EA034238B1 - Optical microscope - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to optical lens microscopes and can be used in spyglass, optical sights, telescopes, binoculars and other optical devices. It has the greatest efficiency when used in microscopes in case it is necessary to distance it from a specimen to manipulate it more conveniently. The technical result is the ability to change the working segment smoothly to infinity with respective change in magnification, form a direct image, increase the scope of application and ease of use, reduce the size and simplify design of the microscope. The technical result is achieved by introducing an additional lens in the reproducing part of optical microscope that contains illuminating, reproducing and visualizing part, and that additional lens is made with smoothly controlled reciprocating movement along the optical axis.

Description

The invention relates to optical lens microscopes and can be used in telescopes, optical sights, telescopes, binoculars and other optical devices. It has the greatest efficiency in use in microscopes, if necessary, to distance it from the drug in order to more conveniently manipulate it.

The most important characteristic of the consumer properties of microscopes is the ratio of its working distance (distance from the drug plane to the frame of the front lens of the lens) and magnification. Since these two parameters are inversely proportional, it is very important to increase the working distance of the microscope.

The source (altami.ru> Articles> About microscopes) discusses the structure of an optical microscope and its main parts. Unlike a magnifying glass, a microscope has two stages of magnification. The structural parts of the microscope are designed to ensure its operation and obtain a stable, most accurate, enlarged image of the object. The device of a modern microscope is considered, and its main parts are described. Functionally, the microscope device is divided into 3 parts.

1. The lighting part is designed to create a luminous flux that allows you to illuminate the object in such a way that the subsequent parts of the microscope perform their functions very accurately. The illuminating part of the microscope is located behind the object under the lens or in front of the object above the lens. The illuminating part of the microscope design includes a light source (lamp and electric power supply) and an optical-mechanical system (collector, condenser, adjustable iris diaphragm).

2. The reproducing part is designed to reproduce the object in the image plane with the image quality and magnification required for the study. The reproducing part provides the first stage of magnification and is located after the object to the image plane of the microscope. The reproducing part includes a lens and an intermediate optical system. Modern microscopes of the latest generation are based on optical systems of lenses adjusted to infinity. This additionally requires the use of so-called tube systems, which parallel light beams emerging from the lens are collected in the image plane of the microscope.

3. The visualizing part is intended for obtaining a real image of an object on the retina of the eye, film or plate, on the screen of a television or computer monitor with an additional magnification. The imaging part is located between the image plane of the lens and the eyes of the observer. The visualizing part includes a monocular or binocular visual nozzle with eyepieces that work like a magnifier.

Microscope lenses are optical systems designed to build a microscopic image in the image plane with a corresponding increase, resolution of the elements, the accuracy of reproduction in the shape and color of the object of study. They have a complex and expensive optical-mechanical design, which includes several single lenses and components glued from 2 or 3 lenses. Lenses with large magnifications have a very short focal length of 1.5-2.5 mm, which is a big drawback if you need to manipulate the drug.

Known (http://www.laboratorium.dp.ua/item/64) device Universal research microscope MBI-11). The table of this microscope is moved vertically using coaxial coarse and micrometric focusing handles. In addition, the microscope stage has a 180 ° rotation, is centered and has a mechanism for moving the drug in two mutually perpendicular directions with the help of handles placed on one axis. Thanks to these devices, it is possible to determine the size of microobjects with high accuracy. The microscope is equipped with a removable binocular nozzle and a system for changing lenses of a revolving type. This microscope is designed for work in the field of medicine, biology, bacteriology, botany, zoology and other fields of science. The microscope has a built-in light source and a removable mirror, which allows the use of extraneous light sources. A microscope can be used to observe objects in transmitted and reflected light, as well as in mixed lighting, i.e. when illuminating an object from below and above at the same time. In addition, using the MBI-11 microscope, you can photograph objects using microphotonics, which are not provided for in the microscope kit and are purchased separately. The set of lenses and eyepieces attached to the microscope allows you to obtain the following maximum magnifications during visual observations:

in transmitted light - 2700x, in reflected light - 2375x.

