DE29824160U1 - Multi-phase detergent tablets - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to two- or multiphase detergent forms consisting of compressed particulate detergents comprising tenside(s), builder(s) and optionally, other detergent constituents. The tenside content of the individual phases of the detergent form does not vary by more than 3 wt. % in relation to the weight of the individual phase. By aligning the tenside contents of the individual phases of the form as far as possible in this way, it is possible to obtain multiphase detergent forms with excellent properties.

Description

Henkel KGaA
VTP

Semrau / BL
10.03.2000

Utility model version to be registered

H3292a
"Multiphase detergent tablets"

The present invention relates to multiphase detergent and cleaning agent tablets. In particular, the invention relates to multiphase detergent tablets which are used for washing textiles in a household washing machine and are referred to as detergent tablets for short.

Due to the convenience of their dosing and other advantages in terms of packaging, transport and storage, the supply form of highly compacted molded bodies has a number of advantages that make it desirable to also provide detergents and cleaning agents in this form. There is a broad state of the art for detergents and cleaning agents, which are often referred to as detergent tablets for short, and this has the particular task of overcoming a central problem of the "tablet" supply form: the dichotomy between the hardness of the molded bodies on the one hand and their disintegration speed on the other. Adequate hardness is essential for packaging, storage, transport and handling of the molded bodies, while the disintegration properties have a decisive influence on the washing process and sufficiently rapid disintegration is absolutely necessary for the formation of a sufficiently concentrated washing liquor.

The problem of finding a technically reasonable compromise between hardness and decomposition is made even more difficult with multi-phase molded bodies: For washing or cleaning reasons, it can be advantageous to separate certain detergent and cleaning agent ingredients from one another. However, this separation requires a different physical

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Property profile of the different phases in the molded body. In extreme cases, the adhesion between the phases can be so low that multi-phase molded bodies can no longer be produced. Too different hardness of different phases would lead to individual phases being more damaged than other phases due to packaging, transport or handling. In addition, too different rates of disintegration and dissolution of individual phases is also undesirable, as otherwise active ingredients from the less readily disintegrating or soluble phase would not be available in the washing process.

It is therefore of central importance in multiphase detergent and cleaning agent tablets that all phases adhere to one another, have sufficient and, if possible, equal hardness, and have a sufficiently rapid and, if possible, identical disintegration and dissolution profile. Proposed solutions to this problem are not currently described in the state of the art.

Detergent tablets in which individual ingredients are present separately from others are also described in EP-AO 481 793 (Unilever). The detergent tablets disclosed in this document contain sodium percarbonate which is spatially separated from all other components that could influence its stability. No statements are made in this document about hardness and/or disintegration depending on the phase composition.

EP-AO 466 485 (Unilever) describes detergent tablets that are produced by pressing two surfactant-containing granules. One granule contains the entire amount of anionic surfactants, while the second surfactant granule is preferably free of anionic surfactants. This document also does not comment on hardness and/or disintegration depending on the phase composition.

The object of the present invention was to provide multiphase detergent and cleaning agent tablets which overcome the disadvantages mentioned. In particular, multiphase detergent and cleaning agent tablets are to be provided which have a high hardness and a high disintegration and dissolution rate in all phases.

It has now been found that multiphase detergent and cleaning agent tablets with an outstanding property profile can be produced if the surfactant contents in the individual phases are matched to one another as far as possible.

The invention now relates to two- or multi-phase detergent and cleaning agent tablets made of compacted particulate detergent and cleaning agent, comprising surfactant(s), builder(s) and optionally further detergent and cleaning agent components, in which the surfactant content of the individual phases of the tablet varies by no more than 3% by weight, based on the weight of the individual phase.

In the context of the present application, a variation of no more than 3% by weight, based on the weight of the individual phases, means that the absolute values of the surfactant content in the phases do not vary by more than 3% by weight. If one phase contains 20% by weight of surfactant(s), the surfactant content of the other phase(s) must be selected so that the range of variation around the value 20 is a maximum of 3% by weight. In other words, the percentage value of the surfactant content of the phase with the lowest surfactant content is subtracted from the percentage value of the surfactant content of the phase with the highest surfactant content, whereby the result must be < 3.

In preferred detergent and cleaning agent tablets, the surfactant content of the individual phases varies by less than 3% by weight. Thus, detergent and cleaning agent tablets are preferred in which the surfactant content of the individual phases of the tablet varies by no more than 2% by weight, preferably by no more than 1.5% by weight and in particular by no more than 1% by weight, based on the weight of the individual phase.

In particular, detergent and cleaning agent tablets are preferred in which the surfactant content of the individual phases of the tablet is identical. Since the products mentioned are large-scale products that are produced on a tonne scale with unit weights that are usually less than 100 grams, a slight fluctuation in the surfactant content of individual phases cannot be completely ruled out. In the context of the present invention, an "identical" surfactant content in the individual phases therefore also exists if fluctuations of a few tenths of a percent by weight are recorded.

