Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/002—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by condensation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
  • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
  • C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
  • F25J3/0219—Refinery gas, cracking gas, coke oven gas, gaseous mixtures containing aliphatic unsaturated CnHm or gaseous mixtures of undefined nature
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
  • F25J3/0223—H2/CO mixtures, i.e. synthesis gas; Water gas or shifted synthesis gas
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/0252—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of hydrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/0257—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of nitrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/0261—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of carbon monoxide
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/0266—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of carbon dioxide
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/0295—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used, e.g. sieve plates, packings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
  • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
  • F25J3/04527—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general
  • F25J3/04533—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the direct combustion of fuels in a power plant, so-called "oxyfuel combustion"
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
  • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
  • F25J3/04527—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general
  • F25J3/04539—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the H2/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
  • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
  • F25J3/04527—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general
  • F25J3/04539—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the H2/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels
  • F25J3/04545—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the H2/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels for the gasification of solid or heavy liquid fuels, e.g. integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC]
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
  • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
  • F25J3/04527—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general
  • F25J3/04551—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the metal production
  • F25J3/04557—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the metal production for pig iron or steel making, e.g. blast furnace, Corex
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
  • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
  • F25J3/04563—Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
  • F25J3/04521—Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes
  • F25J3/04612—Heat exchange integration with process streams, e.g. from the air gas consuming unit
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
  • F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
  • F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
  • F25J3/04769—Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process
  • F25J3/04812—Different modes, i.e. "runs" of operation
  • F25J3/04836—Variable air feed, i.e. "load" or product demand during specified periods, e.g. during periods with high respectively low power costs
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
  • F25J3/0605—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the feed stream
  • F25J3/0625—H2/CO mixtures, i.e. synthesis gas; Water gas or shifted synthesis gas
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
  • F25J3/063—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/0655—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of hydrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
  • F25J3/063—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream
  • F25J3/067—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of carbon dioxide
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
  • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
  • F25J3/0695—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
  • B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
  • F23J2900/00—Special arrangements for conducting or purifying combustion fumes; Treatment of fumes or ashes
  • F23J2900/15061—Deep cooling or freezing of flue gas rich of CO2 to deliver CO2-free emissions, or to deliver liquid CO2
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
  • F25J2205/02—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using simple phase separation in a vessel or drum
  • F25J2205/04—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using simple phase separation in a vessel or drum in the feed line, i.e. upstream of the fractionation step
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
  • F25J2205/10—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using combined expansion and separation, e.g. in a vortex tube, "Ranque tube" or a "cyclonic fluid separator", i.e. combination of an isentropic nozzle and a cyclonic separator; Centrifugal separation
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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  • F25J2205/32—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using a washing, e.g. "scrubbing" or bubble column for purification purposes as direct contact cooling tower to produce a cooled gas stream, e.g. direct contact after cooler [DCAC]
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  • F25J2205/34—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using a washing, e.g. "scrubbing" or bubble column for purification purposes as evaporative cooling tower to produce chilled water, e.g. evaporative water chiller [EWC]
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  • F25J2205/90—Mixing of components
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  • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
  • F25J2210/04—Mixing or blending of fluids with the feed stream
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
  • F25J2210/14—Coke-ovens gas
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  • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
  • F25J2220/80—Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H2O or water-soluble contaminants
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  • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
  • F25J2220/80—Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H2O or water-soluble contaminants
  • F25J2220/82—Separating low boiling, i.e. more volatile components, e.g. He, H2, CO, Air gases, CH4
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  • F25J2220/80—Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H2O or water-soluble contaminants
  • F25J2220/84—Separating high boiling, i.e. less volatile components, e.g. NOx, SOx, H2S
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
  • F25J2230/08—Cold compressor, i.e. suction of the gas at cryogenic temperature and generally without afterstage-cooler
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
  • F25J2230/32—Compression of the product stream
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2235/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
  • F25J2235/80—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being carbon dioxide
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
  • F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
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  • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
  • F25J2245/42—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams the recycled stream being nitrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2260/00—Coupling of processes or apparatus to other units; Integrated schemes
  • F25J2260/42—Integration in an installation using nitrogen, e.g. as utility gas, for inerting or purging purposes in IGCC, POX, GTL, PSA, float glass forming, incineration processes, for heat recovery or for enhanced oil recovery
  • F25J2260/44—Integration in an installation using nitrogen, e.g. as utility gas, for inerting or purging purposes in IGCC, POX, GTL, PSA, float glass forming, incineration processes, for heat recovery or for enhanced oil recovery using nitrogen for cooling purposes
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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  • F25J2270/02—Internal refrigeration with liquid vaporising loop
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  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/04—Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/04—Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
  • F25J2270/06—Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with multiple gas expansion loops
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/14—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/58—Quasi-closed internal or closed external argon refrigeration cycle
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/80—Quasi-closed internal or closed external carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle
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  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
  • F25J2270/88—Quasi-closed internal refrigeration or heat pump cycle, if not otherwise provided
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
  • F25J2290/42—Modularity, pre-fabrication of modules, assembling and erection, horizontal layout, i.e. plot plan, and vertical arrangement of parts of the cryogenic unit, e.g. of the cold box
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
  • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
  • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for capturing carbon dioxide in a fluid comprising at least one more volatile compound than CO2 carbon dioxide, for example methane CH4, oxygen O2, argon Ar, nitrogen N2, carbon monoxide CO, helium He and / or hydrogen H2.
• the invention can be applied in particular to electricity production units and / or steam from carbonaceous fuels such as coal, hydrocarbons (natural gas, fuel, petroleum residues ...), household waste, biomass but also to gases from refineries, chemical factories, steel factories or cement factories, to the processing of natural gas at the output of production wells. It could also apply to the fumes of boilers used for heating buildings or even the exhaust of transport vehicles, more generally to any industrial process generating fumes including CO2.
• Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. For environmental and / or economic reasons, it is increasingly desirable to reduce or even eliminate CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere, by capturing it and then, for example, storing it in appropriate geological layers or enhancing it. as a product.
