EA007935B1 - Solar intensified green house complex - Google Patents

Abstract

A solar intensified green house complex relates to agriculture and can be used for growing plants with lesser consumption of electric and thermal energy due to the greater use of solar energy for heating and lighting inner space of the green house premises with simultaneous intensification of plants growth, and in some embodiments with no consumption of electric and thermal energy.The solar intensified green house complex comprises: a base, a transparent heat-insulating dome-shaped surface with circular transparent heat-insulating aperture in the centre, the surface is supported by rests mounted on the base and made of roofing blocks from a light-tight material with low thermal conductivity, with a plurality of through holes in the form of truncated cones or pyramids coated inside by beam-reflecting material facing inside or outside of the transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface by their vertexes, and closed inside and outside by inserts from a transparent material, wherein the surface of said blocks facing inside the transparent heat-insulating dome-shaped surface and free from through and operation holes is coated with the beam-reflecting material, areas with plants being grown, main and auxiliary technological equipment and systems of plants life support arranged inside transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface, helio-absorbing, heat-accumulating reservoir of two capacities, the first of which is filled with water and arranged on the base in the centre of the transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface and co-axially with it, the second is placed inside the first co-axially with it and isolated by sides and from the bottom with a low-conductivity material, and closed from above with transparent heat-insulating material and filled, for instance, with sodium chloride, two light reflectors in the form of truncated pyramids water cooled from the first capacity, or polyhedral truncated pyramids, the first of which with outer side light-reflecting surface is mounted with the vertex downward outside above the transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface co-axially, and the second is hollow with outer and inner side light-reflecting surfaces is mounted co-axially with the first reflector, with the vertex upward, inside the transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface, above the helio-absorbing heat-insulating reservoir, preferably flat beam-reflecting panels are arranged on the adjoining the heat-insulating dome-like surface area, concentrically to it and at least in two concentric rows, each panel is arranged at an outlet member of its two-coordinate turn mechanism with a controllable drive, the base of which is fixed to a supporting rest vertically placed on the ground surface, forming together with said two light reflectors an additional power channel as sun rays stream reflected by beam-reflecting panels, concentrated and directed top-down on the surface of the helio-absorbing , heat-accumulating reservoir, or, if necessary, distributed over the whole surface of the transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface, wherein the controllable drive of the two-coordinate turn mechanisms of the beam-reflecting panels are connected by its inputs to outputs of an automatic control device based on a computer center, electric inputs of which are connected to sensors of temperature medium in capacities of helio-absorbing, heat-accumulating reservoir and in space under the transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface, to sensors of wind speed and direction, to sensors of coordinate position of two-coordinate turn mechanisms of the beam-reflecting panels.The technical result of the invention is aimed at reducing thermal and electric power consumption from outer sources, at simultaneous intensification of plants growth due to more intensive use of solar energy for heating and lighting of the inner space of the transparent heat-insulating dome-like surface.

Description

The proposed technical solution relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to greenhouses for growing plants, and can be used in the construction of greenhouse complexes in which heating and lighting of their internal space is carried out through the expanded use of solar radiation energy.

Similar technical solutions are known, see, for example, patent RU No. 2066526, which contains:

base;

a translucent heat-insulating shell made in the form of a ball with a hole in the lower part and mounted on supports mounted vertically on the base;

circular trays for hydroponic cultivation of plants, made in the form of sections and placed inside the ball;

scaffolds for plant care and maintenance of hydroponic plants installed around the perimeter of circular trays;

a complex of engineering systems for plant life support: additional radiation, mineral nutrition, heat supply, ventilation, and others;

ladders connecting the tiers of circular trays to each other.

Common features of the proposed technical solution and the above-described analogue are the base, a translucent heat-insulating shell mounted on supports mounted vertically on the base, areas with cultivated plants, basic equipment and plant life support systems, placed inside a translucent heat-insulating shell.

The technical result, which cannot be achieved by the above analogue, is to reduce the external and external consumed electric and thermal energy while intensifying plant growth due to the expanded use of solar radiation energy for heating and uniform and more intense illumination of the interior of the greenhouse.

The reason for the impossibility of achieving the technical result indicated above is that the energy of the sun's rays falling on the surface of the greenhouse facing the sun is not enough to heat the internal volume and evenly illuminate the entire working area of the greenhouse, due to the presence of shadow zones created by plants and equipment located inside the greenhouse, as well as due to significant heat loss through its translucent coating.

A similar technical solution is also known (see Autobahn. USSR No. 430822), which is selected as a prototype and which contains a frame made of reinforced concrete uprights, vertically mounted on the base around the circumference relative to the central support, and gable symmetrical corner arches, fixed with ends on racks angles up;

anchor fasteners, vertically mounted on the base concentrically from the outside with respect to the frame in the alignments “central support - upright”, “central support - the apex of the angle of the gable arch”;

cables (steel cables), radially stretched between the central support and anchor fasteners and placed in pipes resting on the frame posts or on the tops of the corners of the gable corner arches;

a two-layer translucent heat-insulating coating forming a roof of gable sections mounted on cables and corner arches, with cavities between the inner and outer layers and with openings on the inner layers at the central support;

a two-layer translucent heat-insulating sectionalized coating of the side wall, fixed to the base, uprights and corner arches with cavities between the outer and inner layers and with openings in each section on the inner layers at the base;

air-heating units installed inside each section at the corner arches and connected with their suction pipes to the cavities in the sections of the side wall, and with the discharge pipes, to the cavities in the sections of the roof;

areas with cultivated plants, plant life support systems located inside the greenhouse.

The common features of the prototype and the proposed technical solution are the heliotransmitting space components, the translucent heat-insulating roof and side walls, which together form the translucent heat-insulating coating, bearing supports (racks), vertically mounted on the base, on which the coating is fixed, areas with cultivated plants, basic equipment and auxiliary technological funds placed inside the coating.

