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EP0911775B1 - Procédé de transmission radio dans un système de signalisation d'alarmes - Google Patents

Procédé de transmission radio dans un système de signalisation d'alarmes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0911775B1
EP0911775B1 EP98118160A EP98118160A EP0911775B1 EP 0911775 B1 EP0911775 B1 EP 0911775B1 EP 98118160 A EP98118160 A EP 98118160A EP 98118160 A EP98118160 A EP 98118160A EP 0911775 B1 EP0911775 B1 EP 0911775B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
control centre
radio
signal
peripheral
alarm
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98118160A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0911775A2 (fr
EP0911775A3 (fr
Inventor
Karlheinz Schreyer
Thomas Weps
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP0911775A2 publication Critical patent/EP0911775A2/fr
Publication of EP0911775A3 publication Critical patent/EP0911775A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0911775B1 publication Critical patent/EP0911775B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
    • G08B25/10—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using wireless transmission systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for radio transmission in a hazard detection system according to the preamble of Claim 1, as is known for example from EP-A-0 676 733.
  • Radio hazard detection systems include detection sensors in the case a hazard detection of a detected danger (fire, burglary) transmit to a central station via a radio link, in the further measures to eliminate the danger (alarm the fire department or the police).
  • the signaling sensors include a transmitting and receiving device and are intended for use in inadequate places as self-sufficient as possible, i.e. with a battery and not with one Cable connection to be operated on a power network. Therefore all components of the signal sensor are as energy-saving as possible to design, and the components should also only be specific Times are switched on and not constantly in operation his.
  • Other peripheral elements, such as control panels, are supposed to communicate with a control center via radio transmission can communicate and are therefore like the signal sensors to be designed accordingly to save electricity.
  • the method according to the invention it is advantageous ensures a bidirectional transmission, on the one hand monitoring and synchronization of the associated peripheral elements in as short time intervals as possible also includes low energy consumption, since broadcast and Receiving devices of the peripheral elements only for the short moment of the system integrity check or for the Moment of the transmission of detector data are switched on.
  • a ready-to-send peripheral element for example has detected new fire alarm data, evaluates the radio traffic between the other peripheral elements and the central office like that from that after receiving an acknowledgment signal from the control center its own on any of the other peripheral elements Forwarding data to the control center because of the received Acknowledgment signal a functioning hazard alarm system is present.
  • This is advantageously a quick one Transmission of detector data from the peripheral element to the Head office ensured so that the head office quickly appropriate Initiates measures to combat the detected danger.
  • the embodiment according to claim is particularly advantageous 2, with the peripheral being used for individual occupied radio channels Element changes the transmission channels until there is an acknowledgment signal from the control center on a free Radio channel received.
  • a peripheral element ready for transmission transmits then after receiving this acknowledgment signal its own Data on the one recognized by the acknowledgment signal as free Radio channel to the headquarters.
  • an emergency channel is also provided, on which the peripheral Elements can send data to the control center when in normal operation no free radio channels are available.
  • the further embodiment according to claim 4 has the additional advantage that in the transmitted acknowledgment signal Basic channel is identified in each detector time slot is used during the first channel time slot. Through the Identification can be a peripheral element with the system clock be synchronized.
  • Radio channels are different.
  • an emergency channel is advantageously provided, on which detector data is transmitted, if in normal operation no transfer could take place.
  • a collision resolution procedure is proposed if Several peripheral elements try their measurement data at the same time to be transmitted to the headquarters. Through the collision resolution procedure ensures that even in this case a clear identification of the peripheral elements and so that a clear transmission is ensured.
  • a priority signal is advantageously of ready-to-send peripheral elements, so that important data can be transferred to the headquarters faster become.
  • a query of individual peripheral elements by the in a preferred embodiment of the method the head office becomes ensured according to claim 11, thereby, for example in dangerous situations also detectors as peripheral elements "security" for your data are queried, without these detectors automatically starting a transmission have. If the measured values are increased, for example, but have has not yet reached the threshold required for transmission, this query gives a more accurate picture win over the spread of the damage.
  • Detectors used at particularly critical points as peripheral Elements can in the advantageous embodiment of the Method according to claim 12 are also queried more frequently, than only in the detector time slots assigned to them. Thereby the hazard alarm system can be configured more individually.
