DE3326862A1 - Increase in the thermal efficiency of combustion engines - Google Patents

Abstract

Published without abstract.

Description

"Increase in the thermal efficiency of

Combustion engines tt The invention relates to increasing the thermal Efficiency of combustion engines.

Despite the high level of technical development, internal combustion engines OTTO and DIESEL engines in particular still have an inadequate thermal power Efficiency on.

With OTTO engines this is now a maximum of 23 s with DIESEL engines. 40%.

The reason for this is a) the reversal of direction of the piston at the top and at bottom dead center; but even more so in b) in the insufficient heat utilizationy i.e. in the high heat waste as waste heat to the environment - the sensible heat in the exhaust gases - the engine cooling about what a total of more than 7? % of generated Heat in the OTTO engine and more than 60% of the heat generated in the DIESEL engine is unused are released as waste heat into the environment and pollute it.

A measure for better heat use and recovery (and thus to increase the thermal efficiency) is the well-known turbocharger, the one Part of the heat contained in the exhaust gas is used, although the amount that can be achieved with it The increase in power is considerable (as a result, what happens in the automobile Early years was achieved with the "compressor") is the better use of heat achieved with it, thus the resulting increase in thermal efficiency, a marginal one.

The invention. the underlying task is the thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines, in particular piston engines, i.e. OTTO, DIESEL and WANKEL engines, with and without turbocharger, thanks to the internal cooling of the cylinders, with or without intermittent Increase combustion, this INTERNAL COOLING at the same time being an EXPANSION STROKE (Working stroke) and thereby significantly reducing fuel consumption, with which at the same time the environmental impact from pollutants and waste heat equivalent to the driving force ffconsumption reduction = in the same ratio, is reduced.

The history of the piston engine: the OTTOmotor steam engine new liquid fuel, OTTO was able to put the combustion in the cylinder, the intermediate medium "steam" is omitted - DIESEL engine - only one per se minor modification of what OTTO specified with its invention: auto-ignition by increasing the pressure (compression) = the temperature-in the OTTO- and iL DIESELengine the combustion pressure drives the pistons down. Dahei will the fuel-air mixture compressed by the piston moving upwards during the work cycle, respectively In the case of fuel injection: the compressed air in which the fuel is then placed is injected, ignited shortly before the highest piston position, may be it by external or compression ignition (DIESEL engine).

The engine temperature, i.e. the temperature in the cylinders, is set according to the compression ratio and the combustion temperature of the fuels.

In any case, however, some of the heat generated in the engine has to pass through Cooling can be dissipated so that there are no inadmissibly high material and lubricant oil temperatures appear.

This also results, especially for high-speed, highly compressed Motors, i.e. for high-performance motors - especially at high speed - thermal Problems for the creep strength of the materials, for the fuels (gas bubble formation etc,), as well as for the lubricating oil temperatures, the additional measures, such as oil cooler, require additional fans, etc.

During the work cycle, the combustion pressure = the heated, compressed air that expands through combustion + the combustion gases, the pistons down.

The machine gets hot, too hot, so some of the heat is over the engine cooling must be dissipated, the compressed, strongly heated and then Air, which is expanded to form the fuel gases during combustion, is the actual expansion medium (as was the case with the steam engine, the Damp.f) Now air, a gas, has a relative low density.

On the other hand, water has one. high density0.

It is known that from 1; Ltr. Water approx. 1700 Ltr.

Water vapor of 1st atm., The heating of water to form steam results a much larger expansion volume = a higher expansion pressure than air.

The explosive expansion effect and the pressure head the Evaporation of a certain amount of hot water, injected in condensed and strong heated. air, corresponds roughly to the same amount of fuel injected into the equally compressed and heated air> and its combustion.

The same driving force and effect, but the opposite heat transfer: The fuel-air combustion releases heat, only part of which is used for propulsion is being used; the water injection and evaporation into the compressed., strong heated air, or combustion, does not take up some of the power needed for propulsion used heat as "evaporation heat" and converts this into work. Cools So the cylinder from the inside and uses a part that is otherwise about the engine cooling heat given off to the environment. to drive.

