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EP0868277B1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen einer folie mit körnigem material darin - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen einer folie mit körnigem material darin Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0868277B1
EP0868277B1 EP96946371A EP96946371A EP0868277B1 EP 0868277 B1 EP0868277 B1 EP 0868277B1 EP 96946371 A EP96946371 A EP 96946371A EP 96946371 A EP96946371 A EP 96946371A EP 0868277 B1 EP0868277 B1 EP 0868277B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
polymer
particulate
die
blown film
selected particulate
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96946371A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0868277A1 (de
Inventor
Malcolm F. Douglas
Graham V. Jackson
Steven J. Lenius
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3M Co
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Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0868277A1 publication Critical patent/EP0868277A1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/58—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising fillers only, e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres
    • B29C70/64—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising fillers only, e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres the filler influencing the surface characteristics of the material, e.g. by concentrating near the surface or by incorporating in the surface by force
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
    • B24D11/001—Manufacture of flexible abrasive materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • B29C48/10—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels flexible, e.g. blown foils
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/14—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the particular extruding conditions, e.g. in a modified atmosphere or by using vibration
    • B29C48/147—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the particular extruding conditions, e.g. in a modified atmosphere or by using vibration after the die nozzle
    • B29C48/1472—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the particular extruding conditions, e.g. in a modified atmosphere or by using vibration after the die nozzle at the die nozzle exit zone
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/16—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers
    • B29C48/18—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers
    • B29C48/21—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers the layers being joined at their surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/30—Extrusion nozzles or dies
    • B29C48/32—Extrusion nozzles or dies with annular openings, e.g. for forming tubular articles
    • B29C48/335—Multiple annular extrusion nozzles in coaxial arrangement, e.g. for making multi-layered tubular articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/365—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using pumps, e.g. piston pumps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2791/00—Shaping characteristics in general
    • B29C2791/004—Shaping under special conditions
    • B29C2791/007—Using fluid under pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2793/00—Shaping techniques involving a cutting or machining operation
    • B29C2793/0063—Cutting longitudinally
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0018—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by orienting, stretching or shrinking, e.g. film blowing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0019—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by flattening, folding or bending
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0022—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with cutting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/16—Fillers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing sheet material which incorporates particulate matter.
  • the invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing abrasive sheet material.
  • sheet materials with particular properties which result from the presence of particulate matter in and, specifically, at the surface of the sheet material.
  • sheet materials with abrasive particles at the surface are available in the form of rolls or pre-cut sheets of sandpaper or in the form of abrasive discs and belts, and are used to provide anti-slip surfaces for walkways and similar locations.
  • sheet materials with magnetizable particles at the surface are used as magnetic recording media; and sheet materials with reflective particles at the surface are used for pavement marking purposes and for signs. All of those sheet materials are typically produced by comparatively complex coating processes.
  • Abrasive sheet materials are conventionally produced by a coating process which typically involves the steps of applying an adhesive to a substrate; depositing abrasive grit particles on the adhesive (optionally using an electrostatic coater to orient the particles); drying and/or curing the adhesive; and, optionally, applying a size coating to anchor the grit particles more firmly in place.
  • the coating process is comparatively slow because it involves multiple coating steps together with long drying and/or curing times, and careful control of the coating conditions is required to ensure the continuous output of an acceptable product.
  • the process may involve the use of organic solvents, the disposal of which should be carefully controlled to reduce the risk of damage to the environment.
  • the process does not readily accommodate changes in the various coating materials when it is required to produce a different grade of product.
  • U.S. Patent No. 2,712,987 describes a process for making an abrasive belt, in which abrasive particles are distributed over the surface of a nylon substrate softened with a suitable solvent so that the particles become embedded, following which the solvent is dried.
  • U.S. Patent No. 2,899,288 describes a process for making an abrasive product, in which the upper surface of a thermoplastic backing sheet is softened by heating before abrasive material is spread over the surface and pressed into the sheet between rollers.
  • 3,813,231 describes a process in which abrasive grit is distributed over the surface of a copolymer film which is then heated in a platen press to bond the grit to the film.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,240,807 describes a process in which the substrate is paper coated with a heat-activatable binder which is softened by heating; abrasive grit is then distributed over, and allowed to sink into, the softened binder.
  • Polymer-based materials in the form of sheets are also known and can be produced simply and economically by extrusion, either through a blown film die or through a slot die.
  • Slot dies can be used to produce comparatively thick cast films and also to coat a film onto a substrate.
  • the extrudate from a slot die may be stretched in the longitudinal and transverse directions (tentered) to produce a film which is biaxially oriented.
  • a blown film die is a ring die with a central passageway through which a required volume of air is admitted into the centre of the extruded polymer tube, causing the extruded tube to expand substantially to form a so-called "bubble".
  • the expanded tube is collapsed and can then be cut to provide sheeting material of the required shape and size.
  • a method and apparatus for producing blown film are described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,104,593.
  • one of the extruded layers can include carbon black beads so that the film base will be opaque.
  • JP-A-61 112633 refers to a process in which glass beads are injected into the interior of the expanded tube and the tube, when subsequently collapsed, is pressed between a pair of nip rollers to form a composite film.
  • the present invention provides a method of producing sheet material, comprising: (a) supplying composite material to an inlet of a blown film die; the composite material comprising polymer with selected particulate present in only a part thereof; (b) extruding the composite material through the die to form an extrudate; and (c) expanding the extrudate to form a blown film in which the selected particulate is present in only a part of the thickness of the film.
  • the composite material may comprise a core and a surrounding portion, one of which contains particulate.
  • a blown film can be produced with particulate in the outer surface.
