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EP1596941B1 - Dispositifs de securite - Google Patents

Dispositifs de securite Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1596941B1
EP1596941B1 EP04704271A EP04704271A EP1596941B1 EP 1596941 B1 EP1596941 B1 EP 1596941B1 EP 04704271 A EP04704271 A EP 04704271A EP 04704271 A EP04704271 A EP 04704271A EP 1596941 B1 EP1596941 B1 EP 1596941B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
jaw
cam member
cam
safety clip
clip according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04704271A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1596941A1 (fr
Inventor
Keith Martin Turney
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Central (High Rise) Ltd
Original Assignee
Central (High Rise) Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Central (High Rise) Ltd filed Critical Central (High Rise) Ltd
Publication of EP1596941A1 publication Critical patent/EP1596941A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1596941B1 publication Critical patent/EP1596941B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06C—LADDERS
    • E06C7/00—Component parts, supporting parts, or accessories
    • E06C7/18—Devices for preventing persons from falling
    • E06C7/186—Rail or rope for guiding a safety attachment, e.g. a fall arrest system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B1/00—Devices for lowering persons from buildings or the like
    • A62B1/06—Devices for lowering persons from buildings or the like by making use of rope-lowering devices
    • A62B1/14—Devices for lowering persons from buildings or the like by making use of rope-lowering devices with brakes sliding on the rope
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B35/00—Safety belts or body harnesses; Similar equipment for limiting displacement of the human body, especially in case of sudden changes of motion
    • A62B35/0081—Equipment which can travel along the length of a lifeline, e.g. travelers
    • A62B35/0087—Arrangements for bypassing lifeline supports without lanyard disconnection