There are the following well-known laws. of importance: - The Heat of evaporation depends on the pressure. It becomes smaller with increasing pressure - gases are strongly unsaturated or strongly overheated vapors, their temperature is far over that too.

boiling point belonging to their pressure.

The gas laws apply to vapors if they are highly unsaturated or are overheated - and this is what it is -.

- DALTON'S LAW The total pressure. of a gas mixture is the same the sum of the partial pressures, i.e. the sum of the pressures of the individual components.

It follows that the water injection and evaporation are quite can take place in the combustion or combustion gases.

With the same engine power, or even higher, the injected one The amount of fuel and the amount of water injected are roughly the same, as is the fuel consumption so halved This object is achieved in that in the Cylinder of an engine, before> during or after ignition, water is injected - preferably by means of an atomizer nozzle and evaporated there, or already evaporated in an antechamber is, but preferably by intermittent combustion: When the injection engine has reached its operating temperature: One work cycle of normal (usual) combustion with fuel injection, next work cycle. (Working stroke) of the same cylinder: instead of fuel injection, injection of water into the compressed and heated Air that evaporates instantly at the given pressure and temperature and drives the piston downwards with the same expansion effect and speed, like the combustion, yes - according to the dosage of the water injection - even stronger.

The "heat of evaporation" is absorbed, the engine from the inside cooled d, h, part of the heat that was previously unused via the engine cooling the environment had to be given up is used for propulsion.

The working cycles of a cylinder are then alternating: combustion - water injection - combustion - water injection, etc.

In other words: heating - use of heat at the same time as cooling -Heating - use of heat at the same time as cooling, etc.

It. can of course also be 2 or more Combustion work cycles = Heating, one behind the other, alternating with one cycle of water injection = Cooling.

Or the other way round: A denial work cycle = heating, alternating with two or more working cycles of water injection = cooling.

The alternating cycle sequence is preferably thermostat-controlled: At an obscure temperature point of the engine or the cooling water, respectively. the individual Cylinder, the fuel injection and combustion are switched off and for so long Water injected into the work cycles until the engine, respectively. the cooling water, respectively.

the cylinder has reached a lower temperature point> at which the water injection suspended and the.

Combustion is stopped again.

Thermal problems with the corresponding engine damage occur today's engines, especially high-performance engines. today preferably on when an engine - when the outside temperature is hot - on the highway in the highest speed range is driven and then in the "stop and go traffic" of a traffic jam the overheated machine no longer receives enough cooling because there is no airflow.

The invention will also help avoid damage in this regard: The thermostat control sprays @ while water in the overheated engine -and thus cool and drive the engine- until the lower temperature point in the engine, respectively. the cylinders is reached. (At the same time, the poison gas concentration in these traffic jams is reduced accordingly.) The same applies to city traffic with the many ampereistops, in which the particularly high fuel consumption is particularly drastically reduced.

Corrosion-resistant materials are known today and are widely used in engine construction similar.

Modern piston rings have a high sealing capacity.

In addition, water is also a lubricant and lubricant.

Its seepage into the lubricating oil impairs its lubricity less than, for example, its dilution by gasoline, by possible residual steam in the cylinders the alternating combustion is not impaired, since the ones used are Hydrocarbons + combustion air, whereby only the oxygen contained in the air is useful and used for this, the remaining components of the air are for this rather disadvantageous #, again the same chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen contain like water.

The oxidation and the combustion are all the more perfect, and so is the temperature of the combustion the higher the higher the oxygen content. The historical trend in the Use of hydrocarbons in the fossil energy era begins with coal and aims at hydrogen. Whereby the ratio of hydrogen to carbon atoms is increasingly shifting towards hydrogen. The boiling point of the hydrocarbons used sank in a characteristic way and continuously to lower temperatures. So hydrogen enrichment is only beneficial.

Preferably, in the case of water-cooled engines, the hot engine cooling water, removed at the point of its highest temperature and pressure point, in the rotor injected; the fresh water is then fed to the open "cooling circuit".

