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EP0603082A1 - Portable radio telephone with means for protecting its user from electromagnetic radiation - Google Patents

Portable radio telephone with means for protecting its user from electromagnetic radiation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0603082A1
EP0603082A1 EP93403088A EP93403088A EP0603082A1 EP 0603082 A1 EP0603082 A1 EP 0603082A1 EP 93403088 A EP93403088 A EP 93403088A EP 93403088 A EP93403088 A EP 93403088A EP 0603082 A1 EP0603082 A1 EP 0603082A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transmitter
user
radiation
radiating system
radiotelephone
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP93403088A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0603082B1 (en
Inventor
Christophe Grangeat
Francois Moisson-Franckhauser
Michel Maignan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alcatel Lucent SAS
Original Assignee
Alcatel NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcatel NV filed Critical Alcatel NV
Publication of EP0603082A1 publication Critical patent/EP0603082A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0603082B1 publication Critical patent/EP0603082B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/242—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use
    • H01Q1/245—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use with means for shaping the antenna pattern, e.g. in order to protect user against rf exposure

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to portable or portable radio transmitters and more particularly to radiotelephones.
  • radiotelephones The range of these radiotelephones is limited in particular by the power that they can radiate. This is why it has been envisaged to give this power relatively high values. These values are such that a potentially harmful physiological effect could be caused in the body of a user who would absorb a large fraction of radiofrequency radiation having such a power. Various provisions have been proposed to limit this fraction in order to protect the user.
  • Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 8, N) 206 (E-267) 1643, September 20, 1984, JP-A-59 92 629 (HITACHI SEISAKUSHO) and EP-A-508 299 (SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT) provide for an enhancement of the radiating part of the antenna 'a radiotelephone, this in order to move this radiating part away from the head of the user. Such an increase increases the total height of the device and / or complicates its mechanical structure.
  • This figure represents a view of both a radiotelephone produced according to this invention and of a user of this radiotelephone.
  • this radiotelephone is shown at 4 in a typical service position relative to user 2.
  • This transmitter further comprises a screen 6 having an inner face 6A and an outer face 6B.
  • the arrangement of this screen is such that it is interposed between at least one high-emission zone of the radiating system 16 and the part of the body to be protected 8 and that it then has its inner and outer faces facing this high emission zone and this part of the body, respectively.
  • This screen comprises an absorbent structure 6C capable of converting into heat a majority of the energy of an electromagnetic radiation which passes through it and which has said emission frequency.
  • This structure can include a stack of differentiated layers whose electrical permittivity ⁇ , magnetic permeability ⁇ and electrical resistivity ⁇ are chosen to ensure optimal absorption of the emitted radiation.
  • a structure of this kind is known under the brand ECCOSORB SF from the Belgian firm GRACE N.V.
  • the screen 6 further comprises an electrically conductive layer 6D on the side of its outer face 6B, the absorbent structure 6C being located on the side of its inner face 6A.
  • Layer 6D is a flat or curved metal sheet.
  • this transmitter further comprises a distance maintaining means 18 capable of maintaining a safety distance between the radiating system 16 and the body of the user 2.
  • This distance maintaining means is advantageously constituted by a cover 18 It not only maintains a safety distance such as 33 between the radiating system 16 and the body of the user when the transmitter 4 is in its operating position but also a safety distance such as 34 and 35, when, for example. inadvertently, this transmitter 4 is placed outside of its service position in contact with this body. He maintains also such a distance 34 or 35 between the radiating system 16 and the body of other people who would come into contact with the transmitter this, in cooperation with the other elements of the transmitter, omnidirectionally.
  • These safety distances are typically between 5 and 10 mm if the average power of the transmitter is close to 0.5 watts. They seem more generally to be between 3 and 100 mm.
  • the distance maintaining means when the distance maintaining means is constituted by a cover 18, it surrounds the radiating system 16 and may also advantageously contain, for reasons of good use of space, various elements without significant radiation in particular, as shown , the screen 6. It has, with respect to said radiation, an absorption efficiency at least reduced compared to the absorption efficiency of the screen 6 and preferably substantially zero so as not to unnecessarily weaken the radiation emitted when the transmitter is in its service position.
  • the modulation system comprises a control panel 12 for controlling the emission of radiation constituting a switching signal capable of establishing a radio link between this transmitter 4 and a correspondent 22 selected by this switching signal. It also includes a microphone 14 for modulating radiation 20 constituting a transmission signal and carrying information to this correspondent.
  • the service position shown of such a radiotelephone places the microphone 14 and the speaker 30 within reach of the mouth 32 and an ear 36 of the user 2, respectively.
  • the user's head 8 then constitutes the part of his body to be protected.
  • Another service position can place the radiotelephone in a pocket or hung on the user's belt.
  • the transmission frequency is between 100 MHz and 100 GHz.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
  • Telephone Set Structure (AREA)

