DE3116788A1 - Method and device for harnessing heat energy - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and devices for harnessing heat energy are described, in which at least one absorption process in the manner of an absorption heat-pump process or a heat transformer process as well as at least one pressure machine process takes place, which can be work-producing or work-consuming. The methods and devices described are suitable in particular for the utilisation of relatively small temperature differences and are very adaptable.

Description

April 27, 1981 11024 Dr.v.B / E

Professor Dr. Georg Alefeld Josef-Raps-Straße 3, 8000 Munich 40

Method and device for the utilization of

Thermal energy
(Addition to P 31 11 552.7)

The present invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1. The invention also relates to devices to carry out such a procedure.

The main application includes multi-stage absorber machines for converting the temperature levels of thermal energies More than four exchange units, of which at least one is used as an expeller, condenser, evaporator and absorber works, has also been proposed with a working medium circuit and at least one absorbent circuit, which have at least two stages, each of which has at least one exchange unit that can work as an expeller, an exchange unit that can function as a condenser, an exchange unit that can function as an evaporator, and an exchange unit which can work as an absorber, a stage containing the exchange units concerned Working medium circuit and at least one absorption medium circuit, connecting two exchange units of the relevant stage, with one of the following conditions is satisfied:

3118783

a) The two stages have two exchange units in common, those at different pressure levels and in a middle one Working temperature range of the respective) ι pressure level;

b) the two stages have at least one exchange unit together and at least one of the two stages - works on the principle of a heat transformer. Through this an advantageous group of absorber machines is defined, which adapt to the most diverse requirements and by varying their mode of operation, even with changing operating and external conditions, high levels of efficiency allow to reach.

It has now been found that there are other advantageous processes and another group of advantageous, multi-step processes Facilities are added if absorption and work processes are coupled. Under a work process here is supposed to be both an external work-taking process such as that in a compressor heat pump as well as a process releasing work to the outside, e.g. Clausius-Rankine process, as described in a steam turbine running can be understood.

-10-state of the art

The state of the art with regard to absorber machines can be found on Pages 7 and 8 of DE-OS 31 11 552 are referred to.

Regarding a combination of compressor refrigeration machines with absorber circuits, reference is made, for example, to W. Niebergall HANDBUCH DER KÄLTETECHNIK, Volume VII, "Sorptions-Kältemaschinen ¹¹ , edited by R. Plank, Springer-Verlag Berlin 1959, in particular pages 93 to 95.

A compressor heat pump with an absorbent circuit (Solvent cycle) is known, for example, from DE-PS 84 084.

A heat engine with an absorbent circuit is known from DE-PS 27 37 059 and US-PSs 35 05 810 and 40 09 575 known.

The combination of an absorption heat pump with a compressor heat pump is from the publication by W.Niebergall in the magazine GESUNDHEIS-INGENIEUR "76, 9/10, 1955, Pages 129 to 137, in particular page 134, Fig. 6, are known.

The combination of a heat transformer with one or more compressors is also from DE-PS 953 378 and DE-PS 867 122 known.

The known devices of the type mentioned above, which contain both absorber circuits and compressor circuits, are for a special purpose and for certain operating conditions designed and optimized. However, they cannot be changed by changing the way they work Adjust operating conditions and therefore leave something to be desired in this case with regard to their economic efficiency.

Οι Ιΰ / οο.-.-.--- ■

Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention the basis of specifying facilities of the type mentioned above that are very flexible and adapt to changing conditions, such as changing ambient temperatures, changing temperature of the heat supplied by the heat source, changing heat and / or allow cold and / or power requirements to be adjusted.

This object is achieved by the invention characterized in claim 1.

The devices according to the invention are very adaptable, so that even with changing conditions there is always a very good efficiency is guaranteed.

The fact that in the devices according to the invention in the absorber part and the same working medium is used in the printing machine part and the working medium circuits with one another communicate, the outlay on equipment can be kept small despite the many possible operating modes.

The devices according to the invention are particularly suitable for utilizing low-temperature heat (eg 40 to 50 ^° C.), such as the so-called "cold district heating", for generating heating heat with fluctuating demands on performance and flow temperature (temperature of the heat emitted). The previous comparable facilities are not adaptable enough to guarantee a good degree of efficiency for the use of primary energy both during off-peak times and during off-peak times. In many advantageous embodiments of the invention, the low-temperature heat source is used both as drive energy for a heat transformer part of the device and as a heat source

^J used

for a compressor heat pump part of the device ¹ , 'each of these parts being able to work on its own or both parts in combination.

3116738

In embodiments of the invention that involve mechanical work containing the output printing machine (expansion machine), the combination with the absorber part results in a high degree of efficiency achieved.

Particularly advantageous embodiments of the device according to the invention contain an absorption machine part at least one stage working as a heat transformer and a compressor heat pump or refrigerator part.

CTQQ
ü / OO

-13 definition

The terms ABSORBER MACHINE, HEAT, EXCHANGE UNIT and STAGE are as in the main application (DE-OS 31 11 552.7) Are defined.

WORK PROCESS in the following is intended to be both an external mechanical work-absorbing process, such as that in a compressor refrigeration machine or heat pump, as well as a process releasing mechanical work to the outside, as in a heat engine, e.g. a steam turbine, is running, mean.

