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EP0468375B1 - Process for recovery of aqueous base or acid soluble polymers - Google Patents

Process for recovery of aqueous base or acid soluble polymers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0468375B1
EP0468375B1 EP19910112076 EP91112076A EP0468375B1 EP 0468375 B1 EP0468375 B1 EP 0468375B1 EP 19910112076 EP19910112076 EP 19910112076 EP 91112076 A EP91112076 A EP 91112076A EP 0468375 B1 EP0468375 B1 EP 0468375B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
process according
particles
separated
polymers
precipitation
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EP19910112076
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0468375A2 (en
EP0468375A3 (en
Inventor
Michael Dr. Gass
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BELLANDTECHNOLOGY G.M.B.H.
BELLANDTECHNOLOGY G.M.B.H.SCHLOSS KUEHLENFELS, DE-
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Belland AG
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J11/00Recovery or working-up of waste materials
    • C08J11/04Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
    • C08J11/06Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers without chemical reactions
    • C08J11/08Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers without chemical reactions using selective solvents for polymer components
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2300/00Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
    • C08J2300/10Polymers characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. terminal or pendant functional groups
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/62Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the recovery of polymers which can be dissolved in an aqueous alkaline or acidic medium by dissolving the polymers and precipitating with acidic or alkaline precipitation reagents.
  • a process for the recovery of polymers which can be dissolved in an aqueous alkaline or acidic medium by dissolving the polymers and precipitating with acidic or alkaline precipitation reagents.
  • packaging materials containers for food, dinnerware, such as party dishes, labels, in particular on bottles and bottle crates, from plastics which have a neutral pH and at a neutral pH.
  • Different conditions of use are waterproof or insoluble, but can be dissolved in the opposite pH range.
  • DE-OS 37 38 786 describes labels made from polymers that can be dissolved in an aqueous alkaline medium.
  • DE-OS 34 35 468 and DE-OS 33 35 954 describe the production and further use of similar polymers.
  • DE-OS 37 42 472 describes the preparation and use of plastics which contain alkaline groups and which can be dissolved in an aqueous acid medium and precipitated by adding alkali, and their use.
  • the invention has for its object to enable the reprocessing of dissolved polymers to easily processable, in particular granular products.
  • the polymer solutions are prepared in particular by dissolving plastic waste, in particular those which are mixed with non-soluble products or other plastics, in bases or acids, and, if appropriate, separated from solid accompanying substances, in particular centrifuged off.
  • a rapid, intimate mixing of polymer solution and precipitation reagent in a turbulent flow forms a large number of polymer particles.
  • the mixing can be carried out within a period of 0.1 to 2 seconds.
  • a rapid conversion of the turbulent flow into a preferably laminar maturation flow prevents the particles from growing together as a result of growing together. Separate ripening of the particles ensures that the particles pass from their originally sticky state to an untacky ripening state essentially unhindered, so that they can be processed further without the risk of clumping.
  • An additional advantage of the invention is the fact that without the addition of auxiliaries, in particular without the addition of surface-active substances, phosphorus-containing surfactants or emulsifiers and without the addition of solvents. Almost processible coagulates are still obtained that are free of additional accompanying substances, which improves their recyclability and environmental friendliness.
  • the rapid turbulent mixing preferably takes place within a mixing time of 0.1 to 2.0 seconds, with a mixing time of 0.8 to 1.0 seconds being preferred.
  • the Reynolds number of turbulence is over 2000.
  • the precipitation reagent is preferably added in the form of a liquid or solution.
  • the ratio of the volume flows of polymer solution to precipitation reagent is not critical and is preferably a ratio of 6-8 to 1, in particular approximately 7 to 1.
  • the precipitation can be carried out at normal temperature. A temperature in the range of 20 to 25 ° C is preferred.
  • the turbulent mixing is preferably carried out using a pump in which the polymer solution and the precipitation reagent are brought together. However, it is also possible to pressurize the volume flows of polymer solution and precipitation reagent separately and to combine them under pressure relief and to mix them, for example with the aid of a static mixer. A high-pressure centrifugal pump, for example, is suitable as a mixing pump.
  • the ripening is carried out in a laminar aqueous flow in order to prevent the particles from coming into contact with one another and thus preventing them from growing together as far as possible.
  • calming or guiding devices and cross-sectional enlargements can be provided.
  • Flow tubes are preferably provided to maintain the laminar flow, in particular those with an internal cross section from 4 to 9, preferably 5.5 to 8 cm 2 .
  • the reaction tubes and other guide devices are preferably made of a material which has poor adhesive properties compared to the freshly precipitated polymers in order to avoid caking. Polyethylene and polystyrene are suitable for this.
  • the length of the flow tubes depends on the flow speed and the maturation time.
  • the ripening time of 2 to 4, especially 2.5 to 3 min. is usually sufficient.
  • the flow velocities of the laminar flow are preferably in the range from 5 ⁇ 10 -5 to 10 -2 m / s, in particular 5 ⁇ 10 -4 to 5 ⁇ 10 -3 m / s.
  • a plurality of tubes arranged essentially in parallel can be provided. It is also possible and preferred to make the tubes helical in order to keep the size small.
  • the longitudinal axis of the tubes or coils is preferably directed essentially vertically, which also helps to prevent the polymers from settling or adhering to the walls.
  • the Reynolds number of the laminar flow is below 1000, preferably below 100. Particularly good results are achieved at values from 0.5 to 10.
  • the polymers can be precipitated particularly favorably if the concentration of the polymer solution before combination with the precipitation reagent is 0.5 to 15, preferably 3 to 5,% by weight. Deviations from this are possible depending on the type of polymer to be precipitated.
  • the process conditions can be adjusted to one another by the various process parameters, in particular by the degree of turbulence and the design of the subsequent laminar flow, such that the precipitated particles have a particle size or have a particle cross section of 1 to 100 mm 2 .
  • a throughput of 2000 to 4000 l / h, normally approx. 3000 l / h per pump or pump device is possible without difficulty, the throughput essentially depending on the performance of the pump.
  • the precipitated polymer particles are preferably separated from the liquid medium essentially without pressure, in particular completely without pressure.
  • a sieve in particular a curved sieve, is suitable for this purpose, in which a large number of plates are placed against one another to form an arched downward sieve surface, the filtrate can pass between the plates and the particles slide down along the arch surface, whereby they are increasingly drained.
  • the pressure-free separation prevents the particles from sticking to one another.
  • the particles obtained can then still have a moisture or water content of 50 to 80% by weight.
  • the particles can be dried further by further dewatering, in particular by careful pressing, to a water content of below 50% by weight.
  • the polymer particles are already suitable for further processing in an extruder, an extruder provided with degassing devices preferably being used for further dewatering. Because of their finely divided but no longer sticky state, the polymer particles are suitable for feeding the extruder directly. When the particles melt in the extruder, the water escapes in vapor form, so that the polymer melt emerges in the desired cross-sectional shape at the end of the extruder. It is also possible to add additives, in particular pigments, stabilizers, etc. to the polymers in a conventional manner in the extruder, if this is desired or necessary. In general, the polymer melt is first in the form of Strands discharged from the extruder and pelletized. In this way, intermediate storage is possible or, if desired, mixing with other pellets or granules.
  • the type of precipitation reagent depends on the one hand on the type of polymer to be precipitated and on the other hand on the desired procedure.
  • Inorganic acids, organic acids and / or acid-reacting salts can be used to precipitate polymers containing acid groups, in particular carboxyl groups.
  • the pH during precipitation is normally below 6, in particular between 2 and 3.
  • Mineral acids, in particular sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, are suitable as inorganic acids.
  • Aluminum sulfate is particularly suitable as the acid-reacting salt, whereby in addition to the pH shift, the property of Al 3+ as a coagulation aid also comes into play here.
  • Acidic aluminum salts are preferred when it is desired to retain aluminum oxyhydrate in the precipitated polymer. At least part of the filtrate solution can be recycled and reused, and sulfate or phosphate ions enriched in excess, if necessary, can be removed from time to time by precipitation.
  • organic carboxylic acids in particular biodegradable carboxylic acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and in particular citric acid, are also suitable as precipitation reagents.
  • biodegradable carboxylic acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and in particular citric acid
  • these organic acids can easily be subjected to biological decomposition, in particular fermentation, so that they are disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner.
  • These organic acids are particularly preferred if the solution of the polymers is subjected to bacterial decomposition prior to their precipitation in order to remove entrained impurities.
  • the filtrate from the polymer precipitation can be returned to the input side of the bacterial decomposition and used to adjust the conditions of the biological fermentation and also as a food substrate for the bacteria.
  • Copolymers of neutral vinyl monomers with ⁇ , ⁇ unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic acids and / or anhydrides of the carboxylic acids are particularly suitable as polymers with acid groups, in particular carboxyl groups.
  • Particularly suitable carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid and maleic acid.
  • Suitable vinyl monomers are alkyl acrylates and alkyl methacrylates, those with 1 to 8, in particular 1 to 6, carbon atoms in the alcohol component being preferred, and styrene. Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are preferred as acids.
  • the polymers can also be in the form of terpolymers, the termonomer preferably being a neutral vinyl monomer that is different from the other neutral monomer.
  • Such polymers are known and are described, for example, in the abovementioned DE-OS 33 35 954, DE-OS 34 35 468 and DE-OS 37 38 786.
  • the carboxyl group content, depending on the hydrophobic nature of the neutral monomers, is preferably such that the polymers are insoluble in neutral and acidic medium and soluble in alkaline medium above pH 8 to 9 and can be precipitated again by acidification.
  • Polymers that are insoluble in neutral and basic media, but soluble in acidic media include copolymers of styrene with acrylates and copolymers of styrene with methacrylates or termonomers of the styrene / acrylate / acrylate or styrene / methacrylate / acrylate or styrene / methacrylate / methacrylate type which have basic groups, especially amino groups.
  • These preferably include copolymers of the above neutral vinyl monomers mentioned with dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates or methacrylates, as described, for example, in DE-OS 37 42 472.
  • These polymers can also be in the form of terpolymers. In contrast to the abovementioned polymers, these polymers can be dissolved by adding acids and precipitated out of the acidic solutions again by means of alkaline precipitation reagents. The process can otherwise be carried out in the same way as described above.
  • This suspension is subjected to a solid / liquid separation in a decanter centrifuge 3, the separated solids are collected in a container 4 and can be sent to composting or other recycling.
  • the aqueous alkaline polymer solution which has a pH of 11 to approx. 13, can, if desired, be partly returned to the pulper 1 through line 5a to concentrate the polymer material. It is usually passed through line 5 into a buffer tank 6, which has a multiple function. On the one hand, it is used to allow the solution to be subjected to the downstream bacterial decomposition to flow off essentially continuously through line 7, even when the garbage collector 1 is fed with the waste discontinuously.
  • the buffer container is used to adjust the pH and temperature to the values suitable for bacterial decomposition.
  • the temperature is set to approx. 50 ° C in order to still have a sufficient amount of heat available for the bacterial decomposition occurring at temperatures of 35 to 40 ° C to balance the energy balance.
  • the pH of the aqueous alkaline solution is lowered to pH 8.5 to 10.5 in the buffer tank 6, so that a pH value of approximately 8.5, which is favorable for the anaerobic fermentation, is established in the methane reactor 8.
  • This setting in the methane reactor takes place due to the further pH reduction by neutralizing the existing alkali as a result of the CO 2 formation.
  • the methane reactor 8 is operated under anaerobic conditions.
  • the methane reactor is partially filled with packing, with zeolite granules being preferred.
  • Bacterial cultures have grown on these packing elements, which are preferably adapted to the fermentable organic constituents of the polymer solution. This can be achieved by initiating anaerobic fermentation with the aid of sewage sludge, which contains a large number of different bacterial strains, of which those that can process the fermentable organic components then preferentially multiply.
  • the methane formed during the anaerobic fermentation can be drawn off at the upper end of the methane reactor and used for further use, for example for heating the pulper.
  • the methane reactor 8 can preferably be temperature-controlled, in particular heated, in order, if necessary, to be able to make suitable temperature settings.
  • Line 9 leaves the methane reactor a purified polymer solution which, apart from the alkali salt, in particular sodium salt, contains essentially only sodium carbonate or hydrogen carbonate.
  • the biological impurities originally carried along or dissolved by hydrolysis are essentially completely removed by the anaerobic fermentation.
  • the cleaned polymer solution can be sterilized in the area of line 9 in order to prevent entraining of bacteria. It is also possible at this point to decolorize the solution using decolorizing agents known per se. If necessary, an additional solid / liquid separation can also be carried out here, for example by centrifugation.
  • the cleaned polymer solution then passes into a precipitation chamber 10 in which it is mixed with the precipitation reagent supplied at 10a.
  • an organic acid which is biodegradable in the methane reactor is used as the precipitation reagent, citric acid being preferred as the relatively strong acid.
  • the precipitation in the precipitation chamber 10 takes place under turbulent conditions under which the plastic solution from line 9 and the acid from line 10a are intimately mixed with one another within a short period of time, preferably 0.1 to 2.0 seconds.
  • the volume flow from polymer solution to volume flow of the precipitation reagent is preferably 6 to 1 to 8 to 1.
  • 10b releases carbon dioxide, which can be reused, for example for partial neutralization in the buffer tank 6.
  • the aqueous polymer suspension which preferably has a pH of 2 to 6.5, is converted into a laminar flow in order to allow the finely divided polymer particles to mature during which they become sticky from the original one Change state into a solid, no longer sticky state without touching each other.
  • a maturation period of 2 to 4 minutes is usually sufficient for this. out.
  • the laminar flow is achieved by calming the turbulent flow, in particular by greatly increasing the cross-section, and can be continued in one or more reaction tubes or ripening tubes, which may be connected in parallel and are preferably helical for reasons of space.
  • the tubes are preferably arranged in such a way that the axis of the tubes or the coils extends essentially vertically.
  • the flow rate of the laminar flow is preferably in the range of 5 X 10 -5 to 10 -2 m / s, in particular 5 X 10 -4 to 5 X 10 -3 m / s.
  • the Reynolds number of the laminar flow is below 1000, preferably below 100, ranges from 0.5 to 10 being particularly preferred.
  • the polymer particles are separated from the salt solution of the precipitation acid, which is preferably carried out without pressure, in order to prevent the polymer particles from still caking together.
  • the solid / liquid separation is preferably carried out with the aid of a sieve or filter, a curved sieve being preferred.
  • the polymers are then obtained in the form of discrete, still highly water-containing (50 to 80% by weight water) polymer particles which can be dewatered further, for example, by careful pressing.
  • the polymer particles are pure enough to be able to process them further without further processing. They are particularly suitable for further processing in an extruder with a degassing device, since they are available in a size suitable for feeding an extruder. The remaining amounts of water are removed by the degassing devices of the extruder.
  • the filtrate running out of the curved sieve 12 through line 13 is at least partially returned to the buffer tank 6, where it is used for cooling and pH adjustment of the aqueous alkaline polymer solution. Excess filtrate can be drained off.
  • FIG. 2 describes the process of a washing installation for objects provided with removable labels using boxes for beer bottles as an example.
  • Beer crates are usually labeled with the name of the brewery producing the beer. According to DE-OS 37 38 786 it is provided that the beer crates are provided with a label which consists entirely of plastics which can be dissolved in an alkaline aqueous medium. When the beer crates are strong are dirty and / or are to be provided with a new label, they are cleaned in a washing machine and freed from the old label. An automatic washing system is provided for this purpose, which can clean 3,000 beer crates / h with a water consumption of 600 l / h.
  • the emptied beer crates 21 are first passed through a schematically illustrated pre-rinsing device 22, in which they are sprayed with a thixotropic cleaning agent containing sodium hydroxide, after which they enter a washing system 23 in which the loosened dirt together with the dissolved labels is rinsed off.
  • the alkaline rinsing water collected in the washing system 23 and containing the dissolved polymer of the labels is mixed in a high-pressure centrifugal pump (not shown) with turbulent mixing with precipitation reagent Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , sulfuric acid and / or phosphoric acid, the polymer particles being finely divided fail.
  • the suspension formed is then transferred to a laminar flow and passed through a helical flow tube shown schematically at 25 in a laminar flow until the separately flowing polymer particles have solidified to such an extent that they no longer stick together.
  • the polymer suspension is passed over an arched sieve 26, the liquid phase being obtained as filtrate and the solid phase sliding off along the arched sieve surface and being able to be removed there.
  • the powdery or granular polymeric material can be worked up as described above and recycled.
  • the filtrate can be recycled as a rinsing liquid until the sulfate content is enriched to such an extent that a normal precipitation, for example in the form of gypsum or aluminum oxyhydrate, is carried out.
  • the process can be carried out in an energy- and material-saving manner; the water consumption is low with approx. 200 g fresh water per beer crate, which is supplied at 27 for rinsing.
  • the method can also be used for other objects which are imaged or labeled with labels made from alkali-soluble polymers, in particular also for beer bottles. It is also possible to build up the layers to be removed in multiple layers from different polymers which have a graded alkali solubility. If the detachment process is carried out in several stages, a fractional detachment of the individual layers with detergents with a gradually increasing pH value is possible. If the washing solutions are collected separately, separate recovery and processing of the different polymers is possible.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)

Abstract

A process for recovering polymers by dissolution in an aqueous alkaline or acidic medium and precipitation in a strong turbulent aqueous flow with subsequent ripening of the precipitated particles in a laminar flow.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Wiedergewinnung von in wässrig alkalischem oder saurem Milieu auflösbaren Polymeren durch Auflösen der Polymere und Ausfällen mit sauren bzw. alkalischen Fällungsreagentien. Zur Vermeidung von Abfall, zur Umweltschonung und zur Rückgewinnung wiederverwertbarer Stoffe wurde vorgeschlagen, Verpackungsmaterialien, Behälter für Lebensmittel, Essgeschirr, wie Partygeschirr, Etiketten, insbesondere auf Flaschen und Flaschenkästen, aus Kunststoffen herzustellen, die bei neutralen pH-Werten und bei vom neutralen pH-Wert abweichenden Gebrauchsbedingungen wasserfest bzw. unlösbar sind, aber in entgegengesetztem pH-Bereich auflösbar sind. So sind in der DE-OS 37 38 786 Etiketten aus in wässrig alkalischem Milieu auflösbaren Polymeren beschrieben. In den DE-OS 34 35 468 und DE-OS 33 35 954 ist die Herstellung und die weitere Verwendung ähnlicher Polymere beschrieben. Aus der DE-OS 37 42 472 ist die Herstellung und Verwendung von alkalische Gruppen aufweisenden in wässrig saurem Milieu auflösbaren und durch Zugabe von Alkali wieder ausfällbaren Kunststoffen und deren Anwendung beschrieben.The invention relates to a process for the recovery of polymers which can be dissolved in an aqueous alkaline or acidic medium by dissolving the polymers and precipitating with acidic or alkaline precipitation reagents. In order to avoid waste, to protect the environment and to recycle recyclable materials, it has been proposed to produce packaging materials, containers for food, dinnerware, such as party dishes, labels, in particular on bottles and bottle crates, from plastics which have a neutral pH and at a neutral pH. Different conditions of use are waterproof or insoluble, but can be dissolved in the opposite pH range. For example, DE-OS 37 38 786 describes labels made from polymers that can be dissolved in an aqueous alkaline medium. DE-OS 34 35 468 and DE-OS 33 35 954 describe the production and further use of similar polymers. DE-OS 37 42 472 describes the preparation and use of plastics which contain alkaline groups and which can be dissolved in an aqueous acid medium and precipitated by adding alkali, and their use.

Bei den bisherigen Ausfällungsverfahren, die in herkömmlichen Reaktionsgefäßen, wie Rührkesseln oder Kolben, durchgeführt werden, erhält man in der Regel kompakte Ausfällungsprodukte in schwamm- oder kuchenartiger Form. Diese amorphen Produkte lassen sich nur schwer aufarbeiten, z.B. durch Pressen. Sie sind ohne vorherige Vorbehandlung nicht zufriedenstellend granulierbar.With the previous precipitation processes, which are carried out in conventional reaction vessels, such as stirred kettles or flasks, compact precipitation products in sponge or cake-like form are generally obtained. These amorphous products are difficult to process, e.g. by pressing. They cannot be granulated satisfactorily without prior pretreatment.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Wiederaufbereitung von gelösten Polymeren zu leicht verarbeitbaren, insbesondere körnigen Produkten, zu ermöglichen.The invention has for its object to enable the reprocessing of dissolved polymers to easily processable, in particular granular products.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1.

Die Polymerlösungen werden insbesondere durch Auflösen von Kunststoffabfällen, insbesondere solchen, die mit nicht lösbaren Produkten oder anderen Kunststoffen vermengt sind, in Basen bzw. Säuren hergestellt, und ggf. von festen Begleitstoffen abgetrennt, insbesondere abzentrifugiert.The polymer solutions are prepared in particular by dissolving plastic waste, in particular those which are mixed with non-soluble products or other plastics, in bases or acids, and, if appropriate, separated from solid accompanying substances, in particular centrifuged off.

Durch eine schnelle innige Vermischung von Polymerlösung und Fällungsreagens in turbulenter Strömung wird eine Vielzahl von Polymerpartikeln gebildet. Die Vermischung kann je nach Art der Mischeinrichtung innerhalb einer Zeitdauer von 0,1 bis 2 Sekunden vorgenommen werden. Durch eine rasche Umwandlung der turbulenten Strömung in eine vorzugsweise laminare Reifeströmung wird verhindert, daß sich die Teilchen durch Aneinanderwachsen vergrößern. Durch getrennte Reifung der Teilchen wird erreicht, daß die Teilchen im wesentlichen ungehindert von ihrem ursprünglich klebrigen Zustand in einen nicht mehr klebrigen Reifezustand übergehen, so daß sie ohne Verklumpungsgefahr weiterverarbeitet werden können. Ein zusätzlicher Vorteil der Erfindung ist darin zu sehen, daß ohne Zusatz von Hilfsmitteln, insbesondere ohne Zusatz von oberflächenaktiven Substanzen, phosphorhaltigen Tensiden oder Emulgatoren sowie ohne Zusatz von Lösungsmitteln gearbeitet werden kann. Es werden trotzdem gut verarbeitbare Coagulate erhalten, die frei von zusätzlichen Begleitstoffen sind, wodurch ihre Wiederverwertbarkeit und Umweltfreundlichkeit verbessert wird. Die schnelle turbulente Vermischung findet vorzugsweise innerhalb einer Mischdauer von 0,1 bis 2,0 Sek. statt, wobei eine Mischdauer von 0,8 bis 1,0 Sek. bevorzugt ist. Die Reynolds-Zahl der Turbulenz liegt über 2000. Um eine schnelle Vermischung zu erreichen, wird das Fällungsreagens vorzugsweise in Form einer Flüssigkeit bzw. Lösung zugegeben. Das Verhältnis der Volumenströme von Polymerlösung zu Fällungsreagens ist unkritisch und liegt vorzugsweise bei einem Verhältnis von 6 - 8 zu 1, insbesondere ca. 7 zu 1. Die Fällung kann bei Normaltemperatur durchgeführt werden. Eine Temperatur im Bereich von 20 bis 25°C ist bevorzugt. Die turbulente Vermischung erfolgt vorzugsweise mit Hilfe einer Pumpe, in der die Polymerlösung und das Fällungsreagens zusammengeführt werden. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, die Volumenströme von Polymerlösung und Fällungsreagens getrennt unter Druck zu setzen und unter Druckentlastung zusammenzuleiten und miteinander zu vermischen, beispielsweise mit Hilfe eines statischen Mischers. Als Mischpumpe eignet sich beispielsweise eine Hochdruck-Kreiselpumpe.A rapid, intimate mixing of polymer solution and precipitation reagent in a turbulent flow forms a large number of polymer particles. Depending on the type of mixing device, the mixing can be carried out within a period of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A rapid conversion of the turbulent flow into a preferably laminar maturation flow prevents the particles from growing together as a result of growing together. Separate ripening of the particles ensures that the particles pass from their originally sticky state to an untacky ripening state essentially unhindered, so that they can be processed further without the risk of clumping. An additional advantage of the invention is the fact that without the addition of auxiliaries, in particular without the addition of surface-active substances, phosphorus-containing surfactants or emulsifiers and without the addition of solvents. Easily processible coagulates are still obtained that are free of additional accompanying substances, which improves their recyclability and environmental friendliness. The rapid turbulent mixing preferably takes place within a mixing time of 0.1 to 2.0 seconds, with a mixing time of 0.8 to 1.0 seconds being preferred. The Reynolds number of turbulence is over 2000. In order to achieve rapid mixing, the precipitation reagent is preferably added in the form of a liquid or solution. The ratio of the volume flows of polymer solution to precipitation reagent is not critical and is preferably a ratio of 6-8 to 1, in particular approximately 7 to 1. The precipitation can be carried out at normal temperature. A temperature in the range of 20 to 25 ° C is preferred. The turbulent mixing is preferably carried out using a pump in which the polymer solution and the precipitation reagent are brought together. However, it is also possible to pressurize the volume flows of polymer solution and precipitation reagent separately and to combine them under pressure relief and to mix them, for example with the aid of a static mixer. A high-pressure centrifugal pump, for example, is suitable as a mixing pump.

Die Reifung wird, wie erwähnt, bei laminarer wässriger Strömung durchgeführt, um eine gegenseitige Berührung der Teilchen miteinander und damit ein Zusammenwachsen so weit wie möglich zu verhindern. Zur Erzielung einer laminaren Strömung können Beruhigungs- bzw. Leiteinrichtungen und Querschnittsvergrößerungen vorgesehen sein. Zur Aufrechterhaltung der laminaren Strömung sind vorzugsweise Strömungsrohre vorgesehen, insbesondere solche, die einen Innenquerschnitt von 4 bis 9, vorzugsweise 5,5 bis 8 cm2 haben. Die Reaktionsrohre und sonstige Leiteinrichtungen bestehen vorzugsweise aus einem Material, das schlechte Hafteigenschaften gegenüber den frisch ausgefällten Polymeren besitzt, um ein Anbacken zu vermeiden. Hierzu eignen sich Polyethylen und Polystyrol. Die Länge der Strömungsrohre hängt von der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und der Reifedauer ab. Die Reifedauer von 2 bis 4, insbesondere 2,5 bis 3 min. reicht in der Regel aus. Die Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten der laminaren Strömung liegen vorzugsweise im Bereich von 5 x 10-5 bis 10-2 m/s, insbesondere 5 x 10-4 bis 5 x 10-3 m/s. Es können mehrere im wesentlichen parallel angeordnete Rohre vorgesehen sein. Auch ist es möglich und bevorzugt, die Rohre wendelförmig zu gestalten, um die Baugröße gering zu halten. Die Längsachse der Rohre bzw. Wendeln ist vorzugsweise im wesentlichen vertikal gerichtet, was ebenfalls dazu beiträgt, ein Absetzen oder Anhaften der Polymere an den Wandungen zu vermeiden. Die Reynolds-Zahl der laminaren Strömung liegt unter 1000, vorzugsweise unter 100. Bei Werten von 0,5 bis 10 werden besonders gute Ergebnisse erzielt.The ripening, as mentioned, is carried out in a laminar aqueous flow in order to prevent the particles from coming into contact with one another and thus preventing them from growing together as far as possible. In order to achieve a laminar flow, calming or guiding devices and cross-sectional enlargements can be provided. Flow tubes are preferably provided to maintain the laminar flow, in particular those with an internal cross section from 4 to 9, preferably 5.5 to 8 cm 2 . The reaction tubes and other guide devices are preferably made of a material which has poor adhesive properties compared to the freshly precipitated polymers in order to avoid caking. Polyethylene and polystyrene are suitable for this. The length of the flow tubes depends on the flow speed and the maturation time. The ripening time of 2 to 4, especially 2.5 to 3 min. is usually sufficient. The flow velocities of the laminar flow are preferably in the range from 5 × 10 -5 to 10 -2 m / s, in particular 5 × 10 -4 to 5 × 10 -3 m / s. A plurality of tubes arranged essentially in parallel can be provided. It is also possible and preferred to make the tubes helical in order to keep the size small. The longitudinal axis of the tubes or coils is preferably directed essentially vertically, which also helps to prevent the polymers from settling or adhering to the walls. The Reynolds number of the laminar flow is below 1000, preferably below 100. Particularly good results are achieved at values from 0.5 to 10.

Es hat sich herausgestellt, daß sich die Polymere besonders günstig ausfällen lassen, wenn die Konzentration der Polymerlösung vor der Vereinigung mit dem Fällungsreagens bei 0,5 bis 15, vorzugsweise bei 3 bis 5 Gew.-% liegt. Abweichungen hiervon sind je nach Art des auszufällenden Polymers möglich. Die Verfahrensbedingungen können durch die verschiedenen Verfahrensparameter, insbesondere durch den Grad der Turbulenz und die Gestaltung der sich anschließenden laminaren Strömung so aufeinander abgestellt werden, daß die ausgefällten Partikel nach der Reifung eine Teilchengröße bzw. einen Teilchenquerschnitt von 1 bis 100 mm2 besitzen. Es ist ohne Schwierigkeiten ein Durchsatz von 2000 bis 4000 l/h, normalerweise ca. 3000 l/h pro Pumpe bzw. Pumpeinrichtung möglich, wobei der Durchsatz im wesentlichen von der Leistung der Pumpe abhängt.It has been found that the polymers can be precipitated particularly favorably if the concentration of the polymer solution before combination with the precipitation reagent is 0.5 to 15, preferably 3 to 5,% by weight. Deviations from this are possible depending on the type of polymer to be precipitated. The process conditions can be adjusted to one another by the various process parameters, in particular by the degree of turbulence and the design of the subsequent laminar flow, such that the precipitated particles have a particle size or have a particle cross section of 1 to 100 mm 2 . A throughput of 2000 to 4000 l / h, normally approx. 3000 l / h per pump or pump device is possible without difficulty, the throughput essentially depending on the performance of the pump.

Im Anschluß an die Reifung erfolgt die Abtrennung der ausgefällten Polymerpartikel vom flüssigen Medium vorzugsweise im wesentlichen drucklos, insbesondere vollständig drucklos. Hierzu eignet sich ein Sieb, insbesondere ein Bogensieb, bei dem eine Vielzahl von Platten unter Ausbildung einer bogenförmig nach unten verlaufenden Siebfläche aneinandergelegt sind, das Filtrat zwischen den Platten hindurchlaufen kann und die Partikel der Bogenfläche entlang nach unten rutschen, wobei sie zunehmend entwässert werden. Durch das drucklose Abtrennen wird vermieden, daß die Partikel aneinander haften bleiben. Die erhaltenen Partikel können dann noch einen Feuchtigkeits- bzw. Wassergehalt von 50 bis 80 Gew.-% besitzen. Durch weiteres Entwässern, insbesondere durch vorsichtiges Abpressen können die Partikel weiter getrocknet werden, bis auf einen Wassergehalt von unter 50 Gew.-%. In dieser Form sind die Polymerpartikel bereits geeignet zur Weiterverarbeitung in einem Extruder, wobei zur weiteren Entwässerung vorzugsweise ein mit Entgasungseinrichtungen versehener Extruder verwendet wird. Aufgrund ihres feinteiligen aber nicht mehr klebenden Zustandes sind die Polymerteilchen zur unmittelbaren Beschickung des Extruders geeignet. Beim Aufschmelzen der Teilchen im Extruder entweicht das Wasser dampfförmig, so daß am Extruderende die Polymerschmelze in der gewünschten Querschnittsform austritt. Es ist weiterhin möglich, die Polymere im Extruder in üblicher Weise mit Zuschlägen, insbesondere Pigmenten, Stabilisatoren usw. zu versetzen, soweit dies erwünscht oder erforderlich ist. Im allgemeinen wird die Polymerschmelze zunächst in Form von Strängen aus dem Extruder ausgetragen und pelletisiert. Auf diese Weise ist eine Zwischenlagerung möglich oder, wenn gewünscht, eine Vermischung mit anderen Pellets bzw. Granulaten.Following the ripening, the precipitated polymer particles are preferably separated from the liquid medium essentially without pressure, in particular completely without pressure. A sieve, in particular a curved sieve, is suitable for this purpose, in which a large number of plates are placed against one another to form an arched downward sieve surface, the filtrate can pass between the plates and the particles slide down along the arch surface, whereby they are increasingly drained. The pressure-free separation prevents the particles from sticking to one another. The particles obtained can then still have a moisture or water content of 50 to 80% by weight. The particles can be dried further by further dewatering, in particular by careful pressing, to a water content of below 50% by weight. In this form, the polymer particles are already suitable for further processing in an extruder, an extruder provided with degassing devices preferably being used for further dewatering. Because of their finely divided but no longer sticky state, the polymer particles are suitable for feeding the extruder directly. When the particles melt in the extruder, the water escapes in vapor form, so that the polymer melt emerges in the desired cross-sectional shape at the end of the extruder. It is also possible to add additives, in particular pigments, stabilizers, etc. to the polymers in a conventional manner in the extruder, if this is desired or necessary. In general, the polymer melt is first in the form of Strands discharged from the extruder and pelletized. In this way, intermediate storage is possible or, if desired, mixing with other pellets or granules.

Die Art des Fällungsreagens hängt einerseits von der Art des auszufällenden Polymers und andererseits von der gewünschten Verfahrensführung ab. Zur Fällung von saure Gruppen, insbesondere Carboxylgruppen, enthaltenden Polymeren können anorganische Säuren, organische Säuren und/oder sauer reagierende Salze verwendet werden. Der pH-Wert beim Ausfällen liegt normalerweise unter 6, insbesondere zwischen 2 und 3. Als anorganische Säuren eignen sich Mineralsäuren, insbesondere Schwefelsäure und Phosphorsäure. Als sauer reagierendes Salz eignet sich insbesondere Aluminiumsulfat, wobei hier neben der pH-Verschiebung auch die Eigenschaft von Al3+ als Coagulationshilfsmittel zum Tragen kommt. Saure Aluminiumsalze sind dann bevorzugt, wenn der Verbleib von Aluminiumoxyhydrat im ausgefällten Polymer erwünscht ist. Die Filtratlösung kann mindestens zum Teil rückgeführt und wiederverwendet werden, wobei ggf. im Überschuß angereicherte Sulfat- bzw. Phosphationen von Zeit zu Zeit durch Ausfällung entfernt werden können.The type of precipitation reagent depends on the one hand on the type of polymer to be precipitated and on the other hand on the desired procedure. Inorganic acids, organic acids and / or acid-reacting salts can be used to precipitate polymers containing acid groups, in particular carboxyl groups. The pH during precipitation is normally below 6, in particular between 2 and 3. Mineral acids, in particular sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, are suitable as inorganic acids. Aluminum sulfate is particularly suitable as the acid-reacting salt, whereby in addition to the pH shift, the property of Al 3+ as a coagulation aid also comes into play here. Acidic aluminum salts are preferred when it is desired to retain aluminum oxyhydrate in the precipitated polymer. At least part of the filtrate solution can be recycled and reused, and sulfate or phosphate ions enriched in excess, if necessary, can be removed from time to time by precipitation.

Als Fällungsreagens eignen sich jedoch auch relativ starke organische Carbonsäuren, insbesondere biologisch abbaubare Carbonsäuren wie Milchsäure, Weinsäure, Apfelsäure und insbesondere Citronensäure. Diese organischen Säuren können in einfacher Weise einer biologischen Zersetzung, insbesondere einer Vergärung unterworfen werden, so daß sie umweltfreundlich entsorgt werden. Besonders bevorzugt sind diese organischen Säuren, wenn die Lösung der Polymeren vor ihrer Ausfällung einer bakteriellen Zersetzung zur Beseitigung von mitgeschleppten Verunreinigungen unterworfen wird. Bei einer solchen Ausführung kann das Filtrat der Polymerausfällung bis zur Eingangsseite der bakteriellen Zersetzung rückgeführt und zur Einstellung der Bedingungen der biologischen Vergärung und auch als Nahrungssubstrat für die Bakterien verwendet werden.However, relatively strong organic carboxylic acids, in particular biodegradable carboxylic acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and in particular citric acid, are also suitable as precipitation reagents. These organic acids can easily be subjected to biological decomposition, in particular fermentation, so that they are disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. These organic acids are particularly preferred if the solution of the polymers is subjected to bacterial decomposition prior to their precipitation in order to remove entrained impurities. At a In such an embodiment, the filtrate from the polymer precipitation can be returned to the input side of the bacterial decomposition and used to adjust the conditions of the biological fermentation and also as a food substrate for the bacteria.

Als Polymere mit sauren Gruppen, insbesondere Carboxylgruppen eignen sich insbesondere Copolymere von neutralen Vinylmonomeren mit α, β ungesättigten Mono- und/oder Dicarbonsäuren und/oder Anhydriden der Carbonsäuren. Als Carbonsäuren kommen besonders Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure, Crotonsäure, Itaconsäure und Maleinsäure in Betracht. Geeignete Vinylmonomere sind Alkylacrylate und Alkylmethacrylate, wobei solche mit 1 bis 8, insbesondere 1 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen in der Alkoholkomponente bevorzugt sind, weiterhin Styrol. Als Säuren sind Acrylsäure und Methacrylsäure bevorzugt. Die Polymere können auch in Form von Terpolymeren vorliegen, wobei das Termonomere vorzugsweise ein neutrales Vinylmonomer ist, das vom anderen neutralen Monomer verschieden ist. Solche Polymere sind bekannt und beispielsweise in den oben genannten DE-OS 33 35 954, DE-OS 34 35 468 und DE-OS 37 38 786 beschrieben. Dabei ist der Carboxylgruppengehalt in Abhängigkeit vom hydrophoben Charakter der neutralen Monomere vorzugsweise so eingestellt, daß die Polymere in neutralem und saurem Medium unlöslich und in alkalischem Medium über pH 8 bis 9 löslich und durch Ansäuern wieder ausfällbar sind.Copolymers of neutral vinyl monomers with α, β unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic acids and / or anhydrides of the carboxylic acids are particularly suitable as polymers with acid groups, in particular carboxyl groups. Particularly suitable carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid and maleic acid. Suitable vinyl monomers are alkyl acrylates and alkyl methacrylates, those with 1 to 8, in particular 1 to 6, carbon atoms in the alcohol component being preferred, and styrene. Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are preferred as acids. The polymers can also be in the form of terpolymers, the termonomer preferably being a neutral vinyl monomer that is different from the other neutral monomer. Such polymers are known and are described, for example, in the abovementioned DE-OS 33 35 954, DE-OS 34 35 468 and DE-OS 37 38 786. The carboxyl group content, depending on the hydrophobic nature of the neutral monomers, is preferably such that the polymers are insoluble in neutral and acidic medium and soluble in alkaline medium above pH 8 to 9 and can be precipitated again by acidification.

Polymere, die in neutralem und basischem Medium unlöslich, aber in saurem Medium lösbar sind, umfassen Copolymere von Styrol mit Acrylaten sowie Copolymere von Styrol mit Methacrylaten oder Termonomere vom Typ Styrol/Acrylat/Acrylat oder Styrol/Methacrylat/Acrylat oder Styrol/Methacrylat/Methacrylat, die basische Gruppen, insbesondere Aminogruppen aufweisen. Hierzu gehören vorzugsweise Copolymere der oben genannten neutralen Vinylmonomeren mit Dialkylaminoalkylacrylaten bzw. -methacrylaten, wie sie beispielsweise in der DE-OS 37 42 472 beschrieben sind. Auch diese Polymere können in Form von Terpolymeren vorliegen. Diese Polymere können im Gegensatz zu den oben genannten Polymeren durch Zugabe von Säuren aufgelöst und durch alkalisch wirkende Fällungsreagentien aus den sauren Lösungen wieder ausgefällt werden. Der Verfahrensgang kann im übrigen in gleicher Weise wie vorbeschrieben durchgeführt werden.Polymers that are insoluble in neutral and basic media, but soluble in acidic media, include copolymers of styrene with acrylates and copolymers of styrene with methacrylates or termonomers of the styrene / acrylate / acrylate or styrene / methacrylate / acrylate or styrene / methacrylate / methacrylate type which have basic groups, especially amino groups. These preferably include copolymers of the above neutral vinyl monomers mentioned with dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates or methacrylates, as described, for example, in DE-OS 37 42 472. These polymers can also be in the form of terpolymers. In contrast to the abovementioned polymers, these polymers can be dissolved by adding acids and precipitated out of the acidic solutions again by means of alkaline precipitation reagents. The process can otherwise be carried out in the same way as described above.

Weitere Merkmale der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung von bevorzugten Ausführungsformen in Verbindung mit der Zeichnung und den Unteransprüchen. Hierbei können die einzelnen Merkmale jeweils für sich alleine oder zu mehreren in Kombination miteinander bei einer Ausführungsform verwirklicht sein.Further features of the invention result from the following description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the drawing and the subclaims. Here, the individual features can be implemented individually or in combination with one another in one embodiment.

In der Zeichnung zeigen

Fig. 1
ein Verfahrensschema zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens gemäß einer Ausführungsform, ausgehend von verunreinigten Kunststoffabfällen bis zum gereinigten Kunststoff
Fig. 2
ein Verfahrensschema zur Durchführung einer anderen Ausführungsform der Erfindung.
Show in the drawing
Fig. 1
a process diagram for performing the method according to the invention according to an embodiment, starting from contaminated plastic waste to the cleaned plastic
Fig. 2
a process scheme for performing another embodiment of the invention.

Die in Figur 1 dargestellte Verfahrensführung wird anhand eines Ausführungsbeispieles erläutert.The procedure shown in Figure 1 is explained using an exemplary embodiment.

600 kg Müll aus einem Fastfood-Restaurant, welcher ca. 60 kg. gebrauchtes Kunststoff-Geschirr (Teller, Becher, Besteck) sowie 540 kg Speisereste sowie andere biologische und organische Substanzen wie Papier, Papierservietten, Zigarettenschachteln, Zigarettenstummel, Streichhölzer enthält, werden in einem in der Zeichnung nicht dargestellten Shredder zunächst grob zerkleinert und anschließend bei 1a in einen Stofflöser 1 geführt, dem gleichzeitig wässrige Natronlauge bei 1b zugeführt wird, die bezogen auf die Müllmenge, 25 kg NaOH enthält. Aufgrund der hohen Scherkräfte im Stofflöser findet während der Auflösung gleichzeitig eine mechanische Zerkleinerung statt, so daß den Stofflöser 1 durch eine Leitung 2 eine Suspension verläßt, die die gelösten Kunststoffe, gelöste organische Bestandteile sowie feinteiligen ungelösten Müll enthält. Diese Suspension wird in einer Dekanterzentrifuge 3 einer Fest/Flüssigtrennung unterworfen, die abgetrennten Feststoffe werden in einem Behälter 4 aufgefangen und können einer Kompostierung oder anderweitigen Verwertung zugeführt werden. Die wässrig alkalische Polymerlösung, die einen pH-Wert von 11 bis ca. 13 besitzt, kann, falls erwünscht, teilweise durch Leitung 5a zur Aufkonzentrierung des Polymermaterials in den Stofflöser 1 zurückgeführt werden. Gewöhnlich wird sie durch Leitung 5 in einen Pufferbehälter 6 geleitet, der eine mehrfache Funktion besitzt. Zum einen dient er dazu, die der nachgeschalteten bakteriellen Zersetzung zu unterwerfende Lösung durch Leitung 7 im wesentlichen kontinuierlich abfließen zu lassen, auch dann, wenn dem Stofflöser 1 der Müll diskontinuierlich zugeführt wird. Zum anderen dient der Pufferbehälter zur Einstellung des pH-Wertes und der Temperatur auf die für die bakterielle Zersetzung geeigneten Werte. Hierzu wird die Temperatur auf ca. 50°C eingestellt, um für die bei Temperaturen von 35 bis 40°C endotherm ablaufende bakterielle Zersetzung noch eine ausreichende Wärmemenge zum Ausgleich der Energiebilanz zur Verfügung zu haben. Der pH-Wert der wässrig alkalischen Lösung wird im Pufferbehälter 6 auf pH 8,5 bis 10,5 gesenkt, damit sich im Methanreaktor 8 ein für die anaerobe Gärung günstiger pH-Wert von ca. 8,5 einstellt. Diese Einstellung im Methanreaktor erfolgt aufgrund der weiteren pH-Absenkung durch Neutralisierung des vorhandenen Alkalis in Folge der CO2-Bildung. Im Methanreaktor 8 wird unter anaeroben Bedingungen gearbeitet. Der Methanreaktor ist teilweise mit Füllkörpern angefüllt, wobei Zeolithgranulate bevorzugt sind. Auf diesen Füllkörpern sind Bakterienkulturen angewachsen, die den vergärbaren organischen Bestandteilen der Polymerlösung vorzugsweise angepaßt sind. Dies kann durch Initiierung der anaeroben Gärung mit Hilfe von Klärschlamm erreicht werden, der eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Bakterienstämmen enthält, von denen sich dann bevorzugt diejenigen vermehren, die die vergärbaren organischen Bestandteile verarbeiten können. Das während der anaeroben Gärung entstehende Methan kann am oberen Ende des Methanreaktors abgezogen und einer weiteren Verwendung, beispielsweise zur Beheizung des Stofflösers, zugeführt werden. Der Methanreaktor 8 ist vorzugsweise temperierbar, insbesondere heizbar, um, falls notwendig, geeignete Temperatureinstellungen vornehmen zu können. Durch Leitung 9 verläßt den Methanreaktor eine gereinigte Polymerlösung, die außer dem Alkalisalz, insbesondere Natriumsalz, der Polymere im wesentlichen nur noch Natriumcarbonat bzw. -hydrogencarbonat enthält. Die ursprünglich mitgeführten bzw. durch Hydrolyse aufgelösten biologischen Verunreinigungen sind durch die anaerobe Gärung im wesentlichen vollständig entfernt. Falls erwünscht, kann im Bereich der Leitung 9 eine Sterilisierung der gereinigten Polymerlösung vorgenommen werden, um das Mitschleppen von Bakterien zu verhindern. Ferner ist an dieser Stelle eine Entfärbung der Lösung mit an sich bekannten Entfärbemitteln möglich. Falls erforderlich, kann hier auch eine zusätzliche Fest/Flüssigtrennung, beispielsweise durch Zentrifugieren, erfolgen. Die gereinigte Polymerlösung gelangt dann in eine Fällungskammer 10, in der sie mit dem Fällungsreagens, das bei 10a zugeführt wird, vermischt wird. Als Fällungsreagens wird bei dieser bevorzugten Ausführungsform eine im Methanreaktor biologisch abbaubare organische Säure verwendet, wobei Citronensäure als relativ starke Säure bevorzugt ist. Die Fällung in der Fällungskammer 10 findet unter turbulenten Bedingungen statt, unter denen die Kunststofflösung aus Leitung 9 und die Säure aus Leitung 10a innerhalb kurzer Zeitdauer, vorzugsweise 0,1 bis 2,0 Sek. innig miteinander vermischt werden. Dabei liegt der Volumenstrom von Polymerlösung zu Volumenstrom des Fällungsreagens vorzugsweise bei 6 zu 1 bis 8 zu 1. Bei der Ansäuerung entweicht bei 10b Kohlendioxid, das einer Wiederverwendung, z.B. zur Teilneutralisation im Pufferbehälter 6, zugeführt werden kann. Im wesentlichen unmittelbar anschließend an die turbulente Vermischung wird die wässrige Polymersuspension, die vorzugsweise einen pH-Wert von 2 bis 6,5 besitzt, in eine laminare Strömung überführt, um den feinteiligen Polymerpartikeln eine Reifezeit zu ermöglichen, während derer sie sich von dem ursprünglich klebrigen Zustand in einen festen, nicht mehr klebrigen Zustand umwandeln, ohne sich gegenseitig zu berühren. In der Regel reicht hierzu eine Reifedauer von 2 bis 4 min. aus. Die laminare Strömung wird durch Beruhigung des turbulenten Stromes, insbesondere durch eine starke Querschnittserweiterung, erreicht und kann in einem oder mehreren, ggf. parallelgeschalteten, Reaktions-, bzw. Reiferohren fortgeführt werden, die aus Platzgründen vorzugsweise wendelförmig ausgebildet sind. Dabei sind die Rohre vorzugsweise so angeordnet, daß die Achse der Rohre bzw. der Wendeln im wesentlichen vertikal verläuft. Die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit der laminaren Strömung liegt vorzugsweise im Bereich von 5 X 10-5 bis 10-2 m/s insbesondere bei 5 X 10-4 bis 5 X 10-3 m/s. Die Reynolds-Zahl der laminaren Strömung liegt unter 1000, vorzugsweise unter 100, wobei Bereiche von 0,5 bis 10 besonders bevorzugt sind.600 kg of garbage from a fast food restaurant, which is about 60 kg. used plastic dishes (plates, cups, cutlery) and 540 kg of food waste as well as other biological and organic substances such as paper, paper napkins, cigarette boxes, cigarette butts, matches are first roughly crushed in a shredder (not shown in the drawing) and then fed into a pulper 1 at 1a, which also contains aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 1b is supplied, which contains 25 kg NaOH based on the amount of waste. Due to the high shear forces in the pulper, mechanical shredding takes place simultaneously during the dissolution, so that the pulper 1 leaves a suspension through a line 2 which contains the dissolved plastics, dissolved organic components and finely divided undissolved waste. This suspension is subjected to a solid / liquid separation in a decanter centrifuge 3, the separated solids are collected in a container 4 and can be sent to composting or other recycling. The aqueous alkaline polymer solution, which has a pH of 11 to approx. 13, can, if desired, be partly returned to the pulper 1 through line 5a to concentrate the polymer material. It is usually passed through line 5 into a buffer tank 6, which has a multiple function. On the one hand, it is used to allow the solution to be subjected to the downstream bacterial decomposition to flow off essentially continuously through line 7, even when the garbage collector 1 is fed with the waste discontinuously. On the other hand, the buffer container is used to adjust the pH and temperature to the values suitable for bacterial decomposition. For this purpose, the temperature is set to approx. 50 ° C in order to still have a sufficient amount of heat available for the bacterial decomposition occurring at temperatures of 35 to 40 ° C to balance the energy balance. The pH of the aqueous alkaline solution is lowered to pH 8.5 to 10.5 in the buffer tank 6, so that a pH value of approximately 8.5, which is favorable for the anaerobic fermentation, is established in the methane reactor 8. This setting in the methane reactor takes place due to the further pH reduction by neutralizing the existing alkali as a result of the CO 2 formation. The methane reactor 8 is operated under anaerobic conditions. The methane reactor is partially filled with packing, with zeolite granules being preferred. Bacterial cultures have grown on these packing elements, which are preferably adapted to the fermentable organic constituents of the polymer solution. This can be achieved by initiating anaerobic fermentation with the aid of sewage sludge, which contains a large number of different bacterial strains, of which those that can process the fermentable organic components then preferentially multiply. The methane formed during the anaerobic fermentation can be drawn off at the upper end of the methane reactor and used for further use, for example for heating the pulper. The methane reactor 8 can preferably be temperature-controlled, in particular heated, in order, if necessary, to be able to make suitable temperature settings. Line 9 leaves the methane reactor a purified polymer solution which, apart from the alkali salt, in particular sodium salt, contains essentially only sodium carbonate or hydrogen carbonate. The biological impurities originally carried along or dissolved by hydrolysis are essentially completely removed by the anaerobic fermentation. If desired, the cleaned polymer solution can be sterilized in the area of line 9 in order to prevent entraining of bacteria. It is also possible at this point to decolorize the solution using decolorizing agents known per se. If necessary, an additional solid / liquid separation can also be carried out here, for example by centrifugation. The cleaned polymer solution then passes into a precipitation chamber 10 in which it is mixed with the precipitation reagent supplied at 10a. In this preferred embodiment, an organic acid which is biodegradable in the methane reactor is used as the precipitation reagent, citric acid being preferred as the relatively strong acid. The precipitation in the precipitation chamber 10 takes place under turbulent conditions under which the plastic solution from line 9 and the acid from line 10a are intimately mixed with one another within a short period of time, preferably 0.1 to 2.0 seconds. The volume flow from polymer solution to volume flow of the precipitation reagent is preferably 6 to 1 to 8 to 1. During the acidification, 10b releases carbon dioxide, which can be reused, for example for partial neutralization in the buffer tank 6. Essentially immediately after the turbulent mixing, the aqueous polymer suspension, which preferably has a pH of 2 to 6.5, is converted into a laminar flow in order to allow the finely divided polymer particles to mature during which they become sticky from the original one Change state into a solid, no longer sticky state without touching each other. A maturation period of 2 to 4 minutes is usually sufficient for this. out. The laminar flow is achieved by calming the turbulent flow, in particular by greatly increasing the cross-section, and can be continued in one or more reaction tubes or ripening tubes, which may be connected in parallel and are preferably helical for reasons of space. The tubes are preferably arranged in such a way that the axis of the tubes or the coils extends essentially vertically. The flow rate of the laminar flow is preferably in the range of 5 X 10 -5 to 10 -2 m / s, in particular 5 X 10 -4 to 5 X 10 -3 m / s. The Reynolds number of the laminar flow is below 1000, preferably below 100, ranges from 0.5 to 10 being particularly preferred.