  • the particulate may include, but not limited to, abrasive particles, frictional particles such as ceramic beads, glass beads and glass bubbles, magnetic particles, and/or decorative particles.
  • the present invention also provides apparatus for producing sheet material, comprising a blown film die having an inlet connected to receive polymer, and a source of selected particulate connected to add particulate to only a part of the polymer received at the die inlet whereby the selected particulate is present in only a part of the thickness of blown film produced by the die from the polymer.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 comprises a blown film die 1 supplied by a hollow cavity transfer mixer (CTM) 2 which has a main input from a screw extruder 3 and an additional input from a pump 4.
  • CTM hollow cavity transfer mixer
  • the extruder 3 supplies molten polymer to the CTM 2
  • the pump 4 supplies a mixture of molten polymer and particulate material.
  • the output of the CTM 2 is a core of molten polymer surrounded by an outer layer which comprises a mixture of molten polymer and particulate.
  • the CTM 2 is connected to the input of the blown film die 1 by a heated pipe 5.
  • the material supplied to the die 1 is extruded, as will be described below, in the form of a "bubble" 6 of blown film which is pulled away from the die by nip rollers 7. Because the material supplied to the die 1 is in the form of a core of polymer surrounded by an outer portion comprising a mixture of polymer and particulate, the extrudate leaving the die 1 comprises an inner layer of polymer and an outer layer of a mixture of polymer and particulate, provided that no substantial degree of mixing takes place between the core and the outer portion as they pass through the die.
  • the particulate in the outer portion becomes increasingly exposed with some particles breaking through the surface of the film and other particles remaining covered by only a very thin layer of polymer.
  • the "bubble" 6 is collapsed inside a guide frame 8 and is then passed through the nip rollers 7, so forming a flattened tube 9 which is wound onto a roll 10.
  • the CTM 2 and the blown film die 1 will both be described in greater detail below with reference to Figs. 2 to 4. First, however, the manner in which material is supplied to the CTM will be described (still with reference to Fig. 1).
  • Solid polymer typically in the form of pellets, is contained in the hopper 16 of the screw extruder 3 and also in the hopper 15 of a second screw extruder 11 and, in each case, the heat generated by the action of compression and shear forces as the polymer passes through the extruder causes the polymer to become molten.
  • the molten polymer from the first extruder 3 is supplied directly to the CTM 2, as described above, while the molten polymer from the second extruder 11 is fed to the pump 4 which also receives particulate material from a hopper 13 via a screw feeder 14.
  • the polymer and particulate are blended together in the pump 4 which may be a heated progressing cavity pump with a stator made from the material having the trade designation "Teflon” available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours of Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A. Pumps of that type are available under the trade designation "Moyno” from Robbins & Myers Inc. of Springfield, Ohio, U.S.A..
  • the pressure-generating capability of the pump is a function of the number of stages that it possesses.
  • the hollow CTM 2 is shown in greater detail, in longitudinal cross section, in Fig. 2.
  • the mixer comprises a hollow central rotor 20, which has circumferential rows of recesses 21 in its outer surface, and a surrounding stator 22 which has circumferential rows of recesses 23 in its inner surface.
  • the recesses 21, 23 are typically hemispherical in shape.
  • the recesses in adjacent circumferential rows are circumferentially offset from each other while the rows on the rotor are axially offset from the rows on the stator. In that way, a tortuous flow path 29 is established through the recesses 21, 23 between one end of the rotor and the other.
  • the flow path 29 comprises a plurality of interconnections which change as the rotor turns within the stator to ensure thorough mixing of material flowing along the outside of the rotor.
  • the hollow rotor 20 provides, in addition, a central flow path 21 which extends axially from one end of the rotor to the other.
  • the central flow path 24 and the outer flow 29 path through the recesses 21, 23 on the outside of the rotor both communicate with a common inlet chamber 25 at the inlet end of the CTM 2 and with a common outlet chamber 26 at the outlet end of the CTM 2.
  • the inlet chamber 25 and the outlet chamber 26 are connected respectively to the screw extruder 3 and to the blown film die 1 (Fig. 1).
  • the output from the pump 4 enters the CTM 2 at an injector inlet 27 which communicates only with the outer flow path 29 on the outside of the rotor, on the upstream side of the recesses 21, 23.
  • the CTM 2 as shown in Fig. 2 functions as follows. Molten polymer from the extruder 3 is pushed into the inlet chamber 25 of the mixer and divides into two streams, a central stream which flows along the central flow path 24 and a smaller outer stream which flows along the outside of the rotor 20. Typically, the volume of polymer flowing along the outside of the rotor is about half the volume flowing through the centre of the rotor but that ratio can be adjusted by changing an adjustment ring 28 to alter the size of the openings between the outer flow path 29 and the chamber 25.
  • the mixture of molten polymer and particulate from the pump 4 is added to the polymer flowing along the outside of the rotor and the two are mixed thoroughly together as they pass through the recesses 21, 23.
  • the final mixture then enters the outlet chamber 26 of the CTM 2 where it surrounds the central stream, comprising polymer only, which emerges from the central flow path 24.
  • the output of the mixer thus comprises a core of polymer surrounded by an outer portion comprising a mixture of polymer and particulate, as already described.
  • the amounts of material delivered by the two extruders 3, 11 to the CTM 2 can be varied by changing the speeds of the extruders and, as explained above, the manner in which the polymer from the first extruder 3 is divided between the central and outer paths 24, 29 through the CTM can also be adjusted.
  • the volume of polymer from the first extruder 3 that flows round the outside of the CTM rotor is generally within the range of from 20% to 70% of the volume that flows through the rotor, and is typically about 50% of that volume.
  • the amount of particulate material that is supplied to the injector inlet of the CTM is generally within the range of from 20% to 40% by weight of the total amount of material flowing around the outside of the rotor and typically within the range of from 25% to 35% by weight.
