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EP1538231B1 - A microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue - Google Patents

A microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1538231B1
EP1538231B1 EP04016413A EP04016413A EP1538231B1 EP 1538231 B1 EP1538231 B1 EP 1538231B1 EP 04016413 A EP04016413 A EP 04016413A EP 04016413 A EP04016413 A EP 04016413A EP 1538231 B1 EP1538231 B1 EP 1538231B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
amount
temperature
comprised
fatigue
wheel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04016413A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1538231A1 (en
Inventor
Stefano Cantini
Andrea Ghidini
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Lucchini Rs SpA
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Lucchini RS SpA
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Priority to PL04016413T priority Critical patent/PL1538231T3/en
Publication of EP1538231A1 publication Critical patent/EP1538231A1/en
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Publication of EP1538231B1 publication Critical patent/EP1538231B1/en
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/34—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tyres; for rims
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/78—Combined heat-treatments not provided for above
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/002—Bainite

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue.
  • the present invention refers to a microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue being particularly suitable to be used for the manufacturing of rail wheels, i.e. wheels for railway, tramway and/or metro fields.
  • the wheel is one of the most important components making the rolling stock.
  • the wheel is submitted to complex phenomena such as ratchetting, fretting fatigue wear friction, etc. intervening on the wheel/rail interface.
  • complex phenomena such as ratchetting, fretting fatigue wear friction, etc. intervening on the wheel/rail interface.
  • great stresses occur due to the severe load conditions. These stresses give rise both to the first stages of fretting fatigue failures and to wearing.
  • Fatigue failures are very dangerous as they can cause the detachment of small portions of wheel, with serious consequences both on suspensions, on the axle-box bearings of the vehicle and on the railway infrastructure.
  • fretting fatigue failures can be spallings due to ratchetting phenomena or to heat loads or spallings due to shellings or deep shellings.
  • spallings are induced by cold ratchetting. It is known that the wheel/rail contact develops in cyclic elastic-plastic conditions with localized ratchetting and the sum of ratchetting deriving from various cycles may give rise to local failures for damage accumulation.
  • spallings are due to the detachment of small portions of wheels with cratering forming on the rolling surface in conditions of high axle loads or in the presence of macrodefects at depths comprised between 6 and 30 mm under the rolling surface.
  • EP-A-1 241 277 on which is based the preamble of claim 1, discloses a steel alloy, particularly for railway wheels, comprising carbon, silicon, manganese as alloying elements imparting hardness, and chromium, nickel, molybdenum, as alloying elements improving the tempering properties, but no elements with microalloying properties.
  • Both FR-A-2 166 585 and EP-A-0 884 396 disclose the manufacturing of a steel alloy comprising carbon, silicon, manganese as alloying elements imparting hardness, and chromium, nickel, molybdenum, as alloying elements improving the tempering properties, the former document additionally disclosing the use of V in the composition.
  • EP 0612852 discloses a process for manufacturing high-strength bainitic steel rails with excellent rolling contact fatigue resistance, the steel comprising carbon, silicon, manganese and chromium, and optionally at least one element selected from three groups of elements, namely Ni, Mo, Cu; Nb, V, Ti; B.
  • the object of the present invention is to remove the above-mentioned drawbacks.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a steel suitable for the manufacturing of wheels for the railway, tramway and/or metro fields having a high resistance to fretting fatigue failures.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a steel suitable for the manufacturing of wheels for the railway, tramway and/or metro fields having high mechanical resistance and toughness features combined with high resistance features to wearing and fretting fatigue.
  • microalloying elements in well defined ratios among them and compared with the other steel elements helps the steel hardening and protects its toughness.
  • These elements with microalloying properties are Nb, Zr, Al and Ti in quantities not higher than 0.06% by weight for each element and B, Ca and N in quantities not higher than 0.007% by weight, for each element.
  • a steel according to an embodiment of the present invention preferably comprises: Carbon 0.15 - 0.35% by weight Silicon 0.60 - 1.20% by weight Manganese 0.60 - 1.50% by weight Chromium 0.10 - 1.00% by weight Nickel 0.10 - 1.00% by weight Molybdenum 0.10 - 0.90% by weight Vanadium 0.01 - 0.15% by weight Niobium 0.01 - 0.05% by weight Zirconium 0.005 - 0.06% by weight Aluminium 0.005 - 0.06% by weight Titanium 0.005 - 0.06% by weight Boron 0.0005 - 0.005% by weight Calcium 0.0002 - 0.005% by weigh Nitrogen 0.003 - 0.007% by weight
  • the remaining part up to 100 being iron without impurities.
  • the product is submitted to austenitization and quenching in water.
  • This process consists in the heating at a temperature comprised between 850 and 950° C, a stay at this temperature for one hour for about each 40 mm of thickness of the processed product and in a quick cooling in water until room temperature is reached.
  • the product is then submitted to two thermal tempering processes in order to attenuate internal stresses caused by the abrupt cooling.
  • the first thermal tempering process is carried out by heating at a variable temperature comprised between 500 and 700°C according to the required features for a stay time at this temperature of about one hour for each 20 mm of thickness of the processed product, followed by a spontaneous air cooling until room temperature is reached.
  • the second thermal tempering process is carried out by heating at a temperature lower than 20°C compared to the one of the first thermal tempering process for a stay time at this temperature of about one hour for each 20 mm of thickness of the processed product followed by a spontaneous air cooling for at least 25 minutes and in any case being such to cool the rail wheel rolling until room temperature is reached.
  • the cooling of the rail wheel rolling can be carried out at a different speed from the one used for the cooling of the web in order to give different properties to each part of the wheel.
  • the steel of the present invention is characterized by an excellent balancing between tensile and toughness features. Toughness values are very high at any temperature level.
  • Some castings have been manufactured according to the following objective analysis: Carbon 0.27 - 0.32% by weight Silicon 0.60 - 0.80% by weight Manganese 0.90 - 1.10% by weight Chromium 0.20 - 0.50% by weight Nickel 0.20 - 0.50% by weight Molybdenum 0.20 - 0.50% by weight Vanadium 0.020 - 0.050% by weight Niobium 0.020 - 0.040% by weight Zirconium 0.015 - 0.045% by weight Aluminium 0.015 -0.055% by weight Titanium 0.010 - 0.040% by weight Boron 0.0010 - 0.040% by weight Calcium 0.002 - 0.003% by weight Nitrogen 0.003 - 0.004% by weight
  • the remaining part up to 100 being iron without impurities.
  • Each wheel has been submitted to austenitization and quenching by heating at a temperature of about 900°C for a stay time at this temperature of about 3 hours and a quick cooling in water until room temperature was reached.
  • Each wheel was then submitted to two subsequent thermal tempering processes the first of which was carried out by heating at a temperature of about 520°C - 600°C for a stay time at this temperature of about six hours and a spontaneous air cooling until room temperature was reached; the second one was carried out by heating at a temperature of 20°C lower than the one of the first process for a stay time at such temperature of about six hours and a spontaneous air cooling for 60 minutes until room temperature was reached.
  • PROPERTIES STANDARD UNIT VALUE Monotonic yield UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,090 Tensile stress UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,210 Elongation at break UNI EN10002 % 16 Reduction coeff. UNI EN 10002 % 55 WEB PROPERTIES STANDARD UNIT VALUE Monotonic yield UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,090 Tensile stress UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,210 Elongation at break UNI EN10002 % 16 Reduction coeff. UNI EN10002 % 55