  • the components for radio transmission are shown schematically in FIG between a peripheral element 1 and a control center 2 shown over a radio transmission link 3, the Radio transmission between an antenna 4 and detector a central antenna 5 takes place.
  • the detector side Antenna 4 is connected via a detector-side radio module 6 a detection device 7 in the peripheral element 1.
  • the detection device 7 is, for example, an infrared detector for intrusion detection or as smoke or heat sensors trained for fire detection. Controls too are provided as peripheral elements 1, the detection device In this case, 7 is used, for example, for detection of commands entered on the control element the control center 2 are to be transmitted.
  • On the central side is the central antenna 5 with the central side Radio module 8 and this in turn with a processing device 9 connected in the further processing of the hazard report he follows. For example, in the case of a Fire alarmed the fire brigade, possible fire protection doors closed and triggered an alarm signal in a building become.
  • FIG. 2 it is shown that, for example, 30 peripheral Elements 1 with a control center 2 via radio transmission links 3 are connected.
  • the individual are now peripheral Elements 1 assigned detector time slots 10, in which the system integrity check between the peripheral Element 1 and the control center 2 expires. For a period of time of one second per detector time slot, for example ensured that the full system integrity check every 30 seconds.
  • the system integrity check there is also a synchronization of the individual peripheral elements 1 with a not shown Central system clock 2.
  • FIG 3 is the communication between the peripheral element 1 and the control center 2 based on a more precise division of the detector time slot 10 shown.
  • the individual Detector time slot 10 partially in several channel time slots 13 split.
  • the peripheral element 1 tries a routine signal to the Center 2 to be placed on a first radio channel as the basic channel. If the control center 2 receives this routine signal, it sends an acknowledgment signal on the same radio channel that to be received by peripheral element 1. Succeed it to the peripheral element 1 in a time slot without connection 14 does not receive the expected acknowledgment signal, the radio channel is changed in the next channel time slot, and again a routine signal from the peripheral element 1 to the Control center 2 transmitted.
  • This process happens as long as until an acknowledgment signal from the control center 2 to the peripheral element 1 is transmitted.
  • This has the Corresponding radio channel was found to be suitable for transmission.
  • the basic channel can be used for all peripheral elements 1 of a hazard detection system. In this case together with the acknowledgment signal an identification of the Base channel is transmitted, then an out of clock will peripheral element 1, which receives the acknowledgment signal, synchronize again with the system clock.
  • Control center 2 has to evaluate the radio traffic between the other peripheral elements 1 and the control center 2 out.
  • the acknowledgment signal in a time slot with connections 15 provides the broadcast release for all other broadcast ready peripheral elements 1 of the system.
  • peripheral element 1 ready to receive the acknowledgment signal it sends, at the earliest at the time of the next channel time slot a request signal on the recognized as free Radio channel to the control center 2.
  • the control center 2 After the control center 2 has received the request signal, it sends another Acknowledgment signal to the ready-to-send peripheral element 1, which after receipt of the further acknowledgment signal with the transmission the detector data to the control center begins.
  • the control panel Upon receipt the control panel sends a confirmation signal of the detector data, that the detector data have been transmitted.
  • the radio channel is retained and no longer changed because it was recognized as free has been. This procedure ensures that a ready to send peripheral element 1 with the center 2 within the time for a detector time slot 10 to display its data the control center 2 transmits. A peripheral ready to send 1 therefore does not have to wait for it with his him assigned detector time slot 10 is the turn.
  • a time slot is to be identified in the detector time slot 17 provided for an emergency channel on a fixed predetermined frequency range works.
  • the peripheral element 1 may send a message directly Send to headquarters 2 because of international Convention of this frequency range is only 0.1% of the available standing time may be used (1000s radio channel), and therefore is assumed to be free.
  • the ready-to-send peripheral elements 1 in a permanently assigned to the individual peripheral elements 1 Time interval, with a length of approximately 10 ms, within of the deliberate detector time slot their request signal.
  • the request signals become more peripheral Elements 1 inevitably resolved in time in the Control center 2 received.
  • the control center 2 can now send an acknowledgment signal transmitted to one of the peripheral elements 1 ready for transmission, which is after receiving the receipt signal Transmits data to the control center 2.
  • the request signals For the ranking of the query is, for example, in the request signals contain a priority signal which is important of less important messages.
