DE2114773A1 - Liquid electrostatographic developer - contg film forming fixing agen solvent solid dispersant etc - Google Patents

Abstract

A liquid electrostatic developer for a base sheet having a coating binder for ZnO comprises (a) a petroleum fraction paraffin solvent (I) with an evapn rate >= fast as kerosene and slower than hexane, a KB no. of 26-35 a dielectric constant 3.5, a flash point of >=100 degrees F, a viscosity of 0.5-2.5 cP at room temp and which is non-toxic, of low odour, high vol resistance non-polar aromatic liquid-free and evaporates rapidly at slightly below the char point of paper, (b) 30-60 wt.% (based on solids) of a solid film-forming fixer (II) dissolved in the solvent which is non-tacky and tough, has good solvent release and forms a coherent film which bonds well to an electrostatic surface (c) 5-30 wt.% (based on the solids) of a solid dispersant (III), (d) 0.1-50 wt.% (based on the solids) of a solid charge director (IV) carried by the solvent and (e) 5-40 wt.% (based on the solids) of an electroscopic pigment. (II) is chosen from e.g. opt. polymerised hydrogenated wood rosin, thermoplastic hydrocarbon resins etc. (IV) is e.g. aluminium stearate, manganese linoleate etc. (III) is e.g. polymethyl methacrylate, a polyglycol substd. polyamide etc.

Description

Description of the patent application relating to liquid toners for the electrostatic reproduction process. The invention relates to liquid toners for the production of copies or prints using electrographic reproduction processes, in which fewer components are contained than is customary, with Menrkompcnenten Toners, as the functional properties of a variety of previously used Solids can now be combined to form a complex molecule. thereby obtaining rnan better image fixation, resistance to peeling, better contrast, clear background, better storage time and a wider color range.

A liquid toner contains amphipathic laolecules that are built up are made up of different parts of different functions, whereby one of them a chromophoric group, corresponding to the desired color of the toner, can be and at least one group of a liquid carrier system or dissolved solvated and another is not resolved or not solvated.

The known toners as well as those according to the invention can be used for A wide variety of fields of application are used where it is a question of selective deposition arrives on a pad, so the toners can e.g. for building a visible Image or pattern can be applied to a film, e.g. to produce a Half-bn image, a line pattern or a photographic reproduction of a Character, number, drawing or letter. The furthest, current one Use of liquid toners and the main field of application of the invention Toner is in the field of electrophotographic reproduction as a liquid developer, especially for office duplicating machines. In addition, the inventive Toner liquids also in fast printing or reproducing machines for various printing processes, re-enlargements of microfilms, facsimile printing and recording materials of devices and the like.

In general, the known liquid toners can be divided into two Divide classes, on the one hand common liquid toners and on the other hand liquid toners based on an oerpowder.

The usual liquid toners consist of a pigment dispersion in a liquid hydrocarbon system, with the dispersant passing through light evaporation should be characterized, that is, a thin layer should be relatively fast, i.e.

in a few seconds, at a temperature below the charring point of paper evaporate, allowing very quick drying achieved will. In addition, it should not be toxic and neither damage the Skin can still cause damage as a result of inhalation. After all, it's supposed to be a minor one Have a smell, so that this gown can also be used in machines can that are located in a moderately ventilated room. Finally, a complete Coloring can be guaranteed, i.e. when used together with a film-forming Medium, it should be able to escape completely from the layer and be solvent-free Leave film behind. After all, the evaporation should no longer take place over a long period of time take place when the reproduction already appears dry. Furthermore the dispersant should have sufficient flowability to remove the suspended Solid particles from the copy paper fix after they have migrated accordingly can, this is especially true when there is an electrostatic attraction between the Solid particles and the surface takes place so that the particles are quickly attracted and lead to the dissipation of the electrostatic charge, creating a visible Reproduction takes place through development with the help of the toner. The dispersant should be physically and chemically inert to that used on the copy papers Binders, after all, shouldn't cause electrostatic drainage Charge the copy paper before the latent image is built up and developed is to ensure high contrast, and ultimately it is supposed to be cheap be.

Liquid hydrocarbons from petroleum products are suitable for this purpose. These products preferably had certain physical properties accordingly the preferred, liquid systems according to the invention.

The continuous phase of the usual liquid toners contains dispersed or also partially dissolved substances that have the required functional properties for that in prospect methods taken, especially electrophotographic Reproduction. These substances are: a) pigments and b) a fixative, which is usually a thermoplastic synthetic resin, which the possibility has to flow in the heat; this may be desirable to the bond between the selectively deposited material and the copy paper, when the deposited material is melted on the substrate. This will A better anchoring of the substance on the carrier is achieved, c) a dispersant, which is usually a long chain organic compound, such as a synthetic one Polymer which is somewhat oil-soluble and contains some polar groups, e.g. "FOA 2'g, lubricating oil No. 564 or lecithin (see earlier application USSN 767 031 dated September 11, 1968). The solid particles, e.g. the pigment, should remain well dispersed, Settling and caking should be prevented. Finally, d) should still an agent influencing the charge must be present. This is usually a Metal compound of a fatty acid or resin acid. The agent influencing the cargo is adsorbed by the pigment particles and leads to the formation of pigment aggregates in the disperse phase. The physical explanation for this phenomenon is still open not fully known. It is believed, however, that this is due to a surface appearance is based. The dispersion of these aggregates is stabilized by the dispersant, possibly through an e @ tropical recoil mechanism. Above statements is an extremely summarized description of common toners, without going into detail or special embodiments for the production of commercially available liquid toners could be entered.

As mentioned above, the second type is based on liquid toners on toner powders, using a pre-ground, dry toner powder, such as finely ground, electroscopically colored substances, e.g. mixtures of black and Polystyrene as a disperse phase in a liquid hydrocarbon system, as mentioned above. The toner powders of this second type of liquid toners are to be distinguished from the pigments, as they are commonly used in liquid toners, namely in terms of the size of the particles used in the second type of toner The toner powder is a material whose grain size 2 or 3 orders of magnitude larger than the grain size of the pigments in usually liquid Toning is. The continuous phase of liquid toners based on toner powder generally contains a charge-influencing substance that is present in the continuous Phase is mostly dissolved or dispersed. The continuous phase generally has a higher viscosity than that of conventional toners, so that largely settling this large toner particle is prevented. This second type of liquid toner usually also contains a fixative.

Both of the liquid toners discussed above have significant disadvantages based largely on the following facts: a) the solids of the toner represent different connections, some of which have overlapping functions own. However, each of them is highly desirable or even necessary for different ones Main functions b) non-uniformity of the particle size of the undissolved solids, One disadvantage is the particle size distribution of the disperse phase. With common toners not all pigment particles of the disperse phase are in those influencing the charge Comprises substance-induced aggregates. For reasons given by the physiochemists could not yet be determined, a certain part of the pigment is relative freely suspended from the other gel particles and aggregates. These nichyzu aggregates combined particles have a very small grain size, possibly in the range from m / ur: i and are sometimes referred to as "Unterkorn".

These tend to settle in the non-image areas and lead to a poor overall coloration, e.g. a gray coloration of the background, where the liquid toners differ from the solid toners. It's in the related art well known that the background discoloration on dry Toners is much less noticeable than with liquid toners. There is one in there the main reasons that liquid toners are not yet widely accepted were able to use toner powders based on liquid developers with their larger ones Grain sizes, the grain size distribution of the disperse phase is more uniform, so that the background areas are essentially free of deposited toner particles. Due to the considerable grain size, however, it is not possible to produce masses in which there is no settling of the toner particles during the storage time, so that this is relatively short, with the settled particles caking together tend, which makes redispersion more difficult again after a long storage period will. The large particle size not only leads to the disadvantage indicated above, but also to a poor resolution, so that small details no longer come out, i.e. merge into larger areas in the copy. So far it hasn't been possible to achieve a monodisperse grain size distribution, i.e. an essentially identical grain size of the disperse phase, which is larger than that of the usual Toner, whereby the "undersized grain" is eliminated, however, this grain size should be smaller than that of toner powders in liquid developers, so that a satisfactory Resolution of the copy and a corresponding withdrawal behavior is guaranteed.

Another disadvantage of the known liquid toners is when they are applied in devices that operate continuously. Is the device hours and if it has been in operation for a long time, the liquid clay is used up and needs to be refreshed will, On the face of it, “it seems easy. It seems, that nothing else would have to be done but additional solids and / or continuous Phase, either in the form of more liquid toner, more carrier system or a concentrate of liquid toner to be added. However, for different reasons, the different Components of a liquid toner system, in particular for electrophotographic Reproductive process, used up at different rates. The speeds vary e.g. depending on the load, e.g. whether more or less Image areas are present per copy, or whether more or less solvent with the Copy is dragged out. The latter depends on the development tank, the roller tension, the Bath volume, overflow, circulation speed and paper speed. In addition, the various components have different evaporation rates. The temperature at the development stage affects the system, the different The speeds at which the individual components are included in the copy be the different potentials of the different parts of the latent, electrostatic Image. These causes are certainly not listed in full with all of theirs Variables that lead to a different rate of consumption of each Components of the system.

So it can be said that it is physically impracticable to have a to replenish such liquid toner system to the point of optimal performance is guaranteed for the main part of the operating time. The more components in that System present - as listed above, contain the known, liquid toners a variety of components - the more difficult the problem is the preferred Exhaustion and corresponding refreshment. In practice it is not easy the different components with different thicknesses and speeds, with which they are exhausted to replenish. Even amazing would this would be an economic waste. With un copier machines, this is entirely feasible. So far, the liquid toners have been refreshed with concentrates in practice, which roughly speaking is the proportions of solids in the original liquid toner en'th'alten; however, as the toner in the device is refreshed, it sinks the quality of the deposited material until a point is finally reached where the liquid toner must be completely replaced. So far this problem could cannot yet be solved as the number of solids required does not decrease could be.

Another problem encountered with different types of apparatus Electrostatic duplication occurs when applying liquid Slow fixation toners.