The technical result, which cannot be achieved by means of the prototype, is to reduce the external and electrical energy consumed while intensifying plant growth due to the expanded use of solar energy for heating and uniform and more intense illumination of the interior of the greenhouse.

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The reason for the impossibility of achieving the result indicated above is that the energy of sunlight falling on the surface of the greenhouse facing the sun is not enough to heat the internal volume and evenly illuminate the entire working area of the greenhouse (especially in the morning and evening) due to the presence of shadow areas created by plants and equipment inside the greenhouse, as well as due to significant heat loss through its translucent coating.

Given the characteristics and analysis of known similar technical solutions, we can conclude that the task of creating greenhouse complexes with reduced consumption of electric and thermal energy due to the expanded use of solar energy for heating and lighting the interior of the greenhouse while stimulating plant growth is still relevant today .

The technical result indicated above is achieved by the fact that the solar intensified greenhouse complex, comprising the components of the helioconversion working space, is a translucent heat-insulating coating, in particular a dome-shaped coating mounted on bearing supports mounted vertically on the base, areas with cultivated plants, basic equipment and auxiliary technological means , ensuring the functioning of the named complex according to its designation, is additionally about it is equipped with a heliopaque heat storage tank, two light reflectors in the form of truncated cones, beam reflecting panels with one or two coordinate pivoting mechanisms with controllable actuators and position sensors, light sensors in different zones of the working space, air temperature and working sensors in the heliopaque heat storage tank, direction sensors and wind speed and a computer center used as a beam-reflecting position management system panels and technological parameters in geliopreobrazuyuschem workspace.

The translucent heat-insulating coating is made of roofing blocks, through which an array of through holes is formed in the form of truncated cones or pyramids with vertices in or out. The lateral surface of the holes and the surface of the blocks facing the inside of the helioconversion space and not occupied by through technological holes are covered with a reflective material. Conical or pyramidal through holes in the blocks at both ends are covered with a thin translucent material. In this case, the axis of the holes in the outer layer of the roofing blocks can be made at an angle of 10 to 40 ° to the axis of the holes of the inner layers of the roofing blocks.

The blocks are made using a lightproof material with low thermal conductivity, for example, from composites (foam polyurethane reinforced with a metal mesh, or carbon fiber, or carbon foam plastic), or ceramic foam, foam aluminum, foam glass, single-layer, or three-layer, where the extreme layers are made of concrete or plastic and reinforced, and the middle is made of heat-insulating material of particularly high efficiency, for example, polyurethane foam, and heat-insulating air cavities can be created between the layers.

In the center of the domed coating coaxially with it, a continuous circular opening can be made, closed with two layers of thin translucent material with an air cavity between them.

Under the coating, in its center, on the base there is a heliopaque heat storage tank of two containers filled with dissimilar substances, in particular, the first one and sodium chloride - the second one, and the second one is placed inside the first one and is insulated on the sides and bottom in the first container with material with low thermal conductivity, and from above - from the internal environment of the helioconverting space - with a translucent heat-insulating coating.

A reflector in the form of a vertical hollow truncated truncated cone with its top pointing upward is placed over the helium-absorbing heat-accumulating reservoir, with its top facing upwards, the inner and outer side surfaces of which are covered with ray-reflecting material, and a second reflector in the form of a truncated truncated cone with its top downward is installed on the outside, above the coating, at its center. the outer side surface of which is also covered with reflective material. In special versions of the solar intensified greenhouse complex, a reflector mounted above a translucent heat-insulating coating is provided with a reflective coating on the inner surface and may take the form of a multifaceted truncated pyramid, the faces of which are laid along the surface of a light-transmitting coating in a hurricane wind. Both reflectors are predominantly equipped with heat exchangers for a cooling system for reflective surfaces, for example, water from the first tank of a solar-absorbing heat storage tank pumped through heat exchanger tubes by circulation pumps in a ring circuit.

On the territory adjacent to the translucent heat-insulating coating, mainly two flat concentric rows are arranged in two concentric rows, each of which is installed on the output link of a single-axis or two-axis rotary mechanism, which allows the panel to rotate in horizontal and / or vertical planes by an angle, tentatively, up to 180 °, and the base of which is fixed in the upper part of the support stand, installed on the ground.

Beam-reflecting panels are made single, in the form of rectangles elongated in the horizontal direction, with fastening on the output link of a one-coordinate pivoting mechanism by means of brackets and profiles without balancing, or double in the form of a pair of rectangular frames with mounting on the output link of a two-coordinate pivoting mechanism on both sides of the support racks, symmetrically relative to it, by means of a cross-beam, brackets and profiles, and balancing with slings, the lower ends of which are fixed by m of pendants with rotation supports on the cross member, and the upper ones - on the upper end of the additional rack, vertically mounted, in particular on the intermediate link of the two-coordinate mechanism.

The computer center, used in the proposed technical solution as a control system, is connected by its inputs to the sensors listed above, and the outputs are connected to the inputs of the motion parameters of the controlled drives of the rotary mechanisms of the reflective panels, to the control inputs of the heating, ventilation and other basic equipment and auxiliary technological means ensuring the functioning of the named complex according to its designation.

Equipping the proposed solar intensified greenhouse complex with a heat-insulating, in particular a dome-shaped coating with an array of through holes coated inside with reflective material, and beam-reflecting panels with one or two coordinate rotary mechanisms, as described above, makes it possible due to the additional light flux reflected by the panels and diffused by the side surfaces holes in a translucent heat-insulating coating, create in the space under the last effect “light from everywhere ”, thereby eliminating the shadow zones while increasing the total amount of light falling on the cultivated plants, as well as achieve a reduction in heat loss.

The shape of the holes in the heat-insulating domed coating, as well as the presence of a reflective coating on the inner surfaces of the holes and the domed coating itself, significantly increases the intensity of the light supplied to the plants. The increase in the total amount of light falling on the plants, and its uniform distribution provides a more intensive growth of plants and reduces the time of their cultivation. Moreover, if strengthening the uniformity of light scattering inside the translucent heat-insulating coating is required, the conical or pyramidal holes in the roofing blocks are oriented outwards with their vertices. If it is necessary to increase the amount of solar energy inside it, the latter are oriented with their peaks inward.