Injecting this hot water means optimizing the use of heat = further increase of the thermal efficiency, because it means less heat is passed on to the environment via the engine cooling - the required "evaporation heat" is less = the evaporation of the injected hot water he follows faster = less heat is absorbed by the cylinders; the injected Water has a temperature around the boiling point of 100 C = temperature difference-related There are no problems with the creep strength of the materials, Yes, this engine even has a longer lifespan given its operating temperature is more constant, can be kept in the desired range, overheating can be avoided and the temperature differences that the engine has to endure are generally lower are (because it doesn't get that hot anymore. Today's difference between start at lower Outside temperature and operating temperature at full load! ).

Which will also save some of the units required for this today, It should be emphasized again that in the case of the water injection according to the invention, in some cases the water dissociation already takes place, the fission products from it: hydrogen + Oxygen also act as a highly efficient fuel. Possibly residual steam at most, the combustion work has the effect of different in the cylinders Humidity; But by no means that of water in the fuel, which is well known leads to the failure of the machine.

In pursuit of increasing the thermal efficiency through optimization the use of heat is still provided, the tank for the fresh water, which then is supplied to the cooling water and there the injected cooling water) hot water amount replaced, around the current cooling water, so to arrange the engine block.

The whole engine is surrounded by a second cooling water jacket, which absorbs the heat of the actual, inner cooling water jacket and thus that the fresh water supplied to the inner cooling water jacket is preheated.

A water cooler of the previous type comes about because the second cooling water jacket is the cooling of the inner cooling water jacket.

Why the second -outer- cooling water jacket on its outside for Enlargement of its surface = for faster cooling. Have cooling fins can Possibly but - that is a question of the clock sequence, i.e. the interpretation of the Iíotra - is the heat recovery so good and the heat balance so balanced in the desired area, that on the outside of the outer cooling water jacket = fresh water tank, at all no cooling is required. yes there even - for better heat utilization in the system - a heat-insulating insulation can be applied0.

This can, for example, consist of a double-walled outer wall the outside of applied heat insulating insulating layer exist.

In another embodiment of this invention, the heat is also used the fuel gases and the superheated steam-air mixture in the outlet line for heating of fresh water used ~ regardless of whether this is already for a turbocharger is being used. or not In. this form of training is in addition to the aforementioned Fresh water heating (fresh water tank around the meter block) or instead the fresh water in a pipe that surrounds the outlet pipe, or vice versa, the outlet line envelops the fresh water line running in it, warms up and therefore takes up a large part of it. contained heat, whereby the fresh water opposite to the direction of flow of the exhaust gases, respectively. of the hot steam-air mixture, in the outlet line.

Instead of the fresh water tank in the form of a double cooling water jacket, can in another form of training of the invention, the original Cooling water jacket, so the engine block housing, also be dimensioned larger the additional fresh water tank + the additional water carried increases the vehicle weight ka @ um.

The specific weight of water is higher than that of fossil fuels Fuels.

With a 1.: 1 stroke, the weight of the fuel should be and the additional water (in addition to the previous cooling water) be equivalent, The volume of this additional fresh water tank is then less than that of the Fuel tanks.

After a 1.:1. Clock of fuel consumption halved, is for the same range as before, only half as large Fuel tank required. The other half of the weight is then the one that is also carried along Water + the tank for it, so that on balance the weight for it remains approximately the same.

The distribution density, which is not a new supply network, should be emphasized makes it necessary, which makes the use of alternative fuels more difficult. At all petrol stations there is water that can then be refueled at the same time as fuel, Although this in the then. required quantities can no longer be given away free of charge it is incomparably cheaper than gasoline or diesel fuel.

The embodiment with the double cooling water jacket, where the Wall between heiden can be made heat-insulating, with the additional -Heschriehenen- thermal insulation on the outside and without water cooler of the usual Kind - a question of the design of the temperature range in the engine, i.e. the cycle sequence Advantages for winter operation, i.e. for outside temperatures below freezing point au £ 'and is therefore preferred.

After doing. When the engine is switched off, the heat in the engine, inside and then held for a long time in the outer cooling water jacket and. only slowly and gradually is released from the inside to the outside, a very small amount of antifreeze is sufficient. to prevent the water from freezing. Therefore important, because of the water injection the antifreeze is also consumed and -in. the cold season - with water night refueling must be replaced is a cost factor.

Yes, with this type of training there is no need to add frost protection agents then entirely when the outer wall of the outer cooling water jacket is made of an elastic and. suitable material is.