PRINTING MACHINE should here both a compressor, in the external mechanical work to increase the pressure of a working medium is used, as well as a work machine in which pressurized work medium with generation of mechanical Work is relaxed, understood.

As an ABSORBER MACHINE PART, the part of the present device be understood, which works on the principle of an absorber machine and, accordingly, one or more Contains stages, each working on the principle of a heat pump or a heat transformer.

A PRINTING MACHINE PART is to be understood as the part of the present device that includes a printing machine as well contains the working fluid cycle leading through this as well as the associated exchange units.

In the following, advantageous exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail with reference to the drawing.

Show it:

Fig. 1 is a "schematic representation of the principle of a single-stage Absorber machine, as used in the simplest case as an absorber machine part of the present device can;

2 shows a schematic illustration of the principle of a printing machine system how it can be used as the printing machine part of the present device;

3 shows a basic illustration of a first embodiment of the invention with a single-stage absorber machine part and a printing machine part, which are shown in the Direction of the working medium flows both on the principle of a heat pump or with the opposite direction of the working medium flows work as a heat transformer or heat engine;

4 shows a basic diagram of a particularly advantageous one Embodiment of the present invention with an absorber machine part and a printing machine part · which in the illustrated direction of the working medium flows as a heat transformer or heat pump and in the opposite direction of the working medium flows as a heat pump or heat engine work;

FIG. 4a shows a modification of part of the device according to FIG. 4, which is also used in the device according to FIG. 3 can be;

Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a further embodiment of the invention, which a multi-stage absorber ' part that belongs to the first class of the main

31 1C738 .-. I ".O" - '■ "- ■'" ■ - ^: - ^: -

-15-registration described absorber machines belongs;

6 to 10 each with a schematic diagram of a further embodiment of the device according to the invention a multi-stage absorber machine part, that of the second class of the absorber machines described in the main application and with at least one printing machine part.

In the figures, only the parts essential for understanding the invention are generally shown, while all conventional devices known to those skilled in the art, such as those used for the operation of machines from here present type are necessary or appropriate, such as heat exchangers for internal heat exchange between poor and richer Solution and the like, omitted to simplify the drawings are. Also not shown are lines for the controlled bridging of exchange units for starting up and / or the regulation and / or operation of the existing facilities between absorbent cycles, as shown for example in Fig. 1 of DE-OS 31 11 552.7.

FIG. 1 shows the principle of a single-stage absorber machine which contains four exchange units A, B, C and D. The exchange chances A and B are connected by a working medium line 112, the exchange units C and D by a working medium line 120. The exchange units A and C are further coupled by an absorbent circuit 122 and the exchange units B and D are coupled by an absorbent circuit 124. The absorbent cycle 122 contains a line 122a in which a pump 122b is located and a line 122c in which a throttle 122d is located. The same applies to the absorbent cycle 124.

311G738

The exchange units A and B work in a first, higher pressure range p., The exchange units C and D in a second, lower pressure range ρ . The exchange unit D operates in a first, lowest temperature range T _n , the exchange units B and C operate in a second, medium temperature range t (the operating temperature range of C being slightly below that of B), and the exchange unit A operates in a third, highest Temperature range T ₃ . Here and in all of the following figures, the relevant exchange units are arranged at the point that corresponds to their working pressure range and their working temperature range.

When the work equipment rotates in the direction of the arrows marked WP, i.e. counterclockwise, it is working the absorber machine according to FIG. 1 as a heat pump. A is then an expeller, B a condenser, D an evaporator and C an absorber.

When the work equipment rotates in the direction of the arrows marked WT, i.e. clockwise, the absorber machine is working according to FIG. 1 as a heat transformer.

The arrows WP * and WT * each show whether the exchange unit in question absorbs heat Q, Q, Q or Q. or give up.

If the absorber machine contains two absorbent circuits, as shown in FIG. 1, it is A resorber machine, but if only working fluid is exchanged between B and D, is not necessary in the case of the heat pump the line 124a with the pump 124b and, in the case of the heat transformer, the line 124c with the throttle 124d. In this case, it is an absorption machine in the narrower sense. As with the main registration

Ji ι J / C Ö

the term "absorber machine" is intended to include both absorber machines as well as absorption machines.

Figure 2 shows a printing machine system as it is as a printing machine part can be used in a device according to the invention. The press system includes two Exchange units A and C, which are coupled to one another by a circuit 122. Furthermore, the exchange unit A via a working medium line 114, which is a printing press K contains, connected to the exchange unit C. The arrangement of the printing machine K in the drawing is here and in the following figures in no relation to the p / T coordinate system, to which the arrangement of the exchange units is based.

When the work equipment rotates in the direction of the arrows WP, that is, in the counterclockwise direction, the printing press system is working 2 in a known manner as a compressor heat pump or refrigeration machine. The printing press K is in this Then trap a compressor.

However, if the working medium runs in the direction of the arrows WK, the printing press system according to FIG the relevant exchange unit heat Q ₇ . or Q is supplied or removed, while the arrows labeled WP ** or WK ** indicate whether mechanical work is being supplied to or removed from the printing press K.

i Ιϋ / ϋθ

Here, too, one of the lines 124a or 124c can be omitted, if only pure working fluid flows between the exchange units A and C.