  • a cavity transfer mixer suitable for use in the apparatus of Fig. 1 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,419,014, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the blown film die 1 is shown in greater detail in Figs. 3 and 4 and comprises a cylindrical die head 30 with a central inlet 31 which opens out into an annular channel 32 leading to a ring die opening 33.
  • an air supply channel 34 through which air can be admitted into the centre of the tube of extrudate that emerges from the die opening 33.
  • the extrudate is pulled away from the die by nip rollers 7 (Fig. 1) which also ensure that the air admitted by the supply channel 34 is contained within the tube of extrudate and causes the extrudate to expand as it leaves the die to form the "bubble" 6 of blown film.
  • a second air channel (not shown) may be provided in the die 1 to direct air over the external surface of the extrudate as it leaves the die opening 33.
  • the second air channel may be used to direct hot air over the extrudate so that it will stay soft over a greater distance from the die opening and can be stretched to a greater extent.
  • the diameter of the ring die opening 33 in the blown film die is typically about 50 mm and the width of the opening is about 1 mm, although those sizes may vary, depending on the die that is used.
  • the diameter of the die may, for example, be as large as one meter while the width of the die opening is selected having regard to the desired thickness of the blown film, the nature of the polymer and the particle size of the particulate.
  • the distance between the die opening 33 and the nip rollers 7 (Fig. 1) is typically about 800 mm, although that distance may vary, depending on the size of the die and the operating parameters.
  • Blown film dies of the type illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 are known and any suitable, commercially available, blown film die may be used in the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 provided that it does not cause any substantial mixing in the material passing from the central inlet 31 to the die opening 33.
  • One blown film die that can be used is available from Killion Extruders Inc. of Cedar Grove, New Jersey, U.S.A..
  • a blown film die can expand the extrudate so that the transverse diameter of the bubble 6 is up to three or four times the diameter of the ring die opening 33.
  • the thickness of the resulting blown film is dependent on the rate at which the extrudate is pulled away by the nip rollers 7 and is also dependent on the transverse diameter of the bubble 6 and hence on the volume of the contained air.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a modified form of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1, the modification residing in the provision of a pin mixer 12 which receives the polymer from the extruder 11 and the particulate from the screw feeder 14 and blends them together before they are fed to the pump 4.
  • Figure 6 illustrates another modified form of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1, the modification again residing in the manner in which the mixture of polymer and particulate is supplied to the CTM 2.
  • an extruder 50 is used to supply the mixture of polymer and particulate to the injector inlet 27 (Fig. 2) of the CTM, the mixture itself being formed on a two roll mill (not shown) and loaded into the hopper 45 of the extruder 50 in the form of small granules.
  • the extruders 3, 11, 50 used in the apparatus of Figs. 1, 5 and 6 can be single screw or twin screw extruders, or any other equivalent extrusion machine. Generally, the operating temperatures and flow rates of the extruders will be dependent in part on the polymers and particulates employed. Apparatus of the type shown in Fig.
  • the capacities of the various components of the apparatus are such that the flow rate of material into the CTM 2 from the first extruder 3 is within the range of from 3.0 to 6.0 kg/hr and the flow rate of material into the CTM from the second extruder 50 is within the range of from 0.5 to 2.0 kg/hr.
  • the polymer supplied through the extruders may be any suitable extrudable thermoplastic polymer or mixtures thereof. It is not necessary for the same polymer to be supplied through both extruders.
  • Polymers that are generally suitable include polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonates, polyetherimides, polyesters, polysulfones, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, acetyl polymers, polyacrylates, polyvinyls and polyamides and combinations thereof.
  • the polymer or polymers selected should have properties appropriate to the intended use of the blown film: for example, if the blown film is to be used for abrasive sheet material as described below, the polymer or polymers in the blown film extrudate should have a relatively-high melting temperature, heat and water resistance, and a degree of toughness appropriate to such a use.
  • additives can be included with the polymers, depending on the desired properties of the blown film.
  • Those additives include, for example, coupling agents, reinforcers, toughening agents, polymer processing aids, plasticizers, fillers, stabilizers, UV absorbers and lubricants.
  • the amounts of polymer additives used are selected to give the desired properties without adversely affecting the processing.
  • the additives may be in particulate form but, in that case, are not to be equated with the selected particulate added to the CTM 2 through the injector inlet 27. If the polymer additives are present in the polymer in extruder 11 or 50 but not the polymer in extruder 3, they will also be present only in the outer surface of the blown film bubble 6. If, on the other hand, the polymer additives are present only in the polymer in extruder 3, they will be present throughout the blown film (although to a lesser extent in the outer surface).
  • the particulate that is used can be selected from a wide range of materials, provided that it will mix with a polymeric material, as described, and pass through the blown film die.
  • Suitable particulates include, but are not limited to, abrasive particles, frictional particles such as ceramic beads, glass beads, and glass bubbles, magnetic ferrite particles, and decorative particles such as gold glitter.
  • the blown film produced by the apparatus can have widely different properties and, consequently, widely different potential uses as will be described below.
  • a blown film having abrasive properties which can be used to produce abrasive belts or sheets, or friction sheeting for use as a non-slip flooring material, can be produced by using abrasive grains as the particulate.
  • the quality of the abrasive product is dependent on nature and sizes of the abrasive grains, the nature of the polymer and the extent to which the film is expanded as it leaves the blown film die.
  • the particle size of the abrasive particles in the blown film can range from about 0.1 to 1500 micrometers, typically from about 1 to 150 micrometers.
  • Examples of conventional abrasive particles, suitable for producing an abrasive product include silicon carbide, alumina zirconia, and aluminum oxide (including sintered, sol gel, fused, and heat-treated aluminum oxide).