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a clip for use in a fall-arrest system for protecting workmen operating at elevated positions.
  • a known fall-arrest system comprises a safety track in the form of a cable or wire which is permanently or temporarily fixed to the building or other structure and to which the workman is attached via a safety clip which is linked to the free end of a lanyard attached to a harness worn by the workman. Movements of the workman generally parallel with the cable are unrestrained because the clip is free to slide along the cable in response to a pull on the lanyard. As the clip remains permanently coupled to the cable, a fall is quickly arrested preventing bodily injury. Fall arrest systems of this type are generally well known and workmen are usually obliged to use them when working at elevated positions in order to comply with various health and safety regulations.
  • the safety clip for attaching the lanyard to the cable generally comprises an elongate tubular hook portion to receive the cable and a jaw that may be opened to facilitate the attachment of the clip to the cable and closed to retain the clip on the cable so that the cable can slide freely through the hook portion. It is important to ensure that sliding movement of the clip along the cable is not impeded or interrupted by any support used to attach the cable to the building. To overcome this, a gap or slot is maintained between the tip of the jaw and the tip of the hook so that the supports, which have a thin neck part formed from flat plate in a region adjacent to where they attach to the cable may slide through the gap without it being necessary for the workman to detach and reattach the clip on either side of the support.
  • the clip has a loop portion through which a linking member such as a ring or karibina may pass to attach the end of a lanyard to the clip.
  • the loop is sized and positioned so that, when the linking member is passed through the loop, it substantially prevents or blocks movement of the jaw from the closed to the open position so that the clip cannot inadvertently detach itself from the cable whilst the linking member is in place.
  • the jaw has a greater freedom of movement between the closed and open position as it is not blocked by the linking member to the same extent than a linking member having a larger cross section. Potentially, therefore, the jaw could still open to a sufficient extent to allow a smaller diameter cable to fit through the gap detaching the clip from the cable.
  • An object of the present invention is to overcome or substantially alleviate the aforementioned problems and to provide a safety clip for use in a fall arrest system that is not only easier to operate but is safer to use than conventional safety clips.
  • GB 2370312 It is known from GB 2370312 to provide a safety clip for use in a fall arrest system including a track, the safety clip comprising a body and a jaw pivotably mounted on the body and movable between an open position in which the body can be attached to, and detached from, the track and a closed position to retain the clip on the track.
  • a safety clip according to the present invention is characterised by a cam member rotatably mounted on the body, the jaw being biased toward the open position, the cam member and jaw cooperating in response to rotation of the cam member to pivot the jaw into the closed position.
  • the body includes a hook portion to receive the track and the cam member and jaw are configured such that, when the jaw is in the closed position, a gap is present between the tip of the jaw and the tip of the hook portion.
  • the body comprises a connecting part depending from the hook portion, the connecting part having an aperture therein to receive a linking member for attachment of the clip to a lanyard.
  • the cam member is pivotally attached to the connecting part, the clip being configured such that rotation of the cam member is substantially prevented when the linking member is received through the aperture.
  • the cam member is annular and the aperture in the connecting part and in the cam member are aligned when the cam member is positioned such that the jaw is in a closed position, the linking member being receivable through both the aperture in the connecting part and in the cam member to substantially prevent rotation of the cam member relative to the connecting part.
  • the cam member is configured such that any limited rotation of the cam member that is still possible when the linking member is received through the apertures in the connecting part and the cam member is operable to cause the jaw to move beyond the closed position to one in which the size of the gap between the jaw and the hook portion is reduced or eliminated.
  • cam surface is formed on the outside of the annular cam member and comprises a first cam surface and a second cam surface adjacent to the first cam surface.
  • first and second cam surfaces are substantially flat and meet at an oblique angle.
  • the first cam surface lies in engagement with the jaw when the jaw is in a closed position.
  • a region between the first and second cam surfaces lies in engagement with the jaw when the cam member is initially rotated and the gap between the jaw and the hook portion is reduced or eliminated.
  • the jaw preferably cooperates with the second cam surface when the coupling member has been removed and the cam member is allowed to rotate beyond said initial rotation.
  • the cam member includes biasing means to bias it into a position in which the jaw has been pivoted into the closed position.
  • the present invention also provides a fall arrest system incorporating a safety clip according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 a safety clip 1 for use in a fall-arrest system in which the clip 1 may be slidably and releasably attached to a track secured to a building, scaffold or other elevated structure.
  • the clip 1 includes a body 2 comprising a hook portion 3 and a connecting portion 4.
  • a jaw member 5 is pivotally mounted to the body 2 between the hook portion 3 and the connecting portion 4 and a cam member 6 is pivotally mounted to the connecting portion 4.
  • the hook portion 3 and jaw member 5 together define an elongate tubular opening in which is received the track, such as a cable 7 (see Figure 5 ) of the fall arrest device when the clip 1 is attached thereto.
  • the opening has a significantly larger cross-sectional diameter than the cross-sectional diameter of the cable 7 so that the clip 1 is free to slide along it.
  • the connecting portion 4 depends from the hook portion 3 and has an aperture 8 therein to receive a linking member such as a karibina 9 (see Figure 5 ), which is attached to a lanyard extending from a harness worn by the workman using the system.
  • a linking member such as a karibina 9 (see Figure 5 )