  • This central request signal the peripheral element 1 to be queried points to it indicates that a query of certain element-specific data is to be expected.
  • the recipient of the peripheral element 1 to be queried remains switched on and the control center 2 transmits the request, whereupon the peripheral Element 1 transmits the requested data to the control center 2.
  • selected detectors are equipped so that they their receivers turn on more often to keep radio traffic outside of the detector time slot 10 assigned to them monitor.
  • These selected peripheral elements 1 can then more often with the help of the central request be queried, for example what is particularly time-critical Monitoring tasks is helpful.
  • this is for transmission provided frequency band 20 divided into several radio channels.
  • a basic channel 21 in the frequency band 20 for a first radio system and a basic channel 24 for a second Radio system. Is the basic channel 21 for the first radio system
  • a first alternative channel is occupied 22 for the first radio system and possibly are additional escape channels for the first radio system in the Tested frame of the detector time slot 10.
  • Corresponding is also used for the second radio system if the transmission has not taken place in the basic channel 24 to a first escape channel 25 or to a second alternative channel 26 for the second radio system dodged.
  • the individual radio channels are in advantageous embodiment chosen so that the individual Do not interfere with radio channels by being closely adjacent are.
  • the transmission provided in a channel time slot 13 is shown in detail in FIG.
  • a first time slot 30 for a possibly necessary tolerance compensation 30 is a time slot 31 for the routine signal from the peripheral Element 1 is provided to the control center 2, to which one Time slot 35 for the acknowledgment signal from the control center 2 to the peripheral element 1 connects.
  • the time slot 31 for that Routine signal from the peripheral element 1 to the control center 2 comprises initially a time slot 32 for ramping up the Transmitter of the detector-side radio module 6, a time slot 33 for transmitting the routine signal from the peripheral element 1 on the center and a time slot 34 for switching off the Transmitter.
  • the time slot 35 for the acknowledgment signal comprises thereby a time slot 36 for switching on the transmitter of the central radio module 8 and for switching on the receiver detector-side radio module 6, a time slot 37 for Transmitting the acknowledgment signal and a time slot 38 to Switch off the transmitter of the central radio module 8 and to switch off the receiver of the detector-side radio module 6.
  • the central receiver can during the be turned on for the entire time, since the central office is generally with a wired power connection Energy is supplied, or in parallel to the detector side Transmitter can be switched on and off.
  • This process can be designed to save energy build peripheral elements 1, their transmitting and receiving devices only for the brief moment of the system integrity check with the synchronization of the peripheral elements 1, or in the event of a desired transfer of Data to control center 2 are switched on. Let it through passive infrared detectors or optical ones Smoke detector approx. 5 years from a battery with an energy content approx. 10 watt-hours (corresponds to 4 alkaline-manganese-mignon cells) supply.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
  • Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Procédé destiné à la transmission par radio de données de détecteurs dans au moins un système de signalisation d'alarmes, dans lequel des éléments périphériques (1) transmettent à une centrale (2) des données de détecteurs, ainsi que les adresses identifiant les éléments périphériques, afin que la centrale (2) initie, sur la base des données de détecteurs reçues, des mesures destinées à combattre un danger, la transmission ayant lieu dans une trame de temps donnée par une horloge système affectée à la centrale (2) et les éléments périphériques (1) émettant, dans la trame de temps donnée, périodiquement dans un créneau de temps de détecteur (10) qui y est affecté, l'un après l'autre un signal de routine à la centrale destiné à la vérification de l'intégrité du système
    caractérisé par le fait que la centrale (2) émet, après la réception du signal de routine, un signal de confirmation de réception aux éléments périphériques (1) en vue de la synchronisation du système sur l'horloge système,
    qu'un élément périphérique prêt à émettre analyse le trafic radio entre les autres éléments périphériques (1) et la centrale (2) au regard de la réception du signal de confirmation
    et que l'élément périphérique prêt à émettre transmet ensuite les données de détecteurs à envoyer à la centrale (2).
  2. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon la revendication 1
    caractérisé par le fait que, pour la communication des éléments périphériques (1) avec la centrale (2), il est prévu plusieurs canaux radio,
    que les créneaux de temps (10) pour les détecteurs sont partagés en créneaux de temps (13) pour les canaux, à chacun desquels est affecté un canal radio déterminé,
    que l'élément périphérique (1) sélectionné dans un créneau de temps pour les détecteurs émet, pendant chaque créneau de temps (13) pour les canaux, sur le canal radio qui lui est affecté, un signal de routine à la centrale (2) et la centrale (2) attend, pendant ce créneau de temps (13) pour les canaux, un signal de routine, sur le canal radio qui lui est affecté, venant de l'élément périphérique (1) qui a été sélectionné et que ces actions sont poursuivies jusqu'à ce que la centrale ait reçu le signal de routine et, ensuite, émette le signal de confirmation sur ce canal radio, ce qui détermine le cheminement actuelle de la transmission,
