 100 50 ++ 69.3 10.9 19.4 Zn: 0.4 5th ad 100 50 0 42 26 32 - 6th ad 100 60 + 50 20 30 - 7th ad 100 50 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 8th.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)

Description

Moderne Energiesparlampen vom TFL- (Tube Fluorescent Lamp) oder CFL-Typ (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) gehören zu den Niederdruck-Gasentladungslampen. Sie bestehen aus einem Gasentladungskolben, der mit einer Mischung aus Quecksilberdampf und Argon befüllt und innen mit einem fluoreszierenden Leuchtstoff beschichtet ist. Die im Betrieb emittierte Ultraviolettstrahlung des Quecksilbers wird von der Leuchtstoff-Beschichtung durch Fluoreszenz in sichtbares Licht umgewandelt. Die Lampen werden daher auch als Fluoreszenzlampen bezeichnet. Bräunungs- und Entkeimungslampen funktionieren nach dem gleichen Prinzip, sind jedoch auf die Emission von UV-Strahlung optimiert und weisen meist keinen Leuchtstoff auf.Modern energy-saving lamps of the TFL (Tube Fluorescent Lamp) or CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) type belong to the low-pressure gas discharge lamps. They consist of a gas discharge flask filled with a mixture of mercury vapor and argon and internally coated with a fluorescent phosphor. The ultraviolet radiation of mercury emitted during operation is converted from fluorescence coating to visible light by the phosphor coating. The lamps are therefore also referred to as fluorescent lamps. Tanning and disinfection lamps work on the same principle, but are optimized for the emission of UV radiation and usually have no phosphor.

Das für den Betrieb dieser Lampen benötigte Quecksilber wurde früher als flüssiges Metall in die Gasentladungskolben dosiert. Seit langem ist es jedoch bekannt, das Quecksilber in Form von Amalgamkugeln in die Gasentladungskolben einzubringen. Dies erleichtert die Handhabung des toxischen Quecksilbers und erhöht die Genauigkeit der Dosierung.The mercury required for the operation of these lamps was previously metered as liquid metal in the gas discharge flask. For a long time, however, it has been known to introduce the mercury in the form of amalgam balls into the gas discharge pistons. This facilitates the handling of the toxic mercury and increases the accuracy of the dosage.

Die US 4,145,634 beschreibt die Verwendung von Amalgampellets mit 36 Atom-% Indium, die wegen des hohen Quecksilbergehalts schon bei Raumtemperatur hohe flüssige Anteile enthalten. Die Pellets neigen daher zum Verkleben, wenn sie untereinander Kontakt bekommen. Durch Beschichten der Pellets mit geeigneten Materialien in Pulverform kann das verhindert werden. Vorgeschlagen werden stabile Metalloxide (Titanoxid, Zirkonoxid, Siliziumdioxid, Magnesiumoxid und Aluminumoxid), Graphit, Glaspulver, Phosphore, Borax, Antimonoxid und Metallpulver, die kein Amalgam mit Quecksilber bilden (Aluminium, Eisen und Chrom).The US 4,145,634 describes the use of Amalgampellets with 36 at% indium, which contain high liquid content even at room temperature because of the high mercury content. The pellets tend to stick together when they get in contact with each other. By coating the pellets with suitable materials in powder form, this can be prevented. Stable metal oxides (titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide), graphite, glass powder, phosphors, borax, antimony oxide and metal powders that do not form an amalgam with mercury (aluminum, iron and chromium) are suggested.

Die WO 94/18692 beschreibt die Verwendung von Pellets aus Zinkamalgam mit 5 bis 60, bevorzugt 40 bis 60 Gew.%, Quecksilber. Zur Fertigung von sphäroidalen Amalgampellets wird das in der US 4,216,178 beschriebene Verfahren verwendet, bei dem das geschmolzene Amalgam durch eine zu Vibrationen angeregte Auslaufdüse in kleine Tropfen zerteilt und in einem Kühlmedium unter die Erstarrungstemperatur abgekühlt wird. Die Pellets werden gemäß der WO 94/18692 nicht beschichtet.The WO 94/18692 describes the use of pellets of zinc amalgam with 5 to 60, preferably 40 to 60 wt.%, of mercury. For the production of spheroid Amalgampellets is in the US 4,216,178 described method in which the molten amalgam by a vibrationally excited outlet nozzle in split small drops and cooled in a cooling medium below the solidification temperature. The pellets are in accordance with WO 94/18692 not coated.

Zur Herstellung von Amalgatnkugeln aus der Schmelze muß das Amalgam auf eine Temperatur erwärmt werden, bei der das Amalgam vollständig ausgeschmolzen ist. Das ist bei einem Zinkamalgam erst bei einer Temperatur oberhalb von 420 °C mit Sicherheit gewährleistet. Diese hohen Verarbeitungstemperaturen machen wegen des damit verbundenen hohen Dampfdrucks von Quecksilber entsprechende Sicherheitsvorkehrungen wegen der Toxizitlit des Quecksilbers notwendig.For the production of amalgam beads from the melt, the amalgam must be heated to a temperature at which the amalgam is completely melted out. This is guaranteed with a zinc amalgam only at a temperature above 420 ° C with certainty. These high processing temperatures necessitate corresponding safety precautions because of the high mercury vapor pressure due to the toxicity of mercury.

Die JP 2000251836 beschreibt für die Herstellung von Fluoreszenzlampen die Verwendung von Amalgampellets aus Zinkamalgam. Das Zinnamalgam weist bevorzugt nur einen geringen Quecksilbergehalt auf mit einem Zinn/Quecksilber-Atomverhältnis zwischen 90-80 : 10-20. Dies entspricht einem Quecksilbergehalt von 15,8 bis 29,7 Gew.%. Die JP 2000251836 macht keine Angaben darüber, wie aus dem Amalgam kugelförmige Pellets hergestellt werden.The JP 2000251836 describes the use of amalgam zinc amalgam pellets for the production of fluorescent lamps. The tin amalgam preferably has only a low mercury content with a tin / mercury atomic ratio of between 90-80: 10-20. This corresponds to a mercury content of 15.8 to 29.7 wt.%. The JP 2000251836 Does not give any information about how the amalgam spherical pellets are made.

Nachteilig bei dem in der JP 2000251836 beschriebenen Zinnamalgam ist der geringe Quecksilbergehalt. Das macht relativ große Amalgamkugeln notwendig, wenn eine bestimmte Menge von Quecksilber in die Entladungslampen eingebracht werden soll. Wegen der auch bei Energiesparlampen zunehmenden Miniaturisierung kann dies zu Problemen bei der Konstruktion und Fertigung der Lampen führen,A disadvantage of the in the JP 2000251836 Zinnamalgam described is the low mercury content. This makes relatively large amalgam balls necessary if a certain amount of mercury is to be introduced into the discharge lamps. Because of the increasing miniaturization even in energy-saving lamps, this can lead to problems in the design and manufacture of the lamps,

EP 2145028 zeigt Amalgamkugeln mit höherem Quecksilbergehalt, welche jedoch zum Verkleben neigen. Dieses Problem wird durch eine vorgeschlagene Beschichtung der Amalgamkugeln mit einem amalgambildenden Metallpulver reduziert. EP 2145028 shows amalgam balls with higher mercury content, which, however, tend to stick. This problem is reduced by a proposed coating of the amalgam balls with an amalgam-forming metal powder.

Es ist daher eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, Amalgamkugeln bereit zu stellen, die einen hohen Quecksilbergehalt aufweisen, olme Gefährdung der menschlichen Gesundheit sicher gelagert und bei der Herstellung von Niederdruck-Gasentladungslampen wie Energiesparlampen eingesetzt werden können und die verbesserte Eigenschaften hinsichtlich ihrer Neigung zum Verkleben aufweisen.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide amalgam pellets which have a high mercury content, can safely be stored in the risk of human health and can be used in the production of low-pressure gas discharge lamps such as energy-saving lamps and which have improved properties with regard to their tendency to stick together.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch Amalgamkugeln, wobei die Kugeln mit einem Legierungspulver beschichtet sind, wobei das Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 24 Gew.-% bis 75 Gew.-%. Kupfer (Cu) 5 Gew.-% bis 43 Gew.-% oder 20 Gew.-% bis 30 Gew.%, Zinn (Sn) 10 Gew.-% bis 48 Gew.%. Zink (Zn) 0.1 Gew.% bis 3 Gew.%. Indium (In) 0.1 Gew.% bis 5 Gew.% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0,1 Gew.% bis 5 Gew.-% aufweist, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.% ergänzen, oder
das Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.% bis 28 Gew.-%. Zinn (Sn) 20 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%. Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%. Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold. Palladium und Platin (AulPd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.% bis 5 Gew.-% aufweist, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen, oder
das Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%. Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% aufweist, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen, oder
das Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12.5 Gew.% bis 28 Gew.% Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.%, Zink (Zn) 0.1 Gew.% bis 3 Gew.-%. Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% aufweist, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen, oder
das Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer Cu) 12.5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%. Indium (In) 0,1 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.% aufweist, wobei sich die Mengenanteil der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen, oder
das Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%. Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0,1 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% aufweist, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen, oder
das Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%. Kupfer (Cu) 12.5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%. Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 1 Gew.% bis 8 Gew.-% aufweiset, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.% ergänzen. besitzt.
This object is achieved by amalgam balls, wherein the balls are coated with an alloy powder, wherein the alloy powder is the composition Silver (Ag) 24% to 75% by weight. Copper (Cu) 5 wt% to 43 wt% or 20 wt% to 30 wt%, tin (Sn) 10 wt% to 48 wt%. Zinc (Zn) 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight. Indium (In) 0.1 wt.% To 5 wt.% And gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0.1 wt.% To 5 wt .-%, wherein add the proportions of metals to a total of 100 wt.%, or
the alloy powder has the composition of silver (Ag) 56 wt% to 72 wt%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt% to 28 wt%. Tin (Sn) 20 wt% to 35 wt%. Zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%. Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold. Palladium and platinum (AulPd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt.% To 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-% , or
the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, tin (Sn) 0 wt .-% to 35 wt .%, Zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%. Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight , or
the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight tin (Sn) 0% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc ( Zn) 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight. Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or
the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper Cu) 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) 0% by weight to 35% by weight , Zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%. Indium (In) 0.1 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt%, wherein the proportion of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%, or
the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, tin (Sn) 0 wt .-% to 35 wt .%, Zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%. Indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0.1 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% , wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%, or
the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt% to 72 wt%. Copper (Cu) 12.5% to 28% by weight. Tin (Sn) 0 wt% to 35 wt%, zinc (Zn) 0 wt% to 3 wt%, indium (In) 0 wt% to 5 wt%, and gold, Palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 1 wt.% To 8 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt.%. has.

