DE202020107404U1 - Blasting media based on granular activated carbon - Google Patents

Abstract

Use of particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon as an abrasive, in particular for the mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects, in particular workpieces, preferably as a blasting agent (blasting material).

Description

The present invention relates to the technical field of surface treatment of solid objects and in particular of workpieces (also referred to as materials). In this context, the present invention relates in particular to the technical field of blasting technology, i. H. the treatment of surfaces of objects or solid workpieces using an abrasive agent or a blasting agent (synonymously also referred to as blasting material).

Against this background, the present invention relates in particular to the field of blasting technology as a subfield of surface technology, in which an abrasive agent or blasting agent is allowed to act on the surface of an object or workpiece to be treated or workpiece for the purposes of surface treatment, particularly at high speed or with high kinetic energy is guided, for example by means of a (compressed) air jet or the like.

In particular, the present invention relates to the use of particulate activated carbon as an abrasive or in particular as a blasting agent, in particular for mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects and in particular of workpieces or materials and preferably as a blasting agent or blasting material.

In addition, a method for the mechanical abrasion treatment of surfaces of solid objects, in particular workpieces or materials, is also described here, wherein in the method described here particulate activated carbon is used as an abrasive or blasting agent or is allowed to act on the surfaces to be treated .

The present invention also relates to the particulate abrasive, preferably in the form of a particulate blasting agent, as such, with the particulate abrasive according to the invention being in the form of particulate activated carbon.

The present invention also relates to the object according to the invention and obtainable or obtained by the method described here as such, in particular the workpiece (material) according to the invention.

In the prior art, methods of blasting technology are used in particular for the purpose of treating the surface of workpieces or materials or of solid objects in order to bring about a targeted treatment or change in the surface of the underlying material. In the relevant methods, a blasting agent or blasting material is generally used, which is essentially solid particles. The blasting agent is guided onto the surface to be treated at high speed or high kinetic energy using energy carriers such as (compressed) air. The impact of the blasting agent on the surface of the workpiece to be treated is accompanied by a corresponding mechanical action of the blasting agent on the surface, so that the desired action or the desired effect, such as e.g. B. the removal of impurities or layers of paint caused, can be.

In general, the processes of blasting technology (colloquially also referred to as sandblasting) therefore refer to blasting with a solid blasting agent for the purpose of treating the surface of a workpiece through the action of the blasting agent, for example as an abrasive agent or grinding agent against rust, dirt, paint, scale and against other contaminants or for surface design, for example by matting, or the like.

The desired action or effect of the blasting can be, for example, a targeted removal of material (for example dirt, rust, layers of paint or the like), a roughening or a matting of the surface or a strengthening or compacting of the treated surface. The desired effect can be specified or influenced, for example, by the selection of the blasting agent and other process conditions, such as blasting pressure, exposure time or blasting duration or the like, taking into account the properties of the workpiece to be treated.

Blasting techniques are generally used to specifically clean, roughen, smooth, deburr or harden material surfaces of objects. During the blast treatment, material removal can also take place in a targeted manner with regard to the surface of the workpiece, both on the one hand the removal of materials present on the surface of the workpiece (such as layers of paint or varnish, rust film and other contaminants such as grease or Dust (“materials alien to the body or species”) as well as the removal of the basic material itself (e.g. metal in the case of metal-based workpieces, such as cast bodies or the like or wood in the case of wood-based workpieces (“materials alien to the body or species”)) concerning.

In general, methods of blasting technology are used, for example, in the construction industry and especially in the metalworking industry. In addition to removing or removing layers of paint or varnish as well as other thin layers or impurities, such as plaster residues or the like, for example on metal or concrete objects, blasting processes are also used, for example, in the cleaning of plastics or the processing of wooden bodies or - constructions, but also in the decorative field, for example for the purpose of frosting glass, stone or similar solid materials.

Workpieces processed using blasting methods therefore have specifically predetermined or set surface properties that lead to an upgrade of the workpiece itself or to making it accessible for subsequent processing steps, for example as preparation for a corresponding post-processing of the workpiece obtained in this way, such as painting , galvanic treatment or the like.

As mentioned above, the selection of the blasting agent has a major influence on the effect to be achieved by the blasting treatment or the related (surface) effect of the blasting treatment. In this context, the blasting agent can be selected, for example, with regard to its hardness, shape, mass or the like and against the background of the surface to be processed and the type of processing or the desired effect (e.g. roughening the surface or removing impurities). The specific blasting agent to be used therefore has a major influence on the surface properties or the surface structure of the workpiece after processing.

With regard to the blasting medium, the prior art generally uses particulate materials with relatively high mechanical strength and hardness and variable shape. For this purpose, a large number of different blasting agents, each with special properties, are known in the prior art, which differ from one another in terms of their chemical composition and the underlying physical properties.

For example, corundum, garnet sand, plastic, glass or ceramic beads, glass granulate and slag blasting agents and chilled cast iron or cast steel particles are used as blasting agents in the prior art, particularly depending on the respective application with the desired effect on the object to be processed. However, the aforementioned materials also have disadvantages, for example with regard to their range of arrangement or use, disposal and procurement costs.

the DE 40 03 324 A1 relates to a blasting process in which compressed air is used to accelerate a blasting agent in the direction of a surface to be treated, with glass beads in particular being used as the blasting agent.