This is especially true with devices, one of which is extremely high Speed for electrostatically developed copies is required. Currently needed several minutes for the electrostatic development of the image until this is sufficiently dry, unless a separate heating device is provided, to handle the copy, e.g., by rolling it up, without causing smear the newly developed copy comes. To avoid this, one was often forced to Use extremely powerful heating devices that unnecessarily remove the device make it more expensive and complicated. This requires a lot of space, a cooling device and considerable power consumption. All of these disadvantages prevent the extensive use of liquid toners.

The initial smearability of an electrostatically developed Image should not be confused with the smearability of the completely dried Image, e.g. of copies made by the hand of the person working with it, de such a Sheet, e.g. made of paper, with such a picture possibly for hours or days later received.

The same problem of the impossibility of using the current liquid toner fixing it very quickly at the beginning is particularly important when printing out Computers or calculating machines that run at a very high speed. A Computer can print up to millions of characters per second.

However, there is no liquid toner that even comes close allows development to be carried out at the same speed. The currently highest / Sopler speeds are around 2.3 to 3.0 m / min (9g up to 120 in./min) - corresponding to 9000 sheets per hour. Other printing processes are often used for this required, e.g. those that do not work according to the electrostatic method, e.g. Impact printing. It would therefore be very desirable to have a liquid Toner for electrostatic printing processes that have a very fast fixation allowed, i.e. a fixation that provides an image that is mechanically Handling about 20 seconds after leaving the developer bath hardly anyone Smearing is accessible.

Another problem has hitherto existed with the use of liquid toners in electrostatic printing or copying, which despite various attempts could not be remedied, namely, to supply a liquid toner so that it how a beam comes into play and is directed electrostatically. The so far available toners have many disadvantages, so that they can still use this new type of printing is economically very promising, has not yet established itself in practice could.

The invention now relates to an improved, liquid toner containing a monodisperse phase with approximately the same particle size between the so-called Undersize of common toner and the pigments of toner powders, i. E. a grain size over 25 m / µm to not more than 25 / µm. A further characteristic of the toner of the present invention is the reduced number of different solids in the disperse phase, so that the problems of preferential exhaustion of individual Substances from the toner are reduced Toner for an outstanding fixation of the selectively deposited solids, see above that there can only be a very small amount of smearing Toner is much more stable in terms of preferential depletion of individuals Parts of the liquid toner mass during use, e.g. in a duplicating machine, who works continuously or only intermittently. The selective deposition is at least just as well as with the usual rl'onerni. There is practically no background discoloration instead, as it prevents the deposition of color particles on the non-image areas is. Finally, the toner according to the invention is characterized by an outstanding one Stability against settling, so that its storage time can be greatly increased can. In addition, the operating time of the toner according to the invention is also opposite the known significantly improved. So you can have a much larger area selectively coat with others than was possible with the known toners Words can significantly reduce the frequency of refreshing and thus the The economy and effectiveness of the toner can be improved. In the inventive Toner can be any solvent system as it is for liquid toners and the Apparatus designed for this purpose can be used.

Any desired solvent system can therefore be used in the toner according to the invention which allows the development of a latent electrostatic image and moreover is able to selectively deposit the desired toner Enable color and depth of color. The liquid toner of the present invention is fast drying and leaves an image in a very short time, which is still fresh is, does not tend to be smeared in the repro machine. One can i.e. a copied image in a comparatively short time, e.g. down to Handle safely for 20 seconds without having to worry about damaging the image, So you can e.g.

roll up or fold, due to quick, initial fixing the toner according to the invention can also be used in electrostatic reproduction machines which operate at an extraordinarily high speed, such as the Computer printouts or cathode ray screen reproductions or Facsimile, as well as for re-enlargement of microfilms and typefaces with Help from beams of light deflected by mirrors.

The liquid toner of the present invention is also very easy to manufacture Use wherever a jet of ink or printing ink can record causes, that is, a liquid toner in the form of a jet of droplets can be easily obtained use for image display with the aid of electrostatic deflection.

The liquid toner according to the invention is particularly suitable for office copying processes, especially in connection with fast, electrostatic Development, it can also be used effectively in all slower working, electrostatic development equipment.

The toner according to the invention can be used in an excellent manner for apply all types of substrates or documents as well as all types of recorded, latent, electrostatic images. Its effectiveness is excellent on everyone Documents or recording materials including any electrophotographic Recording materials.

Examples of common products of this type are those with a plastic layer, which contains zinc oxide as a disperse phase, or organic, photoconductive substrates, resin layers Containing titanium dioxide or layers consisting of a dielectric terephthalate, which carry a latent, electrostatic image that has been built up by a cathode ray tube. In the case of the substrates or documents with the Toners that can be treated can be those that are either actinic sensitized or non-actinically sensitized, i.e. the charged layer can be discharged by exposure or it is not sensitive in that direction.

The liquid toner of the present invention consists essentially of a solvent system, a color inducing agent, and a complex one Substance that has several groupings in the molecule, of which at least one solvated from the solvent system and at least one of them unsolvated will. The color-providing substance may be one of the groupings of the molecule in the manner of a C chromophore. At least one of these groupings is resinous and serves as a fixation point. The non-solvating grouping represents solid bodies in the solution system that forms the continuous phase of the dispersion the setting of the desired grain size and the electrophoretic deposition in the context of the image construction within a substrate, i.e. enables the electrostatic Attraction that exists between a particle and a latent, electrostatic image prevails on the copy paper. The solvated grouping causes this whole substance remains in suspension., and thus prevents settling, with In other places this acts as a dispersant. So this complex substance has several functions, which in the known rl'Qnern only through different solids could be caused side by side. The grouping that denotes the substance resinous Giving character can either be the solvated and / or an unsolvated grouping. This complex substance acts So it is a so to speak "tailor-made molecule", that is, one on a synthetic one Ways produced substance from individual parts that have different functions, for which one previously required the presence of several solids. Because the complex substance the properties of several components of the well-known toner in unites is the bathroom refreshment as well as the evenness and size of the Pigment fineness and all related problems are greatly simplified. Another very desirable component of the liquid toner is its charge influencing substance.

An essential component of the liquid toners of the present invention is the solvent system. It is not intended to imply that the solvent system is more important than the complex substance, but that the Type of solvent system affects the particular type of complex molecule. Once the solvent system has been selected, certain parameters are already there the solids for the liquid toner to develop, especially the complex ones Substance set. In general, any solvent system can be used use which is usable in the intended machine and which the application allow the toner according to the invention. So you can use non-polar solvent systems use as is common practice for most image-accurate depositions, particularly in the field of electrophotographic toners, however, that is according to the invention Toner is not limited to non-polar solvent systems, but one can use a polar solvent system where this appears to be the case, making the extraordinary wide field of application of liquid toners in processes and devices, In the case of which non-polar solvents are used, the invention is described below on the examples and the composition the solids in connection with a non-polar, continuous phase, namely the solvent system illustrated0 Such non-polar solvent systems include organic, non-polar Liquids of the properties mentioned above, as in particular under the Paragraphs a to h are mentioned. An excellent and widely used solvent A petroleum fraction is also used in the field of liquid, electrostatic toners. Such has as a solvent system other than the general physical ones mentioned above Properties nor an evaporation rate at least that of kerosene corresponds to, but is less than <ile of hexane Evaporation of the liquid the film becomes at a temperature slightly below the char point of paper be fast, e.g. be 2 sec. It will therefore be appropriate to adjust the temperature to increase the film of liquid toner so much that the evaporation of the solvent after image-correct deposition by electrostatic attraction on the latent, loaded image is carried out as quickly as possible. Such a petroleum fraction has a low one KB number (Kauributanol), namely below 35, preferably between 26 and 35. Due to this low KB number is the probability that the petroleum fraction is the binder attacks the layer, namely the binder for the zinc oxide in layers for electrophotographic reproduction or a cover layer or a sizing, e.g.

on paper. The petroleum fraction should essentially be free of aromatics. This designation is used here in the sense that the The proportion of aromatics in the organic carrier system does not exceed 2% by weight, Ó. The aromatics tend to attack the binding agent of the layer, namely that Embedding material for zinc oxide, however, at concentrations below 2,; these The tendency is negligible or imperceptible. This petroleum fraction has a high electrical resistance, e.g. on the order of at least 109 #. cmJ one Dielectric constant less than 3.5, so this not to a derivation of the electrostatic charge image in the case of an electrostatic one Reproductive process tends.

The tagliabue flash point in a closed cup is at least 380C, preferably between 49 and 660C (120 to 1520F). Because of these properties the handling of the fraction is to be described as non-flammable. The paraffinic one Solvent is also non-toxic. It does not have a bad smell or is preferably odorless so that it can be classified as "having a faint odor", in accordance with the low dielectric constant and high resistance this liquid is not polar.

It has a low viscosity and therefore allows a quick one Migration of solid particles and groups in large numbers from the electrostatic Charge image are attracted. The viscosity is between 0.5 and 2.5 cP at room temperature.

In addition, this petroleum fraction is also cheap.

Such petroleum fractions as non-polar, organic liquids with certain physical properties are commercially available (hell Sol 7111, Isopar H, Isopar K, Isopar L, Amsco O.iS, Amsco 46o Solvent, Amsco Odorless Insecticide Base ") as well as odorless kerosene. All these products are weak-smelling, paraffinic solvents. The dielectric constant of the commercial product "Shell Sol 71 "is 2.06 at a low temperature. For the other solvents it is of the same order of magnitude. The other physical properties of the above mentioned solvents are summarized in the following table. In boiling analysis the start of boiling is determined according to ASTi.i D-1078.