In the devices according to FIGS. 1 and 2, the distance is

- - I - R, ^P 1 T _T - τ? In - _M >

ο ι ^H ρ (D

where H is the mean enthalpy of vaporization of the working medium from the absorber at the given concentration and R is the general gas constant. This goes for every couple of exchange units passing through an absorbent cycle are connected to one another or between which pure working medium flows (condenser, evaporator). Each A pair of such exchange units can be moved along the temperature axis as desired, as in the main application has been explained.

According to the present invention, at least one absorber machine system of the type shown in Fig. 1 is now connected to at least one printing machine system of the type shown in Fig. 2 so that a multi-stage Device with at least one absorber machine part and at least one printing machine part, the at least one exchange unit have in common, results. This gives a new group of multi-level facilities, some of which have very advantageous propertiesai.

Devices according to the invention whose absorber machine part has at least one as a heat transformer are particularly advantageous contains working stage.

With regard to the possible applications, devices according to the invention, whose printing machine part is based on the principle a compressor heat pump or cooling machine works, which are of greater importance.

The facilities at hand can also be multi-level like the ones Divide absorber machines according to the main application into different classes:

In the first class , two exchange units working at different pressure levels are common to the absorber machine part and the printing machine part; the device works with two main operating pressure ranges.

In the second class , an exchange unit is common to the absorber machine part and the printing machine part; the device operates with more than two essential operating pressure levels.

First class

Fig. 3 shows a two-stage device with four exchange units A, B, C and D and a printing machine K. For the same components as in Figures 1 and 2, the the same reference numerals are used.

3116738

The device according to Figure 3 can be used as the combination of an absorber heat pump with components A, B, C and D with a compressor heat pump with the components K, A and C or K, B and D can be considered. In the compressor heat pump section KAC the working medium flow n circulates, in the absorber heat pump part the working medium flow m.

Between A and B and between C and D and in the supply and discharge lines to and from the printing press K, as shown, Control valves must be switched on, which are used for controlling and starting or switching off the device can be beneficial. The exchange units A and C can be replaced by a control valve (not shown) Bridging lines to be bridged. Corresponding control valves and bridging lines can also be used with the others Embodiments, which are described below, be present, but they are not shown there for the sake of simplicity.

There are different modes of operation for the device according to FIG. However, B always works as a condenser and D always as an evaporator:

1): m = 0: The device works as a pure compressor heat pump ;

2): η = 0: The device works as a pure absorber heat pump .

3): m = n: The device works as a pure compressor heat pump. In A and C there is no turnover of work equipment. However, A can optionally be used to cool the compressor K are used.

4): m <n: In this operating mode, useful heat is dissipated from B and A and ambient heat is supplied at D and C (or useful cold is generated there). In practice, B will work at a higher temperature in the temperature range T. than C, which can be achieved by increasing the pressure ratio P ₁ Zp ₀ .

If desired, Q_ can supply part of Q (inner Heat exchange), as is shown schematically by a heat exchange circuit 134.

5): m = n / 2: The heat of condensation Q_ can completely cover the heat Q _{n required by the expeller C.} The device then works as a heat pump (refrigeration machine), which absorbs heat Q from the environment or an environment to be cooled and emits useful heat (waste heat) at T ". The advantage here is the large temperature difference Tq-T-, which is significantly greater than in a simple compressor machine with the same pressure ratio P ₁ / p _n

6): m> n: In this (known) operating mode, the absorber heat pump predominates. Heat is given off by B and C, at D heat Q is supplied from the environment or a medium to be cooled and at A drive heat Q is supplied.

This operating state can also be understood in such a way that now B is also used as a condenser and D as an evaporator for the Serve the compressor heat pump part, while at A additional drive heat is supplied.

113783

If, in the device according to FIG. 3, the working medium flows against the direction of the arrows and heat as well as Force flows have the opposite direction, the result is a heat engine. The absorber machine part is working on the principle of a heat transformer.

Here, too, there are different operating modes:

The operating mode m = 0 and η = 0 are trivial. In the former case, the device works as a heat engine the components A, C and K. The input heat Q is converted into work W, from C waste heat Q is dissipated. In the case of the heat transformer, Wärmei Q_ and

Jd

Q supplied at a medium level and useful heat Q _n at c * **

a high temperature level T ₂ and waste heat Q is generated at a low temperature level T _0.

Operating mode m <n: In this operating mode, heat is supplied at A and B and heat is removed at C and D. The working temperature range of the exchange unit B is higher here. than that of the exchange unit C. A portion of the heat given off from the exchange unit C can be transferred to the exchange unit B are supplied as evaporator heat.

Operating mode m = n / 2: The heat Q _n given off by C can be used entirely as evaporator heat Q _R in B (complete internal heat exchange via 134).

The device working with m - n / 2 represents a heat engine that converts heat at temperature level T_ into work and dissipates waste heat at the very low temperature level T_, ie the efficiency is greater than for a simple thermal power process between T "and T ₁ .

The absorbent circuit 122 results in a total of lower pressures. In the case of a heat engine that works between T "and T, i.e. without internal heat exchange between B and C, In (p -, / ρ) would be twice as large.