  • the abrasive product may contain a mixture of two or more different abrasive particles.
  • This mixture may, for example, comprise a mixture of hard abrasive particles (i.e. particles having a Mohs hardness equal to, or greater than, 8) and soft abrasive particles (i.e. particles having a Mohs hardness less than 8) or a mixture of two soft or two hard abrasive particles.
  • the abrasive particles may have specific shapes associated with them. Examples of such shapes include rods, triangles, pyramids, cones, solid spheres and hollow spheres. Alternatively, the abrasive particles may be randomly shaped.
  • the abrasive particles can be treated to provide a surface coating thereon.
  • a surface coating can be used to improve the adhesion between the abrasive particle and the polymer in the abrasive product.
  • a surface coating can alter and improve the abrading characteristics of the abrasive particles.
  • the abrasive particle may have multiple coatings.
  • the abrasive particles may also be abrasive agglomerates.
  • An abrasive agglomerate comprises a plurality of individual abrasive particles bonded together to form a shaped mass.
  • the abrasive agglomerates may be irregularly or randomly shaped or have a predetermined shape such as rods, triangles, pyramids, cones, and solid spheres.
  • the abrasive agglomerate may utilize an organic binder or an inorganic binder to bond the abrasive particles together. Examples of abrasive agglomerates are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,652,275; 4,799,939; 5,500,273; and 5,549,962, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the polymer material used in the apparatus of Figs. 1 and 5 may comprise optional additives, such as coupling agents, reinforcers, toughening agents, polymer processing aids, plasticizers, fillers (which term includes grinding aids), stabilizers, UV absorbers and lubricants.
  • optional additives include curing agents, expanding agents, fibers, initiators, suspending agents, photosensitizers, wetting agents, surfactants, dyes, and fire retardants. The amounts of these additives are selected to provide the properties desired.
  • plasticizer in general, in the case of an abrasive sheet material, the addition of a plasticizer will increase the erodibility of the coating.
  • the plasticizer should be compatible with the polymeric material of the blown film.
  • plasticizers include polyvinyl chloride, dibutyl phthalate, alkyl benzyl phthalate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose esters, phthalate, silicone oils, adipate and sebacate esters, polyols, polyol derivatives, tricresyl phosphate and castor oil.
  • a filler generally has an average particle size ranging from 0.1 to 50 micrometers, typically from 1 to 30 micrometers.
  • useful fillers for the polymer, in the case of an abrasive sheet material are calcium carbonate and silicate.
  • a grinding aid is defined as a material, the addition of which to an abrasive article has a significant effect on the chemical and physical processes of abrading and results in improved performance. It is believed in the art that a grinding aid will either 1) decrease the friction between the abrasive particles and the workpiece being abraded, 2) prevent the abrasive particle from "capping", i.e. prevent metal particles from becoming welded to the tops of the abrasive particles, 3) decrease the interface temperature between the abrasive particles the workpiece or 4) decrease the grinding forces. In general, the addition of a grinding aid increases the useful life of an abrasive product. Grinding aids encompass a wide variety of different materials and can be inorganic or organic based. Examples of grinding aids are cryolite and potassium tetrafluoroborate. A combination of different grinding aids may be used and, in some instances, this may produce a synergistic effect.
  • filler particles and/or grinding aid particles in some instances increases the erodibility of the resulting abrasive coating, which can be desirable.
  • a blown film incorporating abrasive particles in accordance with the invention, may be collected as a tube as described with reference to Fig. 1 and then cut transversely to form seamless abrasive belts.
  • the tube may be slit longitudinally and then cut or stamped into abrasive sheets or discs.
  • a backing could be applied to an abrasive article produced from the blown film.
  • the backing may be sealed or porous and may, for example, be cloth, polymeric film, fiber, metallic foil, a metal plate, paper, or a non-woven web.
  • the backing may improve the strength or rigidity of the abrasive product, or provide a means of attaching the abrasive product to support means such as a back-up pad.
  • the backing may be a loop-type fabric or a sheet material with projecting hooking stems, either of which would enable the abrasive article to be secured to a back-up pad with a hook-and-loop type of attachment. Hook-and-loop attachment systems are described, for example, in U.S.
  • Another form of backing is a non-woven or open-weave scrim which can be laminated to an abrasive article to impart strength and/or rigidity.
  • a coating can be applied for various reasons; for example, a carbon black coating can be applied to the backing side of an article to reduce static charge generated during grinding; or a supersize coat, having a grinding aid such as KBF 4 can be applied to the abrasive side to increase cutting performance.
  • a coating could be applied to the extrudate to produce a coated abrasive sheet.
  • a pressure sensitive adhesive could be extruded with the polymer using a multilayer feed block system such as that available from The Cloeren Company of Orange, Texas, U.S.A. to coat the inside surface of the extruded tube. The adhesive coating would then be expanded with the polymer and the resulting blown film would be slit into sheets before being collected.
  • suitable pressure sensitive adhesives include latex crepe, rosin, acrylic polymers and copolymers e.g., polybutylacrylate, polyacrylate ester, vinyl ethers, e.g.
  • polyvinyl n-butyl ether polyvinyl n-butyl ether, alkyd adhesives, rubber adhesives, e.g. natural rubber, synthetic rubber, chlorinated rubber, and mixtures thereof.
  • rubber adhesives e.g. natural rubber, synthetic rubber, chlorinated rubber, and mixtures thereof.
  • One preferred pressure sensitive adhesive is an isooctylacrylate: acrylic acid copolymer.
  • a further polymer layer or layers could be extruded through the blown film die 1 with the output of the CTM 2, e.g., to form a backing on the inside of the blown film 6.