Boiling Flame K.B. Aniline Spece -start -end point number point weight

° C (° F) (° F) ° C (° F) ° C (° F) ° C 15 ° C Shell Sol @@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@ @@@@@ @@@ @@ @ @@@@@@@ @ @@@@ 71 Isopar H 177 (350) (371) 187 (123) 5G5 26.9 (183) 84 0.7571 Isopar K 176 (349) (383) 195 (126) 52 26) 5 (185) 85 0.7587 Isopar L 188 (372) (406) 206 (144) 63 - (187) 86 0.7674 Amsco OldS 178 (352) (386) 147 (125) 51.5 27.0 (184.5) 0.7608 84.8 Amsco 460 375 (190) 456 180 (150) 655 146.5 (34.5) 0.8108 Solvent 64 Amsco Odorless Insecticide Base 190 (375) (482) 193 (152) 665 26.5 (175.0) 0.7711 80 The essential The point of the invention now lies in the application of a complex substance within of the solvent system constructed by the above-mentioned grouping is. The liquid toner can actually be referred to as "latex toner" i.e. it looks like rubber milk and consists of a continuous phase in which may contain additives that are required for image-accurate deposition, are located, as well as a disperse phase, which is an amphipathic polymer. Under the term latex is here a colloidal dispersion of a polymer in one any liquid to understand how it is obtained by, for example Emulsion or suspension polymerization. An amphipathic substance is a such a substance that shows an affinity for two different iv materials, e.g. for oil and water or two different phases, so that one grouping of the amphipathic polymer, which is the complex substance, solvates is determined by the phase towards which it has affinity and which in the present case is the solvent system. Another grouping will not solvated by the same phase, i.e. it is insoluble in this phase This phenomenon occurs when an aEpathetic polymer is in a solvent system is located, at least one moiety of the polymer solvated from these and at least one grouping of these is unsolvated. The amphipathic Polymer combines a fixing agent in a complex molecule, which one or represents multiple groupings; a dispersant which is one or more Represents groupings, and optionally a chromophore, one or more Groupings included. This complex substance, i.e. the amphipathic polymer, causes by the fact that it is a molecule and not a mixture of pigment particles with other components is a very narrow range of grain size distribution non-solvated particles that finally get onto the carrier, i.e. onto the copy paper are deposited as electrostatic development and thus leads to an imagewise development Deposition. The grain size distribution of the unsolvated particles in the inventive, liquid toner is preferably over two orders of magnitude, in particular over one Magnitude. These areas are what one calls 1monodispers11 can.

or dispersion The liquid toner that can be referred to as an emulsion can, for example, is produced as follows. First is a solvent system selected, e.g., a non-polar solvent such as a petroleum fraction as above defined, but other solvents can also be used, e.g. polar solvents such as water.

It must be pointed out that a deposition that is true to the image using electrostatic phenomena such as slectrophoresis, not necessarily requires the use of a non-polar solvent system. Such electrostatic processes using water as a carrier system for electrostatic reproduction are already known (US Pat. No. 3,425 829) .. Other useful solvents include the alcohols, e.g. Carbon atoms such as ethylene glycol, ethers such as ethyl isobutyl ether, methyl isobutyl ether, the (C1-C4) -alkyl monoethers of ethylene glycol, furthermore dioxane, including ketones Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone and ethyl isobutyl ketone; in the end Esters including ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl propionate and the acetates of the Mono- (C1-C4) -alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol. In addition, halogenated hydrocarbons can also be used such as chloroform, ethylene dichloride, monochlorobenzene and various chlorinated hydrocarbons.

After selecting the solvent system, a polymeric molecular structure is created selected which can be solvated by the chosen solvent system, hence which is completely soluble up to the solubility limit. Then will a graft polymerisation, block polymerisation or mixed polymerisation in the way executed that non-solvating polymer chains, i.e. polymeric chains that run through the chosen solvent will not be solvated in the solvent system and are chemically bound to the solvatable, polymeric framework For the invention, the mechanism is created after the chains and chemically attached become, not critical. So you can first. form the chains and then open them Graft the framework polymer on, or a graftable ionomer becomes first reacted with the scaffold polymer, whereupon this is polymerized as a monomer with further, graftable monomers in the presence of the solvent systems The non-solvating Grouping, that is the part or chains that originate from a monomer, which usually and preferably by the solvent system solvated can be used to facilitate the implementation of the reaction and reduce it the time required to respond and also to avoid the need for solubilizers or a multi-part solvent system.

As the reaction to form the chains proceeds, the new ones are formed Chains progressively unsolvated and eventually become an unsolvated Part of the molecule that is a disperse phase, despite the fact that the backbone polymer is still solvated in the solvent system. It it is interesting to observe that the reaction, as it initially takes place, a transformation of the clear solution of the dissolved scaffold polymer and the dissolved one Idionomers first leads over a slightly cloudy stage and then becomes more and more cloudy as the reaction time progresses, until the dispersion is finally formed.

However, it is also possible to use a reverse procedure, in which a non-solvated framework polymer is partially solvated by a graft or block polymerization, as already mentioned, is the most important for liquid toners in electrophotographic reproduction, i.e. the so-called "liquid" xerocopy processes and machines. This is usually the case with these liquid toners Applied solvent is a petroleum fraction as identified and intended above to explain the invention in the context of the various process stages for formation the complex substance is used as an example of a special solvent will.

Assuming that the solvent is a petroleum fraction becomes a Scaffold polymer selected which is dissolved or solvated by this petroleum fraction can be. The most widely used petroleum fraction is an odorless white spirit.

There are all sorts of plastics that are released from white spirit e.g. natural products such as rubber crepe, refined, oxidized Linseed oil, cultivated rubber as well as synthetic polymers, alkyd resins, polyisobutylene, Polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyisobornyl methacrylate, acrylic acid polymers, long chain Esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid such as stearyl, lauryl, isodecyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl or hexyl esters, butyl esters of acrylic or ethacrylic acids, polyvinyl esters, long-chain acids such as vinyl stearate, vinyl laurate, vinyl palmitate and vinyl myristate, Polyvinyl alkyl ethers such as poly (vinyl ethyl ether), poly (vinyl isopropyl ether), poly (vinyl isobutyl ether) and poly (vinyl n-butyl ether). The above examples show polymers with a similar structure, so that they can be solvated by this solvent, i.e. the polymers and the solvent have a similar degree of polarity. As long as this similar If polarity is maintained, the following additional substances can be used: as well as block and block copolymers as well as terpolymers, tetrapolymers and multiples Monomer-polymer systems, quite generally speaking, as framework polymers, copolymers, such as lauryl methacrylate / butyl acrylate, t-octyl methacrylate butyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate / glycidyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl-acrylate acrylic acid, isodecyl methacrylate / diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and vinyl toluene / butadiene; Terpolymers, such as lauryl methacrylate / isodecyl methacrylate / methyl methacrylate, Stearyl methacrylate / cyclohexyl acrylate / methacrylic acid, octyl acrylate / crotonic acid / dodecyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate / stearyl methacrylate / lauryl methacrylate, Lauryl methacrylate / octyl methacrylate / glycidyl methacrylate and isodedyl methacrylate / stearyl methacrylate / acrylic acid; Tetrapolymers, such as N-vinylpyrrolidone / butyl acrylate / lauryl methacrylate / stearyl methacrylate and acrylic acid / stearyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate / isodecyl acrylate, can also applied as well as block and graft copolymers or terpolymers and polymers composed of several monomers as a copolymer.

Optionally, the polymeric framework structure can be with or without make additional chains in a different solvent than they then last End comes to use, namely the solvent system of the liquid toner. This first solvent can either be extracted or it is a part of it a solvent mixture for the liquid toner, many monomers that are used for Build-up of the polymeric framework that appears desirable will not be sufficient solvated or dissolved by odorless white spirit or other solvents, which are used in the liquid toner to ensure the polymerization of the desired Way to perform in this solvent. A copolymerization with such Insufficiently solvated litonomers can be in a solvent with a make a higher KB number together with other monomers, which is due to the odorless White spirit can be sufficiently solvated as long as the resulting copolymer is enough Has proportions of the second monomer, so that it dissolves in the white spirit or of which is solvated. A copolymerization of this kind can be carried out, for example, in benzene carry out. The resulting copolymer is precipitated by adding methanol, Removed the solvent and dissolved the plastic in white spirit, which is now called Framework polymer for the following graft or block polymerization or copolymerization can serve.

The above-mentioned polymer, which can be used as a framework polymer lets t for electrophotographic toner systems on the basic of white spirit, which is often referred to as "preliminary product" are not limited to addition polymers, but condensates can also serve as framework substance or preliminary products, provided that% that they are in the chosen solvent system sufficiently solvated or dissolved, e.g. the polymers of 12-hydroxystearic acid obtained by self-condensation, As mentioned, the. inventive toners not limited to a specific solvent, In addition, there is also no limit to the monomers that can be used Serve production of the polymer. As examples of scaffold polymers that together can be used with white spirit according to the invention, like the following groups of Substances are used: a) Homopolymers of 04-C22 esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, such as polyhexyl methacrylate and acrylate, polyisodecyl methacrylate or acrylate, polylauryl methacrylate or acrylate, polytetradecyl methacrylate or acrylate, polystearyl methacrylate or -acrylate, each with molecular weights in the range between about 103 to 106, but preferably not less than 104.

b) copolymers of the above monomers, which are used to prepare the Homopolymers were used, as well as with lower alkyl esters of acrylic or ethacrylic acid, provided that the ratio of the solvated to the unsolvated Monomers is kept in such a range that it is ensured that the Mixed polymer in which white spirit experiences sufficient dissolution or solvation.

c) Copolymers of the above-mentioned methacrylic or acrylic acid esters with monomers containing other functional groups, such as acrylic or ethacrylic acid, Crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, atropic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, Acrylic anhydride or methacrylic anhydride, meleinic anhydride, acrylic or Methacrylic acid chloride, acrylo- or methacrylonitrile, acrylamide and its derivatives, Methacrylamide and its derivatives, Hydrbxyäthylme thacrylate and acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate and acrylate, dimethylaminomethacrylate and acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylate, diethylaminomethyl methacrylate and acrylate, diethylaminomethacrylate and acrylate, Diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylate, t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylate, allyl alcohol and its derivatives, cinnamic acid and its derivatives, styrene and its derivatives, the derivatives of methallyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol, indene and derivatives, norbornene and derivatives, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters and other vinyl derivatives, Glycidyl methacrylate and acrylate, mono- and dimethyl maleate, fumarate or the corresponding Ethyl compounds.

d) homopolymers of olefins, such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene and copolymers of these monomers with the above ionomers under consideration the requirement-with regard to the solubility described under b).

e) terpolymers and tetrapolymers as mentioned above.

f) Polycarbonates, polyamides, polyurethanes and epoxies.