This microscope is widely used in nuclear physics in the study of thick-layer emulsions. In this method, a microscopic study of tracks in the interior of the emulsion in the form of centers of blackening left by fast particles is carried out. And since the distance from the surface of the glass photographic plate to the lens at very large magnifications is very small (on the order of fractions of a millimeter), coarse focusing can easily crush a valuable photographic plate, which often happens. In addition, a coordinate grid is applied to the photo layer, in which the nodes are indicated by numbers. When observed through a microscope, the user observes an inverted image of the numbers, which also introduces a certain inconvenience. A removable binocular nozzle wraps the image and creates a double image - for the left and right eyes. However, it has a complex structure, including precision glass prisms. When reflected from the faces of the prisms, a decrease in the contrast and brightness of the image occurs. The system for changing lenses of a revolving type allows only a stepwise change in the degree of increase. In addition, after the next change of lens, it is necessary to direct sharpness each time. This reduces usability, complicates, increases the cost of construction, increases the size of the microscope and degrades image quality.

The design of the school microscope ШМ-1 (http://www.laboratorium.dp.ua/item/66) was chosen as a prototype. The main parts of the school microscope are the base, tube, tube holder, mechanism for the movement of the tube, a stage and a mirror with a fork-shaped holder. The microscope tube is a tube into which interchangeable lenses are screwed in from below, and interchangeable eyepieces are inserted from above. The mechanism of movement of the tube consists of a rack of a gear rack and a gear wheel mating with it. The lighting device of the microscope has a concave mirror on one side and a white celluloid plate on the other. The ability to rotate the mirror around two horizontal axes allows you to best direct the light from the light source to the observed object. The school microscope is a teaching tool in schools for the study of natural sciences and is intended to demonstrate to students various drugs and examine the smallest details of objects that are not visible to the naked eye, with a magnification limit of 50x to 300x.

The main advantage of this device is the simplicity of the device, the absence of deflecting prisms and low cost. The disadvantages include an insufficient degree of increase, the image is inverted, the lack of a preparation, the possibility of only a stepwise change in the degree of increase and a small working interval. The simplest illuminator depends on an external light source and provides operation only in the light.

The objective of the work is to develop a model of an optical microscope with enhanced capabilities compared to the classical model.

The technical result is the ability to smoothly change the working segment to infinity and the corresponding change in magnification, the formation of a direct image, increasing the scope and ease of use, reducing the size and simplifying the design of the microscope.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in an optical microscope containing illuminating, reproducing and visualizing parts, an additional lens is located in the reproducing part, made with the possibility of smoothly controlled reciprocating movement along the optical axis.

An increase in the scope of application is provided by an increase in the working segment from a finite value to infinity, which will allow the use of a microscope as a telescope, theodolite, optical sight or telescope. Also, this scheme can find application in ophthalmology or microsurgery.

The increase in usability is provided by the possibility of considering a direct image, because the proposed optical scheme constructs a direct, not inverted, image, in contrast to the scheme of a traditional microscope. An increase in usability is also provided by an increase in the working length, which allows all kinds of scientific manipulators, probes, and other devices, including, for example, a radioactive source or lighting fixtures, to be placed in the resulting space, which is usually hindered by the small size of the working section of a traditional microscope microscope.

Simplification of the device, reduction in size and cheaper microscope are provided by the ability of the proposed scheme to smoothly change the degree of increase over a wide range, which will allow you to get rid of the system for changing lenses of a revolving type. The ability to form a direct image allows you to get rid of complex prism wrapping systems that degrade the image and increase dimensions.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where:

in FIG. 1 is a diagram of a microscope;

in FIG. 2 is an optical diagram of a microscope with the construction of the ray path;

in FIG. 3 is a diagram of a microscope device in operation;

in FIG. 4 - photograph of the first layout;

in FIG. 5 - photograph of the second layout;

in FIG. 6 - photograph of the third layout;

in FIG. 7 is a photograph of onion skin cells with a slight increase;

Fig. 8 is a photograph of onion skin cells at high magnification.