Abstract

Des moyens de protection (6, 18) sont associés au système rayonnant (16) d'un émetteur constituant un radiotéléphone (4). Leur fonction est de diminuer un taux d'interception qui est la proportion dans laquelle le corps de l'utilisateur (2) intercepte le rayonnement émis (20), ceci pour permettre d'augmenter la puissance totale de ce rayonnement. Selon l'invention ils comportent un capot (18) imposant des distances de sécurité (33, 34, 35) entre le système rayonnant et le corps de l'utilisateur. Ils comportent de plus un écran (6) absorbant ce rayonnement. L'invention s'applique notamment aux radiotéléphones à grande portée. <IMAGE>Protection means (6, 18) are associated with the radiating system (16) of a transmitter constituting a radiotelephone (4). Their function is to decrease an interception rate which is the proportion in which the user's body (2) intercepts the emitted radiation (20), this in order to increase the total power of this radiation. According to the invention, they comprise a cover (18) imposing safety distances (33, 34, 35) between the radiating system and the body of the user. They further comprise a screen (6) absorbing this radiation. The invention applies in particular to long-range radiotelephones. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention concerne les émetteurs radioélectriques portables ou portatifs et plus particulièrement les radiotéléphones.The present invention relates to portable or portable radio transmitters and more particularly to radiotelephones.

La portée de ces radiotéléphones est limitée notamment par la puissance qu'ils peuvent rayonner. C'est pourquoi il a été envisagé de donner à cette puissance des valeurs relativement élevées. Ces valeurs sont telles qu'un effet physiologique éventuellement dommageable pourrait être provoqué dans le corps d'un utilisateur qui absorberait une fraction importante d'un rayonnement radiofréquence ayant une telle puissance. Diverses dispositions ont été proposées pour limiter cette fraction afin de protéger l'utilisateur.The range of these radiotelephones is limited in particular by the power that they can radiate. This is why it has been envisaged to give this power relatively high values. These values are such that a potentially harmful physiological effect could be caused in the body of a user who would absorb a large fraction of radiofrequency radiation having such a power. Various provisions have been proposed to limit this fraction in order to protect the user.

Les documents Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 8, N) 206 (E-267) 1643, 20 septembre 1984, JP-A-59 92 629 (HITACHI SEISAKUSHO) et EP-A-508 299 (SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT) prévoient un rehaussement de la partie rayonnante de l'antenne d'un radiotéléphone, ceci dans le but d'éloigner cette partie rayonnante de la tête de l'utilisateur. Un tel rehaussement augmente la hauteur totale de l'appareil et/ou complique sa structure mécanique.Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 8, N) 206 (E-267) 1643, September 20, 1984, JP-A-59 92 629 (HITACHI SEISAKUSHO) and EP-A-508 299 (SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT) provide for an enhancement of the radiating part of the antenna 'a radiotelephone, this in order to move this radiating part away from the head of the user. Such an increase increases the total height of the device and / or complicates its mechanical structure.