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The individual phases of the molded body can have different spatial forms within the scope of the present invention. The simplest way of realizing this is in two- or multi-layer tablets, where each layer of the molded body represents a phase. However, it is also possible according to the invention to produce multi-phase molded bodies in which individual phases have the form of inclusions in (an) other phase(s). In addition to so-called "ring-core tablets", coated tablets or combinations of the above-mentioned embodiments are possible. Examples of multi-phase molded bodies can be found in the figures of EP-AO 055 100 (Jeyes), which describes toilet cleaning blocks. The currently most common spatial form of multi-phase molded bodies is the two- or multi-layer tablet. Within the scope of the present invention, it is therefore preferred that the phases of the molded body have the form of layers.

In the present invention, it is essential that the surfactant content of the individual phases of the molded body does not vary by more than 3% by weight, based on the weight of the individual phase. When determining the surfactant content, the sum of the surfactants contained in the relevant phase is used as a basis, regardless of the type of surfactant involved. If a phase contains, for example, anionic and non-ionic surfactants, the total surfactant content of the phase is the sum of the amounts of anionic and non-ionic surfactants.

The surfactants can be incorporated in pure form into the individual phases of the molded bodies. This is easily possible with soaps or other easily processed surfactants, for example. For many surfactants, however, it is recommended not to incorporate the pure surfactants, but rather surfactant compounds. These compounds, which should have the highest possible surfactant content depending on the application, can be produced using conventional processes such as spray drying, granulation or compounding. Of course, a combination of several surfactant granules or a combination of surfactant granules with pure surfactants is also possible.

In the context of the present invention, it is preferred that the surfactant(s) are introduced into the phases of the molded bodies via surfactant-containing granules.

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In further embodiments of the present invention, different surfactant granules can be used for each phase. However, it is also possible for each phase to obtain its surfactant content from a single granule, which is thus contained in all phases of the molded body. This is a further preferred embodiment within the scope of the present invention, in which the same surfactant granules are used in all phases of the molded body.

The simplest conceivable embodiment of the present invention provides a two-phase tablet in which the phases are present as layers and in which the same surfactant granules are used in both layers. These shaped bodies, which have two layers containing the same surfactant granules, can be easily produced in conventional tablet presses.

Anionic, nonionic, cationic and/or amphoteric surfactants or mixtures thereof can be used in the washing and cleaning agent tablets according to the invention. From an application point of view, mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are preferred. The total surfactant content of the tablets is 5 to 60% by weight, based on the weight of the tablet, with surfactant contents of more than 15% by weight being preferred.

Examples of anionic surfactants used are those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. Preferably used surfactants of the sulfonate type are C ₉ . ₁₃ -alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefinsulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates, such as those obtained from C 13 -monoolefins with a terminal or internal double bond by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products. Also suitable are alkanesulfonates obtained from C ₁₂ . _1g -alkanes, for example by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation with subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. The esters of α-sulfofatty acids (estersulfonates), eg the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are also suitable.

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Other suitable anionic surfactants are sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters. Fatty acid glycerol esters are understood to mean the mono-, di- and triesters as well as their mixtures, as obtained in the production by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 moles of glycerol. Preferred sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fatty acids with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

Preferred alk(en)yl sulfates are the alkali metal salts and, in particular, the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid half-esters of the C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols, for example from coconut fatty alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C ₁₀ -C ₂₀ oxo alcohols and those half-esters of secondary alcohols of these chain lengths. Also preferred are alk(en)yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned which contain a synthetic, petrochemically produced straight-chain alkyl radical, which have a degradation behavior similar to that of the corresponding compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. For washing purposes, the C | -C ₁₆ -alkyl sulfates and C ₁₂ -C ₁₅ -alkyl sulfates as well as C ₁₄ -C 18 -alkyl sulfates are preferred. Also 2,3-alkyl sulfates, which are produced, for example, according to US patents 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and can be obtained as commercial products from the Shell Oil Company under the name DAN*, are suitable anionic surfactants.

The sulfuric acid monoesters of straight-chain or branched C ₇ . _: , alcohols ethoxylated with 1 to 6 moles of ethylene oxide, such as 2-methyl-branched C ₉ .,, alcohols with an average of 3.5 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) or C 1 _: . _lg fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO, are also suitable. Due to their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are the salts of alkyl sulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinic acid esters and are the monoesters and/or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and in particular ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C ₈ . i ₈ fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain

contain a fatty alcohol residue that is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are non-ionic surfactants (see description below). Sulfosuccinates, whose fatty alcohol residues are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution, are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk(en)ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk(en)yl chain or its salts.

Other anionic surfactants that may be considered include soaps. Saturated fatty acid soaps, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid, and particularly soap mixtures derived from natural fatty acids, e.g. coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are suitable.