Once this framework plastic or this preliminary product has been selected, in this way, chains of different degrees of polarity are grounded to this framework polymer that of the solvent added to these chains, although grafted or block polymerized they are themselves not solvated or soluble on the solvated framework polymer in the solvent system and therefore act as a disperse phase. This bringing in such chains are made either by bulk polymerization or graft polymerization made, as already mentioned. Suitable ionomers capable of forming polymers which are too polar to be solvated or dissolved by white spirit can are winyl acetate, rdethylacrylate, methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and methacrylate, Propyl acrylate and methacrylate, isopropyl acrylate and methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate and methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate and methacrylate, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, Acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylic acid and its anhydride, methacrylic acid and that Anhydride, monomethyl maleate or fumarate, monoethyl maleate or fumarate, styrene vinyl toluene maleic acid and its anhydride, erotonic acid and its anhydride1 After jcredit; (. 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A wide variety of reactions can be used, around these ethylenically unsaturated double bonds in the corresponding groups of the preliminary product. The comonomer of the skeleton is called polymeric as monomer A (a comonomer is at least one of two monomers that make up the backbone chain build up and which is present in smaller proportions and finally an unsaturated one Position before the interpolymerization; this unsaturated point was at the formation of the copolymer reacts, but it still contains a reactive group). The precursor monomer can be referred to as B monomer. The preliminary product is specially selected for reactivity with the reactive group of the comonomer. The following is a list of exemplary embodiments concerning the monomers A for which monomers B are suitable, indicated.

Monomer A Monomer B Glycidyl methacrylate ß / acrylic acid or'-acrylate - - | Methacrylic acid Maleic acid Fumaric acid Atropic acid Allylamine Vinylamine \ / thacrylate and the acrylate Hydroxypropyl methacrylate Acrylic or methacrylic l | and acrylate acid chloride acrylamide ethacrylamide Allyl alcohol Allylamine Vinylamine Acrylic acid vinylpyridines methacrylic acid glycidyl methacrylate Maleic acid i vinylamine Crotonic acid allylamine Alkylhydrogenmale ate Dialkylaminoalkyl- v Alkyl hydrogen fumarates t methacrylates and acrylates X z allylamine Vinyl isoeyanate vinylainine ethacrylylacetone Cyanomethyl acrylate vinylamine J-l-allylamine > / Allylamine Vinyl-ß-chloroethylsulphone | > Allyl alcohol Hydroxyalkyl methacrylates Glycidyl methacry, lat Methacrylic anhydride / vinyl amine Acrylic anhydride allylamine Maleic anhydride Hydroxyalkyl methacrylate Allyl alcohol Vinyl sulfonic acid to f N-Hydroxymethyl methacrylic Vinylphosphoric acid} acid amide Alkoxy methyl methacrylic y V arnide It is of course also possible to proceed in reverse, ie monomer B can be copolymerized into the framework polymer, whereupon the condensation with monomer A can take place to form the intermediate product.

As soon as the preliminary product is available, you can use the dispersion in one liquid system in which the preliminary product or an additional fraction (grouping) completely solvated and the other fraction (grouping) not completely is solvated, produced by polymerizing the monomer or comonomers, which have been selected for the additional part, which is preferably the disperse phase represents in the presence of or in connection with the intermediate product. According to a preferred Embodiment of the invention, the selected monomer or monomers becomes one Polymerizes material that does not solvate in the solvent system used or is solved. An example of this is in a system based on white spirit a preliminary product, made up of stearyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate methacrylic acid, for which as monomers for the additional fraction ivlethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, Ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, styrene vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, Vinyltoluene, acrylonitrile and I. -ethacrylonitrile can be used as well the homopolymers or copolymers or one or more of the above-mentioned products with jaleic anhydride, crotonic anhydride, acrylic acid monomethyl maleate, monomethyl fumarate, Monoethyl maleate, monoethyl fumarate, methacrylic acid, dimethylaminome thylme thacrylate or terpolymers or tetrapolymers of the above-mentioned substances.

As soon as this polymerization is carried out, a part will polymerize of the ionomer with the preproduct, i.e. the solvated framework polymer below Formation of a graft copolymer, which is now a form of the complex, "tailor-made" Substance represents how it is used according to the invention and the stabilization of disperse particles that are not graft copolymerized are, causes.

It should be noted that the disperse phase. which in principle the unsolvated grouping of the complex, amphipathic resin molecule represents, including dispersed, ungrafted, unsolvated polymer particles may include. Although the latter are not particularly desirable in terms of the fact that they are unsolvated, they are permissible and can be moreover also behave electrophoretically in such a way that they are selectively attracted of the differently electrostatically charged areas, so that they build up can serve an electrostatic reproduction, with a dispersion like them described above, from a complex, bespoke, amphipathic Resin molecule are the fixing and dispersing functions in one molecule united, which behaves accordingly in the electrostatic system. With in other words, there are a greater number of such molecules in a particular liquid Toner is able to determine the charge accordingly and cause a fixation, does not, however, tend to settle due to the solvated grouping its dispersibility. So this molecule includes both an equivalent of one Fixing agent as well as an equivalent of a dispersing agent, so that both substances can be used up at a certain rate, depending on your connections proportions within this molecule need to be refreshed this should not be done at different speeds in order to restore the original To achieve the optimum still finds a deviation from the originally optimum Conditions in place. It is obvious that at least what the function as a dispersant and fixing agents, compared to the known toners, is already an essential one improvement is reached.

.Of course you can use this complex molecule together with the solvent system Do not yet use it as a liquid toner, i.e. to build up a visible, selective Deposition on a areas having different electrostatic charges Document. In addition, it is necessary that the liquid toner has a coloring effect Contains substance, from black to white across all shades.

In other words, it is necessary to color the dispersed particles, so that if they are preferentially attracted by the different electrostatic charged image areas of the substrate and deposited thereon, which consists of the film is colored by this deposit formed precipitate that it actually only now becomes visible, whereby you can produce the desired color. The term "Film" is not used here in the sense of a largely uninterrupted layer, but denotes a coating that is only physically a small part of a Area covered and can have any circumferential farm depending on the one to be reproduced Image or information material.

One possibility of the dispersion to give a color lies in the application of pigments or dyes that are physically present in the dispersion be dispersed, e.g. by grinding in a ball mill or mixing under action high shear forces.

Any color pigment can be used as the pigment, like it is common for liquid developers in electrophotographic reproduction. These pigments are essentially very fine solids, their particle size lie in the sub-micron area, and which are opaque in the Lasse. You are in that insoluble liquid system. There are all sorts of things Types and Embodiments of pigments. Metal powder such as aluminum, Powder of metal oxides such as magnetic iron oxide, metal salts such as cadmium selenide, Lead iodide, lead chromate or organic dyes such as "Acetamine Black", nigrosine bases No. 424 (C.I. 50415 B), Hansa Yellow G C.I. 11680 easily petrol-soluble nigo pens SFB C.I, -50415, Rubanox Red CP-1495, C.I. 15630 and finally various types of carbon black with a particle size of about 25 m / µm and also chrome green.

If there is a color pigment in the disperse phase, it should preferably not react with the amphipathic polymer. It is believed, that the pigment particles on the non-solvated groupings of the dispersion are only held by second order forces, i.e. they are held by the disperse phase in the form of the complex, amphipathic resin molecule in dispersion held.

It has been found that reproductions, for example after the electro static procedures using this system do not tend to smear, to such a large extent and with such additional advantages as they were not achievable with known liquid toners.

The clear background of the reproduction and is particularly advantageous the ease of refreshing the toner liquid.

It must be noted, however, that the reproductions are still are not smear-proof, but have the inventive, liquid Toners have a very specific application in practice, e.g. they are suitable for Deposition of the fluorescent screen for color television tubes, in a preferred one Embodiment according to the invention are the reproductions or pictures that one obtained with the oner according to the invention, smear-proof, this being achieved thereby will, that pigments or dyes are used that are chemically bound in the dispersion In other words, they are either chemically 'bound or are part of the complex molecule. The chemical bond to the preliminary product can be carried out before the grafting or block polymerization to introduce the additional chains, or but attaches to these chains that have been grafted on or grafted on by polymerisation The dyes in contrast to the pigments that are used to color a certain, complex, amphipathic resin molecule, especially the disperse, non-solvated Phase, serve, are bound by second order forces or by adsorption. However, the dyes can also react chemically with the complex molecule its structure or with the intermediate product or with the chains that are grafted or are polymerized.

The binding of the dyes by second order forces or adsorption in a liquid toner is done by heating the dispersion and the dye for a sufficient time, e.g. 1 to 12 hours. As an example of such dyes you can use disperse dyes for coloring polyesters or copolymers of Mention acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride, the disperse phase being a polyester or is a copolymer of acrylonitrile with vinyl chloride, e.g. '8Latyl orange 3R (C.I. Disperse Orange 26)> Calcosperse Yellow GL (C.I. Disperse Yellow 57); Calcosperse Blue-B (C.I. Disperse Blue 77); Foron Blue BGL (C.I. Disperse Blue 73); Latyl Brown MS (C.I. Disperse Brown 2) and Latyl Violet BN (C.I. Violet 27). Furthermore are useful Coloring agents for polyacrylic plastics, if the dispersed phase is a polyacrylate, e.g. Sevron Blue BGL (C.I.

Basic Blue 35); Sevron Brilliant Red 3B (C.I. Basic Violet 15); Deorlene Brilliant Red 33 (C.I. Basic Red 26); Calcozine Acrylic Blue G (C.I. Basic Blue 38); Astrazon Yellow Brown GGL (C.I. Basic Orange 30) and Astrazon Red'5BL (C.I. Basic Red 24).

The application of a dye created by second order forces or adsorption is fixed, is suitable for many purposes due to the good smear resistance and is superior to the liquid toners commercially available heretofore.

However, similarly fixed pigments result in non-smear-resistant Deposits. A liquid toner colored with dye is excellent apply wherever there is no abrasion in the areas on which it is deposited is subjected, i.e. an application where there can be no smearing, z, B, as fluorescent layers or screen materials in color television tubes and also for reproduction purposes.