  • the particulate may be supplied to the CTM in a mixture with any suitable carrier material.
  • the particulate may be mixed with polypropylene when the material supplied to the CTM from the hopper 16 is polyethylene.
  • the particulate may be mixed with a liquid polymeric material when the material supplied to the CTM from the hopper 16 is a solid polymeric material. In the latter case, the apparatus for producing the blown film may be as shown in Fig.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 7 is generally similar to that shown in Fig. 1 except that the extruder 11 and associated hopper 15 are replaced by a pump 71 which receives liquid polymer from a container 72 and supplies the liquid polymer to the progressing cavity pump 4 where it is mixed with the particulate from hopper 13.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 8 is generally similar to that shown in Fig. 6 except that the extruder 50 and associated hopper 45 are replaced by a pump 51 which receives, from a container 52, a slurry of particulate and liquid polymer.
  • the pump 51 is connected to supply the slurry to the injector inlet 27 (Fig. 2) of the CTM 2.
  • the pump 51 may, for example, be a 5 mm pneumatic pumping system available from Williams Instruments Company Inc. of Humble, Texas, U.S.A..
  • a hollow CTM 2 to provide the input to the blown film die
  • Any appropriate system could be used to provide an input to the blown film die 1 in the form of a composite material comprising a central core of polymeric material with a surrounding layer which comprises a mixture of polymeric material and particulate.
  • a CTM without a hollow rotor could be used simply to form the mixture of polymer and particulate, which could then be layered around the separately-formed core of polymer material.
  • the use of a hollow CTM 2 as described above does, however, have the effect of putting polymer from one source (i.e. the hopper 16) into both the central core and the surrounding layer and may avoid adhesion problems across the thickness of the blown film.
  • the cavities 21, 23 in the rotor and stator should be hemispherical as shown in Fig. 2: the cavities can have any shape that will achieve the desired mixing of polymer and particulate. It is also not essential for a mixture of polymer and particulate to be layered around a core of polymer at the outlet from the CTM 2. Instead, a polymer material could be layered around a core of a mixture of polymer and particulate with the result that the particulate would be on the inside of the blown film bubble 19. Alternatively, when a mixture of polymer and particulate is layered around a core of polymer, another layer, of polymer alone could be formed around the layer of the mixture. The blown film bubble from this assembly would have polymer inner and outer layers with a layer of polymer and particulate between them.
  • particulate is present in only a part of the thickness of the blown film.
  • the location of the particulate in the film depends on the apparatus used. Apparatus and processes which enable particulate to be located in the exterior region or the interior region of a film have both been described.
  • the percentage, by weight, of particulate in a film depends on several factors including, for example, the amount provided initially to the CTM 2.
  • a polymer melt comprising a medium density polyethylene (“MDPE") having a density of 940 kg/m 3 , commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Limited, Middlesex, England under the trade designation "Novex”, was supplied by a first extruder (similar to the extruder 3) to a CTM (similar to the CTM 2) at a rate of 115 g/min.
  • the CTM was adjusted so that 62% of the melt passed along the central path through the CTM and 38% passed along the outside path.
  • a mixture comprising 40% by weight of a low density polyethylene (“LDPE") having a density of 920 kg/m 3 , commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Limited, Middlesex, England under the trade designation "Novex”, and 60% by weight abrasive particles (fused aluminium oxide, Grade P320 (FEPA)) was supplied by a second extruder to the CTM through the injector inlet 12 (Figure 1) at a rate of 30 g/min.
  • LDPE low density polyethylene
  • Novex 60% by weight abrasive particles
  • the temperature in the first extruder ranged from 150° C at the input end to 160° C at the output end; the temperature in the second extruder ranged from 185° C at the input end to 215° C at the output end; the temperature in the CTM was 165° C, and the temperature at the die opening of the blown film die was 170° C.
  • the resulting blown film had an abrasive surface.
  • Example 1 The process described in Example 1 was followed except that the mixture of polymer and abrasive particles was supplied to the CTM at a rate of 51 g/min to yield a slightly higher concentration of abrasive particles in the blown film.
  • the temperatures at the outlet ends of the first and second extruders and in the CTM were higher, at 175°C, 230°C and 170°C respectively.
  • Example 2 The process described in Example 1 was followed except that the abrasive particles used were Grade P100 (FEPA) and the mixture of polymer and abrasive particles was supplied to the CTM 2 at a rate of 48 g/min.
  • the operating temperatures were as in Example 2.
  • Example 2 The process described in Example 1 was followed except that; the polymer melt was supplied by the first extruder to the CTM at a rate of 90g/min; the abrasive particles used were Grade P100 (FEPA), and the mixture of polymer and abrasive particles was supplied to the CTM at a rate of 49 g/min.
  • the operating temperatures were as in Example 2.
  • Samples 1 to 4 which were products of Example 1 to 4 respectively, were tested using the following test procedures as designated.
  • Test procedure A utilized a Coburn opthalmic lens grinding machine. Abrasive sheet material (cut into a daisy shape and mounted on a lap) was used in the machine to grind a plastic lens for a period of 90 seconds. The lens was then taken out of the machine and the caliper loss (i.e. the depth of material that had been removed from the centre of the lens) was measured. The surface finish of the lens was also evaluated by measuring, around a fixed circumference of the lens, the average peak-to-valley height (Ra) of the ridges remaining in the surface and the average peak-to-valley height (Rtm) of the five highest of those ridges.
  • Ra average peak-to-valley height
  • Rtm average peak-to-valley height
  • Test procedure B utilized a Desoutter Model Auto 567 sanding machine.
  • a 150 mm disk of abrasive sheet material, mounted on a back-up pad available, under the trade designation "07317", from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company of St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
  • a back-up pad available, under the trade designation "07317", from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company of St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.