  • the cam member 6 is more clearly illustrated in Figure 3 and is pivotally mounted on the connecting portion 4 for rotation about an axis "A" indicated in Figure 3 and has a hole 10 therein of substantially the same diameter as the aperture 8 in the connecting portion 4.
  • the cam member 6 is generally annular in shape with a smooth outer profile except in a head region 11 where the cam member has a flattened first cam surface 12 between two second cam surfaces 13 extending at an oblique angle from the first cam surface 12.
  • the first cam surface 12 may have a protruding shoulder or ridge (not shown) for engagement with the jaw member 5 and for reasons that will become apparent.
  • the jaw member 5 is mounted to the body 2 generally between the hook portion 3 and connecting portion 4 for rotation about an axis "B" indicated in Figure 1 and comprises a pair of legs 14 depending from a central section 15.
  • the inner face of the legs 14 and central section 15 have an arcuate or curved shape so as to form part of the tubular opening to receive the cable 7.
  • the body 2 includes a cylindrical shaft 16 to receive an axle 17 the ends of which are received in corresponding openings 18 in the remote end of each leg 14 to attach the jaw member 5 to the body 2.
  • a coil spring 19 is also mounted within a recess 20 formed in the body 2 at one end of the shaft 16.
  • One end 21 of the spring is received in an extension 21a to the recess 20 in the body 2 and the other end in a corresponding recess (not shown) in the jaw member 5.
  • the spring 19 biases the jaw member 5 into the open position, or the position illustrated in Figure 4 .
  • the cam member 6 is pivotally mounted to the connecting portion 4 via a screw 22 that extends through an shaft 23 in the edge of the annular cam member 6 and through a corresponding shaft 24 in the connecting part 4.
  • the screw 22 is threadingly engaged in a boss 25 on the other side of the connecting part 4.
  • the cam member 6 is free to rotate in either direction about the axis "A" in response to manipulation by a user's fingers.
  • the cam member 6 may be sprung in a similar way to that of the jaw member 5, so that it is biased into the closed position which is the position shown in Figure 1 .
  • the cam member 6 may be retained in the position shown in Figure 1 by a catch mechanism 26 received in a threaded opening 27 in the connecting portion 4.
  • the catch mechanism includes a spring 28 and a stud 29 that protrudes from the connecting portion 4 and is received in a recess (non shown) in the rear surface of the cam member 6 when the cam member 6 is in the position shown in Figure 1 .
  • a grub screw 29a retains the spring 28 and the stud 29 in the opening 27. It will be appreciated that the biasing force is adjustable in response to tightening or loosening of the grub screw 29a in the threaded opening 27.
  • the jaw member 5 To attach the hook portion 3 to the cable 7, the jaw member 5 must be pivoted into an open position so that a gap (indicated by X in Figures 1 and 4 ) between the tip of the hook portion 3 and the tip of the jaw member 8 is sufficient to enable the cable 7 to pass therebetween into the tubular opening. Movement of the jaw member 5 into the open position is achieved by rotating the cam member 6 about the axis "A" so that the jaw member 5 can pivot, due to the bias provided by the spring 19, into the open position shown in Figure 4 .
  • the jaw member 5 may be moved into the closed position to retain the cable in place. This is achieved by rotating the cam member 6 in the opposite direction back into the position shown in Figure 1 , or releasing it if the cam member 6 is biased by a spring. As the cam member 6 is rotated, the cam surfaces 12,13 engage the outer surface of the jaw member 5 and force it to close against the biasing force provided by the spring 19 so that the distance X is reduced and escape of the cable 7 is prevented. It will be appreciated that a small gap X is always maintained to allow the clip 1 to pass over supports (not shown) used to mount the cable 7 to the structure, as explained above.
  • a linking member 9 may now be attached to the clip 1 by inserting it through both the aligned apertures 8,10 in the connecting part 4 and the cam member 6.
  • a feature of the clip 1 is that an initial rotation of the cam member 6 actually serves to make the gap X between the tip of the jaw member 5 and the tip of the hook portion 3 smaller than when jaw member 5 is in the normal closed position with the cam member 6 in the position shown in Figure 1 .
  • the part of the cam surface between the first and a second cam surfaces 12,13 engages the jaw member 5 forcing it beyond the closed position so that gap X reduces.
  • Further rotation of the cam member 6 then causes the jaw member 5 to engage the second cam surface 13 and the jaw member 5 to open. It is not until the aperture 10 in the cam member 6 and the aperture 8 in the connecting portion 4 are almost completely out of alignment that rotation of the cam member 6 allows the gap X to widen. Therefore, irrespective of the diameter of the linking member 9, the jaw member 5 cannot move toward the open position until the linking member 9 is removed from the apertures 8,10.
  • a second embodiment of safety clip 100 according to the invention is illustrated in Figures 5a and 5b .
  • the safety clip 100 is similar to the safety clip 1 of the first embodiment except that in this modified version, the cam member 6 has been replaced with another annular cam member 101 and the connecting part 4 of the body has two arms 103 between which the annular cam member 101 is pivotally mounted for rotation about an axis "F" indicated in the Figures.
  • the cam member 101 is therefore mounted for rotation to the body at an angle of 90 degrees relative to its position in the first embodiment.
  • the annular cam member 101 has an aperture 104 therein to receive a linking member such as a karibina 9. It will be appreciated that the annular cam member 102 cannot rotate into a position in which the jaw member 5 can move into an open position, as shown in Figure 5b , until the linking member 9 has been removed.
  • the cam member 101 is shaped so that any initial rotation of the cam member 101 due to the aperture 104 being larger than the diameter of the linking member 9 will cause the jaw 5 to move beyond the closed position so that the gap between the hooked portion 3 and the jaw 5 reduces, thereby preventing possible detachment of the safety clip 100 from the cable.
  • the cam member 101 is provided with a flattened region 105 to facilitate rotation of the cam member 101 about the axis "F". The flattened portion 105 also engages in a seat (not shown) in the rear faces of the arms 103 when the jaw is moved into the closed position to prevent further rotation of the cam member 101 in the same direction.