Even when the outside temperature is very low, then, with one over Automobile parked in the open at night, the cooling water of the inner cooling water jacket don't freeze.

Because the heat is held together for a long time and heat always flows only in one direction, from the warmer to the colder side: from the innermost, hottest Point "Motor" to the inner cooling water jacket with the high heat storage capacity of water, after winding. of those bypassing them; Thermal insulation (delay of the Heat transfer) to the outer cooling water jacket with the high heat storage capacity of the water; and after overcoming the thermal insulation surrounding it, only to the Environment (and from there ultimately into space) * Water itself already has one high heat storage capacity, i.e. low thermal conductivity> so will the effect is further increased by the two thermal insulation layers.

When the engine is switched off, both water jackets are hot.

The inner hotter than the outer; and in the midst of the inner is that even hotter engines. The effect can be further enhanced by a third cooling water jacket (= Fresh water tank) of the second with a thermal insulation wall in between, increase0 In any case, this delay in heat dissipation is sufficient to the environment in order for are 20 hours freezing of the cooling water of the interior Cooling water jacket when the vehicle is parked and the outside temperature is very low to prevent.

The water of the outer mantle can goggle or even freeze begin (elastic, flexible outer skin = no leakage due to ice formation = Expansion), without affecting the functionality of the engine becomes: The water of the inner jacket remains liquid5 becomes fast when the engine is running reheated and then in turn reheats the water of the outer mantle on, The wall between the inner and outer water jacket is also made of flexible> elastic material, or walls designed to be elastic, e.g. by lamellae or Rib-shaped (accordion-shaped) training, can also be used for longer periods of standstill the inner water jacket to sulphate, or even to freeze, without the Impair the functionality of the motor (and without causing material damage).

Until the engine has reached operating temperature - and / or with the thermostat-controlled the upper temperature point at which the combustion switches off and the water injection the water in the inner jacket is hot again and that in the outer jacket is already hot warm In the previous system of water cooling, notors entered - without or with too little antifreeze the damage mostly only to the largest one Weak point, the water cooler - and there is such a thing according to the invention no longer in that form.

But should the water freeze in the inner water jacket or else in the inner and outer water jacket be completely prevented, so will these. in. Another embodiment of the invention with a thermostat-controlled electric heating in the form of a kind of "immersion heater" or the commercially available heating foils provided, which in the inner, or in the inner and outer water jacket, or in the case of the heating film around the partition between the two, on their Inside towards the inner water jacket, or on the outside between them this and the heat-insulating insulation, or in the heat-insulating insulation is out and connected to the battery (accumulator), the thermostat circuit switches this heating on as soon as the temperature falls below a certain lower temperature point and switches it when a certain upper temperature point is reached off again, it is enough, the water to a temperature of just over + 40 C to hold an accumulator of the same size for motor vehicles, which has a storage capacity of about 75 amp hours, you can, if you heat with about 3 watts, 150 Load with such a heater for hours before it is discharged.

@Although the water dissociation only begins at temperatures around 2,000 ° C, it is quite possible that at the water injection stroke in the not so hot engine, due to the high pressure (compression ratio) of the compressed air -chemical The higher the available processes, the easier and quicker they are The temperature and pressure are the same for small portions of the injected water Splitting into hydrogen and oxygen takes place and these then immediately oxidize again = burn, with a combustion temperature around 2,500 ° C @ the power of the engine is then considerably greater in the water injection work cycle than in the actual one Combustion cycle, because the water evaporation + the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen with temperatures up to + 2,500 ° C = again faster Evaporation and greater expansion = higher pressure on the working stroke.

than with the fuel-air mixture combustion.

After the engines in use today mostly 4 and more cylinders have, the work cycle alternates not only in the individual cylinder, but in the Engine as a whole, i.e. by the factor of the number of cylinders.

While a cylinder is currently on the conventional combustion cycle, the water injection stroke is already taking place in the case of another (the possibly In addition, there is also a combustion cycle with significantly higher combustion temperatures is) but in any case has a stronger expansion = higher thrust, i.e. the total engine power (acceleration values, peak and continuous speed) increases.