  • 25N was used in the machine, with an applied pressure of 25N, to abrade aged car primer paint (two-pack "Standox HS Gearer” primer) on a flat steel panel.
  • the weight loss, in grams, of the panel after periods of 1 minute and 2 minutes was measured.
  • Table 1 below shows the results obtained using Samples 1 and 2 as the abrasive sheet material in test procedure A: Sample Caliper loss (microns) Ra (microns) Rtm (microns) Sample 1 260 45 296 Sample 2 270 42 306
  • Table 2 below shows the results obtained using samples 3 and 4 as the abrasive sheet material in test procedure B: Sample Weight loss after 1 min. (g) Weight loss after 2 min. (g) Sample 3 0.87 1.28 Sample 4 0.97 1.41
  • Example 1 The process described in Example 1 was followed except that: the polymer melt was supplied by the first extruder to the CTM at a rate of 88 g/min; the CTM was adjusted so that two thirds of the melt passed along the central path through the CTM and one third passed along the outside path; the mixture supplied by the second extruder to the CTM comprised 25% by weight polymer (16% LDPE commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England under the trade designation "Novex VS/55" and 9% polyethylene wax, available under the trade designation "AC-6" from Allied Signal of Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.) and 75% by weight ceramic beads, and the second extruder was set so that it would deliver polyethylene at a rate of 20g/min.
  • polymer melt was supplied by the first extruder to the CTM at a rate of 88 g/min
  • the CTM was adjusted so that two thirds of the melt passed along the central path through the CTM and one third passed along the outside path
  • the temperature in the first extruder ranged from 159°C at the input end to 185°C at the output end; the temperature in the second extruder varied from 160°C at the input end to 185°C at the output end; the temperature in the CTM was 180°C and the temperature at the die opening of the blown film die was 176°C.
  • the resulting blown film showed ceramic beads in the outer surface.
  • Examples 1 to 4 were repeated with the addition of a solid red pigment commercially available from Hubron Ltd., Manchester, England, under the trade designation "PEG 535" at a loading of about 1% by weight to the granules supplied to a second extruder.
  • the outer layer of the resulting blown film was colored.
  • the examples were then repeated with the color being added instead, at the same loading, to the polymer supplied to a first extruder.
  • the inner layer of the resulting blown film was colored and the comparatively small amount of pigment present in the outer layer was not noticeable to the human eye.
  • the addition of a pigment to one or both sides of the blown film in that manner provides a way of indicating, for example, the grade of the abrasive blown film material.
  • sheet materials having other properties can be produced.
  • a sheet material that exhibits a hysteresis curve can be produced. This type of material could then be used as a magnetic recording medium.
  • glass beads or glass bubbles as the particulate material, a sheet material that reflects light can be produced.
  • ceramic beads as the particulate material, a sheet material with a non-slip surface can be produced; this type of material could be used as a non-slip flooring material.
  • a polymer melt comprising a MDPE polymer having a density of 940 kg/m 3 , commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex", was supplied by a first extruder (similar to the extruder 3) to a CTM (similar to the CTM 2) at a rate of 88.3 g/min and the valve member (10A in Fig. 1) in the inlet chamber of the CTM was adjusted so that approximately two thirds of the melt passed along the central path through the CTM and one third passed along the outside path.
  • a mixture comprising 16 % LDPE (commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55"), 9% polyethylene wax (commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6") and 75% ceramic beads as supplied to the CTM through the injector inlet 12 ( Figure 1).
  • the resulting blown film showed ceramic beads in the outer surface.
  • Example 7 The process described in Example 7 was followed except that the mixture supplied to the CTM through the injector inlet comprised 55% LDPE (commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55"), 33% polyethylene wax (commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6") and 12% glass bubbles available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, MN under the trade designation "38-4000"). The resulting blown film showed glass bubbles in the outer surface.
  • LDPE commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55"
  • polyethylene wax commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6”
  • glass bubbles available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, MN under the trade designation "38-4000”
  • Example 7 The process described in Example 7 was followed except that the mixture supplied to the CTM through the injector inlet 12 comprised 23% LDPE (commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55"), 9% polyethylene wax (commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6") and 68% glass beads.
  • LDPE commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55"
  • polyethylene wax commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6”
  • the resulting blown film showed glass beads in the outer surface.
  • Example 7 The process described in Example 7 was followed except that the mixture supplied to the CTM through the injector inlet comprised 63% LDPE commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55", 25% polyethylene wax (commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6") and 12% gold glitter particles.
  • the resulting blown film showed glitter particles in the outer surface.
  • Example 7 The process described in Example 7 was followed except that the mixture supplied to the CTM through the injector inlet 12 comprised 42% LDPE (commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55"), 16% polyethylene wax (commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6") and 42% magnetic ferrite particles.
  • LDPE commercially available from British Petroleum Chemicals Ltd., Middlesex, England, under the trade designation "Novex VS/55"
  • 16% polyethylene wax commercially available from AlliedSignal, Morristown, NJ under the trade designation "AC-6”
  • the resulting blown film showed magnetic ferrite particles in the outer surface.
  • a pigment could be added to the mixture supplied to the CTM 2 through the injector inlet and/or to the material that passes along the central path in, for example, any of Examples 7 to 11 described herein.
  • the resulting blown film will be colored on the side where the particulate material is located and/or on the other side.
  • Other additives can, if desired, be included in the polymeric materials supplied to the cavity transfer mixer.