Furthermore, the DE 29 16 131 A1 an apparatus for treating a surface, the apparatus having a gun for directing abrasive media at the surface to be abraded. The gun is connected to a compressed air source. Grit or grit can be used as an abrasive, for example.

So-called primary materials, such as corundum, are often used as blasting media in the prior art in this context, which are sometimes expensive to produce or provide, especially since the use of such primary materials in other technical areas is often associated with a higher value. The procurement costs for silicon carbide used as a blasting medium are also very high.

Furthermore, it is often the case for blasting abrasives of the prior art that they are provided by independent manufacturing processes, i. H. by such processes, which are used exclusively for the production of the blasting agent, which is sometimes economically and ecologically disadvantageous, since independent production lines with independent material and energy use or consumption must be provided.

In addition, blasting agents of the prior art sometimes have undefined and hardly reproducible surface properties, which makes their handling with regard to the desired result of a blasting treatment more difficult. For example, corundum is a sometimes very sharp-edged blasting agent, which can limit its area of application or use accordingly. Furthermore, with blasting agents of the prior art, the situation is sometimes such that they do not have optimal application properties to the extent that a high level of dust release can occur when corresponding blasting processes are carried out. For example, the use of quartz sand is problematic insofar as fine and harmful dusts are often released when carrying out the blasting treatment, which can cause so-called silicosis. In addition, the blasting agents used in the prior art sometimes have suboptimal environmental properties, also with regard to their disposal or, if this is at all possible, their recycling after the use or use of such blasting agents. Disposal or recycling can sometimes be complex and equally expensive.

In summary, it can thus be stated that the blasting agents used in the prior art for blasting processes do not always have optimal application, provision and disposal properties and are not always satisfactory from the point of view of economy and ecology. There is also a great need in the prior art for the provision of blasting media with improved properties in this respect, also due to the widespread use with the diverse possible uses of blasting techniques and against the background of more stringent environmental requirements and conditions, and not least also from a cost perspective. In particular, there is also a great need for the provision of corresponding blasting agents with improved sustainability, which also enable a large range of applications and uses with regard to their use in the field of blasting technology.

Against this background, an object of the present invention is to be seen as finding or providing a further material with regard to use as a blasting agent and supplying it for use in the technical field of surface treatment or blasting technology, the disadvantages of the prior art described above technology should be at least largely avoided or at least weakened.

In particular, within the scope of the present invention, a further blasting agent is to be found or made available, which has a wide range of uses in the field of blasting technology and improved or defined handling or use properties and which is therefore suitable for a large number of possible processing goals in blasting technology (such as surface cleaning, Rust removal, surface paint removal, surface hardening, surface roughening or the like) can be used.

Likewise, the material provided according to the invention should be tailor-made or individually designed, in particular with regard to the respective application or use background (e.g. with regard to a desired effect of a targeted decoating, cleaning, roughening, matting or the like of an underlying workpiece or material). .

In addition, another object of the present invention is to be seen in particular as providing a blasting agent or supplying a material for use in blasting technology processes, which overall also leads to improved cost efficiency and thus to improved economy, also in with regard to its provision and disposal.

In particular, within the scope of a further object on which the present invention is based, the sustainability of blasting methods or of blasting agents provided or used in this regard should also be increased, both with regard to the provision or production of such materials and their disposal or recycling ( i.e. with regard to a targeted technical use of residues or waste materials), so that there should also be an improved environmental balance and thus improved ecology.

A further object of the present invention is also to be seen in the provision of corresponding materials or pieces or objects as such which, as a result of treatment using blasting technology, have improved or specifically adjusted or formed surface properties and thus overall optimized product properties.

In this context, yet another object of the present invention is to be seen in particular in making preferably particulate production residues from, in particular, industrial or chemical production processes usable further and efficiently and supplying them for further use, in particular also from the point of view of improving Economy and ecology not only of processes associated with further use.

As the applicant has now found out in a completely surprising manner, the above-mentioned object on which the present invention is based can be achieved in an unexpected manner by providing, within the scope of the present invention, a special use of particulate activated carbon, namely as an abrasive, in particular for mechanical abrasion treatment of surfaces of solid objects, in particular of materials or pieces, and preferably as blasting media (blasting material), especially in the field of blasting technology or related blasting methods, such as compressed air blasting or the like.

As explained in detail below, it can also be provided within the scope of the present invention that the activated carbon or the abrasive or blasting agent is present in the form of an activated carbon production residue, as is the case in particular in the production of activated carbon in the context of the relevant carbonization or activation in corresponding devices. In this context, the DE 10 2006 052 377 A1 a rotary kiln for the production of activated carbon based on carbonization and activation. In the production of the activated carbon in this regard, activated carbon production residues sometimes occur during the production process with the carbonization and activation, in particular insofar as activated carbon particles are discharged from the device, in particular by the production or air flow, as it occurs in connection with used carbonization or activation atmospheres is formed, so to speak, entrained or discharged. Such activated carbon production residues have not been put to any further technical use, particularly due to the existing inhomogeneities and the wide range of absorptive properties that preclude the actual use of activated carbon as an adsorptive agent, but have been disposed of as part of time-consuming and costly measures.