    que l'élément périphérique (1) prêt à émettre émet un signal de sollicitation à la centrale (2) sur le canal radio sur lequel le signal de confirmation a été émis,
    que la centrale (2) émet, après réception du signal de sollicitation, un autre signal de confirmation à l'élément périphérique (1 ) prêt à émettre
    et que l'élément périphérique (1), après la réception de l'autre signal de confirmation, transmet ses données de détecteur à la centrale (2).
  3. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon la revendication 2
    caractérisé par le fait que, dans le créneau de temps (10) pour les détecteurs, sont prévus, en plus des créneaux de temps (13) pour les canaux, des créneaux de temps destinés à la transmission des données des détecteurs.
  4. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon l'une des revendications 2 à 3
    caractérisé par le fait que, dans le signal de confirmation de réception, est identifié un canal de base, qui est utilisé, dans le système de signalisation d'alarmes, dans chaque créneau de temps pour les détecteurs, pendant le premier créneau de temps pour les canaux, pour la transmission du signal de routine et/ou du signal de confirmation
    et que l'élément périphérique (1) est synchronisé sur l'horloge du système à l'aide de cette identification du canal de base reçue en même temps que le signal de confirmation.
  5. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4
    caractérisé par le fait que, avec le signal de routine, une adresse identifiant, par rapport à la centrale (2), l'élément périphérique (1) en train d'émettre.
  6. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel, le cas échéant, il faut tenir compte de systèmes radio de signalisation d'alarmes, voisins et exploités indépendamment les uns des autres, ayant leur propre centrale (2) et des éléments périphériques (1) qui y sont raccordés,
    caractérisé par le fait que les systèmes radio de signalisation d'alarmes utilisent des canaux radio différents les uns des autres pour la communication entre les éléments périphériques (1) et les centrales (2).
  7. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon la revendication 6
    caractérisé par le fait que les canaux radio de différents systèmes radio de signalisation d'alarmes sont disposés de telle sorte que, lors d'un changement des canaux radio pendant le service, on maintient, entre les canaux radio des différents systèmes radio de signalisation d'alarmes, un écart prédéterminé pour une transmission dénuée de perturbations.
  8. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon l'une des revendications 2 à 7
    caractérisé par le fait que, à la fin du créneau de temps (10) pour les détecteurs, il est prévu un créneau de temps (17) pour un canal de secours ayant une plage de fréquences de secours déterminée de façon fixe, sur lequel sont transmis des messages dans la mesure où, en fonctionnement normal, aucune transmission n'est possible.
  9. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon l'une des revendications 2 à 8
    caractérisé par le fait que la centrale (2), lorsqu'elle reçoit simultanément plusieurs signaux de sollicitation qu'il n'est pas possible de séparer venant de différents éléments périphériques (1) prêts à émettre, n'émet pas d'autre signal de confirmation,
    que chaque élément périphérique individuel (1) prêt à émettre envoie de nouveau le signal de sollicitation, lorsque l'autre signal de confirmation manque dans un intervalle de temps, déterminé d'une façon fixe pour chacun de ces éléments périphériques (1) à l'intérieur du créneau de temps (10) pour les détecteurs,
    que la centrale (2), après la réception des signaux de sollicitation répartis dans le temps, transmet l'autre signal de confirmation à l'un des plusieurs éléments périphériques (1) prêts à émettre, lequel transmet ensuite ses données de détecteurs à la centrale (2).
  10. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon la revendication 9
    caractérisé par le fait que, dans le signal de sollicitation, est contenu un signal de priorité,
    que la centrale (2) transmet l'autre signal de confirmation à l'élément périphérique (1) prêt à émettre, dans le signal de sollicitation duquel le signal de priorité affiche la pondération la plus lourde.
  11. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10
    caractérisé par le fait que la centrale (2) transmet, pour l'interrogation des données de détecteurs d'un élément périphérique (1) déterminé, en même temps que le signal de confirmation, un signal de sollicitation côté centrale à l'élément périphérique (1) déterminé,
    que l'élément périphérique (1) déterminé, après la réception du signal de sollicitation côté centrale, reste connecté sur réception,
    que la centrale (2) transmet une interrogation à l'élément périphérique (1) déterminé,
    que l'élément périphérique (1) déterminé transmet, à la suite de l'interrogation, ses données de détecteurs correspondantes à la centrale (2).
  12. Procédé destiné à la transmission radio selon la revendication 11
    caractérisé par le fait que certains éléments périphériques (1) ont également connecté leurs récepteurs en dehors du créneau de temps (10) pour les détecteurs, qui leur ont été affectés, afin de transmettre à la centrale (2), à la suite des signaux de sollicitation côté centrale qui leurs sont adressés, des données de détecteurs correspondantes.
EP98118160A 1997-09-30 1998-09-24 Procédé de transmission radio dans un système de signalisation d'alarmes Expired - Lifetime EP0911775B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19743351 1997-09-30
DE19743351 1997-09-30