• the document FR-A-2894838 discloses the same type of process, with a recycling of a portion of the liquid CO2 produced.
• Cold can be provided by spraying LNG (natural gas liquefied). This synergy reduces the specific energy consumption of the process, which nevertheless remains high, and requires an LNG terminal.
• US-A-3614872 discloses a separation process wherein the adiabatic and isentropic expansion of carbon dioxide provides a coolant.
• An object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of capturing carbon dioxide from a fluid comprising CO2 and at least one more volatile compound than this.
• the invention firstly relates to a process for producing at least one CO2-poor gas and one or more CO2-rich primary fluids from a fluid to be treated comprising CO2 and at least one more volatile compound than CO2, implementing: a) a first cooling of said fluid to be treated by heat exchange without change of state; b) a second cooling of at least a portion of said fluid to be treated cooled in step a) so as to obtain at least one solid comprising mainly CO2 and at least said CO2-poor gas; and c) a step comprising liquefying and / or sublimating at least a portion of said solid and making it possible to obtain said one or more primary fluids rich in CO2; said method being characterized in that step b) is carried out in at least one expansion turbine, said solid forming inside said turbine.
• the fluid to be treated generally comes from a boiler or any installation producing smoke. These fumes may have undergone several pre-treatments, in particular to remove NOx (nitrogen oxides), dust, SOx (sulfur oxides) and / or water.
• NOx nitrogen oxides
• SOx sulfur oxides
• the fluid to be treated is either monophasic, in gaseous or liquid form, or multiphase.
• gaseous form is meant “essentially gaseous”, that is to say it may contain especially dust, solid particles such as soot and / or droplets of liquid.
• the fluid to be treated contains CO2 which it is desired to separate by cryo-condensation from the other constituents of said fluid.
• These other constituents comprise at least one or more compounds which are more volatile than carbon dioxide in the sense of condensation, for example methane CH4, oxygen O2, argon Ar, nitrogen N2, carbon monoxide CO, helium He and / or hydrogen H2.
• the fluids to be treated generally comprise mainly nitrogen, or mainly CO or predominantly hydrogen.
• the fluid to be treated generally comes from a boiler or any installation producing smoke. These fumes may have undergone several pre-treatments, in particular to remove NOx (nitrogen oxides), dust, SOx (sulfur oxides) and / or water.
• the fluid to be treated is either monophasic, in gaseous or liquid form, or multiphase.
• gaseous form is meant “essentially gaseous”, that is to say it may contain especially dust, solid particles such as soot and / or droplets of liquid.
• the fluid to be treated contains CO2 which it is desired to separate by cryo-condensation from the other constituents of said fluid.
• These other constituents comprise at least one or more compounds which are more volatile than carbon dioxide in the sense of condensation, for example methane CH4, oxygen O2, argon Ar, nitrogen N2, carbon monoxide CO, helium He and / or hydrogen H2.
• the fluids to be treated generally comprise mainly nitrogen, or mainly CO or predominantly hydrogen.
• step a) the fluid to be treated is first cooled without changing state.
• This cooling can advantageously be done at least partly by heat exchange with fluids rich in CO2 from the separation process.
• it can advantageously be done at least partly by heat exchange with the CO2-poor gas from the separation process.
• Step b) consists in solidifying initially gaseous CO2 by bringing the fluid to be treated to a temperature below the triple point of CO2, whereas the partial pressure of the CO2 in the fluid to be treated is lower than that of the triple point of CO2. .
• the total pressure of the fluid to be treated is close to atmospheric pressure. This solidification operation is sometimes called “cryo-condensation” or “anti-sublimation” of CO2 and by extension of the fluid to be treated.
• CO2-poor gas that is to say comprising less than 50% of CO2 by volume and preferably less than 10% CO2 by volume.
• said CO2-poor gas comprises more than 1% of CO2 by volume.
• it comprises more than 2%.
• it comprises more than 5%.
• a solid is formed comprising predominantly CO2, ie at least 90% by volume brought back to the gaseous state, preferably at least 95% by volume and even more preferably at least 99% of CO2 by volume.
• This solid may comprise other compounds than CO2. There may be mentioned, for example, other compounds which would also have solidified, or else bubbles and / or drops of fluid taken in mass in said solid. This explains why the solid may not be purely constituted of solid CO2. This "solid” may comprise non-solid parts such as fluid inclusions (drops, bubbles, etc.).
• This solid is then isolated from the non-solidified compounds after the cryo-condensation and recovered. Then, in step c), it is brought back to conditions of temperature and pressure such that it changes to a fluid, liquid and / or gaseous state. It can therefore occur liquefaction of at least a portion of said solid. This gives rise to one or more primary fluids rich in CO2. These fluids are said to be “primary” to distinguish them from process fluids that are called “secondary” fluids. By “rich in CO2” is meant “comprising predominantly CO2" in the sense defined above.
• the inventors have shown that it is particularly advantageous to carry out the first and / or the second cooling of the fluid to be treated by means of one or more refrigerating cycles each comprising at least one almost isentropic expansion of a gas.
• These refrigerating cycles consist of several steps that pass a fluid called "working" by several physical states characterized by given conditions of composition, temperature, pressure ...
• the entropy is taken zero at a temperature of zero K (kelvin).
• the method according to the invention may comprise one or more of the following characteristics:
• said solid is in the form of dry ice.
• said expansion turbine comprises at least one rotor part and at least one stator part situated upstream of said rotor part and that step b) is carried out in said part rotor.
• Said rotor portion is the area between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the rotor blades; it includes the volume displaced by the rotor during its rotation.
• said fluid to be treated comprising CO2 and at least one more volatile compound than CO2 remains in the vapor state in said stator part.
• said fluid to be treated is in the supersaturated vapor state in said stator part situated upstream of said rotor part.
• expansion turbine is radial centripetal or radial centrifugal or axial or supersonic shock wave.