In FIG. 1 shows a general diagram of a microscope device. Here, on the basis of 1, using the hinge 3, a tube holder 2 is installed with the possibility of tilting to the required angle. The cremallera 4 is fixed motionlessly on the tube holder 2 with its base 5. The cremallera is a known device comprising a base connected to the movable part 6 by a swallow joint

- 2 034238 kin tail and driven in a controlled linear movement by means of a gear rack and gear wheel 7. An outer tube 8 with an additional lens 9 in its lower part is also fixedly mounted on the tube holder 2. The inner tube 10 is placed inside the outer tube 8 with the possibility of controlled movement within it and fixation using friction. The inner tube 10 comprises a lens 11 in its lower part and an eyepiece 12 in the upper part. On the movable part 6 of the rack 4, a stage 13 with the preparation 14 is fixed. The lower illuminator 15 and the upper illuminator 16 are also fixedly fixed on it. The additional lens 9 is arranged for controlled movement along the optical axis. In addition, in another embodiment, it may be possible to control the movement of the eyepiece 12 relative to the lens 11, for example using a similar tube system. This scheme includes only the main nodes of the proposed microscope, it does not exclude and does not limit the use of all modern known nodes and devices designed to improve its functioning. These include, for example, rotary prisms, screw feeds, light filters, diaphragms, photographic attachments with image output to a monitor, binocular attachments, laser illuminators, service devices, etc. It seems promising, for example, to use recently developed ultrasonic motors used in digital cameras for quick focus. The proposed device can be fully automated and computer-controlled.

In FIG. Figure 2 shows the optical scheme of the microscope with the construction of the ray path. The following notation is introduced: f ₁ is the focal length of the additional lens 9, f ₂ is the focal length of the lens 11, f ₃ is the focal length of the eyepiece 12. Object O ₁ corresponds to the preparation 14 of FIG. 1. Here, an additional lens 9 builds a valid image of O ₂ . The lens 11 builds O ₃ - a valid image of O ₂ given by an additional lens. Eyepiece 12 builds O ₄ - an imaginary image of the drug. Obviously, as the foci f1 of the front lens and f2 of the rear lens approach, the drug 14 (O ₁ ) can be moved all the way to infinity. This allows you to use this optical system as a telescope, telescope, or similar devices.

They work with a microscope as follows: in the initial state (Fig. 1), an imaginary image of the drug is examined through the eyepiece 12. The image is formed in accordance with the optical scheme of FIG. 2. For greater convenience, the tube holder 2 is tilted to the desired angle by means of a hinge 3. If it is necessary to change the scale (Fig. 3), the object stage is lowered by means of a rack, as shown by the contour arrow. After that, the inner tube is pulled into the outer tube until the image of the drug appears in the eyepiece. Then produce more accurate focusing with the help of a cremallera, monitor the drug and carry out all the necessary manipulations with it. In the event that other known devices are used in the construction of the microscope, they are used in accordance with their regular work in traditional schemes.

To test the operability of the proposed optical scheme, three working models were made. The first layout was practically the same as that shown in FIG. 1, with the difference that instead of a cremallera, a slide with multiple threads was used, and the object table contained a preparation.

The second layout had a more complex structure, including a rotary prism immediately behind the eyepiece. Thus, the remaining nodes were located horizontally, the movement of the lenses relative to each other was carried out by means of multiple threads. The movement, which serves to remove the drug from the additional lens, had a significant power reserve, greater than on the first layout. The subject table, combined with the illuminator, was quick-detachable, which made it possible to use the layout as a telescope.

In the third layout, a zoom lens was used as an additional lens, and a digital camera was mounted in front of the eyepiece. This model was tested in microphotography, photosniper and telescope modes. On these mockups, the working methodology was worked out and the possibility of obtaining all the claimed technical results was confirmed.

Claims (1)

CLAIM An optical microscope containing a rotating mechanism mounted on the base for the movement of the tube, a tube with a removable eyepiece in its upper part and a replaceable short-focus lens at the bottom, a stage and illuminator, characterized in that between the lens and the stage there is an additional short-focus lens, configured to smooth controlled reciprocating movement along the optical axis.