The anionic surfactants, including the soaps, can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and as soluble salts of organic bases such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.

Non-ionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols with preferably 8 to 18 C atoms and an average of 1 to 12 mol of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or can contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. In particular, however, alcohol ethoxylates with linear radicals from alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 C atoms, e.g. from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C 1-4 alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C _{9-12 alcohols} with 7 EO, C _n- 13 alcohols with 8 EO, and C 2-6 alcohols with 12 EO or 4 EO. ₁₅ -alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C ₁₂ . ₁₈ -alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C ₁₂ . _]4 -alcohol with 3 EO and C, ₂ . ₁₈ -alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages which can be a whole or a fractional number for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these non-ionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more

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can be used as 12 EO. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

In addition, alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO(G) _x can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R is a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched in the 2-position, aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 C atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit having 5 or 6 C atoms, preferably glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; preferably x is 1.2 to 1.4.

Another class of preferably used nonionic surfactants, which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl esters, as described, for example, in Japanese patent application JP 58/217598 or which are preferably prepared by the process described in international patent application WO-A-90/13533.

Non-ionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-coconut alkyl-ν,ν-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-KN-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and fatty acid alkanolamides may also be suitable. The amount of these non-ionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of that.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula (I),

R-CO-N-[Z] (I)

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in which RCO is an aliphatic acyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ¹ is hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] is a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups. The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula (II),

R^ ^OR2
R-CO-N-[Z] (II)

in which R is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ¹ is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ² is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxyalkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, where C _M alkyl or phenyl radicals are preferred and [Z] is a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives of this radical.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, for example according to the teaching of the international application WO-A-95/07331, by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as a catalyst.

In the context of the present invention, washing and cleaning agent tablets are preferred which contain anionic and nonionic surfactant(s), with application-related

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Advantages can result from certain proportions in which the individual surfactant classes are used.

For example, washing and cleaning agent tablets are particularly preferred in which the ratio of anionic surfactant(s) to nonionic surfactant(s) is between 10:1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5:1 and 1:5 and in particular between 5:1 and 1:2.

From an application point of view, it can be advantageous if certain classes of surfactants are not present in some phases of the detergent and cleaning agent tablets or in the entire tablet, i.e. in all phases. A further important embodiment of the present invention therefore provides that at least one phase of the tablet is free of nonionic surfactants.

Conversely, however, a positive effect can also be achieved by the content of certain surfactants in individual phases or in the entire molded body, i.e. all phases. The incorporation of the alkyl polyglycosides described above has proven to be advantageous, so that detergent and cleaning agent molded bodies are preferred in which at least one phase of the molded body contains alkyl polyglycosides.

Similar to non-ionic surfactants, the omission of anionic surfactants from individual or all phases can also result in detergent and cleaning agent tablets that are more suitable for certain areas of application. Therefore, detergent and cleaning agent tablets are also conceivable within the scope of the present invention in which at least one phase of the tablets is free of anionic surfactants.

In addition to the detergent substances, builders are the most important ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents. The detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to the invention can contain all builders usually used in detergents and cleaning agents, in particular zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic cobuilders and - where there are no ecological prejudices against their use - also phosphates.

·· &diams;&diams;

VT*

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Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x O _2x+1 H ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x are 2, 3 or 4. Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP-AO 164 514. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M is sodium and x takes on the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β and δ-sodium disilicates Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ " yH ₂ O are preferred, where β-sodium disilicate can be obtained, for example, by the process described in international patent application WO-A-91/08171 .

Amorphous sodium silicates with a Na ₂ O : SiO ₂ modulus of 1:2 to 1:3.3, preferably 1:2 to 1:2.8 and in particular 1:2 to 1:2.6, which are delayed in dissolving and have secondary washing properties, can also be used. The delayed dissolving compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compaction or overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term "amorphous" is also understood to mean "X-ray amorphous". This means that in X-ray diffraction experiments the silicates do not produce sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles produce blurred or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This can be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline regions of size 10 to several hundred nm, with values of up to max. 50 nm and especially up to max. 20 nm being preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates, which also have a dissolution delay compared to conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in the German patent application DE-A- 44 00 024. Particularly preferred are compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and overdried X-ray amorphous silicates.

&bull; ft ··'<■·

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The finely crystalline, synthetic zeolite containing bound water used is preferably zeolite A and/or P. Zeolite MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred as zeolite P. However, zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and/or P are also suitable. Commercially available and preferably used in the context of the present invention is, for example, a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (approx. 80% by weight zeolite X), which is sold by CONDEA Augusta S.p.A. under the brand name VEGOBOND AX® and is characterized by the formula

11Na ₂ O ■ (ln)K ₂ 0 ' Al ₂ O ₃ · (2 - 2.5)SiO ₂ ■ (3.5 - 5.5) H ₂ O

The zeolite can be used both as a builder in a granular compound and as a kind of "powdering" of the entire mixture to be pressed, whereby both methods are usually used to incorporate the zeolite into the premix. Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 μηη (volume distribution; measuring method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight of bound water.