Detaillierte Beschreibung der ErfindungDetailed description of the invention

Die Amalgankugeln gemäß der Erfindung sind Amalgame der Metalle Zinn (Sn), Zink (Zn), Wismut (Bi), Indium (In) und deren Legierungen miteinander. Insbesondere sind dies Amalgame mit einem Quecksilbergehalt zwischen 30 und 70 Gew.-%, in weiteren Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung weisen mit 40 bis 60 und insbesondere von 40 bis 55 Gew.-% Quecksilbergehalt. Bei Amalgamkugeln mit diesen Quecksilbergehalten handelt es sich insbesondere um Zinnamalgamkugeln, aber auch um Zinkamalgamkugeln, also SnHg30 bis SnHg70, oder SnHg40 bis SnHg60, oder SnHg45 bis SnHg55 oder SnHg50 oder ZnHg30 bis ZnHg70, oder ZnHg40 bis ZnHg60, oder ZnHg45 bis ZnHg55, oder Bi ad 100 Gew.-%, 10 Gew.-% bis 30 Gew.-%, Sn 10 Gew.-% bis 40 Gew.-% Quecksilber (BiSn10-30Hg10-40). Die Problematik der Erfindung tritt aber auch bei anderen Amalgamkugeln auf, die weitaus geringere Quecksilbermengen beinhalten, wie Amalgame von Wismut, Indium oder deren Mischungen und Quecksilber. Hierbei handelt es sich insbesondere um Amalgamkugeln der Zusammensetzung Bi ad 100 Gew.-%, In 25 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Hg 1 Gew.-% bis 20 Gew.%, oder Bi ad 100 Gew.%, In 29 Gew.-% bis 32 Gew.-%, Hg 2 Gew.-% bis 8 Gew.-%, wie beispielsweise BiIn29Hg3,5, BiIn29Hg5 oder BiIn32Hg3,5 oder auch Wismutamalgame mit 3 Gew.-% bis 30 Gew.-% Quecksilbergehalt (BiHg3 bis BiHg30). Die Anteile der Metalle der Legierung ergänzen sich jeweils zu 100 Gew.-%.The amalgam beads according to the invention are amalgams of the metals tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), bismuth (Bi), indium (In) and their alloys with each other. In particular, these are amalgams with a mercury content between 30 and 70 wt .-%, in further embodiments of the invention have 40 to 60 and in particular from 40 to 55 wt .-% mercury content. Amalgam spheres containing these mercury contents are in particular tin amalgam spheres, but also zinc amalgam spheres, ie SnHg30 to SnHg70, or SnHg40 to SnHg60, or SnHg45 to SnHg55 or SnHg50 or ZnHg30 to ZnHg70, or ZnHg40 to ZnHg60, or ZnHg45 to ZnHg55, or Bi ad 100% by weight, 10% by weight to 30% by weight, Sn 10% by weight to 40% by weight of mercury (BiSn10-30Hg10-40). However, the problem of the invention also occurs in other amalgam spheres, which contain far smaller quantities of mercury, such as amalgams of bismuth, indium or mixtures thereof and mercury. These are in particular amalgam spheres of the composition Bi ad 100 wt .-%, In 25 wt .-% to 35 wt .-%, Hg 1 wt .-% to 20 wt.%, Or bi ad 100 wt.%, In 29 wt .-% to 32 wt .-%, Hg 2 wt .-% to 8 wt .-%, such as BiIn29Hg3,5, BiIn29Hg5 or BiIn32Hg3,5 or bismuth amalgam with 3 wt .-% to 30 wt. -% mercury content (BiHg3 to BiHg30). The proportions of the metals of the alloy complement each other to 100 wt .-%.

Für die Zwecke der Erfindung sind Amalgamkugeln mit Durchmessern zwischen 50 µm und 3000 µm , insbesondere 100 µm bis 2500 µm, oder 200 µm bis 2000 µm oder zwischen 500 µm und 1500 µm besonders geeignet.For the purposes of the invention, amalgam spheres with diameters between 50 μm and 3000 μm, in particular 100 μm to 2500 μm, or 200 μm to 2000 μm or between 500 μm and 1500 μm are particularly suitable.

Es hat sich gezeigt, daß auf der Oberfläche der so hergestellten Amalgamkugeln flüssige Phasen auftreten, so daß die Kugeln bei Lagerung und Handhabung miteinander verkleben, wenn keine Maßnahmen dagegen unternommen werden. Die Neigung der Amalgamkugeln zum Verkleben kann weitgehend unterbunden werden, wenn die entfetteten Kugeln mit einem Legierungspulver gemäß der Erfindung beschichtet werden. Die Legierungspulver bilden dabei in der Regel mit dem Quecksilber ein Amalgam. Durch die Amalgamierung des Legierungspulvers bildet sich auf den Kugeln eine Oberflächensehicht mit einem geringen Quecksilbergehalt aus, die bei den üblichen Verarbeitungstemperaturen der Atnalgamkugeln keine fltissigen Phasen mehr enthält und somit die Klebeneigung im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Kugeln unterbindet.It has been found that liquid phases occur on the surface of the amalgam beads thus produced, so that the balls stick together during storage and handling, if no measures are taken against it. The inclination of the amalgam beads for bonding can be largely suppressed when the degreased balls are coated with an alloy powder according to the invention. The alloy powders usually form an amalgam with the mercury. Due to the amalgamation of the alloy powder, a surface appearance with a low mercury content is formed on the spheres, which no longer contains any liquid phases at the usual processing temperatures of the dental amalgam balls and thus prevents the tendency to adhere in comparison to untreated spheres.

Das für die Beschichtung eingesetzte Legierungspulver sollte weniger oder keine Teilchen mit einem Kerndurchmesser größer als 100 µm enthalten. Teilchen mit größeren Korndurchmessern amalgamieren nur unvollständig und füluen zu einer rauhen Oberfläche der Kugeln, die eine Dosierung der Kugeln erschwert. Besser ist in diesem Aspekt ein Legierungspulver zu verwenden, dessen Pulverteilchen einen Korndurchmesser von kleiner als 80 µm aufweisen. Außerdem sind Legierungspulver mit einem mittleren Teilchendurchmesser d50 von 2 µm bis 20 µm oder von 5 µm bis 15 µm oder von 2 µm bis 15 µm oder von 5 µm bis 20 µm oder von 2 µm bis 5 µm gut geeignet. An die Form der Pulverteilchen werden im Allgemeinen keine besonderen Anforderungen gestellt, so daß sphärische, winklige, plättchenförmige flockenförmige, nadelförinige, körnige Legierungspulver oder deren Kombinationen verwendet werden können.The alloy powder used for the coating should contain less or no particles with a core diameter greater than 100 microns. Particles with larger grain diameters only partially amalgamate and fülluen to a rough surface of the balls, which makes it difficult to meter the balls. It is better in this aspect to use an alloy powder whose powder particles have a particle diameter of less than 80 microns. In addition, alloy powders having an average particle diameter d 50 of 2 μm to 20 μm or of 5 μm to 15 μm or of 2 μm to 15 μm or of 5 μm to 20 μm or of 2 μm to 5 μm are well suited. No special requirements are placed on the shape of the powder particles in general, so that spherical, angular, platelet-shaped flake-shaped, needle-shaped, granular alloy powders or combinations thereof can be used.

Als für die Legierungspulver geeignete Metalle haben sich die folgenden Legierungen erwiesen:

  • Silber (Ag) 24 Gew.-% bis 75 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 5 Gew.-% bis 43 Gew.-% oder 20 Gew.-% bis 30 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 10 Gew.-% bis 48 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0,1 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0,1 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0,1 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-%, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen;
  • Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 20 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-%, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen;
  • Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-%, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen;
  • Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0,1 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-%, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen.
Suitable metals for the alloy powders have been found to be the following alloys:
  • Silver (Ag) 24% by weight to 75% by weight, copper (Cu) 5% by weight to 43% by weight or 20% by weight to 30% by weight, tin (Sn) 10% by weight % to 48% by weight, zinc (Zn) 0.1% to 3% by weight, indium (In) 0.1% to 5% by weight, and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, the proportions of the metals totaling 100% by weight being complementary;
  • Silver (Ag) 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) 20% by weight to 35% by weight, Zinc (Zn) 0 wt% to 3 wt%, indium (In) 0 wt% to 5 wt%, and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt) individually or in combination with each other , from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%;
  • Silver (Ag) 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) 0% by weight to 35% by weight, Zinc (Zn) 0 wt% to 3 wt%, indium (In) 0 wt% to 5 wt%, and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt) individually or in combination with each other , from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%;
  • Silver (Ag) 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) 0% by weight to 35% by weight, Zinc (Zn) 0.1 wt% to 3 wt%, indium (In) 0 wt% to 5 wt%, and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), singly or in Combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%.