• the process furthermore comprises, after step b), a step b1) in which said solid comprising predominantly CO2 and said CO2-poor gas obtained in step b) is separated into at least one fraction rich in CO2 and a fraction low in CO2, said step b1) being carried out in an area downstream of said rotor part.
• "Downstream of said rotor part" means downstream of the trailing edge of the rotor blades.
• step b) a rotational movement is imparted to said solid comprising mainly CO2 and to said CO2-poor gas and, in step b1), the separation of said solid comprising predominantly CO2 from said CO2-poor gas obtained at step b) comprises separation by a centrifugal effect induced by said rotational movement printed, in step b), said solid comprising predominantly CO2.
• certain parts of said turbine are heated. These parts are, for example, those in contact with the fluid of the stator part upstream of the rotor, the rotor part and / or the stator part downstream of the rotor.
• said turbine comprises polished and / or coated surfaces of a given material intended to limit the heterogeneous nucleation of said solid comprising predominantly CO2 on said surfaces and / or on said coating material.
• said fluid to be treated comprises compounds that are less volatile than CO2 and that said process comprises, prior to step b), one or more purification steps of said fluid to be treated (40) of said less volatile compounds. If these compounds are not removed, they may form solid compounds at temperatures above the solid carbon dioxide condensation temperature and thus allow the initiation of CO2 nucleation earlier. - Said compounds less volatile than CO2 are among H2O, SO2, NxOy and solid compounds present in the gas to be treated at room temperature.
• the fluid to be treated (in unit 103) is removed from solid compounds at levels below 1 mg / m3, preferably below 100 ⁇ g / m3.
• said turbine comprises titanium.
• the materials used in the mass of the turbine or as a coating are resistant to erosion by solid particles comprising predominantly CO2.
• titanium may be used.
• a purge gas is injected into said turbine, said purge gas coming into contact with said fluid to be treated.
• This flushing gas may for example be air or nitrogen and prevents the presence of solid CO2 on the back of the rotor part; if solid accumulates in this area, it could erode the rotor part.
• said turbine has a degree of reaction greater than 50%, that is to say that more than 50% of the enthalpy drop of the fluid (difference in enthalpy between the inlet and the outlet of the turbine) is done in the rotor part.
• step b1) can implement two concentric cones intended to recover said fraction rich in CO2 and said fraction poor in CO2.
• step b1) it is also possible to decelerate said solid comprising mainly CO2 and said CO2-poor gas obtained in step b), and then to separate them into said fraction rich in CO2 and said fraction. low in CO2 by gravity.
• working fluids can be of different natures. According to different embodiments, these fluids may comprise nitrogen and / or argon. They may also include all or part of the CO2-poor gas obtained or the fluid to be treated. These fluids can be mixed with other fluids or have undergone intermediate stages of compression, relaxation, etc.
• the working fluid of the refrigerating cycle comprises all or part of the fluid to be treated
• the almost isentropic expansion (s) without providing external work can give rise to a cooling of the working fluid such that solid CO2 appears.
• This may constitute all or part of the second cooling of the fluid to be treated.
• these quasi-isentropic detents are performed through a Venturi (a Venturi effect collar).
• the rotation of the fluid of which it question above can be obtained by any conventional means, for example by appropriately oriented fins. Speeding is done by the Venturi effect. The temperature of the working fluid drops. Solid particles of CO2 appear. The fluid has a rotational movement about an axis substantially parallel to the direction of flow, such as a spin. This creates a centrifugal effect making it possible to recover these solid particles at the periphery of the flow.
• the work possibly produced by the quasi-isentropic expansion (s) serves in part to compress fluids in other steps of the process.
• the invention also relates to the process applied to industrial fumes for the purpose of capturing CO2.
• these fumes come from an energy production plant (steam, electricity) and may have undergone pre-treatments.
• FIG. 1 diagrammatically represents an installation implementing a method for purifying CO2 according to the invention, with a refrigerating cycle implementing an auxiliary fluid as a working fluid,
• FIG. 2 diagrammatically represents a part of an installation implementing a variant of this process, with a refrigeration cycle using the CO2-poor gas as working fluid and comprising an almost isentropic expansion with production of work
• FIG. 3 diagrammatically represents a part of an installation implementing another variant of this process, with a refrigeration cycle using the CO2-poor gas as working fluid and comprising a quasi-isentropic expansion with production of work
• FIG. 4 schematically represents a part of an installation implementing a variant of the process with a refrigerating cycle using the fluid to be treated as a working fluid and comprising a quasi isentropic expansion with production of work, during which there is no cryo-condensation of CO2,
• FIG. 5 schematically represents a part of an installation implementing a variant of the process with a refrigerating cycle using the fluid to be treated as a working fluid and comprising a quasi-isentropic expansion with production of work, during which there is cryogenic CO2 condensation,
• FIG. 6 schematically represents a part of an installation implementing a variant of the process with a refrigerating cycle using the fluid to be treated as a working fluid and comprising a virtually isentropic expansion without production of work, during which there is cryogenic CO2 condensation,
• FIG. 7 schematically represents a part of an installation implementing a variant of the process, in which the second cooling also comprises a liquefaction, and furthermore comprising a refrigerating cycle using the fluid to be treated as working fluid and comprising detents. quasi isentropic without production during which there is cryo-condensation of CO2.
• FIG. 8 shows schematically the use of a method according to the invention in a coal-based power generation plant with combustion in air.
• FIG. 10 schematically represents the use of a method according to the invention in a steel plant.
• FIG. 11 schematically represents the use of a method according to the invention in an installation for the production of synthesis gas operating with oxygen;
• FIG. 12 schematically represents the use of a process according to the invention in an installation for producing carbon monoxide from a synthesis gas originating from a steam reforming of a synthesis gas.