La présente invention a notamment les buts suivants:

  • permettre de conférer une grande portée à un émetteur portable de structure mécanique simple et d'encombrement limité, notamment à un radiotéléphone, cette invention pouvant trouver cependant application quelle que soit la puissance de l'émetteur considéré,
  • et/ou éviter que le rayonnement radio-fréquence émis par un tel émetteur puisse avoir un effet physiologique sur un utilisateur utilisant cet émetteur de manière prolongée.
The present invention has in particular the following aims:
  • allow a long range to be imparted to a portable transmitter of simple mechanical structure and of limited size, in particular to a radiotelephone, this invention being able however to find application whatever the power of the transmitter considered,
  • and / or prevent the radio frequency radiation emitted by such a transmitter from having a physiological effect on a user using this transmitter for a prolonged period.

Dans ces buts elle a pour objet un émetteur REV.1For these purposes it relates to a transmitter REV.1

A l'aide de la figure schématique ci-jointe, on va décrire ci-après comment la présente invention peut être mise en oeuvre, étant entendu que les éléments et dispositions mentionnés et représentés ne le sont qu'à titre d'exemple non limitatif.Using the attached schematic figure, we will describe below how the present invention can be implemented, it being understood that the elements and arrangements mentioned and represented are only by way of nonlimiting example .

Cette figure représente une vue à la fois d'un radiotéléphone réalisé selon cette invention et d'un utilisateur de ce radiotéléphone.This figure represents a view of both a radiotelephone produced according to this invention and of a user of this radiotelephone.

Sur cette figure ce radiotéléphone est représenté en 4 dans une position typique de service par rapport à l'utilisateur 2.In this figure, this radiotelephone is shown at 4 in a typical service position relative to user 2.

En se référant à cette figure à titre d'exemple on va décrire d'abord de manière générale un émetteur selon cette invention.Referring to this figure by way of example, a general description will first be given of a transmitter according to this invention.

L'émetteur 4 comporte de manière classique les éléments suivants:

  • Un générateur 10 créant une oscillation électrique à une fréquence d'émission située dans le domaine des radiofréquences. La puissance moyenne d'un tel générateur est actuellement typiquement voisine de 0,5 W. Mais la présente invention permet d'envisager une puissance beaucoup plus élevée, par exemple 20 Watts.
  • Un système de modulation 12, 14 commandant ce générateur. Ce système est disposé de manière à pouvoir être commandé par l'utilisateur 2. Il module l'oscillation par un signal porteur d'information.
  • Enfin un système rayonnant 16 recevant l'oscillation électrique et émettant en réponse un rayonnement 20 portant l'information. La fonction de ce système rayonnant est de convertir l'oscillation électrique en rayonnement avec un rendement énergétique de conversion aussi grand que possible. C'est pourquoi sa surface est réalisée de manière à être électriquement bonne conductrice c'est-à-dire qu'en pratique elle est typiquement constituée d'un métal bon conducteur. Elle est parcourue par des courants présentant des densités, exprimables en ampères par centimètre, et des orientations diverses, de sorte que la densité de puissance exprimable en Watts par centimètre carré du rayonnement émis à partir d'une zone de cette surface varie selon la zone considérée. En fait le rayonnement est surtout émis à partir d'une ou plusieurs zones qui seront appelées ci-après "zones à forte émission". Une telle zone est représentée en 40.
The transmitter 4 conventionally comprises the following elements:
  • A generator 10 creating an electric oscillation at an emission frequency located in the radio frequency domain. The average power of such a generator is currently typically close to 0.5 W. However, the present invention makes it possible to envisage a much higher power, for example 20 Watts.
  • A modulation system 12, 14 controlling this generator. This system is arranged so that it can be controlled by the user 2. It modulates the oscillation by an information-carrying signal.
  • Finally a radiating system 16 receiving the electric oscillation and emitting in response a radiation 20 carrying the information. The function of this radiating system is to convert the electrical oscillation into radiation with as high a conversion energy efficiency as possible. This is why its surface is made so as to be electrically good conductive, that is to say that in practice it is typically made of a good conductive metal. It is traversed by currents having densities, expressible in amperes per centimeter, and various orientations, so that the power density expressible in Watts per square centimeter of the radiation emitted from an area of this surface varies according to the area considered. In fact the radiation is mostly emitted from one or more zones which will be called hereinafter "high emission zones". Such an area is represented at 40.