Equipping the proposed solar intensified greenhouse complex with two conical, in particular, water-cooled reflectors described above, a solar-absorbing heat storage tank and radiation-reflecting panels with automatically controlled rotary mechanisms makes it possible to concentrate, accumulate and store in working fluids with high heat capacity that fill the solar-absorbent storage tank significant amount of heat coming from solar radiation I eat during the day, especially at noon, which provides, on the one hand, more uniform illumination of plants during the day by natural light, and, on the other, the use of the noon maximum of solar radiation to satisfy the complex's heat and electric energy due to heat accumulated in the working media of a helioplastic heat storage tank and then used in heating systems (hot water in the first tank of the helioconverting tank) and electricity generation (heat a power plant that consumes hot steam from a steam generator associated with a second capacity of a heat-absorbing heat storage tank).

The computer center, used in the proposed technical solution as a control system, generates control actions individually for each automated drive of the rotary mechanisms of the reflective panels, necessary for the reflection of sunlight from the panels on a conical reflector located above the translucent coating, or on the surface of the coating itself, as well control actions for heating, ventilation and other basic equipment and auxiliary hardware, from data on the geographical position of the complex, current astronomical time, geodetic coordinates of the position on the area of each beam-reflecting panel, a conical reflector above the coating dome, coverage sizes, as well as current data from the outputs of sensors placed inside and outside the reflective heat-insulating coating, weather forecasts and production plans.

The following drawings and diagrams explain the device and the principles of operation of the technical solution.

FIG. 1 is a general view of a separate variant of a solar intensified greenhouse complex.

FIG. 2 - domed coverage of the complex, as an example of a possible implementation.

FIG. 3a, 3b show the construction of a three-layer roofing block in the embodiment of the direction of the vertices of conical or pyramidal openings outward.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a ray path in a cone-shaped, through hole of direct radiation from the outside to the inside and partially reflected back from the inside.

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FIG. 5 is a diagram of the formation of the “light from everywhere” effect.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of the path of rays with a single reflection from the panels at the "high" Sun.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of the path of rays with double reflection from the panels at the "low" Sun.

FIG. 8 is a general view of a single beam-reflecting panel.

FIG. 9 is a general view of a dual beam-reflecting panel.

FIG. 10 is a structural functional diagram of a control system.

FIG. 11 is a geometric drawing for determining the current values of the coordinates φ _μ φ ₂ as functions of the original independent variables.

In FIG. 1-10 is indicated:

- base;

- translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped according to an example coating;

- bearing supports;

4, 5 - areas with cultivated plants, basic equipment and auxiliary technological means;

- an external conical reflector with an external lateral reflective surface;

- inner cone-shaped reflector with inner and outer lateral reflective surfaces;

- the first capacity of a solar-absorbing heat storage tank, filled, as an example, with water;

- the second tank of a solar-absorbing heat storage tank, filled, as an example, with sodium chloride;

- reflective panels of the inner concentric row;

- reflective panels of the outer concentric row;

- translucent heat-insulating coating of the second capacity of the solar heat-absorbing reservoir 9;

- translucent heat-insulating coating, as an example of implementation, of a circular opening at the top of the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2;

- bearing farm;

- the lights of a sun;

- rays reflected from the reflective panels 10, 11 to the outer cone-shaped reflector 6;

- rays reflected by an external cone-shaped reflector 6 onto a solar-absorbing, heat-storage tank;

- inner layer of concrete;

- the outer layer of concrete;

- heat insulating layer of polyurethane foam;

- metal reinforcement in concrete layers 18 and 19;

- reflective coating;

- inserts of thin translucent material on the outside of the block;

- an insert of thin translucent material on the inside of the block.

25, 26 - rays of light incident on the reflective side surface of the through hole outside of the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2;

- a beam of light reflected on the reflective side surface of the through hole from the inside of the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2;

- the lights of a sun;

- rays reflected by the reflective panels 10, 11 on the surface of the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2;

- rays scattered by the reflective coating 22 on the side surfaces of the through holes of the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2;

α, α ₁ , α ₂ are the angles between the plane of the reflective panel and the incident rays, and between the plane of the reflective panel and the reflected rays;

β is the angle of ascent of the reflected beam 16;

(2α - β) is the angle of incidence of the sun's rays 15 relative to the horizon;

- the width of the light flux incident on the beam-reflecting panel 11 from the Sun;

S ₀ - the width of the reflective panels 10, 11;

H - installation height of the outer cone-shaped reflector 6;

L is the distance from the installation location of the reflective panel 11 to the midline on the reflective surface of the outer cone-shaped reflector 6;

- rays reflected from the beam-reflecting panel 10 to the beam-reflecting panel 11;

5 ₂ - the width of the light flux incident on the beam-reflecting panel 10 from the Sun;

- the width of the light flux reflected on the outer cone-shaped reflector 6;

- 4 007935 hi, h ₂ - the installation height of the reflective panels 10, 11 of the outer and inner concentric rows, respectively;

- bearing rack;

- the base of the two-axis rotary mechanism;

- intermediate link two-axis rotary mechanism;

- output link of a two-axis rotary mechanism;

- mounting brackets;

- supporting profile of fastening;

- paws of fastening;

- frame reflecting panels 10, 11;

- reflective material;

φ1, φ2 - coordinates of the movement of the two-axis rotary mechanism;

- bearing rack;

- the base of the two-axis rotary mechanism;

- intermediate link two-axis rotary mechanism;

- output link of a two-axis rotary mechanism;

- mounting bracket;

- bearing fastening profiles;

- suspension of rotation;

- balancing slings;

- additional rack;

- rectangular frame;

- polymer threads;