Of course, the use of the well-known phosphates as builder substances is also possible, provided that such use should not be avoided for ecological reasons. The sodium salts of orthophosphates, pyrophosphates and especially tripolyphosphates are particularly suitable.

Useful organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids that can be used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), provided that such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, as well as mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.

In order to facilitate the disintegration of highly compacted molded bodies, it is possible to incorporate disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, into them in order to shorten the disintegration times. According to Römpp, tablet disintegrants or disintegration accelerators are

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(9th edition, vol. 6, p. 4440) and Voigt "Textbook of pharmaceutical technology'' ¹ (6th edition, 1987, pp. 182-184) are understood as excipients which ensure the rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and the release of the pharmaceuticals in an absorbable form.

These substances, which are also referred to as "explosives" due to their effect, increase their volume when exposed to water, whereby on the one hand the volume itself increases (swelling), and on the other hand pressure can be generated through the release of gases, which causes the tablet to break down into smaller particles. Well-known disintegration aids are, for example, carbonate/citric acid systems, although other organic acids can also be used. Swelling disintegration aids are, for example, synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or natural polymers or modified natural substances such as cellulose and starch and their derivatives, alginates or casein derivatives.

Preferred washing and cleaning agent tablets contain 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 1 to 6% by weight and in particular 3 to 5% by weight of a disintegration aid, in each case based on the weight of the tablet.

Cellulose-based disintegrants are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred washing and cleaning agent tablets contain such a cellulose-based disintegrant in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 1 to 6% by weight and in particular 3 to 6% by weight. Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ ),, and formally represents a ß-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and therefore have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose derivatives that can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions can also be used as cellulose-based disintegrants in the context of the present invention. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. But celluloses in which the hydroxy groups have been replaced by functional groups that are not bound via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives.

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The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali cellulose^ carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers as well as aminocelluloses.

The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as cellulose-based disintegrants, but are used in a mixture with cellulose. The content of cellulose derivatives in these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose, which is free of cellulose derivatives, is particularly preferably used as the cellulose-based disintegrant.

Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as another cellulose-based disintegration agent or as a component of this component. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions that only attack and completely dissolve the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged. Subsequent disaggregation of the microfine celluloses produced by the hydrolysis yields the microcrystalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approx. 5 μηι and can be compacted, for example, into granules with an average particle size of 200 μιη.

The production of washing and cleaning active molded bodies takes place by applying pressure to a mixture to be pressed, which is located in the cavity of a press. In the simplest case of molded body production, which is referred to below as tableting, the mixture to be tableted is pressed directly, i.e. without prior granulation. The advantages of this so-called direct tableting are its simple and cost-effective application, since no further process steps and therefore no further equipment are required. However, these advantages are offset by disadvantages. For example, a powder mixture that is to be tableted directly must have sufficient plastic deformability and good flow properties, and it must not show any tendency to separate during storage, transport and filling of the die. These three requirements are extremely difficult to master with many substance mixtures, so that direct tableting is not often used, especially in the production of washing and cleaning agent tablets. The usual method of production

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The production of washing and cleaning agent tablets therefore starts from powdered components ("primary particles") which are agglomerated or granulated by suitable processes to form secondary particles with a larger particle diameter. These granules or mixtures of different granules are then mixed with individual powdered additives and fed to the tabletting process. Depending on the design of the phases of the multi-phase washing and cleaning agent tablets, the matrix is filled step by step with different premixes. When producing multi-layer tablets, a slight application of pressure between filling with the premix for the next layer can have advantages. When producing ring-core tablets or coated tablets, such pre-compression with shaping is almost essential.

Washing and cleaning agent tablets preferred within the scope of the present invention are obtained by pressing particulate premixes of at least one surfactant-containing granulate and at least one subsequently added powdered component. The surfactant-containing granulates can be produced using conventional granulation processes such as mixer and disk granulation, fluidized bed granulation, extrusion, pelletization or compaction. It is advantageous for the subsequent washing and cleaning agent tablets if the premixes to be pressed have a bulk density that is close to that of conventional compact detergents. In particular, it is preferred that the premix to be pressed has a bulk density of at least 500 g/l, preferably at least 600 g/l and in particular above 700 g/l. A further advantage can result from a narrower particle size distribution of the surfactant granules used. In the context of the present invention, washing and cleaning agent tablets are preferred in which the granules have particle sizes between 10 and 4000 μηι, preferably between 100 and 2000 μια and in particular between 600 and 1400 μια.