Cet émetteur comporte en outre un écran 6 présentant une face intérieure 6A et une face extérieure 6B. Lorsque l'émetteur 4 est placé dans sa position de service, la disposition de cet écran est telle qu'il s'interpose entre au moins une zone à forte émission du système rayonnant 16 et la partie du corps à protéger 8 et qu'il présente alors ses faces intérieure et extérieure en regard de cette zone à forte émission et de cette partie du corps, respectivement.This transmitter further comprises a screen 6 having an inner face 6A and an outer face 6B. When the transmitter 4 is placed in its operating position, the arrangement of this screen is such that it is interposed between at least one high-emission zone of the radiating system 16 and the part of the body to be protected 8 and that it then has its inner and outer faces facing this high emission zone and this part of the body, respectively.

Cet écran comporte une structure absorbante 6C apte à convertir en chaleur une partie majoritaire de l'énergie d'un rayonnement électromagnétique qui la traverse et qui présente ladite fréquence d'émission. Cette structure peut comporter un empilage de couches différenciées dont la permittivité électrique ε, la perméabilité magnétique µ et la résistivité électrique ρ sont choisies pour assurer une absorption optimale du rayonnement émis. Une structure de ce genre est connue sous la marque ECCOSORB SF de la firme belge GRACE N.V.This screen comprises an absorbent structure 6C capable of converting into heat a majority of the energy of an electromagnetic radiation which passes through it and which has said emission frequency. This structure can include a stack of differentiated layers whose electrical permittivity ε, magnetic permeability µ and electrical resistivity ρ are chosen to ensure optimal absorption of the emitted radiation. A structure of this kind is known under the brand ECCOSORB SF from the Belgian firm GRACE N.V.

L'écran 6 comporte en outre une couche électriquement bonne conductrice 6D du côté de sa face extérieure 6B, la structure absorbante 6C étant située du côté de sa face intérieure 6A. La couche 6D est une feuille métallique plane ou incurvée.The screen 6 further comprises an electrically conductive layer 6D on the side of its outer face 6B, the absorbent structure 6C being located on the side of its inner face 6A. Layer 6D is a flat or curved metal sheet.

Selon la présente invention cet émetteur comporte en outre un moyen de maintien de distance 18 apte à maintenir une distance de sécurité entre le système rayonnant 16 et le corps de l'utilisateur 2. Ce moyen de maintien de distance est avantageusement constitué par un capot 18. Il maintient non seulement une distance de sécurité telle que 33 entre le système rayonnant 16 et le corps de l'utilisateur lorsque l'émetteur 4 est dans sa position de service mais aussi une distance de sécurité telle que 34 et 35, lorsque, par exemple par inadvertance, cet émetteur 4 est placé hors de sa position de service au contact de ce corps. Il maintient également une telle distance 34 ou 35 entre le système rayonnant 16 et le corps d'autres personnes qui viendraient au contact de l'émetteur ceci, en coopération avec les autres éléments de l'émetteur, de manière omnidirectionnelle. Ces distances de sécurité sont typiquement comprises entre 5 et 10 mm si la puissance moyenne de l'émetteur est voisine de 0,5 watts. Elles semblent de manière plus générale devoir être comprises entre 3 et 100 mm.According to the present invention, this transmitter further comprises a distance maintaining means 18 capable of maintaining a safety distance between the radiating system 16 and the body of the user 2. This distance maintaining means is advantageously constituted by a cover 18 It not only maintains a safety distance such as 33 between the radiating system 16 and the body of the user when the transmitter 4 is in its operating position but also a safety distance such as 34 and 35, when, for example. inadvertently, this transmitter 4 is placed outside of its service position in contact with this body. He maintains also such a distance 34 or 35 between the radiating system 16 and the body of other people who would come into contact with the transmitter this, in cooperation with the other elements of the transmitter, omnidirectionally. These safety distances are typically between 5 and 10 mm if the average power of the transmitter is close to 0.5 watts. They seem more generally to be between 3 and 100 mm.