In the case of the engine described, NEL, for example, can be used as the working medium and H-O as the absorbent. With This work equipment system can be used, for example, to implement the following operating conditions:

P ₁ = 2.5 bar T _ß = 58 ⁰ C Ί? _Α = 140-170 ⁰ C

ρ = 4.5 bar T _n = 0 ^Q CT = 70-100 ⁰ C

In such a device, heat from 140 to 170 ^° C. can be converted into work using NH ₃ as the working medium, although the critical temperature of the ammonia is far exceeded. In addition, very low outside temperatures can be used (0 ⁰ C 1) At moderate outside temperatures, the heat engine works in the operating state m = 0, i.e. between temperatures T "and T .. At low outside temperatures, the heat engine works in the operating state m = -1/2 twice the efficiency for generating work. A device of this type can therefore advantageously be connected downstream of a steam power plant in which the condenser heat of the steam power plant is supplied to the exchange unit A of the device according to FIG. 3 as expeller heat Q. FIG. 4 shows an example of a device in which the direction of circulation of the working medium KBD or KAC is opposite in the absorber machine part and in the printing machine part. In the directions of the working medium flows m and η shown in FIG. 4, the absorber machine part BACD works as a heat transfer transformer for m> η and the pressure machine part KAC or KBD works as a compressor heat pump. Driving heat Q _ß and Q _{c is} fed to the heat transformer part, it emits waste heat Q _D and supplies useful heat Q _A. The same heat from the temperature

Rich T ₁ serves in C as a heat source for the compressor heat pump, which also _{supplies useful heat Q A} in the exchange unit A.

There are different operating modes for the setup according to Fig. 4, However, A always works as a condenser and C always as an evaporator:

1): m = 0: The device works as a pure compressor heat pump KBD.

2): η = 0: The device works as a pure heat transformer .

3) .: η <m: In this operating mode, the heat transformer part predominates. At B and C heat is added, at D heat is dissipated to the environment, at A useful heat is withdrawn. C works as an evaporator (desorber) and A as a condenser (absorber) for K.

4): η = m: The device works as a pure compressor heat pump KAC.

5): m> n: In this operating mode, useful heat is generated from A and B. taken and ambient heat supplied at D and C (or useful cooling generated there). In practice, E becomes higher at a higher Can work as C. Q if desired above a Heat exchanger circuit 134 are fed to the exchange unit C and their heat requirement partially or completely (after > 2m) cover.

5a): η = 2m: The heat of condensation Q_ can be that of the expeller

C completely deny the heat required. The device now works exactly like the device according to FIG. 3 in the operating mode 5.

5b): η> 2m: The amount of Q _n is greater than that of Q_, ie

Jd U

In any case, heat must still be removed from B.

-25-A facility of this type is very suitable for using "cold district heating" or for using residual heat in the return of a district heating pipe or for the use of waste heat of any kind. at night, only the heat transformer part is in operation, the facility then does not require any external energy. When more power is required, the compressor K is put into operation.

With increasing working medium throughput of the compressor K, that is to say with increasing η, the effect of the compressor heat pump predominates more and more (n> m!), whereby the two exchange units A and B working at higher pressure give off heat and both Exchange units C and D working at low pressure absorb heat. In this way also with predominant Compressor influence the heat exchanger surfaces are optimally used. When changing from operating mode 3 to operating mode 5 is of course a switchover of the external heat carrier flows for the exchange units B and D of heat absorption on heat dissipation or vice versa, as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 4.

It can be advantageous in terms of control technology to divide up the absorber A of the device according to FIG. 4, so that different pressures can be allowed at the outlet of the compressor K and at the evaporator B. Such a modification is shown in Fig. 4a. The line 114 connected to the outlet of the compressor opens into a partial absorber A which is connected to a second partial absorber A ″ via a line 151 containing a throttle. In the second partial absorber A ₂ , the line 112 from the exchange unit B functioning as an evaporator opens. The line 122a of the absorbent circuit 122 containing the pump 122b opens into the first partial absorber A ₁ , while the line 122c containing the throttle 122d attaches to the second partial absorber A. The partial absorbers A and A contain heat exchanger coils or the like. Which are used to dissipate the heat Q in the manner shown

A.
are connected in series.

The modification described with reference to FIG. 4a can also be used with the exchange unit C and with the Einrichtuna aem, Fi?, 2_ Use "analog ·" .'_ «" ... -

The above-described device according to FIG. 4 only requires two simple exchange units more than a conventional one simple compressor heat pump, but it enables an essential better utilization of low-temperature thermal energy or the like. Than the latter.

A device according to Fig. 4, in which all the working medium flow directions Wärmeflußrichtungen and the power flow opposes extend to the direction of the arrow represents a combination of the heat engine and absorber heat pump for m> η. The driving heat Q, the conces- the temperature level T ₉

A ^z

is partially converted into work W and at the same time generates useful cold at T as well as waste or useful heat Q _ß and Q. Here, too, different operating modes are possible.

Fig. 5 shows a device which has a two-stage absorber part and includes a printing machine part. The absorber part contains exchange units A to F, working medium lines 112, 114, 118 and 120 and absorbent circuits 122, 124 and 126. The absorbent circuit 126 can in Case in which only pure working medium flows between the exchange units C and F, to a single line with a pump or throttle reduced, as has already been mentioned above.