Im Anschluß an die laminare Reifung werden die Polymerteilchen von der Salzlösung der Fällungssäure abgetrennt, was vorzugsweise drucklos erfolgt, um ein noch mögliches Zusammenbacken der Polymerteilchen zu vermeiden. Die Fest/Flüssigtrennung erfolgt vorzugsweise mit Hilfe eines Siebes bzw. Filters, wobei ein Bogensieb bevorzugt ist. Die Polymere werden dann in Form von diskreten, noch stark wasserhaltigen (50 bis 80 Gew.-% Wasser) Polymerteilchen erhalten, die beispielsweise durch vorsichtiges Abpressen weiter entwässert werden können. Die Polymerteilchen sind rein genug, um sie ohne weitere Aufbereitung weiter verarbeiten zu können. Sie sind insbesondere zur Weiterverarbeitung in einem Extruder mit Entgasungseinrichtung geeignet, da sie in einer für die Beschickung eines Extruders geeigneten Größe vorliegen. Die restlichen Wassermengen werden durch die Entgasungseinrichtungen des Extruders entfernt.Following the laminar ripening, the polymer particles are separated from the salt solution of the precipitation acid, which is preferably carried out without pressure, in order to prevent the polymer particles from still caking together. The solid / liquid separation is preferably carried out with the aid of a sieve or filter, a curved sieve being preferred. The polymers are then obtained in the form of discrete, still highly water-containing (50 to 80% by weight water) polymer particles which can be dewatered further, for example, by careful pressing. The polymer particles are pure enough to be able to process them further without further processing. They are particularly suitable for further processing in an extruder with a degassing device, since they are available in a size suitable for feeding an extruder. The remaining amounts of water are removed by the degassing devices of the extruder.

Das aus dem Bogensieb 12 durch Leitung 13 ablaufende Filtrat wird mindestens teilweise in den Pufferbehälter 6 rückgeführt, wo es zur Abkühlung und pH-Einstellung der wässrig alkalischen Polymerlösung dient. Überschüssiges Filtrat kann abgelassen werden.The filtrate running out of the curved sieve 12 through line 13 is at least partially returned to the buffer tank 6, where it is used for cooling and pH adjustment of the aqueous alkaline polymer solution. Excess filtrate can be drained off.

Figur 2 beschreibt den Verfahrensgang einer Waschanlage von mit ablösbaren Etiketten versehenen Gegenständen am Beispiel von Kästen für Bierflaschen.FIG. 2 describes the process of a washing installation for objects provided with removable labels using boxes for beer bottles as an example.