In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung weisen die Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0,1 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% auf, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen.In a further embodiment of the invention, the alloy powders have the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, tin (Sn) 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-%, zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%, indium (In) 0.1 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%.

In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung weisen die Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zim (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 0,1 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% auf, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen.In a further embodiment of the invention, the alloy powders have the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, Zim (Sn) 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-%, zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%, indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 0.1 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%.

In einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung weisen die Legierungspulver die Zusammensetzung Silber (Ag) 56 Gew.-% bis 72 Gew.-%, Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-%, Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-%, Zink (Zn) 0 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, Indium (In) 0 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-% und Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt), einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander, von 1 Gew.-% bis 8 Gew.-% auf, wobei sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu insgesamt 100 Gew.-% ergänzen.In a further embodiment of the invention, the alloy powders have the composition silver (Ag) 56 wt .-% to 72 wt .-%, copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-%, tin (Sn) 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-%, zinc (Zn) 0 wt .-% to 3 wt .-%, indium (In) 0 wt .-% to 5 wt .-% and gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt), individually or in combination with each other, from 1 wt .-% to 8 wt .-%, wherein the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100 wt .-%.

Geeignete Kombinationen der Elemente Silber, Zink, Indium und Gold, Palladium und Platin (einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander) sind in der folgenden Tabelle 1 beschrieben. Geeignete Zusammensetzungen der Legierungspulver sind in den folgenden Tabellen 3, 12 und 15 aufgerührt, wo auch die Kupfer- und Silbergehalte angegeben sind. Einzelne Kombinationen werden bezeichnet mit der der Nummer der Tabelle, gefolgt von der Nummer der jeweiligen Kombination der Elemente Silber, Zink, Indium sowie Gold, Palladium und Platin (einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander) aus Tabelle 1. Beispielsweise bedeutet die Legierungszusammensetzung 3.013 die Kombination der Elemente Silber, Zink, Indium sowie Gold, Palladium und Platin wie in Tabelle 1, Position Nr. 13 (also 56 bis 72 Gew.-% Silber, 0 bis 3 Gew.-% Zink, 0 bis 5 Gew.-% Indium, 0 bis 5 Gew.-% Gold, Palladium und Platin) mit den in Tabelle 3 angegebenen Gehalten von Kupfer und Silber. Silber (Ag) Gew.-% Zink (Zn) Gew.-% Indium (In) Gew.-% Gold, Palladium und Platin (Au/Pd/Pt) Gew.-% 1. 24 bis 75 0 bis 3 0 bis 5 0 bis 5 2. 24 bis 75 0 bis 3 0 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 3. 24 bis 75 0 bis 3 0 bis 5 1 bis 8 4. 24 bis 75 0 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0 bis 5 5. 24 bis 75 0 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 6. 24 bis 75 0 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 1 bis 8 7. 24 bis 75 0,1 bis 3 0 bis 5 0 bis 5 8. 24 bis 75 0,1 bis 3 0 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 9. 24 bis 75 0,1 bis 3 0 bis 5 1 bis 8 10. 24 bis 75 0,1 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0 bis 5 11. 24 bis 75 0,1 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 12. 24 bis 75 0,1 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 1 bis 8 13. 56 bis 72 0 bis 3 0 bis 5 0 bis 5 14. 56 bis 72 0 bis 3 0 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 15. 56 bis 72 0 bis 3 0 bis 5 1 bis 8 16. 56 bis 72 0 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0 bis 5 17. 56 bis 72 0 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 18. 56 bis 72 0 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 1 bis 8 19. 56 bis 72 0,1 bis 3 0 bis 5 0 bis 5 20. 56 bis 72 0,1 bis 3 0 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 21. 56 bis 72 0,1 bis 3 0 bis 5 1 bis 8 22. 56 bis 72 0,1 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0 bis 5 23. 56 bis 72 0,1 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 0,1 bis 5 24. 56 bis 72 0,1 bis 3 0,1 bis 5 1 bis 8 Suitable combinations of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination with each other) are described in Table 1 below. Suitable compositions of the alloy powders are listed in the following Tables 3, 12 and 15, where also the copper and silver contents are given. Individual combinations are designated by the number of the table followed by the number of the respective combination of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination) from Table 1. For example, the alloy composition 3.013 means the combination of Elements silver, zinc, indium and also gold, palladium and platinum as in Table 1, Item No. 13 (ie 56 to 72% by weight of silver, 0 to 3% by weight of zinc, 0 to 5% by weight of indium, 0 to 5% by weight of gold, palladium and platinum) having the contents of copper and silver shown in Table 3. Silver (Ag) wt% Zinc (Zn) wt% Indium (In) wt% Gold, palladium and platinum (Au / Pd / Pt) wt% 1. 24 to 75 0 to 3 0 to 5 0 to 5 Second 24 to 75 0 to 3 0 to 5 0.1 to 5 Third 24 to 75 0 to 3 0 to 5 1 to 8 4th 24 to 75 0 to 3 0.1 to 5 0 to 5 5th 24 to 75 0 to 3 0.1 to 5 0.1 to 5 6th 24 to 75 0 to 3 0.1 to 5 1 to 8 7th 24 to 75 0.1 to 3 0 to 5 0 to 5 8th. 24 to 75 0.1 to 3 0 to 5 0.1 to 5 9th 24 to 75 0.1 to 3 0 to 5 1 to 8 10th 24 to 75 0.1 to 3 0.1 to 5 0 to 5 11th 24 to 75 0.1 to 3 0.1 to 5 0.1 to 5 12th 24 to 75 0.1 to 3 0.1 to 5 1 to 8 13th 56 to 72 0 to 3 0 to 5 0 to 5 14th 56 to 72 0 to 3 0 to 5 0.1 to 5 15th 56 to 72 0 to 3 0 to 5 1 to 8 16th 56 to 72 0 to 3 0.1 to 5 0 to 5 17th 56 to 72 0 to 3 0.1 to 5 0.1 to 5 18th 56 to 72 0 to 3 0.1 to 5 1 to 8 19th 56 to 72 0.1 to 3 0 to 5 0 to 5 20th 56 to 72 0.1 to 3 0 to 5 0.1 to 5 21st 56 to 72 0.1 to 3 0 to 5 1 to 8 22nd 56 to 72 0.1 to 3 0.1 to 5 0 to 5 23rd 56 to 72 0.1 to 3 0.1 to 5 0.1 to 5 24th 56 to 72 0.1 to 3 0.1 to 5 1 to 8

Tabelle 3Table 3

Tabelle 3 besteht aus 12 Legierungszusammensetzungen 3.013 bis 3.024, wobei die Gehalte der Elemente Silber, Zink, Indium und Gold, Palladium und Platin (einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander) in Gewichtsprozent jeweils in Tabelle 1 angegeben sind und die Gehalte an Zinn (Sn) 0 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-% und an Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-% betragen und sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu 100 Gew.-% ergänzen.Table 3 consists of 12 alloy compositions 3.013 to 3.024, wherein the contents of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination with each other) in weight percent are given in Table 1, respectively, and the contents of tin (Sn) are 0 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-% and copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-% amount and the proportions of the metals add up to 100 wt .-%.

Tabelle 12Table 12

Tabelle 12 besteht aus 24 Legierungszusammensetzungen 12.001 bis 12.024, wobei die Gehalte der Elemente Silber, Zink, Indium und Gold, Palladium und Platin (einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander) in Gewichtsprozent jeweils in Tabelle 1 angegeben sind und die Gehalte an Zinn (Sn) 10 Gew.-% bis 48 Gew.-% und an Kupfer (Cu) 5 Gew.-% bis 43 Gew.-% betragen und sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu 100 Gew.-% ergänzen,.Table 12 consists of 24 alloy compositions 12.001 to 12.024, wherein the contents of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination with each other) in weight percent are given in Table 1, respectively, and the contents of tin (Sn) are 10 Wt .-% to 48 wt .-% and copper (Cu) 5 wt .-% to 43 wt .-% amount and the proportions of the metals to 100 wt .-% complementary.

Tabelle 15Table 15

Tabelle 15 besteht aus 12 Legierungszusammensetzungen 15.013 bis 15.024, wobei die Gehalte der Elemente Silber, Zink, Indium und Gold, Palladium und Platin (einzeln oder in Kombination miteinander) in Gewichtprozent jeweils in Tabelle 1 angegeben sind und die Gehalte an Zinn (Sn) 20 Gew.-% bis 35 Gew.-% und an Kupfer (Cu) 12,5 Gew.-% bis 28 Gew.-% betragen und sich die Mengenanteile der Metalle zu 100 Gew.-% ergänzen.Table 15 consists of 12 alloy compositions 15.013 to 15.024, wherein the contents of the elements silver, zinc, indium and gold, palladium and platinum (individually or in combination with each other) in weight percent are given in Table 1, respectively, and the contents of tin (Sn) are 20 Wt .-% to 35 wt .-% and copper (Cu) 12.5 wt .-% to 28 wt .-% amount and the proportions of the metals add up to 100 wt .-%.

