EP0088190B1

EP0088190B1 - Pipe or cable burying plough

Info

Publication number: EP0088190B1
Application number: EP82306745A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Alan Richard Reece
Original assignee: BP PLC
Current assignee: BP PLC
Priority date: 1981-12-19
Filing date: 1982-12-17
Publication date: 1988-03-23
Also published as: NO161452B; NO161452C; AU9142882A; AU557934B2; NO824257L; CA1187297A; EP0088190A1; DE3278268D1; JPH0319331B2; JPS58146627A

Description

The present invention relates to a pipe or cable burying plough, more particularly to a plough suitable for use underwater.
Ploughs which have been previously proposed for burying pipes or cables usually consist of a share which forces soil upwards and outwards to form a trench, followed by two parallel faces which hold the soil apart while the cable or pipe is lowered into the bottom of the trench between them. Even though the sides of the share may define a narrow steep sided trench, nevertheless the soil is disturbed and weakened in triangular zones extending upwards on either side of the share. The soil displaced is not returned to the trench in any controlled way with the result that the trench is not completely refilled and the burial depth of the pipe or cable is less than the depth cut by the plough share. The result is that the pipe or cable lies in the bottom of a relatively shallow wide trench filled with loosened and weakened soil, and inadequate protection is obtained.
UK Patent A-844269 (Willner) discloses a plough for cutting a trench and laying a cable in a trench which comprises a V-shaped cutter which cuts and lifts a wedge to form a trench and places the cable in the trench and replaces the wedge of soil. The plough of the present invention is distinguished from this plough by the fact that one of the two cutters is able to move laterally in relation to the other cutter and thus can avoid jamming by rocks or boulders within the sub-sea.
French Patent 2 339 024 describes a plough with two rotating discs as cutters which can both move laterally when encountering a hard obstacle. However this type of plough would not enable a cable to be guided into the trench automatically as the trench as cut would not have a sufficiently straight side to accommodate a stiff cable or pipe.
According to the invention there is provided a plough for burying cable or pipe having least a first and second cutter laterally spaced apart and offset at an angle relative to each other for making two spaced apart cuts in a substrate to form a wedge of material, means for lifting and moving the wedge upwards and sideways to form a trench and means for guiding the cable or pipe into the trench under the lifted wedge characterised in that the first cutter is fixed in relation to the plough body and has an additional cutting edge projecting from its lower extremity adapted to engage the wedge cut by the cutters and the second cutter is able to move laterally relatively to the first cutter.
After the cable or pipe has been .laid and the plough has passed on, the wedge falls back into the trench without assistance and buries the cable or pipe.
Conveniently the plough includes two longitudinally extending side faces located rearwards of the cutters to assist in holding the trench wall apart whilst the cable or pipe is guided into the trench.
Preferably these side faces converge towards their leading ends to form the first of said cutters.
One of the side faces is preferably flat and the convergence is provided by angling or curving the other.
The arrangement can be such that the cable or pipe is passed between the longitudinally extending side faces into the trench under the lifted wedge.
The second cutter is preferably located in front of the first cutter, laterally spaced apart from it and offset at an angle to it.
Preferably the angle between the planes of the first and second cutters is in the range 15 to 45°, most preferably about 30°.
Athird cutter may be included located in front of the first cutter and in line with it.
The second and third cutters may be fixed blades, freely rotating discs, power driven discs, water jets or other means.
The plough is normally intended for operation in a relatively soft substrate such as soil, sand, silt or clay. However, by modifying the second and third cutters to act as saws, the plough can operate in a harder substrate such as rock.
The means for lifting the wedge preferably comprises an inclined plane rising from the additional cutting edge.
The wedge should be given sufficient lift initially to permit sideways movement without jamming against the trench walls.
Cables and pipes frequently contain sections of larger cross section at regular intervals along their lengths. These sections may, for example, be caused by joints or contain amplifiers. Such sections can give rise to problems in burial.
In order to accommodate these enlarged sections the inclined plane can be modified so that it or a continuation thereof, which need not be inclined, can be raised to such a height that the wedge of material is forced up and out of the trench, thereby making room for the enlarged sections.
This can be done, for example, by hinging the inclined plane or its continuation and automatically raising the rear of the hinged section to the height of the trench on receipt of a signal from a detector that the passage of an enlarged section is imminent. After the latter is laid, the rear section drops to its normal level again.
The invention is illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-

Figure 1 is a perspective diagrammatic view of a cable-laying plough.
Figure 2, 3 and 4 show cross-sections through the soil before during and after passage of the plough.