The particle size distribution of the subsequently added powdered preparation components can also be varied, with preference being given to detergent and cleaning agent tablets in which the subsequently added powdered component(s) have the same particle size distribution as the granules used.

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Before the particulate premix is pressed into detergent and cleaning agent tablets, the premix can be "powdered" with finely divided surface treatment agents. This can be advantageous for the quality and physical properties of both the premix (storage, pressing) and the finished detergent and cleaning agent tablets. Finely divided powdering agents are well known in the art, with zeolites, silicates or other inorganic salts being used in most cases. However, the premix is preferably "powdered" with finely divided zeolite, with faujasite-type zeolites being preferred. In the context of the present invention, the term "zeolite of the faujasite type" refers to all three zeolites that form the faujasite subgroup of zeolite structure group 4 (compare Donald W. Breck: "Zeolite Molecular Sieves", John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1974, page 92). In addition to zeolite X, zeolite Y and faujasite as well as mixtures of these compounds can also be used, with pure zeolite X being preferred.

Mixtures or cocrystallizates of faujasite-type zeolites with other zeolites, which do not necessarily have to belong to zeolite structural group 4, can also be used as powdering agents, whereby it is advantageous if at least 50% by weight of the powdering agent consists of a faujasite-type zeolite.

In the context of the present invention, washing and cleaning agent tablets are preferred which consist of a particulate premix which contains granular components and subsequently added powdery substances, wherein the or one of the subsequently added powdery components is a zeolite of the faujasite type with particle sizes below λΩΩμηι, preferably below λΩΩμηι and in particular below 5μηι and makes up at least 0.2% by weight, preferably at least 0.5% by weight and in particular more than 1% by weight of the premix to be pressed.

The finely divided processing components with the above-mentioned particle sizes can be mixed dry into the premix to be pressed. However, it is also possible and preferred to "stick" them to the surface of the coarser particles by adding small amounts of liquid substances. These powdering processes are widely described in the prior art and are familiar to the expert. Liquid components that can be used for adhesion

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Non-ionic surfactants or aqueous solutions of surfactants or other detergent and cleaning agent ingredients can be used as suitable adhesion promoters for the powdering agents. In the context of the present invention, it is preferred to use perfume as a liquid adhesion promoter between the finely divided powdering agent and the coarse-grained particles.

In addition to the above-mentioned components surfactant, builder and disintegration aid, the detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to the invention can contain other ingredients commonly found in detergents and cleaning agents from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, enzymes, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors.

Among the compounds used as bleaching agents that yield H ₂ O ₂ in water, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are particularly important. Other useful bleaching agents are, for example, sodium percarbonate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ O ₂ yielding peracidic salts or peracids such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid.

In order to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing at temperatures of 60 ^° C and below, bleach activators can be incorporated as the sole component or as an ingredient of component b). Compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids with preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and/or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid, can be used as bleach activators. Substances which carry O- and/or N-acyl groups of the stated number of carbon atoms and/or optionally substituted benzoyl groups are suitable. Preference is given to multiply acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular l,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid

H3292a 18

anhydrides, in particular phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, in particular triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate and 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or instead of them, so-called bleach catalysts can also be incorporated into the molded bodies. These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salen complexes or carbonyl complexes. Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru ammine complexes can also be used as bleach catalysts.

Enzymes that can be used are those from the class of proteases, lipases, amylases, cellulases or mixtures thereof. Enzymatic active substances obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Streptomyces griseus are particularly suitable. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Enzyme mixtures, for example of protease and amylase or protease and lipase or protease and cellulase or cellulase and lipase or protease, amylase and lipase or protease, lipase and cellulase, but especially mixtures containing cellulase are of particular interest. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and/or embedded in coating substances in order to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules in the shaped bodies according to the invention can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to about 2% by weight.

In addition, the detergent and cleaning agent tablets can also contain components that have a positive effect on the ability to wash oil and fat out of textiles (so-called soil repellents). This effect is particularly evident when a textile is soiled that has already been washed several times with a detergent according to the invention that contains this oil and fat-dissolving component. The preferred oil and fat-dissolving components include, for example, non-ionic cellulose ethers such as methylcellulose and methylhydroxypropylcellulose with a proportion of methoxyl groups of 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropoxyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the non-ionic

H3292a 19

see cellulose ethers, as well as the polymers of phthalic acid and/or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and/or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and/or nonionically modified derivatives of these. Particularly preferred of these are the sulfonated derivatives of the phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers.

The molded bodies can contain derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or their alkali metal salts as optical brighteners. Suitable examples are salts of 4,4'-bis(2-anilino-4-morpholino-1,3,5-triazinyl-6-amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or similarly structured compounds which carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group instead of the morpholino group. Brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type can also be present, e.g. the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis(2-sulfostyryl)-diphenyl, 4,4'-bis(4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl)-diphenyl, or 4-(4-chlorostyryl)-4'-(2-sulfostyryl)-diphenyl. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.