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Abstract

A microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue comprising: C in quantities comprised between 0.15 and 0.35% by weight; Si and Mn in quantities comprised between 0.50 and 1.50% by weight for each element; Cr, Ni and Mo in quantities comprised between 0.10 and 1.00% by weight for each element and, small quantities of trace elements with microalloying properties.

Description

    Field of the invention
  • The present invention refers to a microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue.
  • More particularly, the present invention refers to a microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue being particularly suitable to be used for the manufacturing of rail wheels, i.e. wheels for railway, tramway and/or metro fields.
    • Description of the prior art
  • It is known that the wheel is one of the most important components making the rolling stock. During the running of the vehicle, the wheel is submitted to complex phenomena such as ratchetting, fretting fatigue wear friction, etc. intervening on the wheel/rail interface. In fact, during the wheel/rail contact on a thin layer of material placed immediately under the contact area, great stresses occur due to the severe load conditions. These stresses give rise both to the first stages of fretting fatigue failures and to wearing.
  • Fatigue failures are very dangerous as they can cause the detachment of small portions of wheel, with serious consequences both on suspensions, on the axle-box bearings of the vehicle and on the railway infrastructure.
  • According to the working conditions, fretting fatigue failures can be spallings due to ratchetting phenomena or to heat loads or spallings due to shellings or deep shellings.
  • In the first case, spallings are induced by cold ratchetting. It is known that the wheel/rail contact develops in cyclic elastic-plastic conditions with localized ratchetting and the sum of ratchetting deriving from various cycles may give rise to local failures for damage accumulation.
  • In the second case, spallings are due to the detachment of small portions of wheels with cratering forming on the rolling surface in conditions of high axle loads or in the presence of macrodefects at depths comprised between 6 and 30 mm under the rolling surface.
  • Steels with high resistance levels are known on the market, they successfully remove the drawbacks due to wearing phenomena, but the problems connected to fretting fatigue failures which constitute an ever higher percentage of the damage phenomena of wheels and rails are still present.
  • EP-A-1 241 277 on which is based the preamble of claim 1, discloses a steel alloy, particularly for railway wheels, comprising carbon, silicon, manganese as alloying elements imparting hardness, and chromium, nickel, molybdenum, as alloying elements improving the tempering properties, but no elements with microalloying properties.
  • Both FR-A-2 166 585 and EP-A-0 884 396 disclose the manufacturing of a steel alloy comprising carbon, silicon, manganese as alloying elements imparting hardness, and
    chromium, nickel, molybdenum, as alloying elements improving the tempering properties, the former document additionally disclosing the use of V in the composition.
  • EP 0612852 discloses a process for manufacturing high-strength bainitic steel rails with excellent rolling contact fatigue resistance, the steel comprising carbon, silicon, manganese and chromium, and optionally at least one element selected from three groups of elements, namely Ni, Mo, Cu; Nb, V, Ti; B.
  • The object of the present invention is to remove the above-mentioned drawbacks.
  • More particularly, the object of the present invention is to provide a steel suitable for the manufacturing of wheels for the railway, tramway and/or metro fields having a high resistance to fretting fatigue failures.
  • A further object of the present invention is to provide a steel suitable for the manufacturing of wheels for the railway, tramway and/or metro fields having high mechanical resistance and toughness features combined with high resistance features to wearing and fretting fatigue.
  • According to the present invention these and other objects, that will be clear from the following description, are obtained by a steel alloy as claimed in claim 1.
  • The presence of small amounts of microalloying elements in well defined ratios among them and compared with the other steel elements helps the steel hardening and protects its toughness. These elements with microalloying properties are Nb, Zr, Al and Ti in quantities not higher than 0.06% by weight for each element and B, Ca and N in quantities not higher than 0.007% by weight, for each element.
  • A steel according to an embodiment of the present invention preferably comprises:
    Carbon 0.15 - 0.35% by weight
    Silicon 0.60 - 1.20% by weight
    Manganese 0.60 - 1.50% by weight
    Chromium 0.10 - 1.00% by weight
    Nickel 0.10 - 1.00% by weight
    Molybdenum 0.10 - 0.90% by weight
    Vanadium 0.01 - 0.15% by weight
    Niobium 0.01 - 0.05% by weight
    Zirconium 0.005 - 0.06% by weight
    Aluminium 0.005 - 0.06% by weight
    Titanium 0.005 - 0.06% by weight
    Boron 0.0005 - 0.005% by weight
    Calcium 0.0002 - 0.005% by weigh
    Nitrogen 0.003 - 0.007% by weight
  • The remaining part up to 100 being iron without impurities.
  • After the mechanical machining of the steel of the present invention for the manufacturing of wheels for the railway, tramway and/or metro fields, the product is submitted to austenitization and quenching in water. This process consists in the heating at a temperature comprised between 850 and 950° C, a stay at this temperature for one hour for about each 40 mm of thickness of the processed product and in a quick cooling in water until room temperature is reached.
  • The product is then submitted to two thermal tempering processes in order to attenuate internal stresses caused by the abrupt cooling.
  • The first thermal tempering process is carried out by heating at a variable temperature comprised between 500 and 700°C according to the required features for a stay time at this temperature of about one hour for each 20 mm of thickness of the processed product, followed by a spontaneous air cooling until room temperature is reached.
  • The second thermal tempering process is carried out by heating at a temperature lower than 20°C compared to the one of the first thermal tempering process for a stay time at this temperature of about one hour for each 20 mm of thickness of the processed product followed by a spontaneous air cooling for at least 25 minutes and in any case being such to cool the rail wheel rolling until room temperature is reached.
  • The cooling of the rail wheel rolling can be carried out at a different speed from the one used for the cooling of the web in order to give different properties to each part of the wheel.
  • The steel of the present invention is characterized by an excellent balancing between tensile and toughness features. Toughness values are very high at any temperature level.
  • A clear demonstration of said feature balancing is due to the fact that the ductile/brittle transition temperature, defined by the F.A.T.T. value corresponding to 50% is placed at - 40°C even though the tensile stress values are very high.
  • In order to better understand the present invention and put it into practice the following illustrative and non limitative example is given.
    • Example
  • Some castings have been manufactured according to the following objective analysis:
    Carbon 0.27 - 0.32% by weight
    Silicon 0.60 - 0.80% by weight
    Manganese 0.90 - 1.10% by weight
    Chromium 0.20 - 0.50% by weight
    Nickel 0.20 - 0.50% by weight
    Molybdenum 0.20 - 0.50% by weight
    Vanadium 0.020 - 0.050% by weight
    Niobium 0.020 - 0.040% by weight
    Zirconium 0.015 - 0.045% by weight
    Aluminium 0.015 -0.055% by weight
    Titanium 0.010 - 0.040% by weight
    Boron 0.0010 - 0.040% by weight
    Calcium 0.002 - 0.003% by weight
    Nitrogen 0.003 - 0.004% by weight
  • The remaining part up to 100 being iron without impurities.
  • With the steels thus obtained some rail wheels have been manufactured according to the prior arts each of them having a rolling diameter of 915 mm.
  • Each wheel has been submitted to austenitization and quenching by heating at a temperature of about 900°C for a stay time at this temperature of about 3 hours and a quick cooling in water until room temperature was reached.
  • Each wheel was then submitted to two subsequent thermal tempering processes the first of which was carried out by heating at a temperature of about 520°C - 600°C for a stay time at this temperature of about six hours and a spontaneous air cooling until room temperature was reached; the second one was carried out by heating at a temperature of 20°C lower than the one of the first process for a stay time at such temperature of about six hours and a spontaneous air cooling for 60 minutes until room temperature was reached.
  • The rail wheels thus obtained had the following average mechanical features:
    • ROLLING SURFACE
  • PROPERTIES STANDARD UNIT VALUE
    Monotonic yield UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,090
    Tensile stress UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,210
    Elongation at break UNI EN10002 % 16
    Reduction coeff. UNI EN 10002 % 55
    WEB
    PROPERTIES STANDARD UNIT VALUE
    Monotonic yield UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,090
    Tensile stress UNI EN10002 Mpa 1,210
    Elongation at break UNI EN10002 % 16
    Reduction coeff. UNI EN10002 % 55