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0911775A2 EP0911775A2 (fr) 1999-04-28
EP0911775A3 EP0911775A3 (fr) 2000-12-27
EP0911775B1 true EP0911775B1 (fr) 2003-12-10

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EP98118160A Expired - Lifetime EP0911775B1 (fr) 1997-09-30 1998-09-24 Procédé de transmission radio dans un système de signalisation d'alarmes

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EP (1) EP0911775B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE256324T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE59810391D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2212189T3 (fr)

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DE102006049137A1 (de) * 2006-10-18 2008-04-30 Dräger Medical AG & Co. KG Medizinisches Überwachungssystem und Verfahren zur Verarbeitung von Alarmsignalen
DE102010032349B4 (de) * 2010-07-27 2013-02-07 Lotfi Makadmini Funkkommunikationsverfahren mit schneller Alarmbenachrichtigung
DE102010032369B4 (de) * 2010-07-27 2013-02-21 Lotfi Makadmini Anmeldeverfahren für Funkkommunikationssysteme

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DE10114313C2 (de) * 2001-03-23 2003-12-04 Siemens Gebaeudesicherheit Gmb Verfahren zur Funkübertragung in einem Gefahrenmeldesystem
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DE10138229B4 (de) 2001-08-03 2009-10-01 Siemens Gebäudesicherheit GmbH & Co. oHG Verfahren zur Funkübertragung in einem Gefahrenmeldesystem
DE10317586B3 (de) * 2003-04-16 2005-04-28 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Funkübertragung in einem Gefahrenmeldesystem
DE10317962A1 (de) 2003-04-17 2004-11-25 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Anmeldung eines neuen Teilnehmers in einem Funksystem einer Gefahrenmeldeanlage
DE10321204B3 (de) * 2003-05-12 2005-01-13 Siemens Ag Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Funktionsüberwachung von Funkübertragungswegen in einem Gefahrenmeldesystem
DE10353135A1 (de) * 2003-11-14 2005-06-09 Merten Gmbh & Co. Kg Versorgungsschaltung zur permanenten Versorgung eines Verbrauchers über eine schaltbare Leitung
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EP1901256B1 (fr) * 2006-09-18 2012-08-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé destiné à la transmission radio dans une cellule de système de détection des dangers
EP1901253A1 (fr) * 2006-09-18 2008-03-19 Siemens Building Technologies Fire & Security Products GmbH & Co. oHG Procédé destiné à la transmission radio dans un système de détection des dangers
DE102007036751A1 (de) * 2007-08-03 2009-02-05 Ista International Gmbh Verfahren und System zur bidirektionalen Funkkommunikation
DE102010032368B4 (de) 2010-07-27 2017-04-06 Lotfi Makadmini Voll-Duplex-Funkkommunikationsverfahren in einem synchronen Funksystem
WO2012013692A1 (fr) 2010-07-27 2012-02-02 Lotfi Makadmini Procédé de radiocommunication duplex dans un système de radiocommunication synchrone d'un système avertisseur de danger
DE102011082002A1 (de) 2011-09-01 2013-03-07 Endress + Hauser Gmbh + Co. Kg Verfahren sowie System zur drahtlosen Datenübertragung

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006049137A1 (de) * 2006-10-18 2008-04-30 Dräger Medical AG & Co. KG Medizinisches Überwachungssystem und Verfahren zur Verarbeitung von Alarmsignalen
US7884728B2 (en) 2006-10-18 2011-02-08 Dräger Medical GmbH Medical monitoring system and process for processing alarm signals
DE102006049137B4 (de) 2006-10-18 2019-09-19 Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA Medizinisches Überwachungssystem und Verfahren zur Verarbeitung von Alarmsignalen
DE102010032349B4 (de) * 2010-07-27 2013-02-07 Lotfi Makadmini Funkkommunikationsverfahren mit schneller Alarmbenachrichtigung
DE102010032369B4 (de) * 2010-07-27 2013-02-21 Lotfi Makadmini Anmeldeverfahren für Funkkommunikationssysteme

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE256324T1 (de) 2003-12-15
EP0911775A2 (fr) 1999-04-28
ES2212189T3 (es) 2004-07-16
EP0911775A3 (fr) 2000-12-27
DE59810391D1 (de) 2004-01-22

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