• FIG. 13 schematically represents the use of a process according to the invention with, on the one hand, a cycle of production of energy using the cold of the melting of solid CO2 and, on the other hand, additional purifications by distillation of the compounds less volatile than CO2, then more volatile compounds than CO2
• FIG. 14 and 15 show a turbine for performing a virtually isentropic expansion of the fluid to be treated with production of external work according to the invention.
• the installation illustrated in FIG. 1 implements the steps described below.
• the fluid 24 consisting of fumes is compressed in a compressor 101, in particular to compensate for the pressure losses in the various equipment of the installation. Note that this compression can also be combined with the so-called draw compression of the boiler giving rise to smoke. It can also be carried out between other stages of the process, or downstream of the CO2 separation process;
• the compressed fluid 30 is injected into a filter 103 to remove the particles to a concentration level of less than 1 mg / m 3 , preferably less than 100 ⁇ g / m 3 .
• the dust-free fluid 32 is cooled to a temperature close to 0 ° C., generally between 0 ° C. and 10 ° C., so as to condense the water vapor that it contains.
• This cooling is performed in a tower 105, with two-level water injection, cold water 36 and water at a temperature close to ambient 34. It is also possible to envisage indirect contact. Tower 105 may or may not have packings.
• the fluid 38 is sent to a residual water vapor removal unit 107, using, for example, one and / or the other of the following methods:
• the adsorbent may be activated alumina, silica gel or a molecular sieve (3A, 4A, 5A, 13X, ...); Condensation in a direct or indirect contact exchanger.
• the dried fluid 40 is then introduced into the exchanger 109 where the fluid is cooled to a close temperature, but in any case, greater than the solidification temperature of the CO2. This can be determined by those skilled in the art knowing the pressure and the composition of the fluid 40 to be treated. The latter is located at about -100 0 C if the CO2 content of the fluid to be treated is of the order of 15% by volume and a near atmospheric pressure.
• the fluid 42 having undergone a first cooling 109 is then introduced into a chamber 111 to continue cooling to the temperature which provides the desired CO2 capture rate.
• a cryo-condensation of at least a portion of the CO2 contained in the fluid 42 occurs, so as to produce on the one hand a gas 44 depleted of CO2 and on the other hand a solid 62 comprising mainly CO2.
• the gas 44 leaves the enclosure 111 at a temperature of the order of -12O 0 C. This temperature is chosen according to the target CO2 capture rate. With this temperature, the CO2 content in the gas 44 is of the order of 1.5% by volume, ie a capture rate of 90% starting from a fluid to be treated comprising 15% CO 2.
• Solid batch cryo-condensation in this case, several exchangers in parallel can be used alternately. Then they are isolated, pressurized at a pressure higher than that of the triple point of CO2, so as to liquefy the solid CO2 and possibly partially vaporize it.
• the fluid 46 is then reheated in the exchanger 109.
• the fluid 48 may also be used in particular to regenerate the residual vapor removal unit 107 and / or to produce cold water 36 by evaporation in a tower direct contact 1 15 where a dry fluid 50 is introduced which will saturate with water by vaporizing a part.
• the cold water may undergo additional cooling in a refrigeration unit 119.
• the solid 62 comprising predominantly CO2 is transferred to a liquid CO2 bath 121.
• This bath 121 must be heated to remain liquid, to compensate for the contribution of cold by the solid 62 (latent heat of fusion and sensible heat). This can be done in different ways: by heat exchange with a hotter fluid 72. The frigories of the fluid 74 can be used elsewhere in the process,
• Liquid 64 comprising mainly CO2 is taken from the bath 121. This liquid is divided into three streams. In the example, the first is obtained by an expansion 65 to 5.5 bar absolute producing a two-phase fluid, gas-liquid, 66. The second, 68, is obtained by compression 67, for example at 10 bar. The third, 70, is compressed for example at 55 bar. The 5.5 bar level brings cold to a temperature close to that of the triple point of CO2. The level at 10 bar allows the transfer of the latent heat of vaporization of the fluid 68 at about -40 ° C. Finally, at 55 bar, the fluid 70 does not vaporize during the exchange 109.
• a refrigerating cycle 200 implementing a working fluid 51 which is argon. It successively comprises: a compression 129, possibly two compressions 56 and 57, a cooling by indirect exchange 109, a quasi-isentropic expansion 131 which induces a cooling, a heating in the enclosure 111, a warming 109.
• a part of the working fluid is removed, then undergoes a near isentropic expansion 130, then an indirect exchange 109 and finally a compression 128 to join the compression 129.
• the almost isentropic detents 130 and 131 provide a work from which a part serves for the compressions 56 and 57.
• This cycle 200 produces cold between about -100 and -12O 0 C for cryo-condensation
• Another part of the cold required for the first cooling 109 is provided by an additional refrigerant cycle 181, 183, for example of the inverted Rankine type.
• Another part of the cold necessary for the second cooling 111 is provided by an additional refrigerant cycle 191, 193 for example of the inverted Rankine type.
• the CO2-rich primary fluids 66, 68, 70 are stagedly compressed 141, 142, 143.
• the first stages compress gas streams.
• the compressed CO2 75 is cooled by an indirect contact exchanger to be liquid. Then it is mixed with the stream 73. This liquid mixture is pumped to the transport pressure (fluid 5). Since the transport pressure is generally supercritical, supercritical fluids are considered to be supercritical fluids at a temperature lower than that of the critical point of CO2.
• FIGS. 2 to 7 which represent examples in accordance with particular embodiments of the invention, the steps relating to the fluid to be treated before its first cooling 109 and the compression of the primary fluids are not shown. After the heat exchange, the CO2 content is high. 109. Only that which is different from FIG. 1 is shown, and which essentially concerns the refrigerating cycles bringing cold to the exchanges 109 and 111.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a variant of the quasi-isentropic expansion with production of work, where the working fluid is the CO2-poor gas 44.
• the cryo-condensation process is the same as in FIG. 1. Only the modifications are detailed herein. -Dessous.
• the CO2-poor gas 44 is compressed for example by a stage compressor 315.