Besonders geeignete Kombinationen von Amalgamkugeln bestimmter Größen und Zusammensetzungen mit Zusammensetzungen von Legierungspulvern finden sich in der folgenden Tabelle 20. Die Zusammensetzungen der Legierungspulver finden sich in den Tabellen 3, 12 und 15, auf die sich die Tabelle 20 bezieht. Einzelne Kombinationen werden bezeichnet mit der der Nummer der Tabelle 20, gefolgt von der Nummer der jeweiligen Kombination von Amalgam, Kugeldurchmesser und der anzuwendenden Beschichtungstabelle. Beispielsweise bedeutet die Kombination 20.005 die Kombination eines binären Zinnamalgams mit 30 bis 70 Gew.-% Quecksilber und einem Durchmesser von 50 bis 2000 µm mit den Beschichtungen der Tabelle 15. Nr. Amalgam (Bereich In Gew.-%) Kugeldurchmesser im Bereich von µm Beschichtung gemäß Tabelle Sn Zn Bi In Hg 1. ad 100 30-70 50 bis 2000 3 2. ad 100 30-70 500 bis 1500 3 3. ad 100 30-70 50 bis 2000 12 4. ad 100 30-70 500 bis 1500 12 5. ad 100 30-70 60 bis 2000 15 6. ad 100 30-70 500 bis 1500 15 7. ad 100 40-55 50 bis 2000 3 8. ad 100 40-55 500 bis 1500 3 9. ad 100 40-55 60 bis 2000 12 10. ad 100 40-55 500 bis 1500 12 11. ad 100 40-55 50 bis 2000 15 12. ad 100 40-55 500 bis 1500 15 13. ad 100 40-60 50 bis 2000 3 14. ad 100 40-60 500 bis 1500 3 15. ad 100 40-60 50 bis 2000 12 16. ad 100 40-60 600 bis 1500 12 17. ad 100 40-60 50 bis 2000 15 18. ad 100 40-60 500 bis 1500 15 19. ad 100 25-35 2-8 50 bis 2000 3 20. ad 100 25-35 2-8 600 bis 1500 3 21. ad 100 26-35 2-8 50 bis 2000 12 22. ad 100 25-35 2-8 500 bis 1500 12 23. ad 100 25-35 2-8 50 bis 2000 15 24. ad 100 26-35 2-8 500 bis 1500 15 25. 35-60 5-20 30-45 50 bis 2000 3 26. 35-60 5-20 30-45 600 bis 1500 3 27. 35-60 5-20 30-45 500 bis 1500 12 28. 36-60 5-20 30-45 50 bis 2000 15 29. 35-60 5-20 30-45 500 bis 1600 15 30. 0,2-0,8 ad 100 29-31 1-3 500 bis 1500 3 31. 0,2-0,8 ad 100 29-31 1-3 500 bis 1500 15 Particularly suitable combinations of amalgam spheres of particular sizes and compositions with compositions of alloy powders can be found in the following Table 20. The compositions of the alloy powders can be found in Tables 3, 12 and 15, to which Table 20 refers. Individual combinations are designated with the number of Table 20, followed by the number of the respective combination of amalgam, ball diameter and the coating table to be applied. For example, the combination 20.005 means the combination of a binary Zinnamalgams with 30 to 70 wt .-% mercury and a diameter of 50 to 2000 microns with the coatings of Table 15. No. Amalgam (range In% by weight) Ball diameter in the range of microns Coating according to table sn Zn Bi In hg 1. ad 100 30-70 50 to 2000 3 Second ad 100 30-70 500 to 1500 3 Third ad 100 30-70 50 to 2000 12 4th ad 100 30-70 500 to 1500 12 5th ad 100 30-70 60 to 2000 15 6th ad 100 30-70 500 to 1500 15 7th ad 100 40-55 50 to 2000 3 8th. ad 100 40-55 500 to 1500 3 9th ad 100 40-55 60 to 2000 12 10th ad 100 40-55 500 to 1500 12 11th ad 100 40-55 50 to 2000 15 12th ad 100 40-55 500 to 1500 15 13th ad 100 40-60 50 to 2000 3 14th ad 100 40-60 500 to 1500 3 15th ad 100 40-60 50 to 2000 12 16th ad 100 40-60 600 to 1500 12 17th ad 100 40-60 50 to 2000 15 18th ad 100 40-60 500 to 1500 15 19th ad 100 25-35 2-8 50 to 2000 3 20th ad 100 25-35 2-8 600 to 1500 3 21st ad 100 26-35 2-8 50 to 2000 12 22nd ad 100 25-35 2-8 500 to 1500 12 23rd ad 100 25-35 2-8 50 to 2000 15 24th ad 100 26-35 2-8 500 to 1500 15 25th 35-60 5-20 30-45 50 to 2000 3 26th 35-60 5-20 30-45 600 to 1500 3 27th 35-60 5-20 30-45 500 to 1500 12 28th 36-60 5-20 30-45 50 to 2000 15 29th 35-60 5-20 30-45 500 to 1600 15 30th 0.2-0.8 ad 100 29-31 1-3 500 to 1500 3 31st 0.2-0.8 ad 100 29-31 1-3 500 to 1500 15

Die Amalgamkugeln können nach einem in der EP 1381485 B1 beschriebenen Verfahren aus einer Schmelze des Amalgams hergestellt werden. Hierzu wird das vollständig aufgeschmolzene Amalgam in ein Kühlmedium mit einer Temperatur unterhalb der Erstarrungstemperatur des Amalgams eingetropft. Bevorzugt liegt die Temperatur des Kühlmediums 10 bis 20 °C unterhalb der Liquidustemperatur des Amalgams. In einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird über das geschmolzene Amalgam über eine vibrierende Düse in das Kühlmedium eingetropft, wobei in einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung die Düse in das Kühlmedium eintaucht. Der Aufwand für die Gewährleistung der Arbeitsplatzsicherheit bei der Herstellung der Amalgamkugeln wird daher deutlich reduziert. Vorteilhaft ist weiter, daß Zinnamalgame schon bei Temperaturen unterhalb von 230 °C vollständig aufschmelzen.The amalgam balls can after a in the EP 1381485 B1 described method are prepared from a melt of the amalgam. For this purpose, the completely melted amalgam is dropped into a cooling medium having a temperature below the solidification temperature of the amalgam. Preferably, the temperature of the cooling medium is 10 to 20 ° C below the liquidus temperature of the amalgam. In one embodiment of the invention, the melted amalgam is dripped into the cooling medium via a vibrating nozzle, wherein in a further embodiment of the invention the nozzle is immersed in the cooling medium. The effort to ensure job security in the production of amalgam balls is therefore significantly reduced. Another advantage is that Zinnamalgame completely melt at temperatures below 230 ° C.

Als Kithlmedium wird bevorzugt ein mineralisches, ein organisches oder ein synthetisches Öl verwendet. Gut bewährt hat sich ein Silikonöl. Nach Bildung der Amalgamkugcln im Kühlmcdium werden sie vom Kühlmedium abgetrennt und entfettet.The kithl medium used is preferably a mineral, an organic or a synthetic oil. Well proven has a silicone oil. After formation of the amalgam beads in the cooling medium, they are separated from the cooling medium and degreased.

Zur Beschichtung der Amalgamkugeln mit dem Metall- oder Legierungspulver können die Kugeln nach dem Entfetten zum Beispiel in einem rotierenden Kessel vorgelegt und unter ständigem Umwälzen mit dem Metall- oder Legierungspulver bestreut werden, bis kein Verkleben der Kugeln mehr feststellbar ist. Gut geeignete Vorrichtungen zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrensschrittes sind z.B. V-Blender, Tubularmischer oder Dragierkessel. Die hierbei auf die Amalgamkugeln aufgebrachte Menge an Metall- oder Legierungspulver beträgt zwischen 1 und 10, bevorzugt zwischen 2 und 4 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gewicht der Amalgamkugeln.For coating the amalgam balls with the metal or alloy powder, the balls can be presented after degreasing, for example in a rotating vessel and sprinkled with constant circulation with the metal or alloy powder until no sticking of the balls is more noticeable. Well suitable devices for carrying out this method step are e.g. V-Blender, Tubularmixer or Dragierkessel. The amount of metal or alloy powder applied here to the amalgam beads is between 1 and 10, preferably between 2 and 4,% by weight, based on the weight of the amalgam beads.