  • a polymer melt comprising a mixture of polypropylenes commercially available from Himont, Lisle, IL, under the trade designations "Moplen EPQ 30 RF" and “Adflex 7029 XCP” (60% “Moplen EPQ 30 RF” and 40% “Adflex 7029 XCP") was supplied by a first extruder (similar to the extruder 3) to a CTM (similar to the CTM 2) at a rate of 112.5 g/min. The CTM was adjusted so that 51.2% of the melt passed along the central path through the CTM and 48.8% passed along the outside part.
  • a slurry comprising 50% magnetic ferrite particles in an extrusion carrier liquid (commercially available from Metacol Ltd., under the trade designation "EA 107") was supplied by a pump to the CTM through the injector inlet 12 (Fig. 1) at a rate of 43.7 g/min.
  • the temperature in the first extruder ranged from 156°C at the input end to 180°C at the output end; the temperature in the CTM was 185°C and the temperature at the die opening of the blown film die was 202°C.
  • the resulting blown film showed magnetic ferrite particles in the outer surface.
  • the magnetic properties of a sample of blown film produced by the method of Example 12 were measured using a BH meter in a magnetic field of 3000 Oe (3/4 ⁇ x 10 6 Am -1 ).
  • the sample had a coercivity (Hc) of 768 Oe (0.768/4 ⁇ x 10 6 Am -1 ) and a squareness ( ⁇ r/ ⁇ m) of 0.69.
  • Squareness is the ratio between the remanent saturation magnetization ⁇ r and the saturation magnetization ⁇ m of the sample and is a measure of the degree of orientation of the magnetic particles.
  • video tape currently used in VHS cassettes typically has a coercivity of about 760 Oe and a squareness in the range 0.80 to 0.85.
  • Example 12 The process described in Example 12 was followed except that the polymer melt supplied by the first extruder to the CTM was an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (commercially available from E. I. DuPont de Nemours Company, Wilmington, DE, under the trade designation "Elvax 360") supplied to the CTM at a rate of 112.5 g/min.; the slurry supplied to the injector inlet of the CTM comprised 10% carbon black in a liquid extrusion carrier ("EA 107") and was supplied at a rate of 16.5 g/min.
  • the temperature in the first extruder ranged from 145°C at the input end to 162°C at the output end.
  • the temperature in the CTM was 160°C.
  • the temperature of the die opening of the blown film die was 158°C.
  • the resulting blown film showed carbon black in the outer surface.
  • an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer melt which had a melt index of 0.5 and contained 12% vinyl acetate (commercially available from Quantum Chemical Corporation, Cincinnati, OH, under the trade designation "Quantum 657-000") was supplied by the first extruder to the CTM at a rate of 1 kg/hr and the CTM was adjusted so that 10% of the melt passed along the outside path and 90% passed along the central path.
  • a mixture comprising a blend of 28% carbon black and 72% of an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer which had a melt index of 5.5 and contained 12% vinyl acetate (commercially available from Quantum Chemical Corporation, Cincinnati, OH under the trade designation "Quantum UE 656-003") was supplied to the CTM through the injector inlet 12 (Fig. 1) at a rate of 0.86 kg/hr.
  • the temperatures in the first and second extruders ranged from 153°C at the input ends to 177°C at the output ends.
  • the temperature of the CTM was 177°C.
  • the temperature at the die opening of the blown film die was 177°C.
  • the resulting blown film showed carbon black in the outer surface.
  • the surface resistivity of samples of blown film produced by the method of Example 14 was measured.
  • the samples varied in thickness from 0.06 to 0.15 mm but in each case the carbon black was located in a region having a thickness of 55% of the film thickness.
  • the surface resistivity of the inner (carbon black free) surfaces of the films ranged from 2 x 10 13 to 1 x 10 14 ohms/sq and the surface resistivity of the outer (carbon black containing) surfaces of the films ranged from 8 x 10 3 to 2 x 10 4 ohms/sq.

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Claims (26)

  1. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Flächenmaterial, bei dem man:
    (a) dem Eingang einer Blasfoliendüse Verbundmaterial zuführt, wobei es sich bei dem Verbundmaterial um Polymer mit einem ausgewählten, nur in einem Teil davon vorliegenden teilchenförmigen Material handelt;
    (b) das Verbundmaterial durch die Düse zu einem Extrudat extrudiert und
    (c) das Extrudat zu einer Blasfolie expandiert, in der das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material nur in einem Teil der Dicke der Folie vorliegt.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem man das Verbundmaterial dadurch bildet, daß man dem Düseneingang Polymer zuführt und das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material nur einem Teil des dem Düseneingang zugeführten Polymers so zusetzt, daß das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material in einer Außenschicht der Blasfolie vorliegt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, bei dem das Verbundmaterial einen Kern und einen Hüllenteil, von denen einer das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material enthält, aufweist.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, bei dem man zwei Polymerströme bildet, von denen einer das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material enthält, und stromaufwärts des Düseneingangs den einen Strom mit dem anderen umgibt.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, bei dem man die beiden Ströme dadurch bildet, daß man einen Polymerhauptstrom in einen Zentralstrom und einen Hüllenstrom aufteilt und dann einem der Ströme das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material zusetzt.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, bei dem man das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material mit Polymer vermischt, bevor man es einem der Ströme zusetzt.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, bei dem man das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material dem Hüllenpolymerstrom zusetzt.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, bei dem man dem Hüllenpolymerstrom das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material in einem Eintragsmischer beimischt.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, bei dem man den Zentralpolymerstrom am Eintragsmischer vorbeiführt oder direkt durch diesen hindurchführt.
  10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material Schleifteilchen enthält.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem man auf das Extrudat zumindest einseitig einen Überzug aufbringt.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem man auf die Blasfolie zumindest einseitig ein Trägermaterial aufbringt.