• the fluid 303 is cooled, if necessary, to the inlet temperature of the exchanger 109 via the exchanger 316. It may be in direct contact with or indirect.
• the compressed CO2-poor gas 304 is cooled in the exchanger 109 to be able to be expanded in the turbine 312 (almost isentropic expansion), in order to supply a part of the cold necessary for the exchange 111.
• the fluid 307 exiting the exchanger 1 11 is again expanded (almost isentropic expansion) to provide work and cold for the heat exchanger 111 via the fluid 308. This loosening loop of the poor gas CO2 can be repeated as many times as necessary.
• the CO2-poor gas 46 is heated in the exchanger 109.
• the outgoing fluid 48 is treated as the fluid 48 of FIG.
• Part of the cold necessary for the exchanger 11 may be provided by a Rankine-type refrigerant cycle 191, 193.
• Figure 3 illustrates another variant of the quasi-isentropic expansion with work output.
• the CO2-poor gas 44 gives up these frigories in the exchangers 111 and 109. It is then compressed by the compressor 415 stage. Then it is cooled if necessary to the inlet temperature of the exchanger 109 in the exchanger 416. This may be direct or indirect contact.
• the CO2-poor gas 404 is again cooled in the exchanger 109 before being expanded by the turbine 412. This quasi-isentropic turbine produces the cold necessary to compensate for part of the deficiency of frigories of the exchanger 111.
• the fluid 407 is again expanded by the quasi-isentropic turbine 414.
• the fluid 408 gives up its frigories to compensate for a part of the deficit of frigories of the exchanger 111.
• This expansion loop of the CO2-poor gas can be repeated as many times as before. times as necessary.
• the CO2-poor gas 46 is heated in the exchanger 109. Finally, the outgoing fluid 48 is treated as the fluid 48 of FIG.
• FIG. 4 illustrates another variant of the quasi-isentropic expansion with production of work.
• the fluid to be treated 40 is compressed by the compressor 512 which can be floor.
• the CO2-poor gas is expanded in a near isentropic turbine 514.
• the temperature of the fluid 503 must remain above the cryo-condensation temperature of the CO2.
• the solid CO2 62 is poured into the liquid bath 121 and the following steps are the same as those described in FIG. 1 (from the bath 121 and stream 64).
• the CO2-poor gas 44 transmits its frigories to exchangers 111 and 109.
• Outgoing fluid 48 is treated as fluid 48 of FIG.
• FIG. 5 illustrates another variant of the quasi-isentropic relaxation with production of work, in which the working fluid is the fluid to be treated.
• This 612 expansion turbine must be designed with great care. It must be adapted to large flows such as those of fumes 40 of an industrial plant, have a very good isentropic efficiency, and resist the possible additional erosion due to the presence of solid CO2. To do this, the presence of dry ice in the rotor part of the turbine (zone between the leading edge 951 and the trailing edge 954 in FIGS. 14 and 15 is forbidden, or prohibited, or in the stator part 960 upstream of the rotor part (zone upstream of the trailing edge of the stator vanes 950), it must be minimized so as not to erode the leading edge of the vanes 952 of the rotor part.
• the CO2 is in the vapor or supersaturated vapor state in the stator part, or that it has carbon dioxide nuclei sufficiently small to prevent erosion of the rotor part (less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably 1 ⁇ m of hydraulic diameter).
• the turbine may be radial (centripetal or centrifugal). It can be supersonic shock wave. It can be axial.
• This last technology is best suited to large flows, but it requires many successive stator and rotor stages. To avoid erosion, it will be preferable to separate the dry ice downstream of each rotor stage, before the entry of the fluid into the next stator stage.
• the first two technologies have the advantage of remaining effective for high relaxation rates (greater than 10), so they avoid having to perform multiple separations.
• This separation can be done downstream of the rotor part by using the rotation of the fluid in the rotor part as well as the centrifugal effect to separate a rich fraction CO2 at the periphery of a fraction depleted of CO2 in the center. It may also be interesting to realize a setting speed and thus additional relaxation of the fluid in a convergent 956 (so-called Laval turbine). By decreasing the pressure before deceleration of the gas, this makes it possible to increase the amount of solidified CO2. Most of the CO2-poor gas is recovered at the center of the 959 flow and the bulk of the solid CO2 at the periphery 958 is mixed with a gas fraction.
• an additional refrigerant cycle 191, 193 of the Rankine type or comprising a quasi isentropic expansion of a working fluid with or without production of work brings cold to the separator 612.
• the solid comprising predominantly CO2 62 is poured into the bath 121 and the following steps are the same as those shown in FIG.
• the CO2-poor gas 44 is heated by heat exchange with the fluid to be treated in the exchanger 109.
• the fluid 605 is then compressed at a pressure greater than or equal to atmospheric pressure.
• the outgoing fluid 48 is treated as in FIG.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment with almost isentropic expansion without production of work.
• the fluid to be treated 42 is still cooled below the cryocondensation temperature of the CO2 in the enclosure 111 to produce a CO2-depleted gas 701 and cooled. It is also possible to place this chamber after the "relaxation / Venturi" portion 702 of the process, which will now be described.
• Part of the CO2 to be captured has solidified in the form of a solid containing mainly CO2 62 and is extracted from the chamber 1 11.
• the fluid 701 is rotated around a axis substantially parallel to the direction of its flow by a system of fixed vanes 717.
• the fluid 703 is expanded at the outlet of the fins and cools below the cryo-condensation temperature of the CO2 without producing work.
• the expansion can be effected by the Venturi effect by passing the fluid into a restriction 718. Solid particles comprising predominantly CO2 are formed and are recovered at the periphery of the flow due to the centrifugal effect induced by the rotation of the fluid.
• a 705 mixture of solid comprising mainly CO2 and gas is recovered.
• the stream 705 is composed mainly of solid, however it may be necessary to separate the residual gas from the solid in a separator pot 731.