Comme représenté, lorsque le moyen de maintien de distance est constitué par un capot 18, il entoure le système rayonnant 16 et peut en outre avantageusement contenir, pour des raisons de bonne utilisation de l'espace, divers éléments sans rayonnement important notamment, comme représenté, l'écran 6. Il présente, vis-à-vis dudit rayonnement, une efficacité d'absorption au moins diminuée par rapport à l'efficacité d'absorption de l'écran 6 et de préférence sensiblement nulle pour ne pas affaiblir inutilement le rayonnement émis lorsque l'émetteur est dans sa position de service.As shown, when the distance maintaining means is constituted by a cover 18, it surrounds the radiating system 16 and may also advantageously contain, for reasons of good use of space, various elements without significant radiation in particular, as shown , the screen 6. It has, with respect to said radiation, an absorption efficiency at least reduced compared to the absorption efficiency of the screen 6 and preferably substantially zero so as not to unnecessarily weaken the radiation emitted when the transmitter is in its service position.

En l'absence d'un écran tel que 6, une protection éventuellement suffisante pourrait dans certains cas être suffisamment être assurée par un tel moyen de maintien de distance.In the absence of a screen such as 6, possibly sufficient protection could in certain cases be sufficiently ensured by such a means of maintaining distance.

Typiquement le système de modulation comporte un tableau de commande 12 pour commander l'émission d'un rayonnement constituant un signal de commutation apte à établir une liaison radioélectrique entre cet émetteur 4 et un correspondant 22 sélectionné par ce signal de commutation. Il comporte aussi un microphone 14 pour moduler un rayonnement 20 constituant un signal de transmission et portant une information à ce correspondant.Typically the modulation system comprises a control panel 12 for controlling the emission of radiation constituting a switching signal capable of establishing a radio link between this transmitter 4 and a correspondent 22 selected by this switching signal. It also includes a microphone 14 for modulating radiation 20 constituting a transmission signal and carrying information to this correspondent.

Toujours typiquement il est réalisé sous la forme d'un radiotéléphone. Dans ce cas il comporte:

  • Un capteur de rayonnement constitué par le système rayonnant 16 et apte à recevoir une onde de réception radioélectrique 24 émise par le correspondant 22,
  • Un récepteur 26 connecté à ce capteur pour former des signaux de réception à partir de cette onde de réception,
  • Et un haut-parleur 30 pour convertir certains de ces signaux de réception en un signal sonore.
Always typically it is carried out in the form of a radiotelephone. In this case it includes:
  • A radiation sensor constituted by the radiating system 16 and capable of receiving a radio reception wave 24 emitted by the correspondent 22,
  • A receiver 26 connected to this sensor to form reception signals from this reception wave,
  • And a speaker 30 to convert some of these reception signals into a sound signal.

La position de service représentée d'un tel radiotéléphone place le microphone 14 et le haut-parleur 30 à portée de la bouche 32 et d'une oreille 36 de l'utilisateur 2, respectivement. La tête 8 de l'utilisateur constitue alors la partie de son corps à protéger. Une autre position de service peut placer le radiotéléphone dans une poche ou accroché à la ceinture de l'utilisateur.The service position shown of such a radiotelephone places the microphone 14 and the speaker 30 within reach of the mouth 32 and an ear 36 of the user 2, respectively. The user's head 8 then constitutes the part of his body to be protected. Another service position can place the radiotelephone in a pocket or hung on the user's belt.