Landscapes

  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Emergency Lowering Means (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Regulating Braking Force (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Clamps And Clips (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Coulisseau de sécurité conçu pour être utilisé dans un système antichute comprenant une glissière, le coulisseau de sécurité comprenant un corps (2) et une mâchoire (5) montée de manière pivotante sur le corps (2) et mobile entre une position ouverte dans laquelle le corps (2) peut être attaché à la glissière et en être détaché, et une position fermée pour retenir le coulisseau sur la glissière, caractérisé par un élément à came (6) monté de manière rotative sur le corps (2) et la mâchoire (5) étant rappelée vers la position ouverte, l'élément à came (6) et la mâchoire coopérant en réponse à la rotation de l'élément à came (6) pour faire pivoter la mâchoire (5) dans la position fermée.
  2. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le corps (2) comprend une partie en crochet (3), et l'élément à came (6) et la mâchoire (5) sont configurés de telle sorte que, lorsque la mâchoire (5) est en position fermée, il existe un espace entre le bout de la mâchoire (5) et le bout de la partie en crochet (3).
  3. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le corps (2) comprend une partie de liaison (4) dépendant de la partie en crochet (3), la partie de liaison (4) comportant une ouverture (8) pour recevoir un élément de liaison permettant d'attacher le coulisseau à un cordon.
  4. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 3, dans lequel l'élément à came (6) est fixé de manière pivotante à la partie de liaison (4), le coulisseau étant configuré de telle sorte que la rotation de l'élément à came (6) est essentiellement empêchée lorsque l'élément de liaison est reçu au travers de l'ouverture (8).
  5. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 4, dans lequel l'élément à came (6) est annulaire et les ouvertures (8) dans la pièce de liaison (4) et dans l'élément à came (6) sont alignées lorsque l'élément à came (6) est positionné de telle sorte que la mâchoire (5) est en position fermée, l'élément de liaison pouvant être reçu à travers les ouvertures (8) dans la pièce de liaison (4) et dans l'élément à came (6) pour empêcher essentiellement la rotation de l'élément à came (6) par rapport à la pièce de liaison (4).
  6. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 5, dans lequel l'élément à came (6) est configuré de telle sorte que toute rotation limitée de l'élément à came (6) qui est encore possible lorsque l'élément de liaison est reçu au travers des ouvertures (8) dans la pièce de liaison (4) et l'élément à came (6) ait pour effet de faire déplacer la mâchoire (5) au-delà de la position fermée à une position dans laquelle la taille de l'espace entre la mâchoire (5) et la partie en crochet (3) est réduite ou éliminée.
  7. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 6, dans lequel une surface de came est formée à l'extérieur de l'élément à came annulaire (6) et comprend une première surface de came (12) et une deuxième surface de came (13) contiguë à la première surface de came (12).
  8. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 7, dans lequel les première et deuxième surfaces de came (12, 13) sont essentiellement plates et se rencontrent suivant un angle obtus.
  9. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 7 ou 8, dans lequel la première surface de came (12) est engagée avec la mâchoire (5) lorsque la mâchoire (5) est en position fermée.
  10. Coulisseau de sécurité selon les revendications 7, 8 ou 9, dans lequel une zone entre les première et deuxième surfaces de came (12, 13) est engagée avec la mâchoire (5) lorsque l'élément à came (6) est tourné initialement et que l'espace entre la mâchoire (5) et la partie en crochet (3) est réduit ou éliminé.
  11. Coulisseau de sécurité selon l'une quelconque des revendications 7 à 10, dans lequel la mâchoire (5) coopère avec la deuxième surface de came (13) lorsque l'élément de liaison a été retiré et que l'élément à came (6) peut pivoter au-delà de ladite rotation initiale.
  12. Coulisseau de sécurité selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'élément à came (6) comprend un moyen de rappel pour le rappeler dans une position dans laquelle la mâchoire (5) a été tournée dans la position fermée.
  13. Coulisseau de sécurité selon les revendications 1 ou 2, dans lequel le corps (2) comprend une paire de bras dépendant de la partie en crochet (3), l'élément à came (6) étant positionné entre lesdits bras et monté sur eux de manière pivotante.
  14. Coulisseau de sécurité selon la revendication 13, dans lequel l'élément à came (6) est traversé par une ouverture (10) pour recevoir un élément de liaison et les bras empêchent essentiellement la rotation de l'élément à came (6) lorsqu'un élément de liaison est reçu à travers l'ouverture.
  15. Système antichute comportant un coulisseau de sécurité selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14.
EP04704271A 2003-02-26 2004-01-22 Dispositifs de securite Expired - Lifetime EP1596941B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0304359 2003-02-26
GB0304359A GB2398821B (en) 2003-02-26 2003-02-26 Safety device
PCT/GB2004/000237 WO2004075993A1 (fr) 2003-02-26 2004-01-22 Dispositifs de securite

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1596941A1 EP1596941A1 (fr) 2005-11-23
EP1596941B1 true EP1596941B1 (fr) 2008-08-20