- reflective material;

10, 11 (PL ₁ - PL _P ) - reflective panels (Fig. 10);

53, 54 (Др) - sensors of the angular position of the output link coordinates of the two-axis rotary mechanism;

55-61 (P ₁ -P ₇ ) - gear drives;

62-72 (M ₁ -M _p ) - electric motors of drives;

73, 74 (DS) - speed sensors of rotation of electric motors 62, 63 (M1, M2);

75-78 (KP) - electric drive controllers;

79, 80 (UM) - power amplifiers;

81, 82 (PC) - speed controllers;

83, 84 (RP) - position regulators;

85-94 (KDU) - remote controllers;

95, 96 (DT ₁ - DT _t ) - temperature sensors;

97, 98 (DO ₁ - DO |. _:) - light sensors;

(DNV) - wind direction sensor;

100 (DSV) - wind speed sensor;

101, 102 - (DVV ₁ - DVVD - air humidity sensors;

103-107 - sensors of the initial position of actuators;

108-112 - sensors of the final position of the actuators;

113 (RPDS) - duplex radio transmitter;

114, 115 (remote control) - remote controls;

116 (KC) - computer center;

117 (USO) - communication device with the object;

118 (MS) - communication modem;

119 (K) - a computer with application software (PPO);

120 (ON) - operator panel;

121 - crossover device;

122, 123 - pumps for transporting liquid media.

Electric motors 65, 66 (M ₄ , M ₅ ), gearboxes 58, 59 (P ₄ , P ₅ ) related to auxiliary equipment are designed to control ventilation dampers (dampers are not shown in Fig. 10); electric motors 67, 68 (M6, M7) of the fan drives (fans in Fig. 10 are not indicated); electric motors 69, 70 (M8, M9), gearboxes 60, 61 (P6, P7) are designed to control valves of water supply and heating systems (valves in Fig. 10 are not shown); electric motors 71, 72 (M ₁₀ , M11) are designed to control pumps 122, 123 transporting liquid media.

In FIG. 11 is a geometric drawing for calculating the current values of the coordinates φ ₁ , φ _{2 of the} motion of the two-coordinate rotary mechanisms of the reflective panels, as functions of the original independent variables with the following notation:

- 5 007935 nFAK - circular arc of a circular row of the location of the reflective panels;

A is the position point of a particular beam-reflecting panel;

In - a point on the ray of the sun;

B 'is the projection of point B on the horizontal plane; C is the point of intersection of the reflected beam with the vertical axis of the translucent heat-insulating domed coating; C is the projection of point C on the horizontal plane; M - the intersection point of the bisector of the angle ZBAC with the side BC of the triangle AABS;

M 'is the projection of the point M on the horizontal plane;

G - azimuthal direction to the Sun;

R is the azimuthal direction of the reflected beam;

N - direction to the geographical north;

X - direction to the geographical south;

O - direction to the geographical east;

W - direction to the geographical west;

Z is the direction of the vertical;

β is the angle of the reflected beam in the vertical plane; λ is the angle of the Sun in a vertical plane; y _NG is the azimuth of the sun;

y _NR is the azimuth of the reflected beam;

Ygr is the angle between the azimuthal direction of the reflected beam and the azimuthal direction to the Sun;

θ is the azimuth of the reflecting panel A from the central axis of the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating;

φι is the angle of rotation of the reflective panel in the horizontal plane; φ ₂ - the angle of rotation of the reflective panel in a vertical plane.

Solar intensified greenhouse complex according to the proposed technical solution is arranged and works as follows.

The heat-insulating translucent, in this example, dome-shaped coating 2, mounted on bearing supports 3, mounted vertically on the base 1, and bearing trusses 14, resting their ends on the said supports, are assembled from roofing blocks (Fig. 3). In the working space, inside the domed cover, there are areas 4 with cultivated plants, basic equipment and auxiliary technological means 5, which ensure the functioning of the complex according to its design purpose.

Additionally, inside the dome-shaped coating, in its center, a helioplastic heat-storage tank of two containers is installed. The first of them 8 is installed in the center of the dome-shaped coating on the base 1 and filled with water, and the second 9 is installed inside the first, in its center, filled in this case with sodium chloride and insulated on the sides and bottom of the water filling the first tank with a low thermal conductivity material and from above, from the surrounding air environment, with a translucent heat-insulating coating 12.

Here, above and coaxially with the heat-absorbing heat-storage tank, a reflector 7 is installed in the form of a hollow truncated cone with its top upward, the inner and outer side surfaces of which are covered with reflective material, and the upper and lower bases are open.

In the center of the dome-shaped coating, at its apex, above the cone-shaped reflector, a circular aperture 13 is made, closed with its uniform translucent heat-insulating coating. This opening may also be made by means of said roofing blocks.

On the outside of the translucent dome-shaped coating, one more reflector 6 in the form of a truncated cone with the top downward, the outer side surface of which is also covered with reflective material, is installed coaxially with the internal conical reflector 7.

Both reflectors 6, 7 are equipped with heat exchangers for the cooling system, in this example, water from the first tank 8 of a solar-absorbing heat storage tank pumped through the heat exchanger tubes by circulation pumps 122, 123 in a ring circuit (heat exchangers and pipelines are not shown in the drawings).

On the territory adjacent to the translucent heat-insulating coating, coaxially and concentrically to it, in two circular rows are placed flat beam-reflecting panels 10, 11, mounted on the output links of the two-coordinate rotary mechanisms installed by supporting racks on the base 1, (Fig. 8, 9). In a more general case, the reflecting (beam-guiding) panels can be located at different distances, using the features of a particular area. They can be placed below the soil surface, in particular, in artificial trenches of a sufficiently large length, they can be protected from the effects of wind by a translucent wind-resistant material, they can be fixed on the threads between two automatically controlled traverses and

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etc.