  13. Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Flächenmaterial mit einer Blasfoliendüse mit einem Eingang zum Empfangen von Polymer und einer Quelle von teilchenförmigem Material zum Zusatz von ausgewähltem teilchenförmigem Material zu nur einem Teil des am Düseneingang empfangenen Polymers, wodurch das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material nur in einem Teil der Dicke der von der Düse aus dem Polymer erzeugten Blasfolie vorliegt.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der die Quelle von ausgewähltem teilchenförmigem Material so angeordnet ist, daß das ausgewählte teilchenförmige Material in einer Außenschicht der von der Düse aus dem Polymer erzeugten Blasfolie vorliegt.
  15. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13 mit einer ersten Zuführungsstrecke zur Zuführung von Polymer zum Düseneingang und einer zweiten Zuführungsstrecke zum Empfangen von Material aus der Quelle von ausgewähltem teilchenförmigem Material und zur Zuführung einer Mischung aus Polymer und ausgewähltem teilchenförmigem Material zum Düseneingang.
  16. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, bei der die zweite Zuführungsstrecke zum Empfangen von Polymer aus der ersten Zuführungsstrecke angebracht ist.
  17. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, bei der eine Zuführungsstrecke die andere Zuführungsstrecke an einer Stelle stromaufwärts der Düse umgibt, wodurch das am Düseneingang empfangene Material einen Kern und einen Hüllenteil, von denen der eine Polymer und der andere eine Mischung aus Polymer und dem ausgewählten teilchenförmigen Material enthält, aufweist.
  18. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 17 mit einem Eintragsmischer, in dem die Mischung aus Polymer und ausgewähltem teilchenförmigem Material gebildet wird.
  19. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 18, bei der eine Zuführungsstrecke am Rotor des Eintragsmischers vorbeigeht oder direkt durch diesen hindurchgeht und die andere Zuführungsstrecke um den Rotor des Eintragsmischers herumläuft.
  20. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, bei der es sich bei der Quelle von ausgewähltem teilchenförmigem Material um eine Quelle von mit Polymer vermischtem teilchenförmigem Material handelt.
  21. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 20, bei der die Quelle von mit Polymer vermischtem teilchenförmigem Material einen Mischer zum Empfangen getrennter Zuführungen von teilchenförmigem Material und Polymer umfaßt.
  22. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 21 mit einer Exzenterschneckenpumpe zur Lieferung von Material vom Mischer zur zweiten Zuführungsstrecke.
  23. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 21 mit einem Schneckenextruder zur Lieferung von Material vom Mischer zur zweiten Zuführungsstrecke.
  24. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, bei der die erste Zuführungsstrecke zum Empfangen von Polymer aus einem Schneckenextruder angebracht ist.
  25. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der die Düse einen Ausgang zum einseitigen Aufbringen eines Überzugs auf das extrudierte Material umfaßt.
  26. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13 mit einer Quelle von Trägermaterial, die zum einseitigen Aufbringen von Trägermaterial auf die von der Düse erzeugte Blasfolie angeordnet ist.
EP96946371A 1995-12-08 1996-11-22 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen einer folie mit körnigem material darin Expired - Lifetime EP0868277B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
WOPCT/US95/16218 1995-12-08
US9516218 1995-12-08
PCT/US1996/018753 WO1997021531A1 (en) 1995-12-08 1996-11-22 Sheet material incorporating particulate matter

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EP0868277A1 EP0868277A1 (de) 1998-10-07
EP0868277B1 true EP0868277B1 (de) 2000-01-12

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EP (1) EP0868277B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2000502006A (de)
AU (1) AU2846097A (de)
DE (1) DE69606199T2 (de)
WO (1) WO1997021531A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA9610114B (de)

Cited By (1)

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EP3996895A1 (de) * 2019-07-11 2022-05-18 Industria Termoplastica Pavese S.p.A. Verfahren zur herstellung einer folie mit mindestens einer schicht aus heissschmelzbarem polymer und/oder polymer mit hohem schmelzflussindex durch blasextrusion

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EP1770142A3 (de) 2000-10-06 2008-05-07 3M Innovative Properties Company Verfahren zur Herstellung agglomerierter abrasiver Partikel
ATE382671T1 (de) 2000-10-16 2008-01-15 3M Innovative Properties Co Verfahren zur herstellung von agglomeratteilchen
DE10242174B4 (de) * 2002-09-10 2005-01-27 Windmöller & Hölscher Kg Verfahren zur Herstellung selbstreinigender Folien im Blasverfahren
CN114163806A (zh) * 2021-11-29 2022-03-11 浙江大学台州研究院 一种抗菌多糖外表面改性tpu医用导管及其制备方法

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US3709642A (en) * 1970-12-02 1973-01-09 F Stannard Tube coating film and apparatus
DE2304105A1 (de) * 1973-01-27 1974-08-01 Bellaplast Gmbh Materialbahn aus zwei oder mehr bezueglich art und bzw. oder eigenschaften verschiedenen thermoplastischem kunststoffmaterialien, beispielsweise in folienform fuer verpackungszwecke oder fuer die herstellung von formlingen, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung solcher materialbahnen
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3996895A1 (de) * 2019-07-11 2022-05-18 Industria Termoplastica Pavese S.p.A. Verfahren zur herstellung einer folie mit mindestens einer schicht aus heissschmelzbarem polymer und/oder polymer mit hohem schmelzflussindex durch blasextrusion

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WO1997021531A1 (en) 1997-06-19
JP2000502006A (ja) 2000-02-22
EP0868277A1 (de) 1998-10-07
DE69606199D1 (de) 2000-02-17
DE69606199T2 (de) 2000-08-17
ZA9610114B (en) 1998-06-02
AU2846097A (en) 1997-07-03

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