Dyes and fragrances are added to the agents according to the invention in order to improve the aesthetic impression of the products and to provide the consumer with a visually and sensorially "typical and unmistakable" product in addition to the softness performance. Individual fragrance compounds, e.g. synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethyl methylphenylglycinate, allylcyclohexylpropionate, styrallylpropionate and benzyl salicylate. Ethers include benzyl ethyl ether, aldehydes include linear alkanals with 8-18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, ketones include ionones, cc-isomethylionone and methylcedryl ketone, alcohols include anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, and hydrocarbons mainly include terpenes such as limonene and pinene. However, mixtures of different fragrances are preferred, which together produce an appealing scent. Such perfume oils can

Ggr;·:"· "«Ox Oi... if'"'- a

also contain natural fragrance mixtures, such as those available from plant sources, e.g. pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouli, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are clary sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.

Typically, the colorant content of the plasticizers according to the invention is less than 0.01% by weight, while fragrances can make up to 2% by weight of the total formulation.

The fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers that increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and ensure that the textiles have a long-lasting fragrance by releasing the fragrance more slowly. Cyclodextrins, for example, have proven to be suitable carrier materials, and the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can also be coated with other auxiliary substances.

In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to the invention, they can be colored with suitable dyes. Preferred dyes, the selection of which presents no difficulty to the expert, have a high storage stability and are insensitive to the other ingredients of the agents and to light, and do not have a pronounced substantivity towards textile fibers so as not to color them. Since the subject matter of the present invention relates to multiphase detergent and cleaning agent tablets, the coloring of individual phases is of increased importance in order to emphasize the different active character of individual phases. Examples of the effectiveness of such coloring and of the success of statements on this are well known from denture cleaner advertising.

The molded bodies according to the invention are first produced by dry mixing the components of the individual phases, which may be fully or partially pre-granulated, and then shaping, in particular pressing into tablets, using conventional processes for producing multi-phase molded bodies

H3292a 21

To produce the multiphase molded bodies according to the invention, the premixes are compressed in a so-called matrix between two punches to form a solid compressed product. This process, which is referred to below as tabletting, is divided into four stages: dosing, compaction (elastic deformation), plastic deformation and ejection.

Tableting takes place in commercially available tablet presses, which can in principle be equipped with single or double punches. In the latter case, not only the upper punch is used to build up pressure, but the lower punch also moves towards the upper punch during the pressing process, while the upper punch presses downwards. For small production quantities, eccentric tablet presses are preferably used, in which the punch(s) are attached to an eccentric disk, which in turn is mounted on an axis with a certain rotational speed. The movement of these press punches is comparable to the operation of a conventional four-stroke engine. Compression can be carried out with an upper and lower punch, but several punches can also be attached to an eccentric disk, with the number of die holes increased accordingly. The throughput of eccentric presses varies depending on the type, from a few hundred to a maximum of 3000 tablets per hour.

For higher throughputs, rotary tablet presses are chosen in which a large number of dies are arranged in a circle on a so-called die table. The number of dies varies between 6 and 55 depending on the model, although larger dies are also available commercially. Each die on the die table is assigned an upper and lower punch, whereby the pressing pressure can be actively built up by just the upper or lower punch, but also by both punches. The die table and the punches move around a common vertical axis, with the punches being brought into the positions for filling, compacting, plastic deformation and ejection with the help of rail-like curved tracks during rotation. At points where a particularly significant raising or lowering of the punches is required (filling, compacting, ejecting), these curved tracks are supported by additional low-pressure pieces, low-pull rails and lifting tracks. The die is filled via a rigidly arranged feed device, the so-called filling shoe, which is equipped with a storage container for

the premixtures. The pressing pressure on the respective premixture can be individually adjusted via the pressing paths for the upper and lower punches, whereby the pressure builds up by the punch shaft heads rolling past adjustable pressure rollers.

Rotary presses can also be equipped with two or more filling shoes to increase throughput. To produce two- and multi-layered molded bodies, several filling shoes are arranged one behind the other without the lightly pressed first layer being ejected before further filling. By using suitable process control, it is also possible to produce coated and dot tablets that have an onion-skin-like structure, whereby in the case of dot tablets the top of the core or core layers is not covered and thus remains visible. Rotary tablet presses can also be equipped with single or multiple tools, so that, for example, an outer circle with 50 and an inner circle with 35 holes can be used for pressing at the same time. The throughput of modern rotary tablet presses is over a million molded bodies per hour.

Tableting machines suitable for the purposes of the present invention are available, for example, from the companies Apparatebau Holzwarth GbR, Asperg, Wilhelm Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Hofer GmbH, Weil, KILIAN, Cologne, KOMAGE, Kell am See, KORSCH Pressen GmbH, Berlin, Mapag Maschinenbau AG, Bern (CH) and Courtoy N.V., Halle (BE/LU). The hydraulic double-pressure press HPF 630 from the company LAEIS, D. is particularly suitable.