The reflective panels 10,11 together with the outer 6 and inner 7 cone-shaped reflectors form an additional wide-format energy channel in the form of a stream of sunlight 16, reflected and concentrated by the reflective panels 10, 11 and directed by the reflectors 6 and 7 to the helioplastic surface of the container 9 with sodium chloride. The optical characteristics and geometric dimensions of the cone-shaped reflectors and beam-reflecting panels, their possible amount, allow you to collect and concentrate on the surface of sodium chloride, according to the example, in the tank 9, the necessary amount of radiant energy, sufficient to heat the salt to temperatures above its melting temperature. A high value of the heat capacity of the phase transition of sodium chloride and its amount, placed in the tank 9, allows you to accumulate a significant amount of thermal energy during daylight hours. Thermal insulation of the bottom and side surfaces of the container 9 and its translucent heat-insulating coating 12 prevents the dissipation of heat accumulated in the volume of salt, thereby providing the necessary duration of its storage. The volume of salt or other high-temperature heat-accumulating material (for example, paraffin) can be sufficient to store and transfer thermal energy to the internal cavity of the greenhouse during all winter months, especially in the case of creating a parallel tank 9 underground, in separate thermal insulation and, possibly, with other heat storage material. In this case, both parts of the tank 9 are connected by a heat exchange system.

The water “jacket” around the container 9, formed by water filling the container 8, provides additional thermal insulation for the container 9, since the water has a very low thermal conductivity, and, in addition, utilizes the heat penetrating from the container 9 through its bottom and side surfaces, which is used in heating and hot water systems.

The heat accumulated in the tank 9 during daylight hours or many days is used to produce steam using water, in particular from the tank 8 and hot air, for example, in the processing of vegetables, as well as to generate electricity for both own needs and for other consumers.

A translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2 made according to the proposed technical solution from roofing blocks with through holes (Fig. 3), the inner side surfaces of which are covered with a reflective material 22, and the ends on both sides are closed by inserts 23, 24 of a thin translucent material, can reduce the integral light transmission for direct solar radiation 28 incident directly on the outer surface of the light-transmitting heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2, which makes it possible to “cut off” the midday peak of solar radiation in hot weather, and the presence of reflective panels 10, 11 mounted on rotary mechanisms with controllable drives can guarantee by optimal distribution of reflected solar radiation 29 over the surface of a translucent heat-insulating coating 2 in any the zone inside it, and in particular, to concentrate the required amount of solar energy on the heat accumulator - through the surface of the tank 9.

The holes in the roofing blocks according to the proposed technical solution, due to the specifics of the optical properties of light reflection from their inner side surfaces, can in this case convert unidirectional radiation at the entrance to the hole into diffused in different directions at its exit, due to which, taking into account the illumination in close to horizontal the direction from different sides from the reflective panels 10, 11, in the working space under the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2 creates I have the effect of "light everywhere."

The beam pattern shown in FIG. 4 shows that the rays 25, 26 incident on the translucent heat-insulating coating 2 from the outside, even at an acute angle to the surface of the roof block, ultimately, after repeated reflections from the inner side surface, end up inside the translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating 2, changing its original direction .

The presence of translucent inserts at the inlet 23 and the outlet 24 of the holes and the air cushion between them and the construction of a three-layer roofing unit with two outer layers 18, 19 of reinforced concrete 21 and an inner layer 20 of material with low thermal conductivity, for example, polyurethane foam, provides a translucent heat-insulating Coating 2 generally has a high degree of thermal insulation while maintaining high light transmission, sufficient strength and relatively low weight.

The use of roofing blocks with curved axes of conical or pyramidal openings makes it possible to optimize the use of direct solar radiation incident directly on the surface of the heat-insulating light-permeable coating 2 and to increase the efficiency of using radiation reflected from the light-reflecting panels, for which the light-permeable heat-insulating coating 2 can be made of roofing blocks with different execution of the shape of the holes depending on the installation location of the roofing blocks.

The northern sector of the translucent heat-insulating coating 2 is located in the shadow zone

- 7 007935 direct solar radiation, therefore, this part of the said coating 2 is oriented mainly to the reception of radiation reflected from the reflective panels. Why roofing blocks forming the lower, vertical, part of the northern sector of the above-mentioned coating 2, can be made with holes, the axes of which are straight and perpendicular to the outer surface of the roofing blocks, and roofing blocks forming the upper part of this sector can be made with holes, axes which have a kink in the outer layer, oriented when the blocks are mounted downward, which improves the conditions for receiving rays reflected from ray-reflecting panels located in the northern sector.

The eastern and western sectors of the aforementioned coating 2 are located in the zones of the “low” Sun, while the average maximum of the radiation received by these sectors is shifted southward, therefore, the roof blocks from which these sectors are made may have a kink in the axes of the holes oriented during their installation towards the south.

The southern sector of the aforementioned coating 2, located in the "high" Sun, in the lower, vertical, part can be made of roofing blocks having a kink of the axes of the holes, oriented upwards, and in the upper part - of roofing blocks with straight axes of the holes .

In the diagram of FIG. 1 it is clearly seen that the reflecting panels 10, 11, located on the side of the Sun (in Fig. 1, on the right), from the point of view of optics, are in worse conditions than the panels located on the opposite, shadow side (in Fig. 1, on the left) , since the angle of incidence of the rays 15 on their ray-reflecting surface is sharp enough, which somewhat reduces the efficiency of their use.

The circuit of FIG. 6 shows that the efficiency of using the area of the reflecting panel 11, determined by the ratio S ₁ / S ₀ = sina, does not exceed 0.5 even at a rather high position of the Sun, when the angle (2α-β) <60 °, because it’s real the angle P ~ tgP = (Hh) / L is quite small and in this case it can be ignored.

In this case, it is advisable to use the double reflection scheme according to FIG. 7, for which the efficiency of using the total area of a pair of reflective panels 10, 11 is determined by the expression S ₁ / 2S ₀ = l / 2sina, and which is especially effective at a very low position of the Sun, when a ₁ and a tend to π / 2, and S ₂ / 2S ₀ = l / 2 sinal tends to 0.5.