Eine weitere Verminderung der Verklebungsneigung erhält man, wenn die Amalgamkugeln nach der Beschichtung mit dem Metall- oder Legierungspulver zusätzlich mit einem Pulver eines Metalloxids in einer Menge von 0,001 bis 1, bevorzugt 0,01 bis 0,5 und insbesondere in einer Menge von 0,1 Gew.%, bezogen auf das Gewicht der Amalgamkugeln beschichtet werden. Zu diesem Zweck kann genauso vorgegangen werden wie bei der Aufbringung des Metall- oder Legierungspulvers. Geeignete Metalloxide for diese Beschichtung sind zum Beispiel Titanoxid, Zirkonoxid, Siliziumoxid und Aluminiumoxid. Bevorzugt wird ein durch Flammenpyrolyse hergestelltes Aluminiumoxid mit einer mittleren Korngröße von weniger als 5, bevorzugt von weniger als 1 µm verwendet. Die Beschichtung der Amalgamkugeln erfolgt also dadurch, daß die Amalgamkugeln nach dem Abtrennen vom Kühlmedium entfettet und bei Raumtemperatur unter ständigem Umwälzen mit einem oben beschriebenen Legierungspulver bestreut werden, bis kein Verkleben der Kugeln mehr feststellbar ist. Eine weitere Verminderung der Verklebungsneigung kann dadurch bewirkt werden, daß die Amalgamkugeln in einem weiteren Schritt unter ständigem Umwälzen zusätzlich mit einem Pulver eines Metalloxids beschichtet werden.. Eine weitere Verminderung der Verklebungsneigung kann dadurch bewirkt werden, daß die Amalgamkugeln nach dem Bestreuen mit Legierungspulver einer Wärmebehandlung unterzogen werden. Diese Wärmebehandlung kann durch eine Temperung der Amalgamkugeln bei einer Temperatur von 35°C bis 100°C für eine Zeit von 2 bis 20 Stunden durchgerührt werden. In einer weiteren Ausführung der Erfindung kann einer der Schritte ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Bestreuen der Amalgamkugeln mit Legierungspulver, Beschichten mit einem Metalloxid oder Wärmebehandeln der Amalgamkugeln wiederholt werden. In diesem Fall wird also die gewünschte Beschichtung mit Legierungspulver oder Metalloxid nicht in einem Schritt erreicht, sondern es wird in einem ersten Schritt das Legierungspulver aufgebracht und (gegebenenfalls nach dem Abtrennen von überschüssigem Legierungspulver) in einem weiteren Schritt erneut mit einem Legierungspulver beschichtet, wie oben beschrieben. Auf gleiche Weise kann auch Metalloxid in mehreren Schritten aufgebracht werden. Die Legierungspulver bzw. Metalloxide, die in den verschiedenen Schritten aufgebracht werden können gleich oder verschieden sein, so daß auch mehrschichtige Beschichtungen, gegebenenfalls auch alternierende Legierungspulver- und Metalloxidschichten erhältlich sind, wobei auch die Legierungspulverund Metalloxid jeweils voneinander unterschiedlich sein können.A further reduction in the tendency to sticking is obtained when the amalgam spheres are additionally coated, after coating with the metal or alloy powder, with a powder of a metal oxide in an amount of 0.001 to 1, preferably 0.01 to 0.5 and in particular in an amount of 0, 1 wt.%, Based on the weight of the amalgam balls are coated. For this purpose, the same procedure can be used as in the application of the metal or alloy powder. Suitable metal oxides for this coating are, for example, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide and alumina. Preference is given to using an aluminum oxide produced by flame pyrolysis with an average particle size of less than 5, preferably less than 1 micron. The coating of the amalgam balls thus takes place in that the amalgam beads are degreased after separation from the cooling medium and sprinkled at room temperature with constant circulation with an alloy powder described above until no sticking of the balls is more detectable. A further reduction in the tendency to sticking can be achieved by additionally coating the amalgam balls with a powder of a metal oxide in a further step. A further reduction in the tendency to sticking can be achieved by subjecting the amalgam balls to a heat treatment after being sprinkled with alloy powder be subjected. This heat treatment can be carried out by tempering the amalgam beads at a temperature of 35 ° C to 100 ° C for a period of 2 to 20 hours. In another embodiment of the invention, one of the steps selected from the group consisting of sprinkling the amalgam spheres with alloy powder, coating with a metal oxide, or heat treating the amalgam spheres may be repeated. In this case, therefore, the desired coating with alloy powder or metal oxide is not achieved in one step, but it is applied in a first step, the alloy powder and (optionally after the separation of excess alloy powder) in a further step again coated with an alloy powder, as above described. In the same way, metal oxide can also be applied in several steps. The alloy powders or metal oxides which are applied in the various steps may be the same or different, so that multilayer coatings, if appropriate also alternating alloy powder and metal oxide layers are obtainable, whereby the alloy powders and metal oxide may each differ from one another.

Werden verschiedene Legierungspulver oder Metalloxidpulver aufgebracht, so können sich diese in ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung unterscheidet, aber auch lediglich in physikalischen Eigenschaften wie zum Beispiel Partikelgrößen bzw. Partikelgrößenverteilungen. Eine Beschichtung mit zwei unterschiedlichen Legierungspulver gemäß der Erfindung liegt also auch dann vor, wenn beispielsweise in einem ersten Schritt eine Beschichtung mit einem Legierungspulver mit einem mittleren Teilchendurchmesser d50 von 50 µm und in einem folgenden Schritt eine Beschichtung mit einem Legierungspulver der gleichen chemischen Zusammensetzung und einem mittleren Teilchendurchmesser dso von 15 µm aufgebracht werden.If different alloy powders or metal oxide powders are applied, these can differ in their chemical composition, but also only in physical properties such as, for example, particle sizes or particle size distributions. A coating with two different alloy powders according to the invention thus also exists if, for example, in a first step, a coating with an alloy powder having an average particle diameter d 50 of 50 microns and in a subsequent step, a coating with an alloy powder of the same chemical composition and a mean particle diameter dso of 15 microns are applied.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft auch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Niederdruck-Gasentladungslampen, insbesondere Fluoreszenzlampen, Bräunungs- oder Entkeimungstampen mit den Schritten:

  • Bereitstellen von Amalgamkugeln gemäß der Erfindung;
  • Bereitstellen eines Glaskörpers für die Niederdruck-Gasentladungslampe;
  • Einbringen einer oder mehrerer Amalgamkugeln in den Glaskörper;
  • Verschließen des Glaskörpers.
The present invention also relates to a process for the production of low-pressure gas discharge lamps, in particular fluorescent lamps, browning or sterilizing lamps, comprising the steps:
  • Providing amalgam beads according to the invention;
  • Providing a glass body for the low pressure gas discharge lamp;
  • Introducing one or more amalgam beads into the vitreous body;
  • Closing the vitreous.

Die gemäß der Erfindung mit Legierungspulver beschichteten Amalgamkugeln werden bereitgestellt wie oben beschrieben. Der Glaskörper der Gasentladungs- bzw. Fluoreszenzlampe ist im einfachsten Fall ein Glasrohr, welches ein- oder mehrfache gebogen Sein kann und oft einen Durchmesser von etwa 4 mm bis 80 mm hat, inbesondere von 6 mm bis 40 mm. Für herkömmliche Leuchtstoffröhren kann ein einfaches, gerades Glasrohr verwendet werden, für Energiesparlampen werden meist mehrfach gebogene Glasrohre mit einem Durchmesser von 4 bis 10 mm verwendet. Die Amalgamkugeln gemäß der Erfindung werden dann in das Glasrohr eingebracht. Diese werden dabei meist an bestimmten Stellen platziert, die mit einer Aufnahme für die Amalgamkugeln versehen sind oder an einem vorgesehenen Ort fixiert werden, so daß die Amalgamkugeln an diesem Ort verbleiben. An diesem Ort können die Amalgamkugeln auch bei der späteren Verwendung der Fluoreszenzlampe erwärmt werden. Das Einbringen kann auch erfolgen, indem die Amalgamkugel oder die Amalgamkugeln gemäß der Erfindung in der Aufnahme fixiert und dann eingebracht werden. Die Aufnahme kann hierbei auch ein Teil sein, welches an oder in der Fluoreszenzlampe angebracht wird, wie beispielsweise ein Verschluß für den Glaskörper. In dem Glaskörper wird dann -sofern nicht bereits geschehen- die gewünschte Atmosphäre hergestellt, was beispielsweise durch Spülen mit einem Gas (wie Argon), Evakuieren des Glaskörpers oder einer Kombination daraus bewirkt werden kann. Zur Erzeugung von sichtbarem Licht muß der Glaskörper mit einem fluoreszierenden Leuchtstoff versehen sein. Als Leuchtstoffe werden oft Calciumhalophosphate eingesetzt. Das Vorgehen im Einzelnen hierzu ist dem Fachmann bekannt und wird bei Leuchtstofflampen im Allgemeinen durchgeführt. Der Glaskörper der Lampe wird dann verschlossen und gegebenenfalls nachbearbeitet. Die Nachbearbeitung kann mehrere Nachfolgende Schritte umfassen, wie das Reinigen, Versehen mit elektrischen Kontakten bzw. Fassungen oder Montage eines Sclnrtzbehälters. Diese Möglichkeiten zur Nachbearbeitung sind als solche bekannt und umfassen beispielsweise Schritte wie Nachreinigung, Anbringen von Kontakten oder Fassungen oder auch dem Anbringen elektrische und/oder elektronischer Bauteile, wie dem Anbringen von Vorschaltgeräten.The amalgam spheres coated with alloy powder according to the invention are provided as described above. The glass body of the gas discharge or fluorescent lamp is in the simplest case a glass tube, which can be bent one or more times and often has a diameter of about 4 mm to 80 mm, in particular from 6 mm to 40 mm. For conventional fluorescent tubes, a simple, straight glass tube can be used, for energy-saving lamps usually multi-curved glass tubes are used with a diameter of 4 to 10 mm. The amalgam beads according to the invention are then introduced into the glass tube. These are usually placed at certain locations, which are provided with a receptacle for the amalgam balls or fixed at a designated location, so that the amalgam remain in this place. At this location, the amalgam balls can also be heated during the later use of the fluorescent lamp. The introduction can also be done by fixing the amalgam ball or amalgam balls according to the invention in the receptacle and then introduced. The recording can also be a part which is attached to or in the fluorescent lamp, such as a closure for the glass body. The desired atmosphere is then produced in the glass body, if not already done, which can be effected, for example, by purging with a gas (such as argon), evacuating the glass body, or a combination thereof. For the production of visible light of the glass body be provided with a fluorescent phosphor. As phosphors, calcium halophosphates are often used. The procedure in detail for this purpose is known to the person skilled in the art and is generally carried out in the case of fluorescent lamps. The glass body of the lamp is then closed and optionally reworked. Post-processing may include several subsequent steps, such as cleaning, providing electrical contacts or sockets, or mounting a clarifier container. These options for post-processing are known as such and include, for example, steps such as post-cleaning, attaching contacts or sockets or even attaching electrical and / or electronic components, such as the attachment of ballasts.