• the incondensable part then yields its frigories in the exchangers 11 1 and 109.
• the solid comprising predominantly CO2 62 is poured into the liquid bath 121 and undergoes the same steps as those described in Figure 1.
• the flows 48 are used to cool the water, in the same way as the stream 50 of FIG.
• FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment with almost isentropic expansion without production of work.
• the fluid to be treated 40 is under pressure, for example up to 60 bar (compression performed by the compressor 101 or by an additional compressor). It is possibly more concentrated in CO2 than in the other examples, typically between 50 and 90% by volume.
• the exchange 809 has the same characteristics as the exchange 109 of Figure 1.
• the exchanger 811 cools the fluid to be treated 42 at a temperature below the liquefaction temperature of CO2.
• a cooled process fluid 801 is outputted to a separator pot 812.
• a CO2-rich liquid 816 is extracted by the separator 812.
• the residual fluid 802 is rotated about an axis substantially parallel to the direction of its flow. flow through a system of fixed fins 817. It is relaxed output 803 fins after its rotation and cools below the cryo-condensation temperature of CO2 without producing work.
• the expansion can be effected by Venturi effect by passing the fluid in a restriction 818.
• Solid particles comprising predominantly CO2 are formed and are recovered at the periphery of the flow due to the centrifugal effect induced by the rotation of the fluid.
• the stream 805 is composed mainly of solid, however it may be necessary to separate the residual gas from the solid in a separator pot 841.
• the incondensables 44 yield their frigories in the exchangers 811 and 809.
• a second (or even a third or more) almost isentropic expansion stage of the fluid 806 with Venturi effect is identical to the previous one: the fluid 806 is rotated about an axis substantially parallel to the flow direction by a fixed fin system 807; after being set in rotation, the fluid at the outlet of the fins 808 is expanded to cool it below the cryo-condensation temperature of the CO 2 without production of work.
• the expansion can be effected by the Venturi effect by passing the fluid in a restriction 822.
• FIG. 8 represents a coal-based electricity generation installation, implementing various purification units 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the fumes 19.
• a primary air flow 15 passes through the unit 3 where the coal 15 is sprayed and driven to the burners of the boiler 1.
• a secondary air flow 16 is supplied directly to the burners to provide additional oxygen. necessary for an almost complete combustion of coal.
• Supply water 17 is sent to boiler 1 to produce steam 18 which is expanded in a turbine 8.
• Unit 4 removes NOx for example by catalysis in the presence of ammonia.
• Unit 5 removes dust for example by electrostatic filter and unit 6 is a desulfurization system for removing SO2 and / or SO3. Units 4 and 6 may be redundant depending on the composition of the required product.
• the purified flow 24 from unit 6 (or 5 if 6 is not present) is sent to a low temperature purification unit 7 by cryo-condensation to produce a relatively pure CO2 flow rate 26 and a residual flow rate. enriched in nitrogen.
• This unit 7 is also called a CO2 capture unit and implements the method that is the subject of the invention, as illustrated, for example, by FIGS. 1 to 7.
• FIG. 9 represents a coal-based electricity generation installation, implementing different purification units 5 and 7 of the fumes 19.
• a primary air flow 15 passes through unit 3, where coal 15 is pulverized and driven to the burners of boiler 1.
• a secondary oxidizer flow 16 is supplied directly to the burners to provide additional oxygen. necessary for an almost complete combustion of coal. This secondary oxidant results from the mixture of recirculated fumes 94 using a fan 91 and oxygen 90 produced by an air gas separation unit 10.
• Feed water 17 is sent to the boiler 1 for producing steam 18, which is expanded in a turbine 8.
• Unit 5 removes dust, for example by means of an electrostatic filter.
• the de-dusted flow 24 from the unit 5 is sent to a low temperature purification unit 7, by cryo-condensation, to produce a relatively pure CO2 flow rate and a nitrogen-enriched residual flow rate.
• This unit 7 is also called a CO2 capture unit and implements the method that is the subject of the invention, as illustrated, for example, by FIGS. 1 to 7.
• the fluid 93 can be under liquid, gaseous or diphasic form and consists of a mixture of cooled air gases.
• it may be air or cold nitrogen gas (between -56 0 C and -196 0 C), or air or liquid nitrogen. It is intended to be introduced into the enclosure referenced 1 11 in FIGS. 1 to 4 and in FIG. 6, 612 in FIG. 5, 731 in FIG. 6 and finally 841, 851 in FIG. can also produce a fluid 92 that will be used in the air separation unit.
• This lean gas in a way, returns cold to the unit 10 at a higher temperature level than that brought from the unit 10 by the fluid 93. It is advantageous to vary in time the flow rate of this injection of fluid 93.
• liquid nitrogen can be produced and stored at night, when energy is available and cheap, and liquid nitrogen can be injected during the day so as to reduce the energy consumed.
• the moment when the cold is produced by the unit 10 (for example liquid nitrogen) and when it is used in the unit 7 is dissociated. In this case, the quasi-isentropic expansion of a gas can be carried out in the unit 10 rather than unit 7.
• This scheme may prove to be well adapted to cases of modification of existing factories, where the replacement of the primary air sent to the carbon sprays by a mixture of recycled fumes plus oxygen can prove to be complex, partly because of the increasing the water content, fumes containing much more than moist air, and secondly for safety reasons, although this should not be overestimated.
• FIG 10 shows schematically the use of a method according to the invention in a steel plant.
• An air separation unit 10 supplies oxygen 90 to a blast furnace 900 into which iron ore 901 and carbon products 902 (coal and coke) are additionally introduced.
• the blast furnace works in this case in the presence of very little nitrogen.
• the blast furnace gases 903 composed for example of 47% CO, 36% CO 2, 8% N 2 and 9% other compounds such as H 2 and H 2 O can be divided in half.
• Most of the 905 goes to the CO2 capture unit, another part 904 serves to deconcentrate the nitrogen content in the loop.