In FIG. Figure 8 shows a general view of a single beam reflecting panel of medium size for greenhouse complexes of medium production capacity. To get a more detailed idea of its structure, a view from the side where the main components of the structure are located is presented here.

At the upper end of the support strut 32, mounted vertically and fixed with its lower end on the base 1, the base of the two-axis rotary mechanism 33 is fixedly fixed, inside which are placed the electric motors M ₁ and M ₂ (62, 63) with rotational speed sensors ДС ₁ and ДС ₂ ( 73, 74), respectively (see Fig. 10).

The motor shafts are rigidly connected to the input shafts of the gearboxes P ₁ and P ₂ (55, 56) of the coordinates φ ₁ and φ ₂ . The output shafts of the gearboxes P ₁ and P ₂ (55, 56) are kinematically connected with the output links 34 and 35 of the coordinates φ ₁ and φ _2, respectively.

At the output link 35 of the coordinate φ2 by means of brackets 36, a bearing profile 37 and mounting legs 38, a flat rectangular panel 39 is fixed with a reflective material 40 on the front, working side. The output links 34 and 35 of the coordinates φ ₁ and φ ₂ are also rigidly connected to the shafts of the coordinate position sensors, the housings of which are fixed on the basis of the two-axis rotary mechanism 33 and the intermediate link 34, respectively.

The electric motor M ₁ (62) through the gearbox P ₁ (55) rotates its output link of the coordinate φ ₁ with its rotation, and with it the beam-reflecting panel 10 in the horizontal plane, and M ₂ (63) rotates the output link through the gearbox P ₂ (56) 35 coordinates φ ₂ , and with it the reflective panel 10 in a vertical plane. The rotation of the electric motors is controlled from the computer center KC (116) through standard controllers of the drive KP (75, 76, 78, 79), (Fig. 10). Of course, hydraulic drives can be used instead of electric drives.

For greenhouse complexes of large production capacity, this technical solution provides for double beam-reflecting panels of large size, the design of which is shown in FIG. nine.

The design of the two-axis rotary mechanism of the double beam-reflecting panel, its kinematics and control principle are completely identical to the similar unit of the single beam-reflecting panel, adjusted for the dimensions of the mechanism, the power of the electric motors M ₁ , M ₂ (62, 63) and the controllers of the gearbox drives (75, 76, 77, 78 )

The dual beam-reflecting panel differs from the single design of the beam-reflecting units and their fastening on the output link of the two-axis rotary mechanism.

The beam-reflecting unit, according to this example, is made in the form of a pair of identical rectangular frames 50, vertically elongated, with two layers of polymer filaments 51, stretched in mutually perpendicular directions, parallel to the sides of the frames 50. A beam-reflector is placed between the layers of filaments 51 material 52. Both frames 50 by means of the supporting profiles 46 and brackets 45 are rigidly fixed to the output link (cross member) 44, elongated in the horizontal direction, and balanced using slings 48, fixed with their lower ends by means of rotational suspensions 47 at the output link 44 of the two-axis rotary mechanism, evenly along its length, and the upper ends - on an additional strut 49, vertically mounted on the intermediate link 43 of the two-axis rotary mechanism.

The angles of rotation of the coordinates φ ₁ and φ ₂ necessary for the implementation of a specific technological task of controlling reflected beams are determined by the following initial data (see Fig. 11):

AC '- the radius of the circumference of the circular row of the location of the reflective panels;

CC '- the height of the point of intersection of the reflected beam with the vertical axis of the translucent heat-insulating domed coating;

θ; Ynr _ angular values constant for each beam-reflecting panel are set during design and are specified during installation;

λ; Y _NG _ the angular values of the position of the Sun are calculated based on the geographical position of point C on the Earth's surface (latitude and longitude), date of the year (month, day) and time of day (hours, minutes, seconds).

In order for the reflected beam from the reflecting panel A to be directed in a given direction along the AC line, it is necessary and sufficient to combine the normal to the center of the surface of the reflecting panel A with the bisector AM of the angle BAC between the incident VA and the reflected AC beams. To do this, taking the initial position of the reflective panel such a position that the normal to the center of the surface of the reflective panel coincides with the AC line, it is enough to rotate the reflective panel in horizontal and vertical planes at an angle φ1 and φ2, respectively.

Taking to simplify the analysis the position of point B so that AB = AC, we get BM = MS and B'M '= M'C', and also, considering that ^ ⁼ ac ^; ^ AC ' ^{cos /}} = ac AC = -J (AC') ² + (CC) ² ;

AB '= ABxcosA; BB '= ABxsinA; j _M f ₌ B ^ + CC. AB'xsinZB ^, AM '= ACxsiaZM'AC;

as a result of simple conclusions, we obtain:

, sin /? + sin2 (p ₂ = arctg ----------------.

Jcos ^ /? + 2cos /? XcosZxcos / ^ + co ^ λ

The work of the solar intensified greenhouse complex as a whole is organized as follows.

In the memory of computer K (119) (Fig. 10), data on the geographical position of the complex (geographical latitude and longitude), geometric parameters of its components (diameter and height of a light-transmitting heat-insulating coating 2, installation height of the upper cone-shaped reflector 6, are entered as initial data for permanent storage) , h _1, h ₂ lucheotrazhayuschih installation height panels 10, 11), and geodetic coordinates of a location of each of lucheotrazhayuschih panels 10, 11 relative to the translucent heat insulating coating center 2 etc., as well as daily, as initial data of an operational nature, data on current planned activities, a short-term weather forecast, the necessary climatic parameters and lighting conditions in the workspace under a translucent heat-insulating coating 2 for the next day (day) are entered in K (119) .

In addition, in K (119) there are non-volatile quartz watches counting the current time - month, day, hours, minutes and seconds.