Außerdem wurde überraschend gefunden, daß die Pulverbeschichtung die Quecksilber-Reabsorptionseigenschaften günstig beeinflusst. Daher betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung auch Amalgamkugeln, die gemäß der Erfindung mit einem Legierungspulver beschichtet sind, auch wenn diese Amalgamkugeln ohne Beschichtung nicht zur Verklebung miteinander neigen. Die Erfindung betrifft daher auch ein Verfahren zur Kontrolle der Reabsorption von Quecksilber in Amalgamkugeln durch Beschichten der Amalgamkugeln mit einem Legierungspulver, welches eine oben beschriebene Zusammensetzung aufweist.In addition, it has surprisingly been found that the powder coating has a favorable influence on the mercury reabsorption properties. Therefore, the present invention also relates to amalgam beads which are coated with an alloy powder according to the invention, even if these amalgam balls without coating are not prone to stick together. The invention therefore also relates to a method of controlling the reabsorption of mercury in amalgam spheres by coating the amalgam spheres with an alloy powder having a composition as described above.

Die auf die Amalgamkugeln aufgebrachten Pulverschichten verbessern die Handhabbarkeit der Amalgamkugeln mit Dosierautomaten. In solchen Dosierautomaten können sich die Amalgamkugeln im Mittel bis zu drei Stunden bei Raumtemperatur befinden, bevor sie in eine Fluoreszenzlampe eingefüllt werden. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, daß die Amalgamkugeln gemäß der Erfindung die mittlere Aufenthaltsdauer von 24 Stunden bei Temperaturen von bis zu 40 °C im Dosierautomaten ohne Beanstandungen überstehen.The powder layers applied to the amalgam balls improve the handling of the amalgam balls with dosing machines. In such dosing machines, the amalgam spheres can be on average for up to three hours at room temperature before they are filled in a fluorescent lamp. It has been shown that the amalgam spheres according to the invention survive the average residence time of 24 hours at temperatures of up to 40 ° C in dosing without complaint.