In a further, very useful embodiment of the subject matter of the invention becomes a disperse, unsolvated or dissolved phase of a copolymer produced, which contains reactive groups which are associated with reactive, able to react with chromophoric groups, e.g. a disperse phase of a mixed polymer containing basic groups which can be reacted with acidic dyes. A An example of such a dispersion is a terpolymer of acrylonitrile, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and vinyl acetate. Such a terpolymer reacts with dyes containing acid groups, such as Pontacyl Brilliant Blue A (C.I. Acid Blue 7); Calcocid Brilliant Blue FFR (C, I. Acid Blue 104); Femazo Brown N (C.I. Acid Brown 14); Crocein Scarlet N (C.I. Red 73); Oxanal Yellow I (C.I. Acid Yellow 63) and Benzyl Black 4BN (C.I.

Black -26A).

Such a complex, tailor-made molecule is trifunctional. It not only contains a dispersing and a fixing function, but also a coloring function. This one molecule has a certain brewing speed for all of these three functions, so that a liquid toner containing such Substance, which is filled with it, at the same time these three functions, which with same speed were consumed, refilled, moreover contains the liquid toner has a substantially monodisperse phase, i.e., the disperse phase has only a very narrow grain size distribution. So such a toner becomes always work with maximum effectiveness.

It is obvious that the use of a solvent system and the combination of a fixing, dispersing and coloring function in a single molecule does not include only one function, i.e. the direction of the Charge. As a result, the composition of the bathroom is now much easier, the operation much more efficient and the refilling easy, as a result of essentially monodisperse phase, this toner gives excellent resolution.

Another method for making a complex, trifunctional, Amphipathic resin molecule with the three functions of fixing, dispersing and Dyeing consists in that one contains a disperse phase of a copolymer Acid groups, which are able to react with basic dyes. An example for a disperse phase in such a dispersion is a copolymer of Vinyl acetate and maleic acid. As the dye having basic groups, the following may be used Serving substances: Magenta (C.I. Solvent Red 41, C.I. No.

425108), Crystal Violet (C.I. Solvent Violet 9, C.I. No.

4255513), Bismarck Braun (C.I. Solvent Brown 12, C, I. No.

2i010B), Victoria Blue BA (C.I. Solvent-Blue 4, C.I. No.

44045B), Victoria ßlue R (C.I. Solvent Blue 6, C.I. No.

44040R), Victoria Blue 4R (C.I. Solvent Blue 2, C.I. No0 4256313), Copying Black 5K (C.I. No. 11975), Janus Green B (C.I. No. 11050), Auramine 0 (C.I. Solvent Yellow 34, C.I. No.

41000B), Victoria Green (C.I. Solvent Green 1, -C.I. No.

42000B), and rhodamine (C.I. Solvent Red 49, C.I. No, 4517013).

Another way to make a trifunctional, complex, tailor-made, amphipathic resin molecule lies in the possibility the chemical reaction to bind a chromophore to by block polymerizing or graft polymerize modified precursors. This becomes a disperse phase applied in the form of a copolymer containing electron accepting groups, like lialic acid or crotonic acid, which are Lewis acids and which are then linked to the Dye precursors, as is generally known, are able to react. An example for such a complex molecule is an aleic anhydride / vinyl acetate / styrene terpolymer (on a solvated framework polymer). This terpolymer reacts with a dye precursor such as bisimethylaminophenyl) benzotriazyl methane. With such a liquid toner deep blue colored deposits are obtained.

When the pigment or dye is reacted with the additional Groups of the disperse phase, the pigment content can be between only -5 ß and one theoretical amount of 100.0 (calculated on the stoichiometric amount) fluctuate. However, a proportion of about 1-0 to 50 ß of the stoichiometric amount is preferred, especially about 25, oil.

There is still another possibility of manufacture according to the invention colored dispersions to be used as liquid toners. This method consists in the fact that the preliminary product itself, namely the framework polymer, is colored and the solvated phase, as opposed to staining the disperse, unsolvated phase Phase. For this one can use some of the above mentioned methods for staining the disperse Phase by chemical reaction or by binding forces second Order or adsorption or also through chemical reaction with chromophores draw. It is particularly preferred to use a dye which is incorporated into the Pre-product is copolymerized, i.e. with the solvated framework polymer this is graft or block polymerized with non-solvating groups or chains. An example of this is given below.

It was found that, if necessary, both the disperse Phase as well as the solvated precursor in any of the above-mentioned Way can be stained.

As already stated above, one obtains a stable one that the Dispersion comprising practically required components of a liquid toner, namely a liquid solvent system with a complex, amphipathic resin molecule, which contains solvated and unsolvated groupings and is trifunctional with regard to fixing, dispersing and coloring effects is or includes a separate, non-reactive, coloring agent. In addition, it is extraordinary It is desirable to add a charge directing substance to the liquid toner. This leads to a deepening of the color of the electrostatically obtained reproductions and to improve the contrast. According to the invention is in the liquid In addition to the solvent system, toners contain a substance, the complex molecule and a separate coloring substance, if not part of the complex Lioleküls and a charge directing substance accordingly Concentration that makes the application of the liquid toner effective for the specified purpose. In electrostatic development, one is the Charge directing substance in appropriate concentration required in any case.

The toners according to the invention allow a great deal of variation in terms of the solvent system, from non-polar to polar Substances, besides, as is well known, there are a large number of those which influence the charge Substances, so that in the above description inevitably not all usable materials could be enumerated.

The invention was based on a solvent in the form of a petroleum fraction, especially odorless white spirit.

It therefore does not seem necessary, and one more List of all known and useful substances for setting the load perform.

The substances used to adjust the charge in usual, liquid Electrostatic reproduction toners serve several purposes. In general they are adsorbed by the pigment particles and appear as a bridge between the finest particles. to lead to agglomeration or partial flocculation Formation of aggregates - which are ultimately deposited on the electrostatic charged surface, such as an electrostatic charge image or in the non-image areas in the case of reversed toner. Those influencing the load Substances seem to create such an environment around these aggregates is responsible for influencing the electric field, either by electrostatic and / or polarization effects. They also influence the Conductivity of the continuous phase, reducing the effect of the electrical reldes to build up the latent image, either by attraction or repulsion of the suspended one Aggregates, is facilitated.

As mentioned, the liquid toners according to the invention are Particles apparently monodisperse and remain so due to the entropic in repulsion, of the chains of polymer precursor. In this system the means of influencing the charge obviously have only a twofold Meaning, namely by creating a correctly molecular environment around the particles and on the other hand to modify the capability of the continuous phase. In other words, they are not necessary, nor are they needed for any Assistance in connection with flocculation or aggregation.

The various substances commonly used to influence the charge in liquid electrostatic toners for developing on electrophotographic Ways of making copies or images inside office copying machines or the like are useful for the toners of the present invention. These are, for example, the following Substances: "Aerosol OT" d. i. Di-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate, "Aerosol TR" i.e. Di-tridecyl sodium sulfosuccinate, the aluminum, chromium, Zi4 and calcium salts of 3,5-dialkylsalicylic acid, in which the alkyl group is propyl, isopropyl, butyl, Isobutyl, butyl, amyl, isoamyl or another alkyl group with up to 18 carbon atoms can be, or the same salts of dialkyl - # - resoric acid with the above alkyl groups @ the isopropylamine salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, aluminum; Vanadium and tin resin soaps. The resin soaps are produced by adding a solution of the corresponding metal sulfate to a solution of the sodium resinate ("bresinat 731").

Aluminum stearate, the octoates of cobalt and iron can also be used and iflangan, a partially imidized polyamine with oil-soluble polyisobutylene chains ("OLOA 1200") and free, secondary amines. This product can have the following properties the following are characterized: specific weight 0.92 g / cm3, flash point (open cup according to Cleveland) 220 ° C (425 ° F), viscosity at 98 ° C (210 ° F) 400 Seibold-sec (approx 11.33 ° E), Color according to ASd D-1500s L55D ,, nitrogen content 2%, alkalinity (SM-205-15) 43.

For the same purpose, one can also use soybean lecithin, an aluminum salt of a 1 s 1 mixture of mono- and di-2-ethylhexyl esters of phosphoric acid and a viscous, slightly brownish liquid, consisting of 50 wt .- / 'o one Terpolymers in kerosene ("Alkanol DOA"). The terpolymer consists of 50% by weight octadecenyl methacrylate, 40% by weight of styrene and 10% by weight of diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, specific weight at 250C (770F) 0.888 g / cm3, acid number 0.2 (mg KOH / g). The total monomer content is a maximum of 15.5 wt. The nitrogen content of the base is 0.4 + 0.03%, lengths number 13.8 (eq.

mg KOH / g).

The substances used to influence the charge are preferred soluble in the liquid solvent system.

The only insoluble substance listed above is aluminum stearate. You can also use several substances for the same purpose. If there is a if such a substance is dissolved in the dispersion, it reduces the resistance from 1014 to no less than 2 x 109 #. , cm, preferably from 1013 to 1010. . cm, especially between 2 x 1012 and 1011 # .cm. It could be determined dat3 the conductivity of the toner per se is not the only acceptable property Reproductions is. It often turns out that when the same toner conductivity is set with two different substances to influence the charge the reproductions obtained are not equivalent.

The proportions of the various solids in the liquid toner (amphipathic Molecule, possibly a coloring substance and one that influences the charge Substance) can fluctuate very widely, so that you actually have no specific values Therefore jcredit; (. dec) specify jcredit; (. dec) should. jcredit; (. dec) So jcredit; (. dec) can jcredit; (. dec) e.g. jcredit; (. dec) die jcredit; (. dec) together-jcredit; (. dec) setting jcredit; (. dec) with jcredit; (. dec) der jcredit; (. dec) machine type dem jcredit; (. dec) climate, the jcredit; (. dec) machine speed, the jcredit; (. dec) paper type jcredit; (. dec) and jcredit; (. dec) the jcredit; (. dec) experience jcredit; (. dec) the jcredit; (. dec) the machine jcredit; (. dec) operating jcredit; (. dec) Personals jcredit; (. dec) depend, jcredit; (. dec) order jcredit; (. dec) only jcredit; (. dec) some jcredit; (. dec) influences jcredit; (. dec) zujcredit; (. dec) to realize. jcredit; (. dec) alias jcredit; (. dec) die jcredit; (. dec) coloring jcredit; (. dec) substance jcredit; (. dec) as far as jcredit; (. dec) so jcredit; (. dec) can jcredit; (. dec) whosejcredit; (. dec) Share jcredit; (. 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The beaker was placed in a water bath of 75 t 2 ° C. after about 30 minutes an exothermic polymerization took place instead of. The temperature rose to 12,000 in about 15 minutes after the reaction had started.