To control the current values of the parameters of the regulated modes and characteristics of the controlled objects, the complex is equipped with sensors 95-112 and actuators indicated on the functional diagram.

Information from the outputs of the above sensors in the form of electrical signals through a cross-over device 121 is fed to the computer center of the control center (116) to the inputs of the communication device with the USO devices (117), where it is converted to digital form and transmitted via digital channels to computer K (119).

Computer K (119) of the KC computer center (116) periodically, with a small time interval, calculates the angular coordinates of the current position of the Sun, (azimuth y _NG and elevation angle λ) from the data on the current time and geographical location of the complex, then the current time point of the temperature and humidity conditions in the working space, current temperature and humidity inside the translucent heat-insulating coating 2 and in the external surrounding space, wind direction and speed, temperature The medium level in the capacities of the heliopads, heat storage tank and the data of the short-term weather forecast determines the operating mode for each beam-reflecting panel (reflection of rays on the upper conical reflector 6 or in the specified zone of the light-transmitting heat-insulating coating 2, work with single or double reflection), based on which, taking into account the geodetic coordinates of the position of each specific beam-reflecting panel, translucent heat-insulating coating 2 and the upper conical reflector 6, as well as current rdinat sun's position, calculates necessary at a given time actual values of angular coordinates φι and φ ₂ turning mechanisms for each lucheotrazhayuschey panel and digital channels conveys them ODR (117) where they are converted from digital to analog electrical signals and corresponding outputs USO (117) are received via communication lines to the inputs of RP position regulators (83, 84) of the KP variable-speed drive controllers (75, 76, 77, 78) as signals for setting the current position of the coordinates of the rotary mechanisms of the reflective panel .

An adjustable coordinate drive of the rotary mechanism of the beam-reflecting panel as part of the KP drive controller (75), including the RP position controller (83), PC speed controller (81), power amplifier UM (79), electric motor M ₁ (62) with a speed sensor ДС (73) on the shaft, gearbox P ₁ (55) the coordinates of the rotary mechanism, the sensor of the angular position D (53) of the output link coordinate is a tracking system, widely known in the theory and practice of designing, manufacturing and operating automated objects (machines CNC, industrial robots, terrestrial segments of satellite communications systems, etc.), and therefore does not need a detailed description here.

It is enough to note only that the adjustable drive of the coordinate of the rotary mechanism in accordance with the difference between the signal for setting the current position of the coordinate and the signal of the sensor Д _р (53) about its actual position at the given time, formed by the position regulator РП (83), rotates by means of the electric motor Mi ( 62), through the gearbox Pi (55), the output link, and with it the movable element of the sensor D (53), until the signal value from the sensor output becomes equal to the value of the signal for setting the current position, and the direction in The rotation of the electric motor is determined by the sign, and the speed is determined by the value of the above-mentioned difference.

During the day, the KC computer center (116), through appropriate sensors, monitors the current weather condition, temperature, humidity and illumination in the workspace under a translucent heat-insulating coating 2, and, based on the information received, adjusts the program of work of the reflective panels. At the end of the day, with the sunset, computer K (119) disables the adjustable drives of the reflective panels.

To carry out manipulations during the repair and maintenance of the equipment of the reflective panels, the remote control system of the complex (114, 115) is connected in the control system of the complex, connected via a digital radio channel through the RPDS duplex radio transmitter (113) and the MS (117) communication modem with computer K (119) KC Computer Center (116).

If there is a risk of damage to the reflective panels by wind loads, computer K (119), based on information about the direction and speed of the wind coming from the wind speed sensors ДСВ (100) and its direction, DNV (99), generates a task signal for each coordinate of each reflective panel the position of the coordinates in accordance with the direction of the wind and the position of the reflective panel relative to the center of the translucent heat-insulating coating 2.

The temperature and humidity of the air in the workspace, as well as ventilation, irrigation and other plant life support systems that are part of the main equipment, are controlled by the KC computer center (116) based on information about the current state from the corresponding sensors [temperature sensors DT ₁ . .. ДТ _т (95, 96) humidity sensors ДВВ ₁ ... ДВВ _J (101, 102) light sensors ДО ₁ ... ДО _to (97, 98)], and technological programs for controlling the modes, based on which the computer K (119) generates control commands the inputs entering through the USO (117) to the inputs of the KDU remote controllers (87-94) of the corresponding actuators (ventilation system shutters, valves of heating, water supply and irrigation systems) driven by their electric motors M (62-72) through gearboxes P ( 55-61), or directly by electric motors (fans of ventilation and heating systems, pumps for transporting liquid media).

All actuators with a limited range of movements, which do not include sensors for continuous monitoring of the positions of the output links, are equipped with sensors for the initial DNP (103-107) and final DCT (108-112) discrete-action positions, the information from which through the CDD (85-94 ) and USO (117) is transmitted to the CC (116).

The computer center (116) is equipped with a software operator console (120), which displays information in a convenient form for the operator about the current value of the technological parameters of the process, future forecasts, the technical condition and operating conditions of the equipment, necessary for the operator to observe and, if necessary, surgical intervention in order to adjust the process or eliminate the threat of emergency situations, for which purpose the software (120) provides the necessary set of controls and indicators.

Thus, the proposed solar intensified greenhouse complex makes it possible to reduce the consumption of electric and heat energy from traditional external sources by using the energy of the additional light flux while intensifying plant growth due to the expanded use of the additional energy flux of solar radiation for heating and uniform and more intense illumination of the internal space greenhouse complex. It is also possible such an infrastructure of the greenhouse intensified complex, when it will not only not consume electric and thermal energy from the outside, but will become its generator for various consumers.

The proposed solar intensified greenhouse complex is characterized by high economic efficiency already in the implementation of claim 1 of the claims of the proposed invention, and its effectiveness is significantly increased when several subsequent points are implemented simultaneously.