And all that with halved or even further reduced fuel consumption £ It turns out that this is already completely independent of the dissociation of water from the fact that there, where from the highest thrust and from its reliability every time up to several hundred human lives depend on aircraft, in the most difficult the start phase, which has the highest thrust performance when the "Take Qff Grmss Weight" (TOGW) is full requires water to be sprayed into the jet engines! There would also be in the Flight phase Water will be injected into the jet engines if the weight of the person being carried Water would not burden the TOGW so much that no more payload would remain The difference to piston engines is the weight of jet aircraft Do not reduce the amount of fuel you need to take with you, because with conventional Jet engines the intermittent combustion and thus the alternating work cycles (more applicable here: , the alternating shoe production) therefore are not possible because the jet engines are driven by at high speed through the air flow already have a very effective INTERNAL COOLING! at Jet engines, this is only with my related inventions "HOT SHEET TURBINE MOTOR" possible.

Advantages of the Invention :: The advantages achieved with the invention consist in particular: 1. Increase in the thermal efficiency of combustion engines, in particular. QTTO and DIESEL engines by 100% and more, starting from the current one maximum thermal efficiency of OTTOmotor 23% and DIESELmotor 40, o ', i.e. increase to double.

This. means: 2. Reduction of fuel consumption by half of the previous. and more! This means: 3 * extension of the reach of the OTTO and DIESEL engines (for driving cars, trucks, special and construction vehicles and machines, Rail vehicles, airplanes, ships, stationary engines, etc.) fossil primary energy resources for at least twice the period.

4. The equivalent of reducing fuel consumption by at least half of the previous one: The reduction of environmental pollution from waste heat and pollutants from it at mid. half of the previous (this also applies to our forests and thus our "oxygen factory" and water reservoir and thus our basis of life threatening and devastating "acid rain"!).

By the way: 5. A higher engine power! Despite reduced fuel consumption by 50% and more '.

(This is just a pseudo-contradiction: in the last 2Q years has already been: A fuel saving of 1/3 with an increase in top speed by 1/3 and an increase in the acceleration values even by 50%.) 6. Longer-lasting Engines.

7. Saving of various units, such as

Water coolers, fans, oil coolers, etc,

Claims (1)

A N S P R Ü C H E: 1. Increase in the thermal efficiency of Internal combustion engines, characterized in that water is injected into the cylinder is before, during or after ignition, but preferably by the fact that the engine has a or has more of the following characteristics: that an intermittent combustion takes place, the work cycles (alternating) the usual combustion by means of Fuel injection into the compressed air and ignition (external or compression ignition) alternating. with the water egg injection into the compressed air. in the heated Cylinder,. as a work cycle at. Arheitstalcte, that are the engine for it. a thermostat control has, respectively, when an upper temperature point is reached in the engine. Cylinder, the fuel injection switches off and the water injection switches on and when the lower temperature point is reached, the water injection switches off and the fuel injection switches on, this thermostat control also the The temperature of the cooling water can also be achieved by means of its own pressure via an atomizer nozzle can be injected that. the injected water is the hot cooling water, removed at the point of its highest tea temperature and pressure point, that the water tank but in the form of a second, or a second and third cooling water jacket the current cooling water jacket, so the entire engine block surrounds that the outside of the outer cooling water jacket has cooling fins that the outside of the outer cooling water jacket has thermal insulation, such as double Wall at a short distance, on the outside a heat insulating layer applied is that the walls between the cooling water jackets are designed to be heat-insulating, that the @ outermost cooling water jacket wall made of a flexible, stretchable material consists of stretchable walls, e.g. by lamellar or rib-shaped Training that the partitions between the cooling water jackets are made of a flexible, stretchable material, or made of stretchable walls, e.g. through lamellar or rib-shaped training that. the inner or all cooling water jackets with a thermostat-controlled electric heater in the form of a kind of "immersion heater", Heating coil, or heating foil is / are provided in the inner or the inner and outer water jacket or, in the case of the heating film, around the partition is guided between the two and is connected to the accumulator that the fresh water line the outlet line, enveloped, respectively guided in this, that instead of the fresh water tank in the form of double or multiple cooling water jacket, the original cooling water jacket, So the engine block housing is dimensioned larger that arrangement. Shape and shape of the water tank and the water injection into the cylinders in any other Be kind and be able to happen.