BeispieleExamples

Gemäß dem Verfahren nach der EP 1381485 werden Amalgamkugeln der unten angegebenen Zusammensetzungen mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 1 mm ± 0,1 mm hergestellt, klassiert und nach dem Entfetten mit einem in der Tabelle angegebenen Legierungspulver durch einminütiges Umwälzen in einem Tubularmischer beschichtet. Zur Prüfung der Standfestigkeit der Amalgamkugeln wird eine Menge von etwa 4000 Amalgamkugeln in einen Dosierautomaten gegeben und mit einer Rotationsgeschwindigkeit von einer Umdrehung pro Minute in Fluoreszenzlampen eingebracht. Die Standzeit wird gemäß dem unten angegebenen Schema bewertet, wobei jeweils die Zeit bestimmt wird, bei der entweder aufgrund Verklebens der Kugeln die Produktion unterbrochen werden musste oder bei visueller Inspektion eine so große Menge an Verunreinigungen durch abgelöstes Legierungspulver festgestellt wird, daß eine Unterbrechung zum Reinigen des Dosierautomaten und der Beschickung mit neuen Amalgamkugeln erforderlich ist. Bei den Amalgamkugeln, die mit 0 bewertet sind und als Amalgam eine SnHg50-Legierung aufweisen, werden die verbliebenen Kugeln für 4 Stunden bei 50 Grad Celsius getempert und nach dem Abkühlen erneut in einem Dosierautomaten wie oben beschrieben getestet. Diese wärmebehandelten Kugeln weisen eine Standzeit auf, welche stets zu einer besseren Bewertung führte (also + oder ++). Die Vergleichsbeispiele zeigen nur eine geringe Verbesserung der Standzeiten (weniger als eine Stunde). Bewertung: ++ Standzeit >5h, + Standzeit >4h, 0 Standzeit >3h, - Standzeit <lh Tabelle: Beispiele und Vergleichsbeispiele Beispiel Legierungspulver zur Beschichtung Nr. Amalgam (Gew.-%) Bewertung Zusammensetzung (Gew.-%) Sn Zn Bi In Hg %Ag %Cu %Sn Andere 1. ad 100 50 0 44,5 30 26,5 - 2. ad 100 50 ++ 70 12 18 - 3. ad 100 50 0 43,1 26,1 30,8 - 4. ad 100 50 ++ 69,3 10,9 19,4 Zn: 0,4 5. ad 100 50 0 42 26 32 - 6. ad 100 60 + 50 20 30 - 7. ad 100 50 0 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 8. ad 100 50 + 69,2 18,6 11,9 Zn: 0,3 9. ad 100 50 0 45 24 30,5 Zn: 0,5 10. ad 100 50 + 60 12 28 - 11. ad 100 50 0 40,6 27,6 31,9 - 12. ad 100 50 + 72 28 - - 13. ad 100 50 ++ 69,5 10,5 19,5 Zn: 0,5 14. ad 100 50 0 45,5 23 31,6 - 15. ad 100 50 ++ 60 12 28 - 16. ad 100 50 + 67,9 13,3 18,8 - 17. ad 100 50 0 40 28 32 - 18. ad 100 50 ++ 60,5 11,5 28 - 19. ad 100 50 + 43 25 32 - 20. ad 100 50 + 57 25 28 - 21. ad 100 50 0 46 22,5 31,5 - 22. ad 100 50 + 52,5 17,5 29,7 Pd: 0,3 23. ad 100 40 0 44,5 30 25.5 - 24. ad 100 40 ++ 70 12 18 - 25. ad 100 40 0 43,1 26,1 30,8 - 26. ad 100 40 ++ 69,3 10,9 19,4 Zn: 0,4 27. ad 100 40 0 42 26 32 - 28. ad 100 40 ++ 60 20 30 - 29. ad 100 40 0 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 30. ad 100 40 + 69,2 18,6 11,9 Zn: 0,3 31. ad 100 40 + 45 24 30,5 Zn: 0,5 32. ad 100 40 + 60 12 28 - 33. ad 100 40 0 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 34. ad 100 40 + 72 28 - - 35. ad 100 40 ++ 69,5 10.6 19,5 Zn: 0,5 36. ad 100 40 + 45,5 23 31,5 - 37. ad 100 40 ++ 60 12 28 - 38. ad 100 40 + 67,9 13,3 18,8 - 39. ad 100 40 0 40 28 32 - 40. ad 100 40 ++ 60,5 11,5 28 - 41. ad 100 40 0 43 25 32 - 42. ad 100 40 ++ 57 25 28 - 43. ad 100 40 0 46 22,5 31,5 - 44. ad 100 40 + 52,5 17,5 29,7 Pd: 0,3 45. ad 100 60 + 44,5 30 25,5 - 46. ad 100 50 + 70 12 18 - 47. ad 100 50 0 43,1 26,1 30,8 - 48. ad 100 50 ++ 69,3 10,9 19,4 Zn: 0,4 49. ad 100 60 0 42 26 32 - 50. ad 100 50 + 50 20 30 - 51. ad 100 50 0 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 52. ad 100 50 + 69,2 18,6 11,9 Zn: 0,3 53. ad 100 50 0 45 24 30.6 Zn: 0,5 54. ad 100 60 + 60 12 28 - 55. ad 100 50 0 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 56. ad 100 50 ++ 72 28 - - 57. ad 100 50 ++ 69.5 10.5 19,5 Zn: 0,5 58. ad 100 50 0 45,5 23 31,5 - 59. ad 100 50 ++ 60 12 28 - 60. ad 100 50 + 67,9 13,3 18,8 - 61. ad 100 50 0 40 28 32 - 62. ad 100 50 ++ 60,5 11,5 28 - 63. ad 100 50 0 43 25 32 - 64. ad 100 50 0 57 25 28 - 65. ad 100 50 0 46 22,5 31,5 - 66. ad 100 50 + 52,5 17,5 29,7 Pd: 0,3 67. ad 100 29 5 + 44,5 30 25.5 - 68. ad 100 29 5 ++ 70 12 18 - 69. ad 100 29 5 0 43,1 26,1 30,8 - 70. ad 100 29 5 ++ 69,3 10,9 19,4 Zn: 0,4 71. ad 100 29 5 0 42 26 32 - 72. ad 100 29 5 + 50 20 30 - 73. ad 100 29 5 + 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 74. ad 100 29 5 + 69,2 18,6 11,9 Zn: 0,3 75. ad 100 29 5 0 45 24 30,5 Zn: 0,5 76. ad 100 29 5 + 60 12 28 - 77. ad 100 29 5 0 40,5 27.6 31,9 - 78, ad 100 29 5 + 72 28 - - 79. ad 100 29 5 ++ 69,5 10,5 19,5 Zn: 0,5 80. ad 100 29 5 0 45,5 23 31,5 - 81. ad 100 29 5 ++ 60 12 28 - 82. ad 100 29 5 + 67,9 13,3 18,8 - 83. ad 100 29 5 0 40 28 32 - 84. ad 100 29 5 ++ 60,5 11,5 28 - 85. ad 100 29 5 0 43 25 32 - 86. ad 100 29 5 + 57 25 28 - 87. ad 100 29 5 0 46 22,5 31,5 - 88. ad 100 29 5 0 52,6 17,5 29,7 Pd: 0,3 89. 20 ad 100 20 0 44,5 30 25,5 - 90. 20 ad 100 20 ++ 70 12 18 - 91. 20 ad 100 20 0 43,1 26,1 30,8 - 92. 20 ad 100 20 ++ 69,3 10,9 19,4 Zn: 0,4 93. 20 ad 100 20 0 42 26 32 - 94. 20 ad 100 20 + 50 20 30 - 95. 20 ad 100 20 0 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 96. 20 ad 100 20 + 69,2 18.6 11,9 Zn: 0,3 97. 20 ad 100 20 0 45 24 30,5 Zn: 0,5 98. 20 ad 100 20 + 60 12 28 - 99. 20 ad 100 20 0 40,5 27,6 31,9 - 100. 20 ad 100 20 + 72 28 - - 101. 20 ad 100 20 + 69,5 10,5 19,5 Zn: 0,5 102. 20 ad 100 20 + 45,5 23 31,5 - 103. 20 ad 100 20 ++ 60 12 28 - 104. 20 ad 100 20 + 67.9 13,3 18,8 - 105. 20 ad 100 20 0 40 28 32 - 106. 20 ad 100 20 ++ 60,5 11,5 28 - 107. 20 ad 100 20 + 43 25 32 - 108. 20 ad 100 20 ++ 57 25 28 - 109. 20 ad 100 20 0 46 22,5 31,5 - 110. 20 ad 100 20 ++ 52,5 17,5 29.7 Pd: 0,3 Vergleichsbeispiele 111. ad 100 50 - - 100 - - 112. ad 100 50 - - - 100 - 113. ad 100 50 - - - - Zn: 100 114. ad 100 40 - - 100 - - 115. ad 100 40 - - - 100 - 116. ad 100 40 - - - - Zn: 100 117. ad 100 60 - - 100 - - 118. ad 100 50 - - - 100 - 119. ad 100 50 - - - - Zn: 100 120. ad 100 29 5 - - 100 - - 121. ad 100 29 5 - - - 100 - 122. ad 100 29 5 - - - - Zn: 100 123. 20 ad 100 20 - - 100 - - 124. 20 ad 100 20 - - - 100 - 125. 20 ad 100 20 - - - - Zn: 100 According to the method of the EP 1381485 Amalgam spheres of the compositions specified below are prepared with a diameter of about 1 mm ± 0.1 mm, classified and coated after degreasing with an alloy powder indicated in the table by a one-minute circulation in a tubular mixer. To test the stability of the amalgam balls is an amount of about 4000 Amalgam balls placed in a dosing and introduced at a rotational speed of one revolution per minute in fluorescent lamps. The service life is evaluated in accordance with the scheme given below, each determining the time at which production had to be interrupted either due to sticking of the balls or if such a large amount of dissolved alloy powder contamination is detected by visual inspection that there is a break for cleaning of the dosing machine and the loading of new amalgam balls is required. For the amalgam spheres, which are rated 0 and have an amalgam SnHg50 alloy, the remaining balls are annealed for 4 hours at 50 degrees Celsius and tested again after cooling in a metering machine as described above. These heat treated balls have a life which always led to a better rating (ie + or ++). The comparative examples show only a small improvement in service life (less than one hour). Rating: ++ service life> 5h, + service life> 4h, 0 service life> 3h, - service life <lh Table: Examples and Comparative Examples example Alloy powder for coating No. Amalgam (% by weight) rating Composition (% by weight) sn Zn Bi In hg % Ag % Cu % Sn Other 1. ad 100 50 0 44.5 30 26.5 - Second ad 100 50 ++ 70 12 18 - Third ad 100 50 0 43.1 26.1 30.8 - 4th ad 100 50 ++ 69.3 10.9 19.4 Zn: 0.4 5th ad 100 50 0 42 26 32 - 6th ad 100 60 + 50 20 30 - 7th ad 100 50 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 8th. ad 100 50 + 69.2 18.6 11.9 Zn: 0.3 9th ad 100 50 0 45 24 30.5 Zn: 0.5 10th ad 100 50 + 60 12 28 - 11th ad 100 50 0 40.6 27.6 31.9 - 12th ad 100 50 + 72 28 - - 13th ad 100 50 ++ 69.5 10.5 19.5 Zn: 0.5 14th ad 100 50 0 45.5 23 31.6 - 15th ad 100 50 ++ 60 12 28 - 16th ad 100 50 + 67.9 13.3 18.8 - 17th ad 100 50 0 40 28 32 - 18th ad 100 50 ++ 60.5 11.5 28 - 19th ad 100 50 + 43 25 32 - 20th ad 100 50 + 57 25 28 - 21st ad 100 50 0 46 22.5 31.5 - 22nd ad 100 50 + 52.5 17.5 29.7 Pd: 0.3 23rd ad 100 40 0 44.5 30 25.5 - 24th ad 100 40 ++ 70 12 18 - 25th ad 100 40 0 43.1 26.1 30.8 - 26th ad 100 40 ++ 69.3 10.9 19.4 Zn: 0.4 27th ad 100 40 0 42 26 32 - 28th ad 100 40 ++ 60 20 30 - 29th ad 100 40 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 30th ad 100 40 + 69.2 18.6 11.9 Zn: 0.3 31st ad 100 40 + 45 24 30.5 Zn: 0.5 32nd ad 100 40 + 60 12 28 - 33rd ad 100 40 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 34th ad 100 40 + 72 28 - - 35th ad 100 40 ++ 69.5 10.6 19.5 Zn: 0.5 36th ad 100 40 + 45.5 23 31.5 - 37th ad 100 40 ++ 60 12 28 - 38th ad 100 40 + 67.9 13.3 18.8 - 39th ad 100 40 0 40 28 32 - 40th ad 100 40 ++ 60.5 11.5 28 - 41st ad 100 40 0 43 25 32 - 42nd ad 100 40 ++ 57 25 28 - 43rd ad 100 40 0 46 22.5 31.5 - 44th ad 100 40 + 52.5 17.5 29.7 Pd: 0.3 45th ad 100 60 + 44.5 30 25.5 - 46th ad 100 50 + 70 12 18 - 47th ad 100 50 0 43.1 26.1 30.8 - 48th ad 100 50 ++ 69.3 10.9 19.4 Zn: 0.4 49th ad 100 60 0 42 26 32 - 50th ad 100 50 + 50 20 30 - 51st ad 100 50 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 52nd ad 100 50 + 69.2 18.6 11.9 Zn: 0.3 53rd ad 100 50 0 45 24 30.6 Zn: 0.5 54th ad 100 60 + 60 12 28 - 55th ad 100 50 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 56th ad 100 50 ++ 72 28 - - 57th ad 100 50 ++ 69.5 10.5 19.5 Zn: 0.5 58th ad 100 50 0 45.5 23 31.5 - 59th ad 100 50 ++ 60 12 28 - 60th ad 100 50 + 67.9 13.3 18.8 - 61st ad 100 50 0 40 28 32 - 62nd ad 100 50 ++ 60.5 11.5 28 - 63rd ad 100 50 0 43 25 32 - 64th ad 100 50 0 57 25 28 - 65th ad 100 50 0 46 22.5 31.5 - 66th ad 100 50 + 52.5 17.5 29.7 Pd: 0.3 67th ad 100 29 5 + 44.5 30 25.5 - 68th ad 100 29 5 ++ 70 12 18 - 69th ad 100 29 5 0 43.1 26.1 30.8 - 70th ad 100 29 5 ++ 69.3 10.9 19.4 Zn: 0.4 71st ad 100 29 5 0 42 26 32 - 72nd ad 100 29 5 + 50 20 30 - 73rd ad 100 29 5 + 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 74th ad 100 29 5 + 69.2 18.6 11.9 Zn: 0.3 75th ad 100 29 5 0 45 24 30.5 Zn: 0.5 76th ad 100 29 5 + 60 12 28 - 77th ad 100 29 5 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 78 ad 100 29 5 + 72 28 - - 79th ad 100 29 5 ++ 69.5 10.5 19.5 Zn: 0.5 80th ad 100 29 5 0 45.5 23 31.5 - 81st ad 100 29 5 ++ 60 12 28 - 82nd ad 100 29 5 + 67.9 13.3 18.8 - 83rd ad 100 29 5 0 40 28 32 - 84th ad 100 29 5 ++ 60.5 11.5 28 - 85th ad 100 29 5 0 43 25 32 - 86th ad 100 29 5 + 57 25 28 - 87th ad 100 29 5 0 46 22.5 31.5 - 88th ad 100 29 5 0 52.6 17.5 29.7 Pd: 0.3 89th 20 ad 100 20 0 44.5 30 25.5 - 90th 20 ad 100 20 ++ 70 12 18 - 91st 20 ad 100 20 0 43.1 26.1 30.8 - 92nd 20 ad 100 20 ++ 69.3 10.9 19.4 Zn: 0.4 93rd 20 ad 100 20 0 42 26 32 - 94th 20 ad 100 20 + 50 20 30 - 95th 20 ad 100 20 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 96th 20 ad 100 20 + 69.2 18.6 11.9 Zn: 0.3 97th 20 ad 100 20 0 45 24 30.5 Zn: 0.5 98th 20 ad 100 20 + 60 12 28 - 99th 20 ad 100 20 0 40.5 27.6 31.9 - 100th 20 ad 100 20 + 72 28 - - One hundred and first 20 ad 100 20 + 69.5 10.5 19.5 Zn: 0.5 102nd 20 ad 100 20 + 45.5 23 31.5 - 103rd 20 ad 100 20 ++ 60 12 28 - 104th 20 ad 100 20 + 67.9 13.3 18.8 - 105th 20 ad 100 20 0 40 28 32 - 106th 20 ad 100 20 ++ 60.5 11.5 28 - 107th 20 ad 100 20 + 43 25 32 - 108th 20 ad 100 20 ++ 57 25 28 - 109th 20 ad 100 20 0 46 22.5 31.5 - 110th 20 ad 100 20 ++ 52.5 17.5 29.7 Pd: 0.3 Comparative Examples 111th ad 100 50 - - 100 - - 112th ad 100 50 - - - 100 - 113th ad 100 50 - - - - Zn: 100 114th ad 100 40 - - 100 - - 115th ad 100 40 - - - 100 - 116th ad 100 40 - - - - Zn: 100 117th ad 100 60 - - 100 - - 118th ad 100 50 - - - 100 - 119th ad 100 50 - - - - Zn: 100 120th ad 100 29 5 - - 100 - - 121st ad 100 29 5 - - - 100 - 122nd ad 100 29 5 - - - - Zn: 100 123rd 20 ad 100 20 - - 100 - - 124th 20 ad 100 20 - - - 100 - 125th 20 ad 100 20 - - - - Zn: 100