Claims (13)

1. Solar intensified greenhouse complex, containing together a heliotransforming workspace, a light-transmitting heat-insulating dome-shaped coating, mounted on bearing supports mounted vertically on the base, areas with cultivated plants, basic equipment and auxiliary technological means, ensuring the functioning of the named complex according to its design purpose, different the fact that it is additionally equipped with a solar-absorbing, heat-accumulating a tank mounted on the base in the center of a translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating made of roofing blocks of an opaque material with low thermal conductivity, with an array of through holes in the form of truncated cones or pyramids, coated inside with a reflective material, and closed from the outside and inside with a thin translucent material, and the surface the above blocks, facing the inside of the helioconversion space and unoccupied through and technological holes, covered with a beam-reflecting material, and on the territory adjacent to the translucent heat-insulating domed cover, concentric with it, and at least in two concentric rows there are predominantly flat beam-reflecting panels, each of which is mounted on the output link of its two-coordinate rotary mechanism with controlled drives, the base of which is fixed on a support stand, vertically mounted on the ground, forming together with reflectors, one of which is made in the form of a truncated cone and whether a truncated multifaceted pyramid with a reflecting surface is predominantly outside and placed apex down above the center of a translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating in which a continuous translucent heat-insulating aperture is created in the center, and the second in the form of a hollow truncated cone or a truncated multifaceted pyramid with reflective inner and outer side surfaces is installed inside a translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating with the top up, under the first reflector and coaxially with m, an additional energy channel in the form of a stream of sunlight reflected by ray-reflecting panels, concentrated and directed from top to bottom, inside a translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating, and the controlled drives of the two-coordinate rotary mechanisms of the reflective panels with their inputs are connected to the outputs of the automatic control device implemented on the basis of a computer center, the electrical inputs of which are connected to temperature sensors in a solar-absorbing, heat cumulative reservoir and in the space under a translucent heat-insulating domed coating, with wind speed and direction sensors, with position sensors of output shafts of two-axis rotary mechanisms of reflective panels. 2. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the solar-absorbing heat storage tank is made of at least two containers filled with dissimilar substances, water is the first and, for example, sodium chloride is the second, and the second tank is located in the center of the first and thermally insulated on the sides and bottom of the water that fills the first tank, installed in the center of the domed coating, with a material with low thermal conductivity, and above, from the internal environment of the helioconversion space - opronitsaemym, heat-insulating coating, and the first means of conduits and circulation pumps connected in a ring configuration with forced cooling coils reflectors mounted above the heat accumulating tank helio-absorbent, inside and outside the light-transmitting heat-insulating coating dome. 3. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that auxiliary technological means providing the functioning of the above complex according to its designation, additionally include hot water channels for residential rear and / or industrial buildings, thermally connected with the first capacity of the heat-absorbing heat storage tank, and channels for industrial energy supply with steam and / or hot air associated with the second capacity of the heat-absorbing heat cumulating the reservoir, wherein for the latter as a source of high-grade heat energy as energy consuming installations connected own use of the above complex, including miniteploelektrostantsiya own needs cooling outputs are connected with a helio-absorbent capacity of the first heat-accumulating tank or other consumers of heat energy. 4. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the roofing blocks of a translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating are made of at least three layers with through openings in the form of truncated cones or polyhedral pyramids, the side surfaces of which are covered with a reflective material, and the openings themselves are the outer and inner sides of the blocks are closed with a thin translucent material with low heat conductivity, while the extreme layers of these blocks are made of concrete or plastic and arm are insulated, and the middle one is made of a heat-insulating material of particularly high efficiency, for example polyurethane foam. 5. Solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the axis of the holes in the outer layer of the roof blocks is made at an angle of 10-40 ° to the axis of the holes of the inner layers of the roof blocks. 6. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the flat beam reflecting panels are made in a shape close to rectangles elongated in the horizontal direction, and each of them is fixed by means of a bearing profile to the output link of a two-coordinate mechanism with controllable drives providing rotation panels relative to the axis of rotation at an angle of approximately up to 210 ° and fixed with its base on the upper end of a vertical rack mounted motionless on the ground. 7. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the flat beam-reflecting panels are made in the form of rectangular frames with polymer threads stretched over them, holding the beam-reflecting material in the plane of the frames, and are placed in pairs on one, common for each pair, rotary structure made in the form of a vertical support rack, fixed with its lower end motionless on the surface of the earth, at the upper end of which a two-coordinate mechanism with controlled drives is installed, the output link is a cat It rotates the cross-member fixed in it with its middle around a horizontal axis that coincides with the longitudinal axis of the cross-member, and the intermediate link rotates it around a vertical axis that coincides with the longitudinal axis of the vertical support strut, while the frame of the panels with their midpoints are rigidly fixed on the cross-piece, in one plane, symmetrically on both sides of the supporting vertical strut and balanced using slings, the lower ends of which by means of rotational suspensions are fixed on the cross member uniformly along its length, and the upper and - at the upper end of the additional rack, mounted vertically on the intermediate link of the two-coordinate mechanism. 8. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for controlling the position of the reflective panels are equipped with remote control channels from mobile command posts of maintenance personnel, used as auxiliary technological means. 9. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the reflective material used in flat reflective panels mounted on rotary structures is made of at least three layers of different materials bonded to each other, one of which is medium, is a foil with a mirror surface, the second, facing toward the light, is a thin translucent protective material, for example, a glass film, and the third, facing away from the light, is a material, for example, synthetic fabric, coated on the outside with a moisture-resistant, frost-resistant reflective dye. 10. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the features of the terrain and structures in its surrounding territory are used, for example, by applying dyes on their surface as additional reflective surfaces. 11. The solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the roofing blocks of a translucent heat-insulating dome-shaped coating are made using composite material, for example, foam polyurethane reinforced with a metal wall, or carbon fiber, or foam plastic. 12. Solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the said roofing blocks are made of ceramic foam. 13. Solar intensified greenhouse complex according to claim 1, characterized in that the said roofing blocks are made of foam aluminum and / or foam glass.