The working medium flows through the corresponding working medium lines between the exchange units A and B, B and C, D and E or E and F 112, 114, 118, 120 in each case under the effect of the flow-related conditions prevailing between these units and pressure differences between these pairs of exchange units due to the reaction rates no compressors are switched on. The absolute values of the prevailing pressure are also determined by K.

Depending on the direction of rotation of the working fluid indicated by a curved double arrow in the individual stages different types of the device according to Fig. 5, namely:

1) r r r 5) r r 1

2) r 1 r 6) r 1 1

3) 1 r r 7) 1 r 1

4) 1 1 r 8) 1 1 1.

For an absorber stage, the direction of rotation means 1 (counterclockwise direction) an operation as a heat pump and the direction of rotation r (clockwise direction) an operation as a heat transformer .

For the printing machine part, the sense of circulation / 1 means one Operation as a compression machine and the sense of rotation r an operation as an expansion engine.

The distances between the working temperatures are for all pairs of exchange units connected by an absorbent cycle, thus determined between the exchange units A-D, B-E and C-F by equation (1); the working temperatures of a Pairs can, however, be shifted within reasonable limits with respect to the working temperatures of any other pair. A device of the type shown in Fig. 5 is very adaptable to the temperatures of the available Thermal energies that are to be made usable. For each of the eight types 1) to 8) there are depending on the ratio of the working medium flows and the possibilities of internal heat exchange, different modes of operation, as shown in the figures 3 and 4 has been explained.

The following exemplary embodiments represent class 2 devices, i.e. the exchange units contained in them work at three substantially different pressure levels. (Pressure differences that are insignificant for understanding the invention, such as those created between units A and B by the pressure drop in line 112 are shown in the drawings not shown and not mentioned in the description.)

The device according to FIG. 6 contains five exchange units B, C, D, E and F, which, as can be seen from the drawing, in different pressure ranges p _Q , P ₁ and p ₂ as well as different temperature ranges T _Q , T ₁ , T ₂ and T ₃ work. The device also contains a printing machine K, which is connected between the exchange units B and D, and / or a printing machine K ¹ , which is connected between the exchange units B and E. With regard to the possible directions of circulation of the working medium in the individual stages or subsystems, the explanations made with reference to FIG. 5 apply analogously / so that with K and K ^{1 there are} sixteen different types, each with different operating modes. The same applies to the following figures.

In Fig. 6 the material flow directions are shown for the case that the absorber part with the exchange units C, D, E and F and the working medium flow m works as a heat transformer, while each printing machine part K, B, C (D) or K ¹ , B , F (E) works with the material flow η or n ¹ as a compressor heat pump. The printing machines K and K ¹ are compressors in this case.

The printing machine part (compressor heat pump part) with the compressor K has the exchange unit C, which works as an evaporator, in common with the absorber part, while the printing machine part (compressor heat pump part) with the compressor K 'shares the exchange unit F with the absorber part. Depending on whether n ^{1 is} smaller or larger than m, the exchange unit F works as a condenser or an evaporator. The type of device according to FIG. 6 corresponding to the direction of the working medium flows shown is very well suited for the use of waste heat and the like, which is supplied to the exchange units E and C as drive heat for the heat pump and for the compressor heat pump part K in C also as Warmegue ^ e serves. During periods of weakness, the heat given off by the exchange unit D at temperature level T, which is supplied exclusively by the heat transformer part of the device, is sufficient. So there is no additional external energy

3116783.:; Λ. "· =. / Τ '

needed. When there is a higher heat requirement, the compressor K ^ and / or ^ K. ', _ Are switched on, so that additional heat ^ B taken from the exchange unit B working as a capacitor can be.

The Kömpressor heat pump part contains a throttle 160 in the connection between the exchange units B and C. The connection between the exchange units C and F contains a throttle 162 or a pump 164, depending on whether the system is designed so that n ^{1 is} larger or smaller than m is. If K 'is absent, n ¹ = 0, the connection between F and C then contains the pump 164.

Fig. 7 shows a device with a two-stage absorber " part and a printing machine part. With the indicated direction of the working medium flows m, η and 1, the device contains 7, an absorber sub-stage operating as a heat transformer with the exchange units DEFC, a as an absorber heat pump working stage of the absorber part with the exchange units ABCD and the printing machine part works as a compressor heat pump and contains a compressor K and the exchange units D and E or C and F.

The exchange units A and E are connected to one another by an absorbent circuit 122 'whose line 122'a containing the pump 122'b connects the exchange units A and E, while the line 122 ¹ C leads over the exchange unit D and between the exchange units A and D a first choke 122'd and between the exchange units D and E a second choke 122 "d.

The type of device according to FIG. 7, which is defined by the working medium flow directions shown, is suitable particularly good for the use of "cold district heating"

when the compressor K is driven by an internal combustion engine.

In off-peak times, only the part of the heat transformer that has the available heat energy is put into operation

in the form of Q "and Q" added to the exchange units E and C-E C

will lead. The useful heat Q is taken from the exchange unit D.

If more heat is required, the compressor heat pump and / or the. _Absorber heat pump section switched on. If "the ----- compressor K is driven by an internal combustion engine, the waste heat of the internal combustion engine can be advantageous Way Q used for the absorber heat pump part ABCD

will. - ■■

By reducing p_ to ρ Ι (pA ^: P ₁ = P ₁ JP _n \, the "working temperature ranges of A and B can be _{shifted from T 1} - or T- to T or T", as indicated by the dashed exchange units A ¹ and B "is shown. An advantageous heat exchange between B ¹ and E is then possible, as indicated by the circuit 134 '.

FIG. 8 shows a device with an absorber part CDEF and a printing machine part · KAD. So here is the replacement unit D common to both parts.

With the indicated directions of the material flows m in the absorber part and η in the printing machine part · the absorber machine part · works as a heat transformer and the printing machine part as a compressor heat pump. The printing machine K is a compressor. Waste heat or local district heating Q_ and Q with temperature level T _{1 is} supplied to the heat pump part,

L · CI

it supplies useful heat Q at the higher temperature level T ₂ . The heat transformer part is again preferably dimensioned in such a way that it only covers the useful heat requirement in times of weakness

3118788

can cover. If the pressure machine part KAD, which works as a compressor heat pump, is switched on, the working medium _{flow generated in the exchange unit C is partially or completely (depending on whether η is less than or equal to m) compressed to the higher pressure level p 2} and then supplies heat at temperature T_. If η is greater than m, heat can also be supplied to the exchange unit D and all of the useful heat is generated at temperature level T ₃ .

If the working medium flow directions are reversed in the absorber part and / or the printing machine part, other types result the device according to FIG. 8, as has been explained above with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.

9 shows a device which contains seven exchange units A to F and one or two printing machines K and K ¹ .

The absorber part is two-stage. With the illustrated directions of the material flows m and η in the absorber part and 1 or I ¹ in the printing machine part, one stage of the absorber part, which contains the exchange units A, G, F and C and works with the working medium flow m, works as a heat transformer, while the second Stage, which contains the exchange units ABE and D and is traversed by the working medium flow η, works as a heat pump. The printing machine parts KGA or KCF and / or K ¹ DA or K ¹ BE each work as a compressor heat pump.

The type of device according to FIG. 9 defined by the working medium flow directions shown is characterized by a high theoretical coefficient of performance η = 2/3 with, however, a small temperature swing T ₂ + T ₃ or T ₄ when m = n. The device is therefore suitable for the recovery of waste heat, the temperature of which is only slightly below the desired useful temperature. ^: ; "

The device according to FIG. 9 is the available heat of the temperature level T2 at the exchange units G, E and C supplied, it supplies useful heat to the exchange units B and D and for n <m also for A.

If n is greater than m, heat Q can still be added to A, E.g. process waste heat, cooling water heat of an internal combustion engine and the like ... If n is smaller than m, one can additionally Take heat Q from exchange unit A. If there is a higher heat requirement, additional heat from the temperature level can be used in A. T ^ by the printing machine parts KGA and / or K 'DA, which each work as a compressor heat pump be generated.

If the direction of the flow of material is reversed, the The absorber part is a two-stage heat pump. This type of device is characterized by a larger temperature lift, however, by a smaller theoretical performance. digit η = 1/3.

Other types result from different combinations of the working medium flow directions in the two stages of the absorber part and the one or more printing machine parts, as has been explained above with reference to FIG.

3118788

Fig. 10 shows a device which also contains a two-stage absorber part and one or two printing machine parts, with the directions of the working medium flows m and η in the two stages of the absorber part and 1 and I ¹ in In the printing machine parts, the first stage of the absorber part, which contains the exchange units A, C, D and B and is flowed through by the working medium flow η, works as a heat transformer, as does the second stage, which contains the exchange units B, F, E and G, and the working medium flow m is traversed-

The printing machine part K, A, C with the material flow

I and / or the printing machine part K ¹ , B, F with the material flow

I ^I work as a compressor heat pump.

The type of device according to FIG. 10 defined by the directions of the working medium flows shown has the

The advantage that a small temperature difference between the temperature _{levels T 1} and T can be used for heat transformation in order to raise thermal energy from the temperature level T ₁ to the temperature level T ₂ and T-. For m = η there is a theoretical efficiency η = 1/3. The device shown is supplied with heat at the temperature level T ₁ at the exchange units C, F and G. Depending on the ratio of the working medium flows or throughputs m: n, more useful heat can be extracted from B or A. If m becomes smaller than n, the exchange unit B has to be supplied with heat. The compressor connected between the exchange units C and A can generate additional useful heat in A. It is also possible ^{to switch a compressor K 1} between F and B, or between F and A if m = n. In this case, there is no phase change in the working medium in B.

Here, too, different combinations of the directions of the working medium flows m, n, 1 or 1 'result in different types of the device according to FIG. 10 for each There are different operating modes depending on the ratio of the working medium flows m and n. This generally applies for all facilities described here.

The device according to FIG. 11 serves the same purpose as that according to FIG. 10, ie the utilization of a small temperature difference T ₁ -T between the available thermal energy and the environment. The relatively high temperature lift To-T ₁ is achieved here by an internal heat exchange between the exchange units D and B.