Claims (15)

  1. Amalgam balls which are coated with an alloy powder,
    characterized in that the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) from 24% by weight to 75% by weight, copper (Cu) from 5% by weight to 43% by weight or from 20% by weight to 30% by weight, tin (Sn) from 10% by weight to 48% by weight, zinc (Zn) from 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight, indium (In) from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight and gold, palladium and platinum (Au/Pd/Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, where the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or
    the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) from 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) from 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) from 20% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc (Zn) from 0% by weight to 3% by weight, indium (In) from 0% by weight to 5% by weight and gold, palladium and platinum (Au/Pd/Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 0% by weight to 5% by weight, where the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or
    the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) from 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) from 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) from 0% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc (Zn) from 0% by weight to 3% by weight, indium (In) from 0% by weight to 5% by weight and gold, palladium and platinum (Au/Pd/Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 0% by weight to 5% by weight, where the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or
    the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) from 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) from 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) from 0% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc (Zn) from 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight, indium (In) from 0% by weight to 5% by weight and gold, palladium and platinum (Au/Pd/Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 0% by weight to 5% by weight, where the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or
    the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) from 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) from 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) from 0% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc (Zn) from 0% by weight to 3% by weight, indium (In) from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight and gold, palladium and platinum (Au/Pd/Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 0% by weight to 5% by weight, where the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or
    the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) from 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) from 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) from 0% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc (Zn) from 0% by weight to 3% by weight, indium (In) from 0% by weight to 5% by weight and gold, palladium and platinum (Au/Pd/Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight, where the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight, or
    the alloy powder has the composition silver (Ag) from 56% by weight to 72% by weight, copper (Cu) from 12.5% by weight to 28% by weight, tin (Sn) from 0% by weight to 35% by weight, zinc (Zn) from 0% by weight to 3% by weight, indium (In) from 0% by weight to 5% by weight and gold, palladium and platinum (Au/Pd/Pt), individually or in combination with one another, from 1% by weight to 8% by weight, where the proportions of the metals add up to a total of 100% by weight.
  2. Amalgam balls according to Claim 1,
    characterized in that
    the powder particles have a particle diameter of less than 100 µm.
  3. Amalgam balls according to Claim 1 or 2,
    characterized in that the amalgam is a tin amalgam or zinc amalgam having a mercury content of from 30% by weight to 70% by weight or an amalgam having the composition bismuth (Bi) to 100% by weight, tin (Sn) from 10% by weight to 30% by weight, mercury (Hg) from 10% by weight to 40% by weight or an amalgam having the composition bismuth (Bi) to 100% by weight, indium (In) from 25% by weight to 35% by weight, mercury (Hg) from 1% by weight to 20% by weight or an amalgam having the composition bismuth (Bi) to 100% by weight, mercury (Hg) from 3% by weight to 30% by weight, where the proportions in each case add up to 100% by weight.
  4. Amalgam balls according to one or more of Claims 1 to 3,
    characterized in that
    the amalgam balls are coated with an amount of from 1 to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the ball, of the alloy powder.
  5. Amalgam balls according to one or more of Claims 1 to 4,
    characterized in that
    the amalgam balls are additionally coated with an amount of from 0.001 to 1% by weight of a powder of a metal oxide.
  6. Amalgam balls according to one or more of Claims 1 to 5,
    characterized in that the amalgam is an amalgam of the metals tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), bismuth (Bi), indium (In) and alloys of these with one another.
  7. Amalgam balls according to one or more of Claims 1 to 6,
    characterized in that
    the balls have a diameter in the range from 50 to 3000 µm.
  8. Process for producing the amalgam balls according to one or more of Claims 1 to 7,
    characterized in that
    the amalgam is completely melted and the melt is introduced dropwise into a cooling medium having a temperature below the solidification temperature of the amalgam and the amalgam balls formed are subsequently separated off from the cooling medium.
  9. Process according to Claim 8,
    characterized in that
    the amalgam balls are degreased after having been separated from the cooling medium and are sprinkled at room temperature with an alloy powder according to one or more of Claims 1 to 2 while agitating continually until the balls no longer stick together.
  10. Process according to one or more of Claims 8 to 9, wherein the amalgam balls are subjected to a heat treatment after sprinkling with alloy powder.
  11. Process according to one or more of Claims 8 to 10, wherein at least one of the steps selected from the group consisting of sprinkling of the amalgam balls with alloy powder, coating with a metal oxide or heat treatment of the amalgam balls is repeated.
  12. Method of controlling the reabsorption of mercury in amalgam balls for low-pressure gas discharge lamps by coating the amalgam balls with an alloy powder having a composition according to Claim 1.
  13. Use of the amalgam balls according to any of Claims 1 to 7 for producing low-pressure gas discharge lamps.
  14. Low-pressure gas discharge lamp containing at least one amalgam ball according to any of Claims 1 to 7 which is enclosed in the low-pressure gas discharge lamp.
  15. Process for producing low-pressure gas discharge lamps, which comprises at least the following steps:
    - provision of amalgam balls by a process according to any of Claims 8 to 11;
    - provision of a glass body for the low-pressure gas discharge lamp;
    - introduction of one or more amalgam balls into the glass body;
    - closing of the glass body.
EP11157478.6A 2011-03-09 2011-03-09 Sn-Ag-Cu-Alloys Active EP2497841B1 (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15179281.9A EP2975143B1 (en) 2011-03-09 2011-03-09 Process for the manufacture of amalgamballs
EP11157478.6A EP2497841B1 (en) 2011-03-09 2011-03-09 Sn-Ag-Cu-Alloys
CN201280011467.5A CN103403200B (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 There is the amalgam ball of alloy coat
US14/003,697 US9263245B2 (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 Amalgam balls having an alloy coating
RU2013144956/02A RU2013144956A (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 AMALGAMIC ALLOY COATED BALLS
PCT/EP2012/053730 WO2012119977A1 (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 Amalgam balls having an alloy coating
BR112013022454A BR112013022454A2 (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 amalgam beads having an alloy coating
CA2829140A CA2829140A1 (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 Amalgam balls having an alloy coating
KR1020137026456A KR20140018275A (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 Amalgam balls having an alloy coating
JP2013557061A JP2014513205A (en) 2011-03-09 2012-03-05 Amalgam spheres with alloy coating
ZA2013/06115A ZA201306115B (en) 2011-03-09 2013-08-14 Amalgam balls having an alloy coating
US15/000,752 US9659762B2 (en) 2011-03-09 2016-01-19 Amalgam balls having an alloy coating

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP11157478.6A EP2497841B1 (en) 2011-03-09 2011-03-09 Sn-Ag-Cu-Alloys

Related Child Applications (1)

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EP15179281.9A Division EP2975143B1 (en) 2011-03-09 2011-03-09 Process for the manufacture of amalgamballs

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EP2497841A1 EP2497841A1 (en) 2012-09-12
EP2497841B1 true EP2497841B1 (en) 2015-09-02

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EP15179281.9A Not-in-force EP2975143B1 (en) 2011-03-09 2011-03-09 Process for the manufacture of amalgamballs

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EP15179281.9A Not-in-force EP2975143B1 (en) 2011-03-09 2011-03-09 Process for the manufacture of amalgamballs

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US (2) US9263245B2 (en)
EP (2) EP2497841B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2014513205A (en)
KR (1) KR20140018275A (en)
CN (1) CN103403200B (en)
BR (1) BR112013022454A2 (en)
CA (1) CA2829140A1 (en)
RU (1) RU2013144956A (en)
WO (1) WO2012119977A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA201306115B (en)

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CN104148628B (en) * 2013-05-13 2017-02-08 上海亚尔光源有限公司 Amalgam powder coating process
ITUB20152876A1 (en) 2015-08-05 2017-02-05 Bluclad S R L Tin / copper alloys containing palladium, method for their preparation and use.
ES2790583T3 (en) 2015-09-30 2020-10-28 Coventya S P A Electrochemical bath for the electrochemical deposition of a Cu-Sn-Zn-Pd alloy, procedure for the electrochemical deposition of said alloy, substrate comprising said alloy and uses of the substrate
CN110752376B (en) * 2019-11-04 2021-12-03 天津理工大学 Preparation method and application of in-situ formed metal-amalgam active current collector

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BR112013022454A2 (en) 2016-12-06
US9263245B2 (en) 2016-02-16
EP2497841A1 (en) 2012-09-12
EP2975143B1 (en) 2018-12-19
WO2012119977A1 (en) 2012-09-13
CA2829140A1 (en) 2012-09-13
CN103403200A (en) 2013-11-20
ZA201306115B (en) 2014-04-30
JP2014513205A (en) 2014-05-29
US20140055026A1 (en) 2014-02-27
KR20140018275A (en) 2014-02-12
US9659762B2 (en) 2017-05-23
CN103403200B (en) 2017-03-01
US20160133453A1 (en) 2016-05-12
EP2975143A1 (en) 2016-01-20
RU2013144956A (en) 2015-04-20

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