Bierkästen sind in der Regel mit einer Beschriftung der das Bier herstellenden Brauerei versehen. Gemäß der DE-OS 37 38 786 ist vorgesehen, die Bierkästen mit einem Etikett zu versehen, das vollständig aus in alkalisch wässrigem Medium lösbaren Kunststoffen besteht. Wenn die Bierkästen stark verschmutzt sind und/oder mit einem neuen Etikett versehen werden sollen, werden sie in einer Waschanlage gereinigt und vom alten Etikett befreit. Hierzu ist eine automatische Waschanlage vorgesehen, die bei einem Wasserbedarf von 600 l/h 3.000 Bierkästen/h zu reinigen vermag. Die entleerten Bierkästen 21 werden zunächst durch eine schematisch dargestellte Vorspüleinrichtung 22 geführt, in der sie mit einem thixotrop eingestellten, Natriumhydroxid enthaltenden Reinigungsmittel eingesprüht werden, wonach sie in eine Waschanlage 23 gelangen, in der der angelöste Schmutz mitsamt den aufgelösten Etiketten abgespült wird. Das in der Waschanlage 23 aufgefangene alkalische, das gelöste Polymer der Etiketten enthaltende, Spülwasser wird bei 24 in einer nicht dargestellten Hochdruck-Kreiselpumpe unter turbulenter Vermischung mit Fällungsreagens Al2(SO4)3, Schwefelsäure und/oder Phosphorsäure versetzt, wobei die Polymerteilchen feinteilig ausfallen. Die gebildete Suspension wird daraufhin in eine laminare Strömung überführt und durch ein bei 25 schematisch dargestelltes wendelförmiges Strömungsrohr in laminarer Strömung geleitet, bis die getrennt voneinander strömenden Polymerteilchen so weit verfestigt sind, daß sie nicht mehr miteinander verkleben. Nach erfolgter Reifung wird die Polymersuspension über ein Bogensieb 26 geführt, wobei die flüssige Phase als Filtrat gewonnen wird und die feste Phase entlang der bogenförmigen Siebfläche abrutscht und dort entnommen werden kann.Beer crates are usually labeled with the name of the brewery producing the beer. According to DE-OS 37 38 786 it is provided that the beer crates are provided with a label which consists entirely of plastics which can be dissolved in an alkaline aqueous medium. When the beer crates are strong are dirty and / or are to be provided with a new label, they are cleaned in a washing machine and freed from the old label. An automatic washing system is provided for this purpose, which can clean 3,000 beer crates / h with a water consumption of 600 l / h. The emptied beer crates 21 are first passed through a schematically illustrated pre-rinsing device 22, in which they are sprayed with a thixotropic cleaning agent containing sodium hydroxide, after which they enter a washing system 23 in which the loosened dirt together with the dissolved labels is rinsed off. The alkaline rinsing water collected in the washing system 23 and containing the dissolved polymer of the labels is mixed in a high-pressure centrifugal pump (not shown) with turbulent mixing with precipitation reagent Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , sulfuric acid and / or phosphoric acid, the polymer particles being finely divided fail. The suspension formed is then transferred to a laminar flow and passed through a helical flow tube shown schematically at 25 in a laminar flow until the separately flowing polymer particles have solidified to such an extent that they no longer stick together. After ripening, the polymer suspension is passed over an arched sieve 26, the liquid phase being obtained as filtrate and the solid phase sliding off along the arched sieve surface and being able to be removed there.

Das pulver- bzw. granulatförmige polymere Material kann wie oben beschrieben aufgearbeitet und einer Wiederverwendung zugeführt werden. Das Filtrat kann als Spülflüssigkeit rückgeführt werden, bis der Gehalt an Sulfat so weit angereichert ist, daß eine übliche Ausfällung, z.B. in Form von Gips oder Aluminiumoxyhydrat, vorgenommen wird.The powdery or granular polymeric material can be worked up as described above and recycled. The filtrate can be recycled as a rinsing liquid until the sulfate content is enriched to such an extent that a normal precipitation, for example in the form of gypsum or aluminum oxyhydrate, is carried out.

Das Verfahren ist energie- und materialsparend durchführbar, der Wasserverbrauch ist mit ca. 200 g Frischwasser pro Bierkasten, das bei 27 zum Nachspülen zugeführt wird, gering.The process can be carried out in an energy- and material-saving manner; the water consumption is low with approx. 200 g fresh water per beer crate, which is supplied at 27 for rinsing.

Das Verfahren ist in ähnlicher Weise auch für andere Gegenstände, die mit Etiketten aus alkalilöslichen Polymeren bebildert bzw. beschriftet sind, anwendbar, insbesondere auch für Bierflaschen. Es ist auch möglich, die abzulösenden Schichten mehrschichtig aus verschiedenen Polymeren aufzubauen, die eine abgestufte Alkalilöslichkeit besitzen. Bei mehrstufiger Durchführung des Ablösevorganges ist somit eine fraktionierte Ablösung der einzelnen Schichten mit Waschmitteln mit abgestuft zunehmenden pH-Werten möglich. Werden die Waschlösungen getrennt aufgefangen, so ist eine getrennte Wiedergewinnung und Aufarbeitung der verschiedenen Polymere möglich.In a similar manner, the method can also be used for other objects which are imaged or labeled with labels made from alkali-soluble polymers, in particular also for beer bottles. It is also possible to build up the layers to be removed in multiple layers from different polymers which have a graded alkali solubility. If the detachment process is carried out in several stages, a fractional detachment of the individual layers with detergents with a gradually increasing pH value is possible. If the washing solutions are collected separately, separate recovery and processing of the different polymers is possible.

Claims (14)

  1. Process for the recovery of polymers dissolvable in aqueous alkaline or acid media by dissolving the polymers and precipitating with acid or alkaline precipitation reagents, characterized in that the precipitation is carried out in a strong, aqueous turbulent flow with a Raynolds number above 2000 and the precipitated particles undergo ripening substantially separate from one another in a laminar flow for a residence time of 2 to 4 minutes and are then separated and dewatered.
  2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the turbulent mixing is carried out with the aid of a centrifugal pump.
  3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the ripening time is 2.5 to 3 min.
  4. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that ripening is carried out with a laminar flow in at least one reaction tube, an arrangement of parallel tubes or in at least one helical tube.
  5. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the conversion of the turbulent flow into a laminar flow is brought about by a cross-sectional widening and/or with the aid of deflecting means.
  6. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the precipitated particles are separated substantially in pressureless manner from the liquid medium.
  7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the precipitated particles are separated in a completely pressureless manner.
  8. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the precipitated particles are separated from the liquid medium with the aid of an arcuate screen.
  9. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the precipitated particles are separated in the form of particles having a water content of 50 to 80% by weight.
  10. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the separated particles are predried to a water content of less than 50%.
  11. Process according to claim 10, characterized in that the separated particles are squeezed.
  12. Process according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the separated particles are fed into an extruder with degassing devices and are processed to a substantially anhydrous product.
  13. Process according to claim 12, characterized in that the separated particles with a water content below 50% by weight are fed into the extruder.
  14. Process according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the precipitated particles are processed to pellets or granules with the aid of the extruder.
EP19910112076 1990-07-27 1991-07-19 Process for recovery of aqueous base or acid soluble polymers Expired - Lifetime EP0468375B1 (en)

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DE4023910 1990-07-27
DE19904023910 DE4023910A1 (en) 1990-07-27 1990-07-27 METHOD FOR RECOVERY OF POLYMERS SOLVABLE IN AQUEOUS ALKALINE OR ACID MILIEU

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EP0468375A3 EP0468375A3 (en) 1992-05-20
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DE4023910A1 (en) 1992-01-30
ES2093659T3 (en) 1997-01-01
EP0468375A2 (en) 1992-01-29
EP0468375A3 (en) 1992-05-20
JP3181940B2 (en) 2001-07-03
ATE144545T1 (en) 1996-11-15
JPH04248849A (en) 1992-09-04
DE59108292D1 (en) 1996-11-28
US5317043A (en) 1994-05-31

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