The device according to FIG. 11 contains an absorber part with two stages DEFC (working medium flow m) and AEFB (working medium flow n) working as heat transformers. Such a two-stage heat transformer can also be used with advantage on its own. However, it is preferably combined with one or more compressor parts K ₁ CB and / or K-ED and / or K ₃ EA (working medium flows ¹ or 1 · 1 or 1 ").

For pure heat transformer operation (1 = 1 '= 1 "= O) one obtains for m = η a theoretical performance figure π = 1/3, when Q is used entirely to drive off in B. The useful heat is taken from A.

For m> η, additional useful heat is obtained from D.

For m <"n, B must be supplied with drive heat in addition to the heat Q.

If one or more compressors are switched on, i.e. if 1 and / or 1 'and / or 1 "are greater than zero, the result is additional heat output in A.

The devices of the different types can each be operated with only a single operating mode or it can be a continuous or discontinuous transition between the different to adapt to changing conditions Operating modes are carried out.

In the case of devices of class 1), those types and operating modes are particularly advantageous and according to the invention
viewed in which the working medium flow η in the compressor part is greater than or equal to the working medium flow m in the absorber part.

Class 2) facilities are also considered to be particularly advantageous. As well as those facilities in which the absorber part is multi-stage and without a compressor alone
is functional.

In the case of the devices of the type described here, known working equipment systems can in principle be used. Examples of satisfactory system of work equipment and
Absorbents are:

ΝΗ -, / Η ,, Ο or aqueous lithium bromide solution;
HpO / aqueous lithium bromide solution;

R22 / I181

or other fluorinated hydrocarbons in combination with

organic absorbents.

In conclusion, it should be emphasized again that the various
Facilities in the figures are only schematic in one way
are shown as is necessary for an understanding of the invention
is deemed most appropriate. In practice, the exchange units, heat exchangers and the like can be designed in a known manner, for example one is used for internal heat exchange
between the units B and C in Fig. 3 or B and D in Fig. 11 do not use a separate heat transfer circuit as he does
is shown schematically at 134, but the inner one
Cause heat exchange, for example, by having two concentric

Pipelines are used, for example the Dein in the inner pipe
sorption (evaporation) and / the surrounding annulus of the

absorption (evaporation) take place in the outer tube. if

if you want to remove or add heat to this system, you can arrange it in a vessel made of a suitable one Heat transfer medium is flowed through.

Claims (16)