The molded bodies can be manufactured in a predetermined spatial shape and predetermined size, whereby they always consist of several phases, i.e. layers, inclusions or cores and rings. Practically all sensibly manageable designs can be considered as spatial shapes, for example the design as a panel, the rod or bar shape, cubes, cuboids and corresponding spatial elements with flat side surfaces and in particular cylindrical designs with a circular or oval cross-section. This last design covers the presentation form from the tablet to compact cylinder pieces with a height to diameter ratio above 1.

&bull; · · &diams;·

·

&bull; · · &diams;■*■# a ·

H3292a 23

The portioned compacts can be designed as separate individual elements that correspond to the predetermined dosage of the washing and/or cleaning agent. It is also possible to design compacts that combine a plurality of such mass units in one compact, with predetermined breaking points in particular ensuring that smaller, portioned units can be easily separated. For the use of textile detergents in machines of the type commonly used in Europe with horizontally arranged mechanics, it can be expedient to design the portioned compacts as tablets, in cylinder or cuboid form, with a diameter/height ratio in the range of approximately 0.5:2 to 2:0.5 being preferred. Commercially available hydraulic presses, eccentric presses or rotary presses are suitable devices, in particular for producing such compacts.

The spatial shape of another embodiment of the molded bodies is adapted in its dimensions to the detergent chamber of standard household washing machines, so that the molded bodies can be dosed directly into the detergent chamber without a dosing aid, where they dissolve during the rinsing process. Of course, the detergent molded bodies can also be used without any problems using a dosing aid.

Another preferred multiphase molded body that can be produced has a plate-like or panel-like structure with alternating thick long and thin short segments, so that individual segments of this "multiphase bar" can be broken off at the predetermined breaking points, which represent the short thin segments, and fed into the machine. This principle of the "bar-shaped" molded body detergent can also be implemented in other geometric shapes, for example vertical triangles that are only connected to one another lengthwise on one of their sides. For optical reasons, it is advisable to form the triangle base, which connects the individual segments, as one phase, while the triangle tip forms the second phase. A different coloring of the two phases is particularly attractive in this embodiment.

After pressing, the detergent and cleaning agent molded bodies exhibit a high level of stability. The breaking strength of cylindrical molded bodies can be measured using the diametrical breaking stress. This can be determined according to

IP
TiDt

Here, σ is the diametral fracture stress (DFS) in Pa, P is the force in N that results in the pressure exerted on the molded body that causes the molded body to fracture, D is the molded body diameter in meters, and t is the molded body height.

·

&bull;&diams;·· ·

&bull;&diams; · ·

Examples:

By mixing surfactant-containing granules with powdered processing components, premixes were produced which were pressed into two-phase detergent tablets in a Korsch tablet press. The surfactant granules 1, 2 and 3 were produced in a 130-litre plowshare mixer (Gebrüder Lödige, Paderborn) and then dried in a fluidized bed dryer. After sieving out the coarse particles (> 1.6 mm) and the fine particles (< 0.4 mm), the surfactant granules were mixed with the processing components in a paddle mixer.
The composition of the surfactant granules is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Surfactant granules [wt.%]

Granules 1 Granules 2 Granules 3 C ₉ . _n -Alkylbenzenesulfonate 21.2 18.6 19.4 C, ₂ .| ₈ -fatty alcohol sulfate 8.5 5.4 5.2 _C12 . ₁₈ -Fatty alcohol with 7 EO - 5.7 4.8 C, ₂ .| ₆ -alkylglucoside
Degree of oligomerization 1.1 1.0 Soap 1.6 1.6 1.6 sodium 17.0 16.6 17.0 Sodium silicate 5.6 5.4 5.6 Zeolite A (anhydrous active substance) 28.5 29.9 28.5 optical brightener 0.3 0.3 0.3 Na-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate 0.8 0.8 0.8 Acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer 5.6 5.4 5.6 Water, salts rest rest rest

Two-layer detergent tablets were produced from the premixes (surfactant granulate + processing components) on a Korsch rotary press, whereby the proportion

·

·

the first layer was 75 wt.% of the total mass and the second layer was 25 wt.% of the total mass of the tablet. The diameter of the tablets was 44 mm.

In the following tables 2, 3 and 4, the compositions of the detergent tablets are shown broken down by phase. The values in the columns of the table indicate the amount of the relevant substance in the respective phase of the tablet, i.e. the values in a column add up to 100%. The amount of the relevant substance in the entire tablet can be easily calculated from the proportion of the individual phases. Depending on the different tablet weights (37.5 g ± 1%, due to slight fluctuations when feeding the premix into the die of the press), the tablet hardness fluctuated by approx. ± 10% and the disintegration times by approx. 5 seconds. The tablet hardness and disintegration times are also listed in the respective tables.