• the fluid 905 is previously cooled in a direct contact heat exchanger 906, dedusted in the filter 103, then compressed by a compressor 901, cooled in a heat exchanger 105 and dried in a dryer 107, before entering the heat exchanger at low temperature 109, where it will be cooled and then partially liquefied at a temperature close to the triple point of CO2 without solid formation.
• the two-phase gas-liquid fluid 912 obtained is separated into a gaseous fraction 502 and a liquid fraction 920 in the separator 928.
• the gaseous fraction 502 is then cooled by a quasi-isentropic expansion, for example in a turbine 514, so as to obtain a two-phase fluid gas-solid 503.
• This is separated in the enclosure 1 11 in a fraction gas 44 and a solid fraction 62 rich in CO2.
• the solid fraction 62 is compressed for example by a worm and mixed with the liquid 920 in the bath 121, which is heated by gas 72 produced by the vaporization of the liquid 74 in the exchanger 109.
• the liquid CO2 64 is compressed by a pump 69 so as to obtain a pressurized liquid 70 and heated in the exchanger 109 without undergoing vaporization, or pseudo-vaporization if the pressure is greater than the supercritical pressure.
• the lean gas is successively heated by a compressor 315 and the exchanger 109.
• the invention can also be adapted for types of blast furnace operating with enriched air, for example by adding a CO / N2 separation by cryogenic distillation, cooling the gas 44 to the necessary temperature.
• FIG. 11 schematically represents the use of a process according to the invention in an installation for producing synthesis gas from an oxygen process (partial oxidation, gasification, auto-thermal reformer, etc.) .
• An air gas separation unit 10 supplies oxygen 90 to a reactor 900 into which a carbon product 902 (coal, natural gas, biomass, household waste, etc.) is introduced.
• the synthesis gas 903 mainly comprises the compounds CO, CO2, H2 and H2O.
• the CO can be converted (so-called shift reaction) into CO2 and H2 in the presence of water vapor: CO + H2O ⁇ -> CO2 + H2.
• the fluid 905 may optionally be dedusted in a filter 103, then compressed by a compressor 101, cooled in an exchanger 105 and dried in a dryer 107, before entering the low temperature heat exchanger 109, where it may be partially liquefied at a temperature close to that of the triple point of CO2.
• This two-phase gas-liquid fluid 912 is separated into a gaseous fraction 502 and a liquid fraction 920 in the separator 928.
• the gaseous fraction 502 is then cooled by a quasi-isentropic expansion, for example in a turbine 514, so as to obtain a gas-solid two-phase flow 503.
• This is separated into a gaseous fraction 44 and a CO2-rich solid fraction 62 in the enclosure 111.
• the solid fraction 62 is mixed with the liquid 920 in the bath 121, which is heated with water.
• gas 74 produced by the vaporization of the liquid 72 in the exchanger 109.
• the liquid CO2 64 is compressed by a pump and heated in the exchanger 109 without undergoing vaporization, or pseudo-vaporization if the pressure is greater than the supercritical pressure .
• the lean gas 44 is successively heated by a compressor 924 and the exchanger 109.
• This lean gas consists essentially of hydrogen can be sent to a gas turbine to achieve combustion without CO2 emissions.
• the unit 10 can supply hot nitrogen 90a, which will be introduced downstream of the dryers 910, and / or cold nitrogen 90b introduced directly into the chamber 111 to increase the amount of CO2 captured.
• the expansion in the turbine 514 of the hot nitrogen present in the flow 502 provides additional cooling for the solid cryo-condensation of the CO2 in the turbine 514; in the second case, the cold nitrogen 90b, by heating in contact with the fluid 503, generates the solid cryo-condensation of CO2.
• the other advantage of the hot nitrogen 90a is to increase the molecular weight of the gas 502, which can be interesting to reduce the cost of relaxation 514 and / or compression 924. Indeed, when these gases are very rich in hydrogen, it is not easy to compress / relax these gases with the most appropriate technologies at high rates, namely axial, radial or supersonic shock wave type technologies. It is then necessary to use volumetric type technologies such as piston or screw very expensive to implement.
• FIG 12 shows schematically the use of a process according to the invention in a synthesis gas production facility from a steam reforming.
• Carbonaceous product 902 (natural gas, methanol, naphtha, etc.) is introduced into a reactor 900.
• the synthesis gas 903 produced in the reactor 900 mainly comprises the compounds CO, CO2, H2 and H2O.
• the fluid 905 can optionally be compressed by a compressor 101, cooled in an exchanger 105 and dried in a dryer 107, before entering a low temperature heat exchanger 109, where it can be partially liquefied at a temperature close to that of the point. triple CO2.
• the two-phase gas-liquid fluid 912 obtained is separated into a gaseous fraction 502 and a liquid fraction 920 in the separator 928.
• the gaseous fraction 502 is then cooled by a quasi-isentropic expansion, for example in a turbine 514, so as to obtain a gas-solid two-phase 503.
• the solid fraction 62 is mixed with the liquid 920 in the bath 121, which is heated with water.
• gas 74 produced by the vaporization of the liquid 72 in the exchanger 109.
• the liquid CO2 64 is compressed by a pump and heated in the exchanger 109 without undergoing vaporization, or pseudo-vaporization if the pressure is greater than the supercritical pressure .
• the lean gas 44 can then be purified to CO2 at low temperature for example by adsorption with a 13X molecular sieve before being introduced into a cryogenic unit 924 for the production of CO. This works for example by washing with methane or partial condensation of CO.
• This unit 924 produces a hydrogen enriched gas 929 and a CO 925 enriched gas.
• a fluid or several fluid of this unit can be compressed at low temperature and then reintroduced into the heat exchanger 926.
• the cryocooler Solid condensation replaces CO2 removal by absorption with amines (MDEA or MEA).
• MDEA absorption with amines
• these solid cryo-condensation processes are in deficit of cold. In fact, it is not so.
• gas to be treated which is cooled at low temperature before compression; - CO2-poor gas that is compressed at low temperature (see Figure 2). It can either be relaxed again or compressed under vacuum to bring it back to atmospheric pressure, or relax after heating in the hot part of the process that produced the gas to be treated; o indirect solid cryo-condensation in an exchanger; externally: o cold compression of any fluid of the installation; o production of liquid nitrogen and / or liquid air; o transcritical Rankine cycle on CO2.
• FIG. 13 schematically represents the use of a process according to the invention implementing a transcritical Rankine cycle on CO2. It also includes the characteristics of a process in which a liquid cryo-condensation is successively carried out, then a solid cryo- condensation and where the purity of the CO2 produced by two distillation columns is improved, one to eliminate the components less volatile than CO2 (NO2 or N2O4, SO2, ...) and another to eliminate the more volatile components.
• the fluid 24 consists of fumes and may be at a temperature of the order of 15O 0 C is injected into a filter 103 to remove the particles to a concentration level of less than 1 mg / m 3 , preferably less than 1 mg / m 3. 100 ⁇ g / m 3 .
• the dust-free fluid 30 is cooled to a temperature close to 0 ° C., generally between 0 ° C. and 100 ° C., so as to condense the water vapor that it contains.
• This cooling is performed in a tower 105b, with two-level water injection, cold water 36b and water at a temperature close to the humid temperature of the ambient air 34b.
• Tower 105 may or may not have packings. This tower can also serve as a SO2 scrubber.
• the optionally desaturated fluid is compressed at a pressure between 5 and 50 bar abs in the compressor 101.
• the fluid 32 is cooled to a temperature close to 0 ° C., generally between 0 ° C. and 10 ° C. C, so as to condense the water vapor that it contains.
• This cooling is performed in a tower 105, with two-level water injection, cold water 36 and water at a temperature close to the humid temperature of the ambient air 34. It is also possible to envisage indirect contact.
• Tower 105 may or may not have packings.
• the fluid 38 is sent to a residual water vapor removal unit 107, using, for example, one and / or the other of the following methods: Adsorption on fixed beds, fluidized beds and / or rotary dryer, the adsorbent may be activated alumina, silica gel or a molecular sieve (3A, 4A, 5A, 13X, ...); Condensation in a direct or indirect contact exchanger.
• the fluid to be treated 40 is cooled and then contacted in a distillation column 79 with pure CO2, so as to recover the less volatile compounds that the CO2 in the form of a liquid containing CO2 and for example NO2 ( or its dimer N2O4).
• This liquid can be pumped and vaporized in the unit 78, then sent either into a combustion chamber to reduce the NO 2, or into the purification unit of the flow by low pressure washing of the SO 2, to serve as reagent either directly as NO2 or as nitric acid after reaction with water.
• the fluid to be treated 74a is then cooled and partially condensed in liquid form and sent to the separator 76.
• the liquid fraction 76a is sent to the bath 121.
• the gaseous fraction 76b is sent to an expansion turbine so as to produce a two-phase flow therein.
• gas-solid 42 which is sent into the chamber 111 to be separated between a CO2-poor gas 44 and solid CO2 62.
• An auxiliary fluid 93 for example from an air separation unit can possibly provide additional cooling for solid cryo-condensation. In this case, it may be advantageous to take from the CO2-poor gas 44 a fluid 92 which returns to the unit which supplied the fluid 93.
• the solid 62 is compressed for example by a worm and injected into the bath liquid CO2 121, from which a liquid 64 is taken.
• This liquid can optionally be pumped and introduced into a distillation column 75 to remove more volatile compounds than CO2.
• the pure liquid 68 is heated without vaporization, or pseudo-vaporization if it is supercritical. It can be pumped again to obtain the fluid ready for transport.
• Part of the fluid 5 can be removed for vaporization, or pseudo-vaporization, in a unit 72.
• This unit 72 is for example any source of heat from the plant producing the fluid to be treated.
• This portion of the fluid 80 is then expanded in a turbine 73 used to produce electricity or mechanical power, then cooled in the exchanger 109 and condensed by direct exchange in the bath 121, while carrying out the melting of the solid CO2 .
• the fluid 48 may also serve in particular to regenerate the residual vapor removal unit 107 and / or to produce cold water 36a by evaporation in a direct contact tower 115 where the a dry fluid 50 is introduced which will saturate with water by vaporizing a part.
• the cold water can undergo additional cooling in a refrigeration unit 1 19. Then, this cold water can be used in one and / or the other of the towers 105 and 105b so as to cool the gas to be treated before and / or after compression.
• FIGs 14 and 15 show a turbine for performing a virtually isentropic expansion of the fluid to be treated with production of external work according to the invention.
• the upstream stator portion 960 begins with the volute (not shown) and then with vanes 950 which can be fixed or variable.
• vanes 950 which can be fixed or variable.
• the rotor part Downstream of the rotor part, if it is not desired to use the centrifugal force on the solid parts, the rotor part may consist of a simple deceleration cone. If it is desired to use the downstream stator part 961 to achieve a first separation, it is possible to use the rotation of the fluid in the rotor part as well as the centrifugal effect to separate a fraction rich in CO2 at the periphery of a depleted fraction. CO2 in the center. It may also be interesting to realize a speed setting and therefore an additional relaxation of the fluid in a convergent 956 (turbine called "Laval"). By decreasing the pressure before deceleration of the gas, this makes it possible to increase the amount of solidified CO2. Most of the CO2-poor gas is recovered at the center of the 959 flow and the bulk of the solid CO2 at the periphery 958 is mixed with a gas fraction.

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• 2008
  • 2008-12-19 FR FR0858866A patent/FR2940413B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2009
  • 2009-12-14 WO PCT/FR2009/052508 patent/WO2010076466A1/fr not_active Ceased
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  • 2009-12-14 EP EP09803850A patent/EP2379970A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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  • 2009-12-14 CN CN2009801568635A patent/CN102317726A/zh active Pending
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