3116738 PATENTANWÄLTE; ". · ..- DR. DIETER V. BI.ZOLD DIPL. ING. PETER SCHÜTZ DIPL. ING. WOLFGANG HEUSLER MARIA-THERESIA-STRASr C 22 PO Box 86 02ÖO D-8OOO MUENCHEN 86 PATENT APPROVED BY EUROPEAN EUROPE ATTORNEYS MANDÄTAIRES EN BREVETS EUROPiENS TELEFON 089/4 70 60 06 TELEX 522 638 TELEGRAM SOMBEZ April 27, 1981 11024 Dr.vB / E Professor Dr. Georg Alefeld Josef-Raps-Strasse 3.8000 Munich 4 0 Process and device for harnessing thermal energy (Addition to P 31 11 552.7) claims 1. Process for utilizing thermal energy, in which the available thermal energy (input heat) at least during a first operating period by an absorption process in the manner of an absorption heat pump process or a heat transformer process is raised to a higher temperature level, and at least partially however, during a second operating period which may partially or wholly overlap the first does not have to be subjected to a printing machine process, characterized in that a the following conditions are met: ! ■ OSTSCHECK MÖNCHEN NB ₁ 69M8-B0Q BANK ACCOUNT IIYPOBANK MONCHCN (BIZ 700 900 HOI KTO, 60Λ0 907 37 «SWIFT HYPO HP MM a) the printing machine process is a compression heat pump process with a predetermined, optionally variable first working medium throughput (s) of a compressor; the absorption process is single-stage and works with the same essential pressure levels (ρ, ρ) as the compression heat pump process and a predetermined, optionally variable second working medium throughput (m) and the first working medium throughput (n) is greater than the second during at least part of the second operating period Working medium throughput (m); b) the absorption process is at least two-stage and also functional without the pressure medium process; c) the printing machine process is an expansion process with a working medium cycle, the one with a working medium cycle of the absorption process communicated; d) the printing machine process operates between a different pair of essential pressure levels than the absorption process and the work equipment cycles of the two processes communicate with each other. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that the absorption process contains at least one heat transformer process. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by dadur.ch, that the printing machine process consists of at least one compression heat pump process. 7QQ -3- 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that that the absorption process waste heat from a thermal power station is supplied and that the off an expansion process existing printing machine process work (W) is taken. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the working medium flows can be set separately in the absorption process and the printing machine process. 6. Device for performing the method according to claim 1 with an absorber part, the at least four exchange units, a working medium circulation and at least one absorption medium circulation contains, and with a printing machine part, the at least two exchange units, a second Contains working medium circuit and a printing machine switched on in this, thereby marked chn e t that at least four exchange units (A, B, C, D) are provided, which are at two substantially different pressure levels (ρ ·, ρ) and in three different temperature ranges (T, T, T „) work; that that (B) of the exchange units working at the higher pressure level (p.), which works in the lower temperature range (T) of this pressure level, with that (C) exchange unit of the exchange units working at the lower pressure level (p), which works in the higher temperature range ( T ₁ ) this pressure range works, is thermally coupled (134) and that the printing machine (K) is between two exchange units (A, C or B, D) working at different pressure levels is switched. 311S788 7. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1 with an absorber part, which contains at least four exchange units, a working medium circuit and at least one absorption medium circuit, and with a printing machine part, which contains at least two exchange units, a second working medium circuit and a printing machine switched on in this, characterized gekennzei chn et that at least three exchange units (A, B, C) working on a first pressure level (p.), which work in three different temperature ranges (T ₃ , T ~ or T.), and at least three further exchange units (D, E, F), which operate at a second, lower pressure level (p) and in different temperature ranges (T ₂ , T ₁ or T), are provided; that those working at the same pressure level (p. or ρ) Exchange units through work equipment lines (112, 114, 118, 120) are coupled; that those in the highest temperature range of the respective pressure level, Exchange units working in the second-highest temperature range of the respective pressure level etc., with the exception at most of the pair of exchange units (C, F) in the lowest temperature ranges of the respective pressure levels work, coupled to one another in pairs by an absorbent circuit (122, 124 and optionally 126) are; and that the printing machine (K) is switched between two exchange units (e.g. A, D) working at different pressure levels is. 8. Device according to claim 7, characterized in that that at least one of the pairs of exchange units (B, D or C, E) operating at different pressure levels but work in the same temperature range, are thermally coupled to one another (1. '. 4). 3113738 9. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1 with an absorber part which contains at least four exchange units, a working medium circuit and at least one absorption medium circuit, and with a printing machine part which contains at least two exchange units, a second working medium circuit and a printing machine switched on in this , characterized in that the absorber part contains at least four exchange units (C, D, E, F), two of which (E, F) at a low pressure level and the other two (C, D) at a medium pressure level (P ₁ ) , and work within the respective pressure levels in different temperature ranges (T, T or T ₁ , T «) and are connected to a working medium circuit; that the printing machine part has a second working medium circuit, which includes at least one of the exchange units operating at the medium pressure level and a further exchange unit operating at a third, relatively high pressure level (p ~) (B in Fig. 6, A in Fig. 8) and at least a printing machine (K, K ¹ ) contains; that the printing machine (K, K ¹ ) is connected between this further exchange unit (B in FIG. 6, A in FIG. 8) and an exchange unit (D _{f E) operating at a lower pressure level (P 1} or ρ) and that a Absorbent circuit is provided at least between the exchange unit (E) operating at the low pressure level (p) and in the highest temperature range (T ₂ ) of this pressure level and an exchange unit (D, A) operating at a higher pressure level and in a higher temperature range. 10. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that the absorbent circuit in the highest temperature range (T ₁ , T ^) of the low and the medium pressure level (p, P ₁ ) working exchange units (E, D) and the further exchange unit (A) un- -6-holds (Fig. 8). 11. Device for performing the method according to claim 1 with an absorber part, the at least four exchange units, an Arbextsmxttelkreislauf and at least one absorbent circuit contains, and with a printing machine part, the at least two exchange units, a second Contains working medium circuit and a printing machine switched on in this, thereby marked chn e t that the absorber part is multi-stage and the exchange units of the absorber part to at least three essential work at different pressure levels (Figs. 7, 9, 10 and 11). 12. The device according to claim 11, characterized in that the absorber part contains at least six exchange units (A, B, C, D, E, F), of which two each on a first, low pressure level (p), on a second, middle Pressure level (P ₁ ) and a third, relatively high pressure level (p ₂ or ρ ') and within the pressure levels in different temperature ranges (T to Τ _ς ) work and that the printing machine (K) between two at the low and the medium pressure level working exchange units (D, E) is connected (Fig. 7). ^{13. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the exchange unit (B 1} ) operating in the lower temperature range (T ") of the relatively high pressure level (p ¹ ") with the exchange unit (B 1) operating in the higher temperature range (T) of the low pressure level (p) - · Unit (E) is thermally coupled. 14. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1 with an Absorberteü, the at least four exchange units, contains a working medium circuit and at least one absorption medium circuit, and with a printing machine part, of the at least two exchange units, a second 6 ί ι ο ι 6 8 Contains working medium circuit and a printing machine switched on in this, characterized by an absorber part with six exchange units (A, B, C, D), two of which are at a first, relatively high pressure level (p ~), at a medium pressure level (P ₁ ) and work at a relatively low pressure level (p) and within the pressure levels in different temperature ranges (T to T_) and that the exchange unit (B) operating in the lower temperature range of the high pressure level (p_) with the one at the medium pressure level (P ₁ ) and in higher temperature range (T_) of this pressure level working exchange unit (D) is thermally coupled (FIG. 11). 15. Device according to claim 14, characterized in that that the exchange units operating in the higher temperature ranges of the respective pressure levels (A, D, E) and those in the lower temperature ranges the respective pressure levels working exchange units (B, C. F) each through an absorbent circuit (122, 124) are coupled and that the exchange units working at the same pressure level are connected by a working medium line are coupled to each other. 16.Einrichtung according to any one of claims 6 to 15, characterized in that the two Working medium lines connecting exchange units do not contain a compressor.