Table 2: Detergent tablets: composition [wt.%], physical data

example 1 according to the invention Layer 2 Comparison example Layer 2 Tablet hardness 43 - 55 N 39 - 47 N Layer 1 60.0 Layer 1 51.3 Decay time 13-18 s > 60 sea 60.0 - 64.2 - Granules 1 23.7 22.5 23.7 29.0 Sodium perborate monohydrate 2.6 10.0 - 10.0 Tetraacetylethylenediamine - - - 1.1 Enzyme granulate* 4.7 - 3.5 1.1 Foam inhibitor 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 Repelotex-SRP-4** 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 Perfume 2.0 5.0 2.0 5.0 Zeolite A 5.0 18.78% 5.0 16.05% Cellulose 18.78% 18.78% 20.09% ;.v -,,,;, 19=08% V Surfactant content Surfactant content (tablet)

27

* Protease, cellulase, amylase, lipase on carrier (starch), coated ** Repelotex-SRP-4 is a terephthalic acid-ethylene glycol-polyethylene glycol ester from Rhöne-Poulenc.

Table 3: Detergent tablets: Composition [wt.%] , physical data according to the invention Layer 2 Comparison example Layer 2 Tablet hardness 40-50N 37-49N Layer 1 60.1 Layer 1 41.1 Decay time 16-22 s > 60 sea Example 2 60.0 17.8 66.8 17.8 17.8 - 17.8 29.0 Granules 2 10.1 10.0 - - Sodium perborate monohydrate - 3.5 3.3 3.5 Tetraacetylethylenediamine 3.5 1.1 3.5 1.1 Enzyme granules 1.1 0.5 1.1 0.5 Foam inhibitor 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 Repelotex-SRP-4 2.0 5.0 2.0 5.0 Perfume 5.0 18.81% 5.0 12.86% Zeolite A 18.78% 18.79% 20.91% 18.90% Cellulose Surfactant content Surfactant content (tablet)

28

Table 4: Detergent tablets: Composition [wt.%] , physical data according to the invention Layer 2 Comparison example Layer 2 Tablet hardness 43-51 N 38-47 N Layer 1 60.1 Layer 1 42.5 Decay time 13-17 s > 60 sea Example 3 60.1 27.8 66.3 50.0 14.5 - 7.0 - Granules 3 10.0 - 9.8 - Sodium perborate monohydrate 3.3 3.5 3.3 - Tetraacetylethylenediamine 3.5 1.1 4.7 Enzyme granules 1.1 0.5 1.4 0.5 Foam inhibitor 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.0 Repelotex-SRP-4 2.0 5.0 2.0 5.0 Perfume 5.0 _19V 23% 5.0 13.60% Zeolite A 19.23% 19.23% ;·. ' 21.22%..;■·■ 19.32% Cellulose Surfactant content of the layer Surfactant content (tablet)

Claims (14)

1. Two- or multi-phase detergent and cleaning agent tablets made of compacted particulate detergent and cleaning agent, comprising surfactant(s), builder(s) and optionally further detergent and cleaning agent constituents, characterized in that the surfactant content of the individual phases of the tablet, in each case based on the weight of the individual phase, varies by not more than 1.5% by weight. 2. Detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to claim 1, characterized in that the surfactant content of the individual phases of the tablet varies by not more than 1% by weight, based on the weight of the individual phase. 3. Detergent and cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the surfactant content of the individual phases of the shaped body is identical. 4. Detergent and cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the phases of the shaped body have the form of layers. 5. Detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the surfactant(s) are introduced into the phases of the tablets via surfactant-containing granules. 6. Detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to claim 5, characterized in that the same surfactant granules are used in all phases of the tablets. 7. Detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to claims 4 and 6, characterized in that the tablets have two layers which contain the same surfactant granules. 8. Washing and cleaning agent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that they contain anionic and nonionic surfactant(s). 9. Detergent and cleaning composition tablets according to claim 8, characterized in that the ratio of anionic surfactant(s) to nonionic surfactant(s) is between 10:1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5:1 and 1:5 and in particular between 5:1 and 1:2. 10. Detergent and cleaning composition tablets according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one phase of the tablets is free from nonionic surfactants. 11. Detergent and cleaning composition tablets according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one phase of the tablets contains alkyl polyglycosides. 12. Detergent and cleaning agent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that at least one phase of the tablets is free of anionic surfactants. 13. Washing and cleaning agent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that they additionally contain a disintegration aid, preferably a cellulose-based disintegration aid, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the tablet. 14. Washing and cleaning agent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising one or more substances from the group of builders, bleaches, bleach activators, enzymes, pH adjusters, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, antiredeposition agents, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors.