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EP0261273B1 - Method for the operation of a machine for stress relief by vibration - Google Patents

Method for the operation of a machine for stress relief by vibration Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0261273B1
EP0261273B1 EP86113278A EP86113278A EP0261273B1 EP 0261273 B1 EP0261273 B1 EP 0261273B1 EP 86113278 A EP86113278 A EP 86113278A EP 86113278 A EP86113278 A EP 86113278A EP 0261273 B1 EP0261273 B1 EP 0261273B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
harmonics
vibrator
workpiece
fact
speeds
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP86113278A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0261273A1 (en
Inventor
Dietmar Schneider
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VSR Martin Engineering GmbH
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VSR Martin Engineering GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by VSR Martin Engineering GmbH filed Critical VSR Martin Engineering GmbH
Priority to AT86113278T priority Critical patent/ATE59319T1/en
Priority to DE8686113278T priority patent/DE3676703D1/en
Priority to EP86113278A priority patent/EP0261273B1/en
Priority to US07/097,212 priority patent/US4823599A/en
Priority to CA000547898A priority patent/CA1311542C/en
Priority to SU874203415A priority patent/SU1620051A3/en
Priority to JP62239082A priority patent/JPS63303622A/en
Priority to ES8702750A priority patent/ES2005350A6/en
Priority to KR1019870010612A priority patent/KR950013283B1/en
Priority to CN87106584A priority patent/CN1016706B/en
Publication of EP0261273A1 publication Critical patent/EP0261273A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0261273B1 publication Critical patent/EP0261273B1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/04—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering with simultaneous application of supersonic waves, magnetic or electric fields
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D10/00—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a machine for unclamping workpieces, in which the workpiece is subjected to vibrations of selected speed values of a vibrator and in which the selection of the speed values of the vibrator is taken from a measurement which reflects the vibration behavior of the workpiece when excited by the vibrator.
  • the speed of the vibrator is usually from 1,200 to 6,000 rpm or even up to 12,000 rpm, which Excitation frequencies of 20 - 100 Hz or 200 Hz corresponds, whereby over this working range those speeds or frequencies are determined in a measuring run at which the workpiece tends to vibrate strongly.
  • the vibration behavior is usually determined by an accelerometer attached to the workpiece.
  • the workpiece is then subjected to a treatment by the vibrator at speeds at which the workpiece had resonance frequencies in the previous measuring run.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a method for operating a machine of the type mentioned, in which the optimal degree of relaxation is more targeted than with previous methods approachable.
  • the characterizing features of claim 1 in that the individual speed values of the vibrator in its working range (e.g. 1,200 to 6,000 rpm or 20 to 100 Hz) in a defined harmonic range (e.g. 100 to 2,000 Hz), the respective harmonics of those vibrations are determined in which resonances or the like stable vibration states occur in the working area, and that those vibrational speed values of the vibrator are selected in its working area to relax the workpiece that are responsible for an accumulation of harmonics in the defined harmonic range are.
  • the individual speed values of the vibrator in its working range e.g. 1,200 to 6,000 rpm or 20 to 100 Hz
  • a defined harmonic range e.g. 100 to 2,000 Hz
  • the present invention is based on the knowledge that the distribution of the harmonics of the vibrations propagating in a workpiece due to the vibrator excitation provides significantly better information about the excitation frequencies at which the vibrator should be relaxed in its working area than the peaks occurring in the working area itself.
  • Workpieces do not have to be very complex to have a large number of stable vibration states that are far outside the frequency range in which the vibrator is operated.
  • the working vibrations of the vibrator that lead to the highest possible number of excitations in the harmonic range are to be regarded as essential.
  • the resonances or the other stable vibration states similar to them are determined in the working range of the vibrator, and the associated harmonics are determined mathematically for the peaks determined in the vibration behavior. It is then determined from these arithmetically determined harmonic values which of the values from the working range of the vibrator are the cause of an accumulation of harmonics.
  • the harmonics are determined using measurement technology.
  • the amplitudes of the measured harmonics are extracted as an additional selection criterion.
  • the frequency of the harmonics is therefore correlated with the respective amplitude, for example multiplied by then make the selection from the diagram obtained in this way.
  • Claim 5 specifies a preferred development which leads to a further optimization of the selection of the speed values of the vibrator for relaxation.
  • This method can be used both in the arithmetical determination of the harmonics (claim 2) and in their metrological determination (claim 3).
  • the method according to claim 5 is particularly suitable for evaluation by a computer. By dividing the harmonic range into adjacent windows with a defined bandwidth of, for example, 7 Hz in each case, one obtains an immediate statement about the frequency ranges in which harmonics occur frequently.
  • the further speed values for vibrator relaxation are determined from the order of the speed values, each of which has supplied the highest number of selected window areas with harmonics.
  • the selection criterion according to claim 8 is such that those harmonics which result from already selected speed values of the vibrator are no longer taken into account. One speed value is selected in each case, and the selected window areas are then redefined. Since those harmonics that belong to the already selected speed are no longer taken into account, window areas that were previously selected are thus eliminated and the next working speed of the vibrator is selected from the remaining or newly selected window areas.
  • Claim 9 specifies different possibilities to determine the measurement diagram from which the harmonics are determined.
  • the acceleration / speed diagram has usually been used so far.
  • at least one accelerometer is attached to the workpiece to record the vibration behavior, which indicates relatively well at which frequencies the preferred vibrations of the workpiece lie.
  • an amplitude / speed diagram or a distortion factor / speed diagram instead of such an acceleration value / speed diagram, one can also use an amplitude / speed diagram or a distortion factor / speed diagram.
  • the distortion factor / speed diagram has the advantage that it does not have a quadratic increase with increasing frequencies like the acceleration values / speed diagram, but, apart from the peaks contained therein, has a constant course over the speed.
  • FIG. 1 shows a typical acceleration / speed diagram of a workpiece over a speed range from 1,200 to 4,800 rpm. This diagram shows a large number of maxima or peaks at which increased acceleration values are shown with the associated speed. These peaks need not necessarily be due to resonant vibrations at the frequency of excitation by the vibrator if the accelerometer is sensitive to higher frequencies. In this case, the accelerometer also measures accelerations of vibrations with frequencies outside the working range. It may well happen that the workpiece vibrates only slightly at the excitation frequency of 40 Hz, for example, but the accelerometer nevertheless shows a relatively high value there. This is a sign that the workpiece then vibrates strongly with the harmonics generated at 40 Hz.
  • the window areas are now sorted according to the number of harmonics that have fallen into them.
  • 1 is a curve that represents the statistical harmonic distribution.
  • the statistical harmonic distribution means the one that results when the same harmonic calculation is carried out as above, but does not start from the frequencies at which peaks occur in the workpiece, but is based on a constant step width of, for example, 1 Hz. As this curve shows, the statistical distribution is not constant over the harmonic range, but has a maximum. An improvement of the above method is obtained if the number of harmonics in the individual window areas is normalized in relation to this statistical distribution before the window areas are ranked.
  • the relaxation of a workpiece is further optimized by the following method supplement.
  • the numbers of harmonics in the individual window areas are again determined on the basis of the peaks in the acceleration values / speed diagram, where appropriate normalizing with the statistical distribution.
  • the ranking of the window areas is then determined again and, for example, the highest-ranking 100 of the 317 window areas are selected.
  • the harmonics that made these window areas available for selection are then subjected to a further investigation, in that for each of these 100 window areas those excitation frequencies from the working area of the vibrator are combined into a family that have generated harmonics in this window area.
  • a family can consist of 2 to 14 family members, for example.
  • the family members are now put together for all 100 selected window areas in the vibrator's work area and the order of the family members is determined in a priority list according to the number of their "degrees of kinship".
  • 3a, 3b illustrate what is meant by the "degree of kinship".
  • the arrow chain belonging to window area a identifies those frequencies from the working area which have generated harmonics which fell into window area a, and the corresponding is done with window area b.
  • the family fam a includes the frequencies f2, f4, f5 and f7 and the family fam b the frequencies f1, f3, f4 and f6.
  • the frequency f4 represents a special case, since this frequency f4 belongs to both the Fam a family and the Fam b family. These families are called related because of the common membership of this frequency f4.
  • the frequency f4 has a degree of relationship, while all other frequencies shown in FIG. 3 each have no further degree of relationship. It is easy to imagine that with the large number of peaks occurring in a measurement protocol according to FIG. 1, there are families with a large number of family members and, accordingly, also high degrees of kinship. In the above-mentioned order of frequencies from the working range of the vibrator, those frequencies which have the greatest number of degrees of relationship are given the highest priorities. In the simplified example according to FIG.
  • the frequency f4 would be in the most senior position, while all the others (zero degrees of kinship) would have an equal rank.
  • this selection criterion results in a very differentiated list with a maximum number of up to 10 degrees of relationship. The frequencies of the vibrator's working range are selected that have the highest degree of relationship in this list.
  • the described additional selection criterion on "family formation” is based on the knowledge that those frequencies in the working range of the vibrator that are suggested for selection by the investigations in the harmonic range (window formation and selection) are the more essential, which are also possible have a high number of degrees of kinship, since each degree of kinship means that with the selection of only one frequency (frequency f4 in the above example) an additional harmonic range (the two window areas a and b) is detected.
  • an acceleration value / speed diagram was used for the workpiece to be subjected to the relaxation, in which the maxima are determined and the associated harmonics are then calculated.
  • the measurement of the harmonics can be carried out using known Fourier analysis methods or the like. In practice, it is usually sufficient to determine the harmonic distribution for only a few speeds of the vibrator, because due to the mostly strongly non-linear excitation by the vibrator, not only do harmonics arise from the fundamental frequency, but the excitation takes place anyway in a relatively broad frequency spectrum.
  • the above procedure can be carried out identically and, because the amplitudes of the harmonics are also obtained when measuring in the harmonic range, these amplitudes can also be obtained still be included in the optimization, with preference given to those harmonics that lead to higher amplitudes.
  • the distortion factor can be defined using the following formula:
  • the distortion factor can be obtained from the analysis of the frequency spectrum, but also with simple measuring means.
  • the frequency spectrum analysis essentially reproduces the harmonic component of an oscillation in relation to the basic component, which can easily be achieved by a corresponding filter arrangement which provides a limitation at 100 Hz for the above example.
  • the distortion factor / speed diagram has the advantage that it does not have such a strong increase to higher frequencies (even without resonance peaks, the acceleration value / speed diagram has a quadratic increase over the speed.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
  • Auxiliary Devices For Machine Tools (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Or Mechanical Vibrators, Or Delay Or Filter Circuits (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)