The plough, indicated generally by numeral 1, includes two longitudinally extending side faces 2 and 3, (being faces of a body member 4) face 2 being flat and vertical (but not necessarily so) and face 3 being curved inwardly to meet face 2 and provide a cutting edge 5. Extending through body 4 is a passage 6 through which the cable 7 is passed into the trench under the lifted soil wedge 8.
The plough incorporates a second cutter in the form of a freely rotating disc 9 which together with the cutting edge 5 make two spaced apart cuts in the soil and thereby form a wedge or slice 8. As can be seen from Fig. 2 the cut made by edge 5 is vertical whilst the cut made by disc 9 is inclined to the vertical.
The plough also comprises means for lifting the soil wedge 8 in the form of a horizontal cutting edge 10 and inclined face 11. The inclined face 11 is at the leading end of a wedge shaped member 12 which also has a horizontal surface 13 (which can be slightly inclined if desired).
The plough further includes a beam 14 which connects the body 4 to a supporting structure 15 which conveniently comprises a pair of skids or wheels, one being located on each side. The supporting structure 15 is adjustable by means not shown to control the depth of the cuts. The plough is pulled by a tow rope 16 connected to a hitch point 17 in the form of an eye.
In use the cutters 5 and 9 cut the sides of the soil wedge which is to be lifted by the plough as shown in Fig. 2. The wedge or slice is trapezoidal in section, wider at the top than the bottom, and has one vertical side and one at 30° to the vertical.
Fig. 3 shows the way in which the plough body 4 moves the wedge or slice upward by means of the upper surfaces 11 and 13 on the projection 12 while the side face 3 moves it sideways, to leave room for the plough body 4 to pass through the soil. The detailed geometry of the curved side 3 and lifting surface 11 is arranged so that the soil slice is always lifted sufficiently first to permit sideways movement without jamming against the walls. The flatter is the sloping wall the less the required lift but the greater the amount of soil to be moved. 30° is often a convenient angle but others may be appropriate in particular cases.
Fig. 4 shows that when the plough body 4 moves on, the wedge or slice will fall back on top of the pipe or cable, to fill the trench completely and provide improved protection.
The cutters 5 and 9 should be as narrow and sharp as possible to cut the wedge or slice with the minimum soil disturbance.
It may not be convenient to cut the sides of the trench to the full depth and the lower parts of the wedge walls may be left to crack open. Alternatively water jets projecting forward from the cutting edges 5 and 10 may be used to complete the cutting of the wedge or slice.
The disc cutter 9 making the sloping trench wall can be pivotted about an axis 18 in front of the disc and parallel to the plane of the disc as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 to provide some freedom of movement if an obstacle is encountered.
The advantage of the above illustrated plough is that it handles the wedge in such a way as to reduce the strains in it, and therefore reduce the pulling force. It leaves the cable or pipe beneath soil which has suffered significantly reduced weakening as compared with previously described ploughs.
When the plough is used for laying a cable it will usually be desirable to employ a pivotted curved plate (not shown and known to those skilled in the art as a "dipper") attached to the plough beam 14 to urge the cable into the channel 6 so that the cable emerges from the base of the channel.

Claims

1. A plough (1) for burying cable or pipe (7) having at least a first and second cutter (5 and 9) laterally spaced apart and offset at an angle relative to each other for making two spaced apart cuts in a substrate to form a wedge of material (8), means (11 and 13) for lifting and moving the wedge (8) upwards and sideways to form a trench and means (6) for guiding the cable or pipe (7) into the trench under the lifted wedge (8) characterised in that the first cutter (5) is fixed in relation to the plough body (1) and has an additional cutting edge (10) projecting from its lower extremity adapted to engage the wedge (8) cut by the cutters (5 and 9) and the second cutter (9) is able to move laterally relatively to the first cutter (5).

2. A plough according to claim 1 wherein the plough (1) includes two longitudinally extending side faces (2 and 3) located rearwards of the cutters to assist in holding the trench walls apart whilst the cable or pipe is guided into the trench.

3. A plough according to claim 2 wherein the side faces (2) and (3) converge towards their leading ends to form the first of said cutters (5).

4. A plough according to claim 3 wherein one of the longitudinally extending side faces (2) is flat and the convergence is provided by the other face (3).

5. A plough according to any of claims 2 to 4 wherein the means for guiding the cable or pipe into the trench is formed by a slot (6) between the longitudinally extending side faces.

6. A plough according to any of claims 1 to 5 wherein the second cutter (9) is located in front of the first cutter (5), laterally spaced apart from it and offset at an angle to it.

7. A plough according to claim 6 wherein the angle of offset is in the range 15 to 45°.

8. A plough in accordance with any of claims 6 or 7 which the second cutter (9) is a freely rotating disc.

9. A plough according to any of claims 6, 7 or 8 comprising a third cutter located in front of the first cutter and in line with it.

10. A plough according to claim 9 wherein the second and third cutters are fixed blades, freely rotating discs, power driven discs or water jets.

11. A plough according to claim 9 wherein the second and third cutters are power driven saws adapted to cut through rock.

12. A plough according to any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein the means for lifting the wedge comprises an inclined plane (11) rising from the additional cutting edge (10).

13. A plough according to claim 12 wherein the inclined plane (11) or continuation thereof (13) can be raised to force the wedge of material up out of the trench.