After cooling to 90 ° C, the Beoher glass was removed from the water bath, covered and placed in an oven at 90 ° C overnight to complete the polymerization posed. An almost water-clear, thick syrupy product was obtained.

Example 2 400 g of petroleum ether (boiling range 90 to 1200C) were in a 1 l flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, reflux condenser and dropping funnel is filled and heated to refluxing under atmospheric pressure. A solution of 1.2 g of azobisisobutyronitrile in 200 g of 2-ethylene hexyl acrylate and 6 g of glycidyl methacrylate were introduced via the dropping funnel into the refluxing stream within 3 h. The whole was refluxed for a further 2 hours, during which 4 g of acrylic acid, 0.14 g of di-t-butylphenol and 1 g of lauryldimethylamine were added. The whole thing was brought to refluxing for a further 12 h under a stream of nitrogen, by about 25 % of the glycidyl rings of the copolymer to esterify. You got one to some extent viscous straw-colored liquid.

Example 3 A 500 cm3 reaction vessel with stirrer, thermometer, reflux condenser and a dropping funnel was added with 250 g of an isoparaffinic solvent ("Isoper After heating to 93 + 1 ° C., a solution of 250 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was obtained and 1.5 to 5 g of azobisisobutyronitrile were added dropwise over the course of 3 h.

The mixture was kept at that temperature for 3 hours to complete the Polymerization. The reactions all took place at atmospheric pressure. One received a slightly viscous, straw-colored liquid.

Example 4 In a 1 liter flask with a stirrer, thermometer and reflux condenser were 400 g of petroleum ether, boiling range 90 to 120 ° C, under atmospheric pressure moderate reflux rate and a solution of 194 g of lauyl methacrylate, 6 g of clycidyl methacrylate and 3 g of benzoyl peroxide paste (60% by weight in dioctyl phthalate) added dropwise from a 250 cm3 dropping funnel into the refluxing stream. The ionomer mixture was fed at such a rate that the entire constriction was brought in in 3 hours was. The mixture was then refluxed for a further 40 minutes, finally 0.5 g of lauryldimethylamine added and cooked for another 1 h. Thereupon 1 g of hydroquinone and 3 g of lilethacrylic acid were added added and further boiled under nitrogen until about 52% of the glycidyl groups were esterified. This took about 16 hours. A slightly viscous, Stream-colored, liquid product.

Example 5 Example 4 was repeated, but only the esterification led to 25% of the glycidyl groups.

Example 6 In a 5 l reactor with heating jacket, stirrer, thermometer, The reflux condenser and a device for passing nitrogen through was unsealed 2.4 kg of the above, isoparaffinic solvent (Isopar G) heated to 110 # 1 ° C, in the triethylene glycol passed through the heating jacket became. L) he temperature of the glycol in the heating medium circuit was in corresponding Way regulated. The system is equipped so that with the help of a three-way stopcock the heating switched off via the heat transfer medium / glycol and for this cooling with water can be carried out, namely the switchover option be very fast, thus sufficient during the exothermic polymerization, if necessary can be cooled. Once the solvent has reached the above temperature, a mixture of 1.0357 kg isodecyl methacrylate, 36 g glycidyl methacrylate and 18 g of a paste consisting of 50 -zr benzoyl peroxide in dioctyl phthalate within introduced into the thick-flow condenser over a period of 3 hours with the aid of a dropping funnel. After the addition is complete, the reaction mass is kept at 110 + 1 ° C for a further 30 minutes, then 3 g of lauryldimethylamine were added and the temperature was maintained for a further 1 hour.

Now 0.6 g of hydroquinone was added and during the esterification reaction Nitrogen passed through. Then 18 g of methacrylic acid were added and the reaction temperature was maintained during the addition of the acid for up to 25% of the glycidyl rings were esterified. This took around 8 hours.

A slightly viscous, straw-colored liquid was obtained.

Example 7 In the plant of Example 4, 1.44 kg of the same Solvent heated to 110 # 1 ° C and then a solution of 1.2786 kg of stearyl methacrylate, 32.4 g of glycidyl methacrylate and 16.2 of the above taste in 720 g of the solvent during 3 h added dropwise while the temperature of the reaction mass remained constant, after the end The addition was left for a further 40 minutes at the same temperature, then 2.8 g of lauryldimethylamine added and the reaction mass kept at the same temperature for 1 h. so 0.54 g of hydroquinone were added and nitrogen during the esterification reaction passed through the crowd. Finally, 1-6.2 g of methacrylic acid were obtained at the reaction temperature added dropwise and the temperature maintained (about 7 h) @ up to 24% of the glycidyl rings were esterified. A slightly viscous, straw-colored liquid was obtained.

Example 8 In a 500 cm3 three-necked round bottom flask were open Atmosphere introduced 197.8 g of the above solvent. The flask was equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, a thermocouple and a reflux condenser. The solvent was heated to 110 + 10C with stirring and then a mixture of 96 g of lauryl methacrylate, 3 g glycidyl methacrylate and 0.74 g benzoyl peroxide, 99 @ -ig, in 50 cm3 benzene and 5 g of p-phenylazoacrylanilide supplied. vas mixture was at room temperature in 30 min held in a magnetic stirrer. The main part dissolved, but not all of the p-phenylazoacrylanilide.

The mixture was added in 5 cm3 portions at an interval of 5 min during Introduced into the solvent for a total of 3 h and stirred well with each portion. After the last addition, the reaction mass was at the temperature of 110+ Maintained 1 ° C for 45 minutes, then added 0.25 lauryldimethylamine. after another Hydroquinone 0.05 hour introduced and the nitrogen supply started. Well were 1.49 g of methacrylic acid were added and the reaction temperature was maintained until one Drop in acid number indicates that 25% of the glycidyl rings were resistant. Needed for this about 6 h. The mass was churned to 50 ° C. and slowly added 2.7 l of methyl alcohol introduced vigorous stirring. The precipitated polymer was allowed to settle in 24 hours and was delanted. The polymer is then left in the air for 48 hours at room temperature and dried for 4 h at 50 ° C, then dissolved in 300 V of the above solvent, whereby a clear, deep orange solution was obtained, which can be used to produce the Dispersion is suitable.

Example 9 197.8 g of solvent were placed in the above 500 cm3 reaction vessel "Isopar" was added dropwise and heated to 110 + 10C. A mixture of 86 g of lauryl methacrylate, 9.9 g of N-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl methacrylamide, 2.97 g of glyeidyl methacrylate and 0.74 G Benzoyl peroxide at a constant rate within 3 hours added dropwise while the temperature was 110 # 1 1 ° C. There were 6 more h after the end of the addition of the monomer mixture polymerized. An analysis of the Reaction mass gave 96.4% polymerization. Now u, 12 g of lauryldimethylamine introduced, kept at reaction temperature for 1 h and then added 0.05 g of hydroquinone and started purging with nitrogen. Finally, 1.49 g of methacrylic acid was added and the mass is kept at the reaction temperature until the acid number has dropped It is found that 25% of the glycidyl rings were esterified0 This took about 9 hours. flan received a somewhat viscous, straw-colored liquid.

The dispersions were then prepared from the above products.

Example 10 360 g of solvent were placed in the above 500 cm 3 reaction vessel "Isopar K", 185 g of vinyl acetate, 30 g of the precursor from Example 4, 15 g of filethylhydrogen maleate and 4 g of azobisisobutyronitrile added. The reaction temperature was 85 + 20 and was maintained for 4 hours. A further 2 g of azobisisobutyronitrile were then added and the polymerization is continued at the reaction temperature for 4 hours. Lian received a thin, blue-white dispersion with a particle size between 0.04 and 0.2 Zum Example 11 A mixture of 27.5 g of the preliminary product solution from Example 5, 30 g of i: iethyl methacrylate, 0.5 g of methacrylic acid and 0.4 g of azobisisobutyronitrile were added together with 134 g of petroleum ether (boiling range 60 to 90 ° C) and 29.5 gy of solvent "Isopar G" in a 500 cm3 reaction vessel introduced and refluxed with moderate boiling for 2 h. @un were 1.4 g a 10% solution of n-octyl mercaptan in the solvent "Isopar K "was added and then a chemical of 166 g of methyl methacrylate, 3.4 g of methacrylic acid, 3 g of a 10% solution of n-octyl mercaptan in solvent Isopar II and 0.4 g of azobisisobutyronitrile at a constant rate in the refluxing Stream added dropwise within 2.5 to h. With moderately refluxing @ boiling the reaction mass was held for a further 0.5 h and then cooled to room temperature.

tan obtained a smooth, white, ebvas viscous dispersion with a Particle size from 0.4 to 1 µm.

Example 12 In a 2 l three-necked round bottom flask with stirrer, thermometer and reflux condenser were 848.5 g of solvent "Isopar K", 70.7 b of the precursor solution of Example 8, 471.4 g of vinyl acetate and 9.4 g of azobisisobutyronitrile were introduced, the reaction mass is heated to c >> 6 86 ° C with constant movement and this Maintain reaction temperature for 4 h. A slightly lemon-yellow dispersion was obtained with a particle size below 0.2 µm and a solids content of 31.7%, example 13 A mixture of 18 g of the precursor solution from Example 5, 110 g of methoxypropyl methacrylate, 3 g of azobisisobutyronitrile and 200 g of solvent "Isopar K" were in a 500 cm3 Reaction vessel placed and heated with constant agitation.

The exothermic reaction started at 78 to 80 ° C, increasing the temperature could rise to a maximum of 120 ° C, then fell again to @@ ° C, with the Polymerization was completed in 30 min.

A small amount of oversize was removed by sieving the mass with the help of a hygienic sieve, opening width 74 µm.

a white dispersion was obtained with a particle size of 0. @ µm.

Example 14 A solution of 15 g of polyvinyl ethyl ether ("Vinylit EDBM") with a reduced viscosity of 4 # 0.5 - determined on a sample of 100 cr: @enzene containing 0.1 g of polymer at 20 ° C, specific weight 0.960 - in 265 g of "Isopar G" solvent was added to a 500 cm3 reaction vessel with a reflux condenser produced by cutting the resin into small pieces and soaking for 20 hours Solvent at 90 ° C &, was stirred. The solution was at room temperature cooled and 185 vinyl acetate and 2 g benzoyl peroxide, 99 @ -ig, added. The crowd was up to the beginning of the reflux, which occurs at approx.

95 ° C began, heated and then held this temperature for 4 h.

45 minutes after this temperature had been reached, the solution became cloudy.

After 75 minutes of heating, the lasse became so viscous that despite running Stirrer no movement worth mentioning took place and the produc-t the appearance of a thick white cream. after 2 h at this temperature the mass was again thin and after 3 h it had the consistency of a heavy cream which it retained. After the 4 hours, a solution of 1.5 g of lauryl peroxide in 30 g of solvent "Isopar G "was added dropwise over 3 h and a temperature of 95 + 2000 at this reaction temperature the mass was held for 3 h after the addition was complete.

A white dispersion with a particle size of 0.7 was obtained up to 1.5 / un.

Example 15 A mixture of 180 g of "Isopar K" solvent, 100 g Vinyl acetate, 15 g of precursor solution of Example 6, 2 g of azobisisobutyronitrile were into a 500 cm3 reaction flask with thermometer, stirrer, reflux condenser and cooling coil was poured in, the reaction mixture was heated and kept at 86 @ 2 ° C. for 4 h with stirring. It was then cooled using a reflux condenser, sometimes it is necessary the reaction mass by running water in the cooling coils during the first stages to cool the reaction. @an received a thin, white to bluish-white dispersion with so small particles that they cannot be resolved in an optical microscope could. Solids content of the dispersion 33%.

Example 16 In a 5 1 glass reactor with cooling and heating device, Thermometer, stirrer and reflux condenser as in Example 6 were 2.16 kg of solvent "Isopar K", 180 g of the intermediate of Example 5, 1.14 kg of vinyl acetate, 60 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 2it g of azobisisobutyronitrile introduced, the reaction mass heated and 4 h heated to 86 + 2 ° C. lan received a thin, white to bluish-white dispersion, the disperse phase was so fine that it could not be seen by an optical microscope could be determined.

Example 17 In a 500 cm3 reaction vessel with stirrer, thermometer and reflux condenser, 360 g of solvent "Isopar K", 190 g of vinyl acetate, 30 g of the precursor from Example 5, 10 g of crotonic acid and 4 g of azobisisobutyronitrile introduced, heated to 85 + 20 and held at this temperature for 4 h. then were a further 2 g of azobisisobutyronitrile were added and the polymerization took place at this temperature finished in 4 hours. A thin, white dispersion, Example 16 In, was obtained a 500 cm3 reaction vessel with stirrer, thermometer, thermocouple, reflux condenser and an internal cooling coil, 40 grams of "Lubricating Oil Additive 564", 264 grams of solvent "Isopar K" and 2.2 g benzoyl peroxide, 99%, were introduced. With the lubricating oil additive it is a 40% by weight solution of a high polymer 9: 1 made from lauryl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate in @erosin. With constant stirring the mass became on 80 ° C. and held at this temperature for 2 h. Then were 10 g of crotonic acid and 190g of vinyl acetate are introduced at once, creating the mass became dark brown as soon as the temperature of the reaction mass reached 80 ° C again, was azobisisobutyronitrile in portions of U, 2 g at intervals of 10 min to introduced a total of 4.6 g, which took 3 hours and 40 minutes. The reaction mass was kept at 80 + 20 for 2 h after the addition had ended. Wjan received a white dispersion with a solids content of 35.7% and a dispersion fineness of <0.3 / um, Example 19 This is an example of staining the dispersion, assuming it may be that the dye does not react with the dispersion, however it is possible that hydrogen bonding takes place. A mixture of 10% by weight Sudan Orange RA (Solvent Yellow 14, C.I. 12055) in the solvent "Isopar K" Milled for 4 hours in a ball mill, 20 g of this slurry was then 100 g of des The latex prepared in Example 17 was added and the whole 8 h with stirring maintained at a temperature of 55 to 58 ° C (130 to 1350F). Then through a nylon sieve, mesh size 74 / umlfiltered and cooled to room temperature. Lian received a golden orange-colored dispersion.

The following are examples of the toners of the present invention and their application brought.

Example 20 3 100 g of the latex obtained in Example 18 were in 500 cm three-necked round bottom flask fitted with a stirrer, reflux condenser and thermometer and 2 g of Victoria Blau Base BA (.I. 44045B) added. -80 + 5 ° C and held at this temperature for 2 hours. The blue dispersion is cooled and filtered through a nylon screen, 74 µm mesh, for residual dye to remove.

4 g of this colored dispersion were mixed with 2 1 solvent "Isopar K "and 8 drops of a 1 tend solvent solution of aluminum-3,5-diisopropyl salicylate added. In the dispersion there is a complex substance, which in addition to solvated and unsolvated moieties also contain a chromophoric group. The substance affecting the charge is a separate component.

If this toner is used in a "Dennison Standard Book Copier "applied, you get beautiful, blue reproductions that do not smear are still showing a background discoloration.

Example 21 13.65 g of "victoria Blue Base BA "and held at 85 # 20 for 3 hours.

The dark blue dispersion was filtered through a 74 μm nylon mesh, cooled to room temperature. This toner is also complex, amphipathic Molecule with a chromophoric group in front.

4 g of this dispersion were combined with 2 liters of "Isopar G" solvent with 20 drops of a 1 ″ solvent solution of aluminum-3,3-di-t-butyl - # - resorcic acid offset and this toner used in the above copier. Luminous was obtained blue reproductions with a clear background without smearing.

Example 22 The dispersion of example where was made with 6.8 g of auramine 0 and 6.8 g of stnodamine are added and the whole 3 h at a temperature of b5 + 2 ° d held. The bright yellow-orange latex was passed through a 7tF / µm nylon screen and. cooled to room temperature. this toner also contains a chromophore Group.

10 g of this dispersion were mixed with 2 1 solvent "Isopar G" decomposed and 20 drops of a t% solvent solution of aluminum-3,5-di-t-butyl- #resorcic acid added. The whole was applied in a "Scot-t 3 D Copier" copier.

Extremely bright orange copies with a clear background were obtained. There was no smearing, and the dye fluorinated when exposed to UV radiation.

Example 23 The latex of Example 10 was added with 13.65 g of "Victoria Green" added and kept at 25 + 2 ° C for 48 h. The now dark-blue-green dispersion was filtered through a 74 µm nylon screen and cooled to room temperature. Even this toner contained a chromophoric group on the complex, amphipathic Molecule.

4. g of the dispersion in 2 1 solvent "Isopar G" together with 20 drops of a 1 tend solvent solution of aluminum-3,5-di-t-butyl - # - resorcinic acid were used in the above copying machine. Bright blue-green copies were obtained with a clear background that are smear-resistant.

Example 24 3 g of the dispersion of Example 15 were 0.25 g Soot as black pigment ("Raven 11") mixed in a mortar with pestle to make the paste diluted with a small amount of solvent "Isopar K" and then to volume filled up by 2 1.

To this suspension were added 30 drops of a 1 @ solvent solution of aluminum-3,5-di-t-butyl - # - resorcic acid added and the whole as a toner in the "Dennison Standard Book Copier" copier. Good copies were made without smearing.

Example 25 To the dispersion of Example 17, 13.65 g of crystal violet (C.I. 42555B) was added and the mixture was kept at 85 + 2 ° C. for 3 h. This toner too is an example of a complex, amphipathic molecule with a chromophore Group. The colored dispersion was filtered through a 74 µm nylon screen and on Cooled to room temperature. 3 g of this dispersion were 2 1 solvent "Isopar K "was added along with 0.05 g of aluminum resin soap. This toner was useful for the copier "A-M Sunbeam 500 Copier" and delivers very good, purple ones Reproductions without background discoloration, example 26 The dispersion of the example 17 13.65 g magenta (C.I. 42510B) were added and the whole 3 h at 85 t 20 held.

The colored dispersion was filtered through a 74 µm nylon mesh and cooled to room temperature. This toner is also a complex, amphipathic one Substance with a chromophoric group.

3 g of this latex were mixed with 2 1 solvent "Isopar G" Introduced 0.05 g of aluminum resin soap and another 20 g of a 10% solvent solution from "Aerosol OT" added. When using this toner in the above copier purple reproductions are obtained which are smear-proof and have no background discoloration demonstrate.

Example 27 This is a so-called reverse Developer. The dispersion of Example 17 was added 13.65 g of Victoria Blue BA (C.I. 44045B) was added and kept at 85 ° 2 ° for 3 h. The colored dispersion was passed through a 74 µm nylon mesh and cooled to room temperature, also here it is a toner, the complex molecule of which is a chromophoric group having.

6 g of this dispersion were 2 l of solvent "Isopar K" together with 0.6 g of "OlOA 1200" added and "A-M Sunbeam Copier" applied0 Good blue, negative reproductions were obtained.

Example 28 This is also a negative development. to 6.8 g of "Auramine O" and 6.8 g of rhodamine were added to the dispersion of Example 10 and kept the whole thing at 85 + 2 0C for 3 h.

The now bright yellow-orange dispersion was' by a 74 / um Left nylon screen and cooled to room temperature.

Again, it is a toner with a complex molecule, which carries a chromophoric group.

8 g of this dispersion were combined in 2.5 l of "Isopar G" solvent with 100 // kl of a 34.8% strength by weight solution of an aluminum salt of a 1: 1 by weight mixture of mono- and di-2-ethylhexyl esters of phosphoric acid in the solvent "Isopar H" and 10 cm3 of a 10% strength by weight solvent solution of "Alkanol DOA" added0 In a copier machine, "Scott 30 Copier" was obtained with this toner extremely bright orange, negative reproductions 0 Example 29 4 g of the Dispersion of Example 19, 2 l of solvent "Isopar K" together with 20 Drops of a 1 tend solution of aluminum diisopropyl salicylate in "Isopar G" were added.

When used as a toner in a copier machine "Dennison Standard Book Copier "one received yellowish-orange reproductions with an uncolored background, that are smudge-proof.

In the above examples, only one coloring component was used in each case applied. You can of course also use several coloring agents, preferably two or more Use substances in order to achieve a greater depth of color, e.g.

brownish-black, bluish-black or purple-black.

The invention can also be carried out in another way, although of course the application of a multifunctional, complex molecule with a solvated group and an unsolvated group in one liquid Solvent system is the usual measure, i.e. the formation of an amphipathic Polymers in a solvent in which such molecules completely solvate whereupon another solvent is added which is appropriate for a group tion of the polymer is a non-solvent, but mixes with the first solvent. In this way this grouping of the amphipathic polymer is desolvated, however, it remains tied to the solvated moiety of the polymer. All or part of the solvent can then be removed as desired. This is an extremely easy way to make an amphipathic Block polymer as a disperse phase according to the invention. An example of this is a Polyisoprene / polystyrene / polyisoprene polymer, produced by anionic polymerisation0 Example 30 9.2 g of styrene were introduced into 60 cm3 of tetrahydrofuran, which was 3.3 x 10 4 gap containing ethyl sodium as a catalyst.

This mixture was poured into a three-necked round bottom flask with a stirrer at -800C. Keep the thermometer and nitrogen supply in a dry ice bath. The reaction was completed in 15 min. A living polystyrene was obtained. After the end of the polymerization 6.3 g of isoprene were added at still -800C. The isoprene polymerizes the ends of the living polystyrene to form a block polymer. The now living ends of the block polymer, solvated by tetrahydrofuran, can now are graft-polymerized onto a corresponding framework polymer by reaction with 3 g of the intermediate dispersion or solution of Example 8 at room temperature Formation of an amphipathic polymer. The preliminary product is also in Tetrahydrofuran solvates. Such a polymer can be used as a solvated phase Non-solvent for the block polymer will become the block polymer part aesolvated or precipitated. The non-solvent can be white spirit, which at room temperature to the dissolved or solvated, amphipathic polymer made of styrene / isoprene (lauryl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid-p-phenolazoacrylanilide) to form one of these golden yellow dispersions into a workable toner 15 g of dispersion with 2 l of white spirit containing 30 drops of a 1% solution introduced by aluminum-3,5-di-t-butyl - @ - resorcic acid. It is obtained in a copier "Dennison Standard Book Copier" good reproductions.

In the foregoing, the various properties of the invention Toners set out and in particular dealt with the fact that a monodisperse Grain size is present and the essential aspect is an amphipathic molecule is, which can be bifunctional or trifunctional. With these properties' are associated with significant economic advantages, so the invention allows Toner a very quick fixation of the freshly developed image, it is applicable in the most diverse types of devices, which develop an electrostatic built-up charge image takes place with a toner.

The property of rapid fixation of the toner according to the invention is particularly valuable at very fast working speeds. As mentioned, the toner according to the invention can be used in all conventional electrophotographic duplicating machines including office copiers and high-speed copying machines »ie those that print 660, 2400 or even 2600 sheets per hour. These machines work, however, as will be mentioned, relatively slowly E.s there other Areas of application where liquid toners develop an electrostatic charge image should be used if only the fixation is fast enough. A such a case are the printout devices of computers or computing systems.

As is well known, computers deliver information at extremely high speeds, Today's computers are capable of processing up to a billion characters per second to provide. This is far beyond the capabilities of development electrostatic charge patterns, mainly because of the comparatively low The speed at which the initial fixation takes place. This initial Fixation takes place in the time during which the electrostatic pad with the freshly developed image leaves the developer and physically the copy in devices can be handled in which the newly developed image is from part of the Device or the back of another layer or part thereof got on it. This means that a carrier with a freshly developed, electrostatically built-up image after passing through a dryer, which has the Support only grasped at the edges, now has to be reduced in size. Such a downsizing generally consists of rolling the carrier up into a cylindrical roll or folding, e.g., like an accordion. When the freshly developed image too this time, namely 20 seconds after leaving the developer1, not yet completely is fixed, there will be smearings and / or rubs off, which of course is great is undesirable. However, the toner of the present invention leads to such a rapid one initial fixation of the newly developed image 'that this problem was overcome appears, in other words, the toner of the present invention can be electrostatic built-up charge image in such a short time down to 20 seconds after To develop structure without heat having to be applied.

This time results from the necessity that the image carrier of Machine parts or it touches the back of another image carrier is pressed without it smearing may come 0 As a result In spite of this, the toner according to the invention is particularly suitable for rapid development the fact that it is also very beneficial to these-in normal development processes to apply electrostatic images at slower development speeds0 It should also be noted that the new toner. for the most diverse Device types can be used, e.g. for re-enlarging microfilms in normal and high working speeds. But it can also be used in the reproduction part of facsimile-preserving devices, after all, it provides an excellent - electrostatic Developers for recording devices use an electron beam as a movable element or use a light beam, which is on the electrostatically charged carrier records a track with the aid of a movable over a multitude of axes Mirror.

Another advantage of the toners according to the invention is that it can be applied with the same ease to the development of both actinically sensitized as well as actinically unsensitized, electrostatic Support materials so that the same principle can be applied in the context of Making the toner regardless of what it ends up being used for Another group of devices 1 for the toners of the invention fully satisfactory are electrophotographic devices with cathode ray tubes, such as, "Stromberg Datagraphix". With this type of device, an electrostatic, latent image built up with the help of a cathode ray tube and this overcast closely Moderately charged zinioxide paper so that it is essentially is an electrophotographic reproduction process. Another type of device in which the toner according to the invention can be used is the videograph "of AWAY. Dick, in which a latent image using a cathode ray tube built up will. The toner according to the invention can also be used with a "Varian Statos recorder" use. Another possible application of the toner according to the invention is in the manufacture of printed circuit boards.

In all of the above-mentioned fields of application, the toner supplies a visible deposition or image through preferential attraction to one differently electrostatically charged carrier E. / is the application of the toner not limited to this type of process, it can be used there in general where a liquid toner is characterized by the presence of a liquid Solvent system containing colored particles, so the invention Also use toner in printing processes with ink jet (jet ink beam printing), wherein the toner is applied in the form of a movable, fine jet which consists of a certain part of the device on a writable or printable medium to be led. This does not need to be electrostatically charged. The inkjet, preferably divided into droplets, its trajectory passes through the space between two electrostatic ones Baffles showing the physical orientation of parts of the traversing Beam by changing the electrostatic charge as a function of certain conditions, which are present in the disks can be changed. Such a procedure is only feasible because the liquid solvent is highly non-conductive and can therefore be charged in such a way that it corresponds to the fluctuating, electrostatic field, which it passes through, can react. The inventive Toner is particularly effective in devices of this type due to its low viscosity, so that it can be very finely divided in the jet and furthermore as a result the high surface tension, which makes it easier to split the jet into droplets, so that it can be further accelerated by electrostatic means.

The fact must not be overlooked that in addition to the fast, initial fixation that does not smear the freshly developed image allowed, the toner according to the invention still have the advantage that a completely dried image cannot smear even if efforts are made to destroy the image, e.g. by rubbing a finger over the developed one Image. It is believed that this ability, smearing of the freshly developed Resist image and smear an image from handling largely is based on the fact that with an amphipathic molecule within the meaning of the invention liquid solvent system separates more easily from the molecule and into the surrounding Atmosphere can escape, quickly creating a drier, more developed, more visible Area left behind0 Also, the solvent can be removed from the deposited much more easily Film consisting essentially of such amphipathic molecules escape.

Claims ch e

Claims (8)

P a t e n t a n s p rüche 1. Liquid, electrostatographic Toner containing a solvent system, optionally a color-providing substance and a substance that can influence the charge e t by an amphipathic substance that solvated and unsolvated in this system Has groupings, the latter being the disperse phase, which is essentially one has monodisperse particle size, are. 2. Liquid toner according to claim 1, characterized in that it is -k e n nz e i c h n e t that the color-providing substance is a chromophoric group of amphipathic Substance is. 3. Liquid toner according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that g e -k e n n z It is noted that the charge influencing substance has conductivity to the toner between 1014 and not less than 109 #. cm, especially between 1013 to 1010, especially between 2 x iol2 to 1011 #. cm. 4. Liquid toner according to claim 1 to 3, characterized g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that the amphipathic substance polymerized with a framework polymer Is monomers. 5. Liquid toner according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it is -k e n nz e i n e t that the solvent system is a liquid petroleum fraction, in particular with an electrical resistance of at least 109 #. cm, a dielectric constant from <3.5, a flash point of at least 38 ° C and a viscosity at room temperature is between 0.5 and 2.5 cP. 6. Liquid toner according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that it is -k e n nz e i c h n e t that the chromophore is a powder of a metal, metal oxide, metal salt, Is carbon black or an organic dye. 7. Liquid toner according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that it is -k e n nz e i c h n e t that the solvated or dissolved grouping is the amphipathic Substance poly (lauryl methacrylate / glycidyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid) or poly (isodecyl methacrylate / glycidyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid) or poly (stearyl methacrylate / glycidyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid) or poly (lauryl methacrylate / glycidyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid / chromoo phor) or poly (lauryl methacrylate / N-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl methacrylamide / glycidyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid) is. 8. Liquid toner according to claim 1 to 7, characterized g e -k e n nz e i c h n e t that the unsolvated or unsolved grouping of the amphipathic Substance poly (vinyl acetate / N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), poly (vinyl acetate / crotonic acid), Poly (vinyl acetate / methyl hydrogen maleate), polyvinyl acetate, poly (vinyl acetate / methyl hydrogen maleate) or is a polymer with repeating units of methyl hydrogen maleate.