Abstract

Method for operating a machine for the relaxation of workpieces, in which the workpiece is subjected to vibrations of selected speeds of a vibrator and in which the selection of the speeds of the vibrator is taken from a measurement which reproduces the vibratory behavior of the workpiece upon excitation by the vibrator within its operating range and in which, for the individual speeds of the vibrator within its operating range, there are determined within a defined harmonics region those harmonics corresponding to those vibrations in the operating range in which resonances or similar stable states of vibration occur and in which connection, for the relaxation of the workpiece, there are selected those speeds which are causal for an accumulating of harmonics in the defined harmonics region.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Maschine zum Entspannen von Werkstücken, bei dem das Werkstück Vibrationen ausgewählter Drehzahlwerte eines Vibrators unterworfen wird und bei dem die Auswahl der Drehzahlwerte des Vibrators aus einer Messung entnommen wird, welche das Schwingverhalten des Werkstücks bei Anregung durch den Vibrator wiedergibt.The invention relates to a machine for unclamping workpieces, in which the workpiece is subjected to vibrations of selected speed values of a vibrator and in which the selection of the speed values of the vibrator is taken from a measurement which reflects the vibration behavior of the workpiece when excited by the vibrator.

Das obige Verfahren ist ausführlich beschrieben in der DE-U 7 005 792 oder der US-PS 3 677 831. Zur Entspannung von Werkstücken arbeitet man üblicherweise mit Drehzahlen des Vibrators von 1.200 bis 6.000 U/min oder auch bis 12.000 U/min, was Erregerfrequenzen von 20 - 100 Hz bzw. 200 Hz entspricht, wobei über diesen Arbeitsbereich zunächst in einem Meßlauf diejenigen Drehzahlen bzw. Frequenzen festgestellt werden, bei denen das Werkstück zu starken Schwingungen neigt. Das Schwingverhalten wird meist durch einen am Werkstück befestigten Beschleunigungsmesser festgestellt. Zur Entspannung wird das Werkstück anschließend einer Behandlung durch den Vibrator bei Drehzahlen unterworfen, bei denen das Werkstück im vorangegangenen Meßlauf Resonanzfrequenzen aufwies. Bei kompliziert aufgebauten Werkstücken existieren meist soviele Spitzen bzw. Maxima im Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm, daß man für die Auswahl der Drehzahlen des Vibrators für die Entspannungsbehandlung eine Auswahl treffen muß, wobei man üblicherweise nur diejenigen Drehzahlen mit deutlich ausgeprägten Spitzen herausgreift. Es tritt dabei nicht selten der Fall auf, daß einzelne der deutlich ausgeprägten Spitzen lediglich Oberwellenschwingungen einer Grundfrequenz darstellen, sodaß bei ihnen eine Entspannungsbehandlung nicht erforderlich ist, wenn bereits bei der zugehörigen Grundfrequenz gearbeitet wurde. Darüberhinaus sind häufig gerade die für die Entspannung wesentlichen Frequenzen im noch nicht entspannten Werkstück so wenig deutlich ausgeprägt, daß sie im Beschleunigungwerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm bei der Suche nach stark ausgeprägten Spitzen nicht zur Auswahl kommen. Es ist zwar bekannt, daß die im mikroskopischen Bereich liegenden Eigenspannungen nicht unmittelbar durch die Arbeitsfrequenzen des Vibrators, sondern durch deren Oberwellen entspannt werden, jedoch verließ man sich bisher darauf, daß im Meßlauf bei Erregung einer solchen Oberwelle auch im Arbeitsbereich des Vibrators eine deutlich ausgeprägte Spitze auftritt. Häufig bleiben jedoch solche Spitzen wenig ausgeprägt und werden bei der Auswahl der stark ausgeprägten Spitzen nicht erfaßt, wodurch die tatsächliche Entspannung des Werkstücks meist weit unter der optimalen Entspannung zurückbleibt.The above method is described in detail in DE-U 7 005 792 or US Pat. No. 3,677,831. To relax workpieces, the speed of the vibrator is usually from 1,200 to 6,000 rpm or even up to 12,000 rpm, which Excitation frequencies of 20 - 100 Hz or 200 Hz corresponds, whereby over this working range those speeds or frequencies are determined in a measuring run at which the workpiece tends to vibrate strongly. The vibration behavior is usually determined by an accelerometer attached to the workpiece. For relaxation, the workpiece is then subjected to a treatment by the vibrator at speeds at which the workpiece had resonance frequencies in the previous measuring run. In the case of workpieces with a complicated structure, there are usually so many peaks or maxima in the acceleration / speed diagram that a selection must be made for the selection of the speeds of the vibrator for the relaxation treatment, usually only picking up those speeds with clearly pronounced peaks. It is not uncommon for some of the clearly defined peaks to represent only harmonic vibrations of a fundamental frequency, so that relaxation treatment is not necessary for them if work has already been done at the associated fundamental frequency. In addition, the frequencies that are essential for relaxation in the workpiece that has not yet been relaxed are often not so clearly pronounced that they cannot be selected in the acceleration / speed diagram when searching for pronounced peaks. Although it is known that the residual stresses in the microscopic range are not relaxed directly by the working frequencies of the vibrator, but by their harmonics, however, it has hitherto been relied on that in the test run when such a harmonic is excited, a clearly pronounced one also in the working range of the vibrator Peak occurs. Often, however, such peaks remain less pronounced and are not included in the selection of the strongly pronounced peaks, as a result of which the actual relaxation of the workpiece usually remains far below the optimal relaxation.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Maschine der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, bei dem der optimale Grad der Entspannung gezielter als mit bisherigen Verfahren annäherbar ist.The present invention has for its object to provide a method for operating a machine of the type mentioned, in which the optimal degree of relaxation is more targeted than with previous methods approachable.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 dadurch gelöst, daß zu den einzelnen Drehzahlwerten des Vibrators in seinem Arbeitsbereich (z. B. 1.200 bis 6.000 U/min bzw. 20 bis 100 Hz) in einem definierten Oberwellenbereich (z. B. 100 bis 2.000 Hz) die jeweiligen Oberwellen derjenigen Schwingungen ermittelt werden, in denen im Arbeitsbereich Resonanzen oder dergleichen stabile Schwingungszustände auftreten, und daß zur Entspannung des Werkstücks diejenigen Drehzahlwerte des Vibrators in seinem Arbeitsbereich ausgewählt werden, die für eine Häufung von Oberwellen im definierten Oberwellenbereich ursächlich sind.This object is achieved by the characterizing features of claim 1 in that the individual speed values of the vibrator in its working range (e.g. 1,200 to 6,000 rpm or 20 to 100 Hz) in a defined harmonic range (e.g. 100 to 2,000 Hz), the respective harmonics of those vibrations are determined in which resonances or the like stable vibration states occur in the working area, and that those vibrational speed values of the vibrator are selected in its working area to relax the workpiece that are responsible for an accumulation of harmonics in the defined harmonic range are.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, daß die Verteilung der Oberwellen der sich in einem Werkstück aufgrund der Vibratorerregung ausbreitetenden Schwingungen eine wesentliche bessere Auskunft darüber liefert, bei welchen Erregerfrequenzen des Vibrators in seinem Arbeitsbereich entspannt werden soll, als die im Arbeitsbereich selbst auftretenden Spitzen. Werkstücke müssen nicht sehr komplex aufgebaut sein, um eine Vielzahl von stabilen Schwingungszuständen aufzuweisen, die weit außerhalb des Frequenzbereichs liegen, in denen der Vibrator betrieben wird. Durch die Analyse des Oberwellenbereichs für die einzelnen Vibratordrehzahlen, bei denen das Werkstück zu stabilen Schwingungen neigt, erhält man Auskunft darüber, welche Vibratordrehzahlen zu einer Häufung von Schwingungen im Oberwellenbereich führt und welche Arbeitsdrehzahlen des Vibrators für die Entspannung wesentlich sind. Als wesentlich sind diejenigen Arbeitsschwingungen des Vibrators anzusehen, die zu einer möglichst hohen Anzahl von Erregungen im Oberwellenbereich führen.The present invention is based on the knowledge that the distribution of the harmonics of the vibrations propagating in a workpiece due to the vibrator excitation provides significantly better information about the excitation frequencies at which the vibrator should be relaxed in its working area than the peaks occurring in the working area itself. Workpieces do not have to be very complex to have a large number of stable vibration states that are far outside the frequency range in which the vibrator is operated. By analyzing the harmonic range for the individual vibrator speeds at which the workpiece tends to vibrate steadily, one obtains information about which vibrator speeds lead to an accumulation of vibrations in the harmonic range and which working speeds of the vibrator are essential for relaxation. The working vibrations of the vibrator that lead to the highest possible number of excitations in the harmonic range are to be regarded as essential.

Zur Ermittlung der Häufung von Oberwellen im definierten Oberwellenbereich kann man zwei unterschiedliche Wege gehen. Gemäß Anspruch 2 werden im Arbeitsbereich des Vibrators die Resonanzen bzw. die ihnen ähnlichen sonstigen stabilen Schwingungszustände festgestellt, und es werden zu den ermittelten Spitzen im Schwingungsverhalten die zugehörigen Oberwellen rechnerisch ermittelt. Es wird dann aus diesen rechnerisch ermittelten Oberwellenwerten festgestellt, welche der Werte aus dem Arbeitsbereich des Vibrators für eine Häufung von Oberwellen ursächlich sind.There are two different ways to determine the accumulation of harmonics in the defined harmonic range. According to claim 2, the resonances or the other stable vibration states similar to them are determined in the working range of the vibrator, and the associated harmonics are determined mathematically for the peaks determined in the vibration behavior. It is then determined from these arithmetically determined harmonic values which of the values from the working range of the vibrator are the cause of an accumulation of harmonics.

In einer Alternative zu Anspruch 2 werden gemäß Anspruch 3 die Oberwellen meßtechnisch ermittelt. Hier kann man mit üblichen Methoden der Frequenzanalyse vorgehen, indem das Werkstück beispielsweise über den Vibrator mit kontinuierlich ansteigender Drehzahl oder auch in kleinen Drehzahlschritten erregt wird oder auch ein definierter Stoß auf das Werkstück ausgeübt wird, um die Oberwellenschwingungen zu ermitteln.In an alternative to claim 2, the harmonics are determined using measurement technology. Here one can proceed with the usual methods of frequency analysis, for example by exciting the workpiece with the vibrator at continuously increasing speed or in small speed steps or by applying a defined impact on the workpiece in order to determine the harmonic vibrations.

In der bevorzugten Weiterbildung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 4 werden die Amplituden der gemessenen Oberwellen als zusätzliches Auswahlkriterium herausgezogen. Je höher die Amplitude umso mehr ist die zu dieser Oberwelle gehörende Arbeitsfrequenz zur Vibratorentspannung geeignet. In dem Verfahren nach Anspruch 4 wird deshalb die Häufung der Oberwellen mit der jeweiligen Amplitude korreliert, beispielsweise multipliziert, um dann aus dem so gewonnenen Diagramm die Auswahl zu treffen.In the preferred development of the method according to claim 4, the amplitudes of the measured harmonics are extracted as an additional selection criterion. The higher the amplitude, the more the working frequency belonging to this harmonic is suitable for vibrator relaxation. In the method according to claim 4, the frequency of the harmonics is therefore correlated with the respective amplitude, for example multiplied by then make the selection from the diagram obtained in this way.

Im Anspruch 5 ist eine bevorzugte Weiterbildung angegeben, die zu einer weiteren Optimierung der Auswahl der Drehzahlwerte des Vibrators für die Entspannung führt. Dieses Verfahren läßt sich sowohl bei der rechnerischen Ermittlung der Oberwellen (Anspruch 2), als auch bei ihrer meßtechnischen Ermittlung (Anspruch 3) anwenden. Das Verfahren nach Anspruch 5 eignet sich insbesondere für die Auswertung durch einen Rechner. Durch die Aufteilung des Oberwellenbereichs in einander benachbarte Fenster mit einer definierten Bandbreite von beispielsweise jeweils 7 Hz, erhält man eine unmittelbare Aussage darüber, in welchen Frequenzbereichen Oberwellen gehäuft auftreten. Da die statistische Verteilung der Oberwellen im Oberwellenbereich nicht gleichmaßig ist, sondern bei relativ niedrigen Werten ein Maximum aufweist, erhält man eine verbesserte Aussage über die Häufung von Oberwellen, wenn das dem Werkstück zugeordnete Ergebnis der Verteilung der Oberwellen mit der statistischen Verteilung verglichen wird, um festzustellen, in welchen Oberwellenbereichen tatsächlich gegenüber der statistischen Verteilung eine Häufung von Oberwellen auftritt.Claim 5 specifies a preferred development which leads to a further optimization of the selection of the speed values of the vibrator for relaxation. This method can be used both in the arithmetical determination of the harmonics (claim 2) and in their metrological determination (claim 3). The method according to claim 5 is particularly suitable for evaluation by a computer. By dividing the harmonic range into adjacent windows with a defined bandwidth of, for example, 7 Hz in each case, one obtains an immediate statement about the frequency ranges in which harmonics occur frequently. Since the statistical distribution of the harmonics in the harmonic range is not uniform, but rather has a maximum at relatively low values, an improved statement about the accumulation of harmonics is obtained if the result of the distribution of the harmonics assigned to the workpiece is compared with the statistical distribution determine in which harmonic ranges actually an accumulation of harmonics occurs compared to the statistical distribution.

Die Weiterbildung gemäß Anspruch 6 führt zu einer noch besseren Optimierung der Auswahl der Drehzahlwerte des Vibrators, da nicht nur eine Häufung von Oberwellen im Oberwellenbereich berücksichtigt wird, sondern darüberhinaus auch noch nach dem Kriterium ausgewählt wird, daß diejenigen Drehzahlwerte des Vibrators bevorzugt werden, die möglichst viele Oberwellenbereiche mit Häufungen von Oberwellen erregen.The development according to claim 6 leads to an even better optimization of the selection of the speed values of the vibrator, since not only an accumulation of harmonics in the harmonic range is taken into account, but also selected according to the criterion that those speed values of the vibrator are preferred that are as possible excite many harmonic areas with accumulations of harmonics.

In dem Verfahren nach Anspruch 7 werden die weiteren Drehzahlwerte zur Vibratorentspannung aus der Rangfolge der Drehzahlwerte ermittelt, die jeweils die höchste Zahl von ausgewählten Fensterbereichen mit Oberwellen versorgt haben.In the method according to claim 7, the further speed values for vibrator relaxation are determined from the order of the speed values, each of which has supplied the highest number of selected window areas with harmonics.

Im Gegensatz zu dem Auswahlkriterium nach Anspruch 7 wird bei dem Auswahlkriterium nach Anspruch 8 so vorgegangen, daß diejenigen Oberwellen, die aus bereits ausgewählten Drehzahlwerten des Vibrators resultieren, keine Berücksichtung mehr finden. Es wird also jeweils ein Drehzahlwert ausgewählt, und es werden dann die ausgewählten Fe nsterbereiche neu festgelegt. Da diejenigen Oberwellen, die zu der bereits ausgewählten Drehzahl gehören, keine Berücksichtigung mehr finden, fallen damit eventuell vorher ausgewählt gewesene Fensterbereiche weg, und es wird aus den verbleibenden bzw. neu ausgewählten Fensterbereichen jeweils die nächste Arbeitsdrehzahl des Vibrators ausgewählt.In contrast to the selection criterion according to claim 7, the selection criterion according to claim 8 is such that those harmonics which result from already selected speed values of the vibrator are no longer taken into account. One speed value is selected in each case, and the selected window areas are then redefined. Since those harmonics that belong to the already selected speed are no longer taken into account, window areas that were previously selected are thus eliminated and the next working speed of the vibrator is selected from the remaining or newly selected window areas.

Anspruch 9 gibt unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten an, das Meßdiagramm festzulegen, von dem aus die Oberwellen bestimmt werden. In der Praxis hat man sich bisher üblicherweise des Beschleunigungwerte/Drehzahl-Diagramms bedient. Bei Anregung des Werkstücks durch den Vibrator wird am Werkstück zur Erfassung des Schwingungsverhaltens mindestens ein Beschleunigungsmesser angebracht, der relativ gut angibt, auf welchem Frequenzen die bevorzugten Schwingungen des Werkstücks liegen. Statt eines solchen Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramms, kann man sich auch eines Amplituden/Drehzahl-Diagramms bedienen oder eines Verzerrungsfaktor/Drehzahl-Diagramms. Das Verzerrungsfaktor/Drehzahl-Diagramm hat den Vorteil, daß es nicht wie das Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm mit steigenden Frequenzen einen quadratischen Anstieg aufweist, sondern, abgesehen von den darin enthaltenen Spitzen einen über der Drehzahl konstanten Verlauf hat.Claim 9 specifies different possibilities to determine the measurement diagram from which the harmonics are determined. In practice, the acceleration / speed diagram has usually been used so far. When the workpiece is excited by the vibrator, at least one accelerometer is attached to the workpiece to record the vibration behavior, which indicates relatively well at which frequencies the preferred vibrations of the workpiece lie. Instead of such an acceleration value / speed diagram, one can also use an amplitude / speed diagram or a distortion factor / speed diagram. The distortion factor / speed diagram has the advantage that it does not have a quadratic increase with increasing frequencies like the acceleration values / speed diagram, but, apart from the peaks contained therein, has a constant course over the speed.

Anhand von in der Zeichnung dargestellten Schemaskizzen wird die Erfindung im folgenden näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 ein Beispiel eines Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramms eines Werkstücks;
  • Fig. 2 ein vereinfachtes Schaubild eines Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramms mit zugeordnetem Oberwellendiagramm, und
  • Fig. 3 eine stark vereinfachte Darstellung der Zuordnung der Oberwellen von zwei Fensterbereichen aus dem Oberwellenbereich zu den zu selektierenden Arbeitsdrehzahlen des Vibrators.
The invention is explained in more detail below with the aid of schematic diagrams shown in the drawing. Show it:
  • 1 shows an example of an acceleration value / speed diagram of a workpiece;
  • 2 shows a simplified diagram of an acceleration value / speed diagram with an associated harmonic diagram, and
  • Fig. 3 is a greatly simplified representation of the assignment of the harmonics of two window areas from the harmonic area to the working speeds of the vibrator to be selected.

In Fig. 1 ist ein typisches Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm eines Werkstücks über einem Drehzahlbereich von 1.200 bis 4.800 U/min dargestellt. Dieses Diagramm zeigt eine Vielzahl von Maxima bzw. Spitzen, bei denen erhöhte Beschleunigungswerte mit der zugehörigen Drehzahl dargestellt werden. Diese Spitzen müssen nicht notwendigerweise auf Resonanzschwingungen mit der Frequenz der Anregung durch den Vibrator zurückzuführen sein, wenn der Beschleunigungsmesser auch für höhere Frequenzen empfindlich ist. In diesem Fall mißt der Beschleunigungsmesser auch Beschleunigungen von Schwingungen mit Frequenzen außerhalb des Arbeitsbereichs. Es kann durchaus vorkommen, daß das Werkstück bei der Anregungsfrequenz von beispielsweise 40 Hz nur unwesentlich schwingt, der Beschleunigungsmesser aber trotzdem dort einen relativen hohen Wert anzeigt. Dies ist ein Zeichen dafür, daß das Werkstück dann bei den bei 40 Hz entstehenden Oberwellen stark schwingt.1 shows a typical acceleration / speed diagram of a workpiece over a speed range from 1,200 to 4,800 rpm. This diagram shows a large number of maxima or peaks at which increased acceleration values are shown with the associated speed. These peaks need not necessarily be due to resonant vibrations at the frequency of excitation by the vibrator if the accelerometer is sensitive to higher frequencies. In this case, the accelerometer also measures accelerations of vibrations with frequencies outside the working range. It may well happen that the workpiece vibrates only slightly at the excitation frequency of 40 Hz, for example, but the accelerometer nevertheless shows a relatively high value there. This is a sign that the workpiece then vibrates strongly with the harmonics generated at 40 Hz.

In Fig. 2a ist stark vereinfacht ein Fig. 1 entsprechendes Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm dargestellt. In dem hier beschriebenen bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird zunächst dieses Diagramm erstellt, indem das Werkstück durch den Vibrator mit zunehmenden Drehzahlen des Vibrators in Schwingungen versetzt und das Beschleunigungs-Antwort-Verhalten in Form dieses Diagramms festgehalten wird. In dem hier beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiel wird der Vibrator beginnend mit einer Drehzahl von 1.200 U/min bis 6.000 U/min und einer Schrittweite von 20 bis 30 U/min betätigt und jeweils der zugehörige Beschleunigungswert festgehalten. In dem vereinfachten Schaubild nach Figur 2a werden dabei drei Spitzen bzw. Maxima bei 30 Hz, 70 Hz und 95 Hz festgestellt. Diesem Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm ist das in Figur 2b dargestellte Oberwellendiagramm zugeordnet, in dem ein Oberwellenbereich von 100 Hz bis 2.000 Hz definiert ist. Zu sämtlichen festgestellten Spitzen im Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm bzw. den zugehörigen Anregungsfrequenzen werden' nun die Oberwellen errechnet, wobei zur Berechnung der Oberwellen die Anregungsfrequenz mit jeweils fortlaufenden ganzen Zahlen multipliziert wird. Für das hier angenommene Beispiel von Spitzen im Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm bei 30 Hz, 70 Hz und 95 Hz ergeben sich im definierten Oberwellendiagramm von 100 Hz bis 2.000 Hz folgende Oberwellen:

  • 30 Hz x 2 = 60 Hz (ungültig, da nicht im
  • 30 Hz x 3 = 90 Hz definierten Oberwellenbereich)
  • 30 Hz x 4 = 120 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 5 = 150 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 6 = 180 Hz
  • 30 Hz × 7 = 210 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 8 = 240 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 9 = 270 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 10 = 300 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 11 = 330 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 12 = 360 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 13 = 390 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 14 = 420 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 15 = 450 Hz
In FIG. 2a, an acceleration value / speed diagram corresponding to FIG. 1 is shown in a highly simplified manner. In the preferred exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention described here, this diagram is first created in that the workpiece is vibrated by the vibrator with increasing speeds of the vibrator and the acceleration-response behavior is recorded in the form of this diagram. In the exemplary embodiment described here, the vibrator is actuated starting at a speed of 1200 rpm to 6000 rpm and a step size of 20 to 30 rpm and the associated acceleration value is recorded in each case. In the simplified diagram according to FIG. 2a, three peaks or maxima are found at 30 Hz, 70 Hz and 95 Hz. The harmonic diagram shown in FIG. 2b is assigned to this acceleration value / speed diagram, in which a harmonic range from 100 Hz to 2,000 Hz is defined. The harmonics are now calculated for all peaks found in the acceleration values / speed diagram or the associated excitation frequencies, the excitation frequency being multiplied by consecutive integers to calculate the harmonics. For the example of peaks in the acceleration values / speed diagram at 30 Hz, 70 Hz and 95 Hz assumed here, the following harmonics result in the defined harmonic diagram from 100 Hz to 2,000 Hz:
  • 30 Hz x 2 = 60 Hz (invalid, because not in
  • 30 Hz x 3 = 90 Hz defined harmonic range)
  • 30 Hz x 4 = 120 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 5 = 150 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 6 = 180 Hz
  • 30 Hz × 7 = 210 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 8 = 240 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 9 = 270 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 10 = 300 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 11 = 330 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 12 = 360 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 13 = 390 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 14 = 420 Hz
  • 30 Hz x 15 = 450 Hz

Es werden bevorzugt nur die ersten 15 bis 18 Harmonischen berücksichtigt, sodaß die für 30 Hz Anregungsfrequenz höchste zu berücksichtigende Oberwelle bei 450 Hz liegt. In Figur 2b sind zur vereinfachten Darstellung jeweils nur die 5., 10. und 15. Harmonische eingetragen.

  • 70 Hz x 2 = 140 Hz
  • 70 Hz × 3 = 210 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 4 = 280 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 5 = 350 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 6 = 420 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 7 = 490 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 8 = 560 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 9 = 630 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 10 = 700 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 11 = 770 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 12 = 840 Hz
  • 70 Hz × 13 = 910 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 14 = 980 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 15 = 1050 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 2 = 190 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 3 = 285 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 4 = 380 Hz
  • 95 Hz × 5 = 475 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 6 = 570 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 7 = 665 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 8 = 760 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 9 = 855 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 10 = 950 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 11 = 1045 Hz
  • 95 Hzx 12 = 1140 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 13 = 1235 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 14 = 1330 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 15 = 1425 Hz
Only the first 15 to 18 harmonics are preferably taken into account, so that the highest harmonic to be taken into account for the 30 Hz excitation frequency is 450 Hz. In Figure 2b only the 5th, 10th and 15th harmonics are entered for the sake of simplicity.
  • 70 Hz x 2 = 140 Hz
  • 70 Hz × 3 = 210 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 4 = 280 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 5 = 350 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 6 = 420 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 7 = 490 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 8 = 560 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 9 = 630 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 10 = 700 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 11 = 770 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 12 = 840 Hz
  • 70 Hz × 13 = 910 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 14 = 980 Hz
  • 70 Hz x 15 = 1050 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 2 = 190 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 3 = 285 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 4 = 380 Hz
  • 95 Hz × 5 = 475 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 6 = 570 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 7 = 665 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 8 = 760 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 9 = 855 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 10 = 950 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 11 = 1045 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 12 = 1140 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 13 = 1235 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 14 = 1330 Hz
  • 95 Hz x 15 = 1425 Hz

Im Oberwellendiagramm sind im Bereich von 100 Hz bis 2.000 Hz einander benachbarte Fenster mit einer Frequenzbreite von 6 Hz definiert. Es sind also (2.000 -100) : 6 = 317 Fenster festgelegt und es wird diejenige Anzahl von Oberwellen in jedem Fenster ermittelt, die aus den Drehzahlen des Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramms, bei denen Spitzen auftreten, resultieren. Zum Beispiel fällt die 5. Oberwelle der 30 Hz-Vibratorschwingung von 150 Hz in das 9. Fenster, welches definiert ist von 148 Hz bis 154 Hz. Als Ergebnis dieses ersten Verfahrenschrittes erhält man in jedem Fensterbereich eine dem Werkstück eigene Anzahl von in den jeweiligen Fensterbereich gefallenen Oberwellen.In the harmonic diagram, adjacent windows with a frequency width of 6 Hz are defined in the range from 100 Hz to 2,000 Hz. So there are (2,000-100): 6 = 317 windows and the number of harmonics is determined in each window that result from the speeds of the acceleration values / speed diagram at which peaks occur. For example, the 5th harmonic of the 30 Hz vibrator vibration of 150 Hz falls in the 9th window, which is defined from 148 Hz to 154 Hz. As a result of this first process step, the workpiece has its own number in each window area Window area of fallen harmonics.

Die Fensterbereiche werden nun geordnet nach der Anzahl von Oberwellen, die in sie gefallen sind. In einem noch relativ einfachen Verfahren wählt man nun aus einer sehr kleinen Zahl von Fenstern mit den höchsten Anzahlen von in sie gefallenen Oberwellen, die zugehörigen Basisfrequenzen aus dem Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm aus und benutzt diese Drehzahlen zur Vibrationsentspannung.The window areas are now sorted according to the number of harmonics that have fallen into them. In a still relatively simple process, you select the associated base frequencies from the acceleration values / speed diagram from a very small number of windows with the highest number of harmonics that have fallen into them, and use these speeds for vibration relaxation.

In Figur 2b ist mit 1 ein Kurvenzug bezeichnet, der die statistische Oberwellenverteilung wiedergibt. Unter der statistischen Oberwellenverteilung ist diejenige gemeint, die sich ergibt, wenn man dieselbe Oberwellenberechnung wie oben durchführt, jedoch nicht von den Frequenzen ausgeht, bei denen sich im Werkstück Spitzen ergeben, sondern eine konstante Schrittbreite von beispielsweise 1 Hz zugrunde liegt. Wie diese Kurve zeigt, ist die statistische Verteilung nicht konstant über den Oberwellenbereich, sondern weist ein Maximum auf. Man erhält eine Verbesserung des obigen Verfahrens, wenn man die Anzahl der Oberwellen in den einzelnen Fensterbereichen gegenüber dieser statistischen Verteilung normiert, bevor man die Fensterbereiche in ihrer Rangfolge ordnet.In FIG. 2b, 1 is a curve that represents the statistical harmonic distribution. The statistical harmonic distribution means the one that results when the same harmonic calculation is carried out as above, but does not start from the frequencies at which peaks occur in the workpiece, but is based on a constant step width of, for example, 1 Hz. As this curve shows, the statistical distribution is not constant over the harmonic range, but has a maximum. An improvement of the above method is obtained if the number of harmonics in the individual window areas is normalized in relation to this statistical distribution before the window areas are ranked.

Obwohl mit den obigen Verfahren bereits gegenüber den bekannten Verfahren wesentlich verbesserte Ergebnisse erzielt werden, kommt man zu einer noch gesteigerten Optimierung der Entspannung eines Werkstücks durch folgende Verfahrensergänzung. Es werden wie oben beschrieben wieder ausgehend von den Spitzen im Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm die Anzahlen der Oberwellen in den einzelnen Fensterbereichen festgestellt, wobei gegebenenfalls mit der statistischen Verteilung normiert wird. Anschließend wird wieder die Rangfolge der Fensterbereiche festgelegt, und es werden beispielsweise von den insgesamt 317 Fensterbereichen die ranghöchsten 100 ausgewählt. Von diesen ausgewählten 100 Fensterbereichen werden nun die Oberwellen, die diese Fensterbereiche zur Auswahl gebracht haben, einer weiteren Untersuchung unterzogen, indem für jeden dieser 100 Fensterbereiche diejenigen Anregungsfrequenzen aus dem Arbeitsbereich des Vibrators zu einer Familie zusammengefaßt werden, die in diesem Fensterbereich Oberwellen erzeugt haben. Eine solche Familie kann aus 2 bis beispielsweise 14 Familienmitgliedern bestehen. Man stellt nun im Arbeitsbereich des Vibrators die Familienmitglieder für alle 100 ausgewählten Fensterbereiche zusammen und bestimmt in einer Prioritätsliste die Reihenfolge der Familienmitglieder nach der Zahl ihrer "Verwandtschaftsgrade". In den Fig. 3a, 3b wird verdeutlicht, was mit dem "Verwandtschaftsgrad" gemeint ist. In Fig. 3b sind zwei Fensterbereiche a und b herausgegriffen, die zu den ausgewählten Fensterbereichen gehören. Mit der zum Fensterbereich a gehörenden Pfeilkette sind diejenigen Frequenzen aus dem Arbeitsbereich gekennzeichnet, die Oberwellen erzeugt haben, welche in den Fensterbereich a fielen, und das Entsprechende ist mit dem Fensterbereich b gemacht. Zur Familie Fama gehören die Frequenzen f2, f4, f5 und f7 und zur Familie Fam b die Frequenzen f1, f3, f4 und f6. Wie man aus diesem Schaubild sieht, stellt die Frequenz f4 einen Sonderfall dar, da diese Frequenz f4 sowohl zur Familie Fam a als auch zur Familie Famb gehört. Diese Familien werden wegen der gemeinsamen Zugehörigkeit dieser Frequenz f4 als verwandt bezeichnet. Die Frequenz f4 hat einen Verwandtschaftsgrad, während alle anderen in Fig. 3 gezeichneten Frequenzen jeweils keinen weiteren Verwandtschaftsgrad haben. Man kann sich leicht vorstellen, daß bei der Vielzahl der in einem Meßprotokoll gemäß Fig. 1 auftretenden Spitzen Familien mit sehr vielen Familienmitgliedern entstehen und dementsprechend auch hohe Verwandtschaftsgrade. In der oben angesprochenen Ordnung der Frequenzen aus dem Arbeitsbereich des Vibrators werden denjenigen Frequenzen die höchsten Prioritäten gegeben, die die größte Zahl von Verwandtschaftsgraden aufweisen. In dem vereinfachten Beispiel nach Fig. 3 würde die Frequenz f4 an rangerster Stelle stehen, während alle anderen (null Verwandschaftsgrade) gleichberechtigt darunterliegen. In der Praxis ergibt sich bei Durchführung dieses Auswahlkriteriums eine sehr differenzierte Liste mit einer Maximalzahl von häufig bis zu 10 Verwandtschaftsgraden. Es werden nun diejenigen Frequenzen des Arbeitsbereiches des Vibrators ausgewählt, die in dieser Liste die höchsten Verwandtschaftsgrade haben.Although significantly better results are achieved with the above methods compared to the known methods, the relaxation of a workpiece is further optimized by the following method supplement. As described above, the numbers of harmonics in the individual window areas are again determined on the basis of the peaks in the acceleration values / speed diagram, where appropriate normalizing with the statistical distribution. The ranking of the window areas is then determined again and, for example, the highest-ranking 100 of the 317 window areas are selected. Of these 100 selected window areas, the harmonics that made these window areas available for selection are then subjected to a further investigation, in that for each of these 100 window areas those excitation frequencies from the working area of the vibrator are combined into a family that have generated harmonics in this window area. Such a family can consist of 2 to 14 family members, for example. The family members are now put together for all 100 selected window areas in the vibrator's work area and the order of the family members is determined in a priority list according to the number of their "degrees of kinship". 3a, 3b illustrate what is meant by the "degree of kinship". In Fig. 3b there are two fen selected areas a and b that belong to the selected window areas. The arrow chain belonging to window area a identifies those frequencies from the working area which have generated harmonics which fell into window area a, and the corresponding is done with window area b. The family fam a includes the frequencies f2, f4, f5 and f7 and the family fam b the frequencies f1, f3, f4 and f6. As can be seen from this diagram, the frequency f4 represents a special case, since this frequency f4 belongs to both the Fam a family and the Fam b family. These families are called related because of the common membership of this frequency f4. The frequency f4 has a degree of relationship, while all other frequencies shown in FIG. 3 each have no further degree of relationship. It is easy to imagine that with the large number of peaks occurring in a measurement protocol according to FIG. 1, there are families with a large number of family members and, accordingly, also high degrees of kinship. In the above-mentioned order of frequencies from the working range of the vibrator, those frequencies which have the greatest number of degrees of relationship are given the highest priorities. In the simplified example according to FIG. 3, the frequency f4 would be in the most senior position, while all the others (zero degrees of kinship) would have an equal rank. In practice, this selection criterion results in a very differentiated list with a maximum number of up to 10 degrees of relationship. The frequencies of the vibrator's working range are selected that have the highest degree of relationship in this list.

Bei dem beschriebenen zusätzlichen Auswahlkriterium über die "Familienbildung" wird von der Erkenntnis ausgegangen, daß diejenigen Frequenzen im Arbeitsbereich des Vibrators, die durch die Untersuchungen im Oberwellenbereich (Fensterbildung und Auswahl) zur Auswahl vorgeschlagen werden, die Wesenlicheren sind, die zudem auch noch eine möglichst hohe Anzahl von Verwandtschaftsgraden haben, da jeder Verwandtschaftsgrad bedeutet, daß mit Auswahl von nur einer Frequenz (im obigen Beispiel die Frequenz f4) ein zusätzlicher Oberwellenbereich (die beiden Fensterbereiche a und b) erfaßt wird.The described additional selection criterion on "family formation" is based on the knowledge that those frequencies in the working range of the vibrator that are suggested for selection by the investigations in the harmonic range (window formation and selection) are the more essential, which are also possible have a high number of degrees of kinship, since each degree of kinship means that with the selection of only one frequency (frequency f4 in the above example) an additional harmonic range (the two window areas a and b) is detected.

Bei dem oben beschriebenen Verfahren wurde bezüglich des der Entspannung zu unterwerfenden Werkstücks von einem Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm ausgegangen, in dem die Maxima ermittelt werden und davon rechnerisch dann die zugehörigen Oberwellen. Es besteht aber auch die Möglichkeit, die im Werkstück tatsächlich auftretenden Oberwellen meßtechnisch zu erfassen und diese meßtechnisch erfaßten Oberwellen dann dem beschriebenen Auswahlkriterium zu unterwerfen. Die meßtechnische Erfassung der Oberwellen kann mit bekannten Methoden der Fourieranalyse oder dergleichen durchgeführt werden. In der Praxis ist es meist ausreichend, für nur wenige Drehzahlen des Vibrators die Oberwellenverteilung festzustellen, da wegen der meist stark nichtlinearen Anregung durch den Vibrator nicht nur Harmonische von der Grundfrequenz entstehen, sondern die Anregung ohnehin in einem relativ breiten Frequenzspektrum erfolgt. Wenn man bei der Messung der Oberwellen das jeweilige Oberwellenspektrum für alle Drehzahlen des Vibrators feststellt, bei denen Spitzen auftreten, kann das obige Verfahren identisch durchgeführt werden und, weil man bei der Messung im Oberwellenbereich auch noch die Amplituden der Oberwellen erhält, können auch diese Amplituden noch in die Optimierung einbezogen werden, wobei man denjenigen Oberwellen natürlich den Vorzug gibt, die zu höheren Amplituden führen. In der Praxis kann man dabei so vorgehen, daß man ein erstes Oberwellendiagramm aufstellt, in dem die Dichte bzw. Häufigkeit der ermittelten Oberwellen pro Oberwellenbandbreite aufgetragen ist und ein zweites Oberwellendiagramm in dem die Amplitudenwerte aufgetragen sind. Durch Verknüpfung dieser beiden Diagramme, beispielweise Multiplikation der über übereinstimmenden Frequenzen liegenden Werte der beiden Digramme erhält man ein drittes Diagramm, das der weiteren Auswertung zugrundegelegt werden kann.In the method described above, an acceleration value / speed diagram was used for the workpiece to be subjected to the relaxation, in which the maxima are determined and the associated harmonics are then calculated. However, there is also the possibility of measuring the harmonics actually occurring in the workpiece and then subjecting these harmonics, which are measured, to the selection criterion described. The measurement of the harmonics can be carried out using known Fourier analysis methods or the like. In practice, it is usually sufficient to determine the harmonic distribution for only a few speeds of the vibrator, because due to the mostly strongly non-linear excitation by the vibrator, not only do harmonics arise from the fundamental frequency, but the excitation takes place anyway in a relatively broad frequency spectrum. If you determine the respective harmonic spectrum for all speeds of the vibrator at which peaks occur when measuring the harmonics, the above procedure can be carried out identically and, because the amplitudes of the harmonics are also obtained when measuring in the harmonic range, these amplitudes can also be obtained still be included in the optimization, with preference given to those harmonics that lead to higher amplitudes. In practice, one can proceed by setting up a first harmonic diagram in which the density or frequency of the determined harmonics per harmonic bandwidth is plotted and a second harmonic diagram in which the amplitude values are plotted. By linking these two diagrams, for example multiplying the values of the two digrams lying above corresponding frequencies, a third diagram is obtained which can be used as a basis for the further evaluation.

Stellt man allerdings bei der Frequenzanalyse gar kein Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm auf, kann natürlich die oben beschriebene Optimierung durch Feststellen des "Verwandtschaftsgrades" nicht durchgeführt werden. Es empfiehlt sich statt dessen hier das Kriterium der gemessenen Amplituden der Oberwellen einzubeziehen.However, if you do not set up an acceleration value / speed diagram at all in the frequency analysis, the optimization described above cannot of course be carried out by determining the "degree of relationship". Instead, it is advisable to include the criterion of the measured harmonic amplitudes here.

Statt des in der Praxis üblicherweise benutzten Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramms kann man natürlich auch ein Amplituden/Drehzahl-Diagramm aufstellen, das auf der Abszisse statt der Beschleunigungswerte die tatsächlichen Amplitudenausschläge des Werkstücks berücksichtigt. Dieses Diagramm ist dem Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm recht ähnlich. Ein etwas anderes Diagramm ist das Verzerrungsfaktor/Drehzahl-Diagramm. Der Verzerrungsfaktor kann durch folgende Formel definiert werden:

Figure imgb0001
Instead of the acceleration values / speed diagram usually used in practice, one can of course also set up an amplitude / speed diagram that takes the actual amplitude deflections of the workpiece into account on the abscissa instead of the acceleration values. This diagram is quite similar to the acceleration / speed diagram. A slightly different diagram is the distortion factor / speed diagram. The distortion factor can be defined using the following formula:
Figure imgb0001

In dieser Formel bedeuten:

  • X (1) = Schwingungsamplitude bei der Anregungsgrundfrequenz,
  • X (k) = Schwingungsamplitude bei der k-ten Harmonischen zur Grundfrequenz,
  • L = Begrenzungszahl als ganze Zahl aus f (max)/F 0), wobei f (max) die oberste Grenze des definierten Oberwellenbereichs (im obigen Beispiel 2.000 Hz) ist, und
  • F 0) die jeweilige Grundfrequenz der Erregung.
In this formula:
  • X ( 1 ) = vibration amplitude at the basic excitation frequency,
  • X ( k ) = vibration amplitude at the kth harmonic to the fundamental frequency,
  • L = limiting number as an integer from f ( max ) / F 0 ), where f (max) is the highest limit of the defined harmonic range (in the example above 2,000 Hz), and
  • F 0 ) the respective basic frequency of the excitation.

Der Verzerrungsfaktor läßt sich über die Analyse des Frequenzspektrums gewinnen, aber auch mit einfachen meßtechnischen Mitteln. Die Frequenzspektrumsanalyse gibt im wesentlichen den Oberwellenanteil einer Schwingung im Verhältnis zum Grundanteil wieder, was ohne weiteres durch eine entsprechende Filteranordnung die für das obige Beispiel bei 100 Hz eine Begrenzung vorsieht, realisiert werden kann. Gegenüber dem Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm hat das Verzerrungsfaktor/Drehzahl-Diagramm den Vorteil, daß es keinen so starken Anstieg zu höheren Frequenzen aufweist (auch ohne Resonanzspitzen hat das Beschleunigungswerte/Drehzahl-Diagramm einen quadratischen Anstieg über der Drehzahl.The distortion factor can be obtained from the analysis of the frequency spectrum, but also with simple measuring means. The frequency spectrum analysis essentially reproduces the harmonic component of an oscillation in relation to the basic component, which can easily be achieved by a corresponding filter arrangement which provides a limitation at 100 Hz for the above example. Compared to the acceleration value / speed diagram, the distortion factor / speed diagram has the advantage that it does not have such a strong increase to higher frequencies (even without resonance peaks, the acceleration value / speed diagram has a quadratic increase over the speed.