Family

ID=9953680

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04704271A Expired - Lifetime EP1596941B1 (fr) 2003-02-26 2004-01-22 Dispositifs de securite

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1596941B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE405329T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE602004015938D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2312952T3 (fr)
GB (2) GB2398821B (fr)
WO (1) WO2004075993A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2019058220A1 (fr) * 2017-09-22 2019-03-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Raccord pour dispositif d'arrêt de chute

Families Citing this family (14)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0426315D0 (en) * 2004-12-01 2005-01-05 Dunn & Cowe Ltd Improved attachment device
DE202007012804U1 (de) * 2007-09-13 2009-02-12 Sperian Fall Protection Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Steigschutzsystem
GB2459654B (en) * 2008-04-28 2012-08-08 Latchways Plc Safety line traveller
CH704409B1 (fr) * 2011-01-31 2015-09-15 Kanopeo Gmbh Poulie pour système de ligne d'assurage continue.
GB2491808A (en) * 2011-05-31 2012-12-19 Central High Rise Ltd Safety clamp which receives safety rail
DE102012207224B3 (de) * 2012-04-30 2013-09-19 Bornack Gmbh & Co. Kg Sicherungsvorrichtung mit einer V-Nut
GB2518822A (en) * 2013-09-24 2015-04-08 Central High Rise Ltd A safety clamp
GB2541905B (en) * 2015-09-02 2018-05-16 Treeemagineers Ltd Harnesses
GB2582587B (en) * 2019-03-26 2023-01-04 Latchways Plc Safety line apparatus
CN110523020B (zh) * 2019-08-23 2024-07-30 国网浙江省电力有限公司检修分公司 一种轨道槽宽度可调节的输电线路轨道防坠器
US11833376B2 (en) * 2019-11-01 2023-12-05 Honeywell International Inc. Horizontal lifeline shuttle apparatus
GB2594519B (en) * 2020-05-01 2025-06-11 Latchways Plc Safety line system and anchor device
CN112190846A (zh) * 2020-08-28 2021-01-08 国网浙江省电力有限公司温州供电公司 架空输电线路手持式杆塔防坠器
WO2025175372A1 (fr) * 2024-02-21 2025-08-28 Poda Brasil Ltda Agencement structural appliqué à un débloqueur de nœud autobloquant

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DE3119355A1 (de) * 1981-05-15 1982-12-09 Carl Stahl Gmbh & Co Kg, Gurt- Und Bandweberei, 7922 Herbrechtingen Abgleitsicherung
DE3510602A1 (de) * 1985-03-23 1986-09-25 Mittelmann & Co Armaturenwerk, 5603 Wülfrath Seilsicherungsklemme
EP0418405A1 (fr) * 1989-09-16 1991-03-27 Fahrleitungsbau GmbH Dispositif de blocage pour une installation anti-chute
FR2667791B1 (fr) * 1990-10-12 1993-02-05 Securite Expansion Dispositif anti-chute reversible a element de coincement.
GB9823320D0 (en) * 1998-10-23 1998-12-23 Latchways Plc Two-way locking device for height safety apparatus
FR2803761B1 (fr) * 2000-01-17 2002-03-29 Rodolphe Argoud Dispositif anti-chute
FR2813800B1 (fr) * 2000-09-13 2002-10-11 Dalloz Fall Prot Coulisseau pour ligne de vie
GB2370312B (en) * 2000-11-29 2003-08-13 Uniline Safety Systems Ltd Attachment device for a safety line
FR2819727B1 (fr) * 2001-01-19 2005-05-20 Odco Dispositif de securite anti-chute
GB2373537B (en) * 2001-03-22 2005-09-07 Hadrian Iye Improved fall-arrest system for persons working at height
GB2375366A (en) * 2001-05-11 2002-11-13 Latchways Plc Safety line and shuttle arrangement

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2019058220A1 (fr) * 2017-09-22 2019-03-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Raccord pour dispositif d'arrêt de chute

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2398822B (en) 2005-01-05
GB2398822A (en) 2004-09-01
EP1596941A1 (fr) 2005-11-23
GB0304359D0 (en) 2003-04-02
ATE405329T1 (de) 2008-09-15
GB0312216D0 (en) 2003-07-02
DE602004015938D1 (de) 2008-10-02
ES2312952T3 (es) 2009-03-01
WO2004075993A1 (fr) 2004-09-10
GB2398821A (en) 2004-09-01
GB2398821B (en) 2005-01-05

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