Typiquement la fréquence d'émission est comprise entre 100 MHz et 100 GHz.Typically the transmission frequency is between 100 MHz and 100 GHz.

Claims (6)

1/ Emetteur portable pour radiocommunication comportant: - un système rayonnant (16) pour émettre un rayonnement (20), - et des moyens de protection pour protéger une partie du corps d'un utilisateur de cet émetteur contre le rayonnement de ce système, cet émetteur étant caractérisé par le fait que ces moyens de protection comportent un moyen de maintien de distance (18) apte à maintenir de manière omnidirectionnelle des distances de sécurité (33...35) entre ledit système rayonnant (16) et un corps humain (2) venant au contact de cet émetteur (4). 1 / Portable transmitter for radiocommunication comprising: - a radiating system (16) for emitting radiation (20), - and protection means to protect a part of the body of a user of this transmitter against radiation from this system, this transmitter being characterized by the fact that these protection means comprise a distance-maintaining means (18) capable of omnidirectionally maintaining safety distances (33 ... 35) between said radiating system (16) and a human body (2) coming into contact with this transmitter (4). 2/ Emetteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que lesdites distances de sécurité sont comprises entre 3 et 100 mm. 2 / transmitter according to claim 1, characterized in that said safety distances are between 3 and 100 mm. 3/ Emetteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que lesdites distances de sécurité sont comprises entre 5 et 10 mm. 3 / transmitter according to claim 1, characterized in that said safety distances are between 5 and 10 mm. 4/ Emetteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que ledit moyen de maintien de distance comporte un capot (18) contenant ledit système rayonnant (16). 4 / transmitter according to claim 1, characterized in that said distance maintaining means comprises a cover (18) containing said radiating system (16). 5/ Emetteur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, cet émetteur constituant un radiotéléphone. 5 / Transmitter according to any one of the preceding claims, this transmitter constituting a radiotelephone. 6/ Emetteur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, la fréquence dudit rayonnement étant comprise entre 100 MHz et 100 GHz. 6 / A transmitter according to any one of the preceding claims, the frequency of said radiation being between 100 MHz and 100 GHz.
EP93403088A 1992-12-17 1993-12-17 Portable radio telephone with means for protecting its user from electromagnetic radiation Expired - Lifetime EP0603082B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9215267 1992-12-17
FR9215267A FR2699773A1 (en) 1992-12-17 1992-12-17 Portable radio transmitter.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0603082A1 true EP0603082A1 (en) 1994-06-22
EP0603082B1 EP0603082B1 (en) 2000-04-05

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EP93403087A Withdrawn EP0603081A1 (en) 1992-12-17 1993-12-17 Portable radio telephone with means for protecting its user from electromagnetic radiation
EP93403088A Expired - Lifetime EP0603082B1 (en) 1992-12-17 1993-12-17 Portable radio telephone with means for protecting its user from electromagnetic radiation

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US (1) US5493704A (en)
EP (2) EP0603081A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69328283T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2699773A1 (en)

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US7554496B2 (en) 2007-04-10 2009-06-30 Research In Motion Limited Mobile wireless communications device including a ground patch providing specific absorption rate (SAR) reduction and related methods

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US8013797B2 (en) 2007-04-10 2011-09-06 Research In Motion Limited Mobile wireless communications device including a ground patch providing specific absorption rate (SAR) reduction and related methods
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FR2699773A1 (en) 1994-06-24
EP0603082B1 (en) 2000-04-05
DE69328283D1 (en) 2000-05-11
US5493704A (en) 1996-02-20
EP0603081A1 (en) 1994-06-22
DE69328283T2 (en) 2000-11-30

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