Claims (9)

1. A method of operating a machine for the stress relieving of workpieces in which the workpiece is subjected to vibrations of selected speeds of a vibrator and in which the selection of the speeds of the vibrator is taken from a measurement which reproduces the vibratory behaviour of the workpiece upon excitation by the vibrator within its operating range (for instance, 20 Hz to 100 Hz), characterised by the fact that for the individual speeds of the vibrator within its operating range, there are determined, within a defined harmonics range (for instance, 100 Hz to 2000 Hz) the harmonics corresponding to those vibrations in the operating range in which resonances or similar stable states of vibration occur and that, for the stress relieving of the workpiece, those speeds are selected which cause an accumulation of harmonics in the defined harmonics range.
2. A method according to Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the harmonics of the individual resonances (or similar stable states of vibration) lying within the operating range of the vibrator are determined by calculation.
3. A method according to Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the harmonics produced upon excitation within the operating range are determined by measurement.
4. A method according to Claim 3, characterised by the fact that as additional criterion of selection for the accumulation of harmonics in the defined harmonics region the amplitudes of the harmonics are used, in that the density of the harmonics in the harmonics density diagram is evaluated with the corresponding amplitude, for instance multiplied thereby, and the diagram thus obtained is then used for the selection of the operating frequencies.
5. A method according to any of Claims 1 to 4, characterised by the fact that within the harmonics region, windows of the frequency range are formed, in which windows the harmonics falling into them are counted and that, for the determination of the accumulation of harmonics, there are selected those window regions which have the largest number of harmonics, possibly with prior standardization with respect to the statistical distribution.
6. A method according to Claim 5, characterised by the fact that for the harmonics from each selected window region there are taken those speeds from the operating range of the vibrator which are causal for the harmonics and that preference is given to that speed of the vibrator which has produced harmonics in a larger number of selected window regions (family formation).
7. A method according to Claim 6, characterised by the fact that as next speed there is selected that value which has produced harmonics in the sequence of the respective largest number of selected window regions.
8. A method according to Claim 7, characterized by the fact that for the selection of the next speed of rotation the same criterion is used but with the exclusion of those harmonics which were alrady determinative for the selection of the preceding speed.
9. A method according to one of Claim 1to 8, characterised by the fact that the acceleration values or distortion factors which occur on the workpiece are used as the basis for the determination of the resonances or similar stable vibrations or harmonics.
EP86113278A 1986-09-26 1986-09-26 Method for the operation of a machine for stress relief by vibration Expired - Lifetime EP0261273B1 (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86113278T ATE59319T1 (en) 1986-09-26 1986-09-26 METHOD OF OPERATING A MACHINE FOR RELEASING WORKPIECES BY VIBRATION.
DE8686113278T DE3676703D1 (en) 1986-09-26 1986-09-26 METHOD FOR OPERATING A MACHINE FOR RELAXING WORKPIECES BY VIBRATION.
EP86113278A EP0261273B1 (en) 1986-09-26 1986-09-26 Method for the operation of a machine for stress relief by vibration
US07/097,212 US4823599A (en) 1986-09-26 1987-09-15 Method of operating a machine for the stress relief of workpieces by vibration
SU874203415A SU1620051A3 (en) 1986-09-26 1987-09-25 Method of working articles
JP62239082A JPS63303622A (en) 1986-09-26 1987-09-25 Method of operating machine removing stress of work member by vibration
CA000547898A CA1311542C (en) 1986-09-26 1987-09-25 Method of operating a machine for the stress relief of workpieces by vibration
ES8702750A ES2005350A6 (en) 1986-09-26 1987-09-25 Method for the operation of a machine for stress relief by vibration.
KR1019870010612A KR950013283B1 (en) 1986-09-26 1987-09-25 Method of operating a machine for the relaxing of workpieces by vibration
CN87106584A CN1016706B (en) 1986-09-26 1987-09-26 Method for operating a device for relieving stress on a workpiece by vibration

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP86113278A EP0261273B1 (en) 1986-09-26 1986-09-26 Method for the operation of a machine for stress relief by vibration

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0261273A1 EP0261273A1 (en) 1988-03-30
EP0261273B1 true EP0261273B1 (en) 1990-12-27

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EP86113278A Expired - Lifetime EP0261273B1 (en) 1986-09-26 1986-09-26 Method for the operation of a machine for stress relief by vibration

Country Status (10)

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US (1) US4823599A (en)
EP (1) EP0261273B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS63303622A (en)
KR (1) KR950013283B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1016706B (en)
AT (1) ATE59319T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1311542C (en)
DE (1) DE3676703D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2005350A6 (en)
SU (1) SU1620051A3 (en)

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EP0889140A1 (en) * 1997-07-24 1999-01-07 VSR Martin Engineering GmbH Method of operating a machine for the stress relieving of workpieces

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US5242512A (en) * 1992-03-13 1993-09-07 Alloying Surfaces, Inc. Method and apparatus for relieving residual stresses
CN1086469C (en) * 1995-07-14 2002-06-19 布伦特·费利克斯·朱里 Method and apparatus for stress testing and relief
US20060016858A1 (en) * 1998-09-03 2006-01-26 U.I.T., Llc Method of improving quality and reliability of welded rail joint properties by ultrasonic impact treatment
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US20050145306A1 (en) * 1998-09-03 2005-07-07 Uit, L.L.C. Company Welded joints with new properties and provision of such properties by ultrasonic impact treatment
US6338765B1 (en) 1998-09-03 2002-01-15 Uit, L.L.C. Ultrasonic impact methods for treatment of welded structures
US6916387B2 (en) * 2002-05-06 2005-07-12 Howmet Corporation Weld repair of superalloy castings
US8545645B2 (en) * 2003-12-02 2013-10-01 Franklin Leroy Stebbing Stress free steel and rapid production of same
US20050115646A1 (en) * 2003-12-02 2005-06-02 Accelerated Technologies Corporation Stress free steel and rapid production of same
JP2005192194A (en) * 2003-12-05 2005-07-14 Yazaki Corp Communication apparatus and communication system
US7301123B2 (en) 2004-04-29 2007-11-27 U.I.T., L.L.C. Method for modifying or producing materials and joints with specific properties by generating and applying adaptive impulses a normalizing energy thereof and pauses therebetween
CN1317545C (en) * 2004-05-25 2007-05-23 林易人 Parameter detecting method for vibrating-eliminated strain and vibrating welding process and use thereof
US7276824B2 (en) * 2005-08-19 2007-10-02 U.I.T., L.L.C. Oscillating system and tool for ultrasonic impact treatment
US20070068605A1 (en) * 2005-09-23 2007-03-29 U.I.T., Llc Method of metal performance improvement and protection against degradation and suppression thereof by ultrasonic impact
US20070244595A1 (en) * 2006-04-18 2007-10-18 U.I.T., Llc Method and means for ultrasonic impact machining of surfaces of machine components
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EP0889140A1 (en) * 1997-07-24 1999-01-07 VSR Martin Engineering GmbH Method of operating a machine for the stress relieving of workpieces
US6116088A (en) * 1997-07-24 2000-09-12 Vsr Martin Engineering Gmbh Method of operating a machine for stress relieving workpieces

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN87106584A (en) 1988-05-18
SU1620051A3 (en) 1991-01-07
JPS63303622A (en) 1988-12-12
ATE59319T1 (en) 1991-01-15
CA1311542C (en) 1992-12-15
KR880004106A (en) 1988-06-01
KR950013283B1 (en) 1995-11-02
DE3676703D1 (en) 1991-02-07
CN1016706B (en) 1992-05-20
US4823599A (en) 1989-04-25
EP0261273A1 (en) 1988-03-30
ES2005350A6 (en) 1989-03-01

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