Claims (7)

  1. A microalloy bainitic steel alloy for rail wheels with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue, comprising: C, Si , Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo,
    characterized in that it comprises, in weight percentage:
    an amount of C comprised between 0.15 and 0.35%,
    an amount of Si comprised between 0.6 and 1.20%,
    an amount of Mn comprised between 0.6 and 1.50%,
    an amount of Cr comprised between 0.10 and 1.00%,
    an amount of Ni comprised between 0.10 and 1.00%,
    an amount of Mo comprised between 0.10 and 0.90%,
    and in that it further comprise the following elements having microalloying properties, in weight percentage:
    - V in an amount comprised between 0.01 and 0.15%, and
    - Nb, Zr, Al, Ti each present in an amount not higher than 0.06%,
    - B, Ca and N, each present in an amount not higher than 0.007%,
    the remaining part up to 100 being iron, without impurities.
  2. A method for manufacturing a rail wheel with high resistance to fatigue and fretting fatigue from a microalloy bainitic steel alloy as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of:
    mechanically machining said steel alloy;
    submitting it to austenitization;
    quenching it in water; and
    subjecting it to two thermal tempering processes.
  3. A method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that said austenitization and quenching in water comprises:
    heating the wheel to a temperature between 850°C and 950°C;
    maintaining the wheel at such a temperature for one hour for about each 40 mm of thickness of the processed product;
    quick cooling it in water until room temperature is reached.
  4. A method as claimed in claim 2 or 3, characterized in that said first thermal tempering process comprises
    heating to a temperature between 500 and 700°C,
    maintaining the wheel at such a temperature for about one hour for each 20 mm of thickness of the processed product;
    and air cooling until room temperature is reached.
  5. A method as claimed in claims 2 or 3 or 4, characterized in that said second thermal tempering treatment comprises:
    heating the product to a temperature lower than 20°C compared to the one of the first thermal tempering process;
    maintaining the product at this temperature for about one hour for each 20 mm of thickness of the processed product; and
    air cooling the product for at least 25 minutes, and in any case being such to cool the rail wheel rolling until room temperature is reached.
  6. A method as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that the cooling of the wheel rolling is carried out at a different speed from the one used for the cooling of the web.
  7. A rail wheel manufactured from a microalloy bainitic steel alloy as claimed in claim 1.
EP04016413A 2003-12-03 2004-07-13 A microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue Expired - Lifetime EP1538231B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL04016413T PL1538231T3 (en) 2003-12-03 2004-07-13 A microalloy bainitic steel with high resistance to fatigue and to fretting fatigue

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT002370A ITMI20032370A1 (en) 2003-12-03 2003-12-03 HIGH BAINITH MICROLEGATE STEEL FOR FATIGUE RESISTANCE
ITMI20032370 2003-12-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1538231A1 EP1538231A1 (en) 2005-06-08
EP1538231B1 true EP1538231B1 (en) 2010-08-25

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EP (1) EP1538231B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE478970T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602004028791D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2350204T3 (en)
IT (1) ITMI20032370A1 (en)
PL (1) PL1538231T3 (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104325838A (en) * 2014-10-22 2015-02-04 雷帮荣 High-speed rail wheel and hot-extrusion integrated forming method thereof
CN104325838B (en) * 2014-10-22 2016-08-24 雷帮荣 A kind of high ferro wheel and hot extrusion integral forming method thereof

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ATE478970T1 (en) 2010-09-15
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