In an equally unexpected way, the applicant has also found in this context that a special particulate abrasive or a particulate blasting agent as such, namely in the form of particulate activated carbon, can be used to solve the above-mentioned object of the present invention.

The above task is also solved in a corresponding manner by an object or workpiece that can be obtained or obtained using the method described here.

In order to solve the problem described above, the present invention thus proposes - according to a first aspect of the present invention - the use according to the invention of particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon as an abrasive agent, in particular for mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects, preferably as a blasting agent according to claim 1. Further, particularly advantageous configurations of the use according to the invention are the subject of the relevant dependent claims.

In addition, another subject of the present invention - according to a second aspect of the present invention - is also the particulate abrasive, preferably particulate blasting media, in particular for the mechanical abrasion treatment of surfaces of solid objects, according to the independent claim relating thereto and relating to the abrasive. Further, particularly advantageous configurations of the abrasive means according to the invention are the subject matter of the subclaims relating thereto and relating to the abrasive means.

In addition, another subject of the present invention - according to a third aspect of the present invention - is also the object, in particular the workpiece, according to the invention, which is obtainable or obtained by the method described here, according to the independent claim in this regard . Further, particularly advantageous configurations of the object or workpiece according to the invention are the subject of the relevant dependent claims.

It goes without saying that in the following description of the present invention, such configurations, embodiments, advantages, examples or the like, which are described below - for the purpose of avoiding unnecessary repetitions - only for a single aspect of the invention, of course also in relation to the others Aspects of the invention apply accordingly, without requiring express mention.

Furthermore, it goes without saying that in the following statements of values, numbers and ranges, the relevant values, numbers and ranges are not to be understood as limiting; It goes without saying for the person skilled in the art that it is possible to deviate from the specified ranges or specifications in individual cases or in relation to the application, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

In addition, all values or parameter information or the like mentioned below can be determined or determined using standardized or explicitly stated determination methods or otherwise using determination or measurement methods familiar to the person skilled in the art in this field.

Incidentally, it applies that for all of the following relative or percentage, ins particular weight-related quantities, it should be noted that this information must be selected or combined by the person skilled in the art within the scope of the present invention in such a way that the total - optionally including other components or ingredients, in particular as defined below - is always 100% or 100 wt .-% result. This goes without saying for the expert.

Having said that, the present invention will be described in more detail below.

According to a first aspect of the present invention - the present invention thus relates to the use of particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon as an abrasive, in particular for mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects, in particular workpieces, preferably as a blasting agent (blasting material ).

In this regard, the present invention aims in particular at a related use of the activated carbon in or for processes of blasting technology, such as compressed air blasting processes or the like.

A basic idea of the present invention is therefore to be seen in particular in the fact that activated carbon is used according to the invention as an abrasive agent or blasting agent for the technical field of surface treatment of workpieces and in particular for the field of blasting technology.

In this context, the applicant has found, in a completely surprising manner, that activated carbon is outstandingly suitable for use according to the invention as an abrasive or blasting agent, both from a technical point of view and from an economic and environmental point of view. The activated carbon used according to the invention as a blasting agent is a material with defined properties which are associated with particularly good handling with regard to the use according to the invention as an abrasive agent or blasting agent.

The activated charcoal used according to the invention or the abrasive agent according to the invention based on activated charcoal is a material that is very flowable overall and also has high and defined mechanical strengths or hardnesses. On the one hand, this means that a controlled and high pressure application is possible within the scope of the application in blasting processes and, on the other hand, that a defined interaction of the activated carbon acting as a blasting agent is guaranteed when it hits the surfaces of solid objects or workpieces to be treated, so that in this regard, the desired effects in relation to the surface can also be specified in a targeted manner.

Due to the high mechanical stability of the activated carbon, a high kinetic energy of the blasting material can also be realized in this context, which can correspondingly increase the interaction or effect of the activated carbon on the surface. In addition, the activated carbons used according to the invention as abrasives or blasting agents also have defined surface properties, also with regard to the granular and more preferred spherical or spherical shape or structure of the activated carbon, which is preferred according to the invention, which leads to a further defined and optimized interaction with the surface to be treated.

In addition, the activated carbons used in the context of the present invention have, in particular, narrow particle or grain size distributions, with defined specific densities also being present. In particular in combination with the preferred granular or spherical configuration of the activated carbon, this also results in a material-friendly and easily adjustable or controllable interaction with the surface of the workpieces to be treated.

Due to the aforementioned properties, excessive abrasiveness can be avoided when used as an abrasive or blasting medium in corresponding blasting processes.

Due to the high hardness, there is also reduced abrasion or reduced dust formation when used as an abrasive or blasting agent, which is also positive in terms of health aspects and ecology. In the context of the present invention, a high level of environmental compatibility is also ensured by the fact that the activated carbon used is fundamentally non-toxic as such.

A further central advantage with regard to the underlying activated carbon can also be seen in the fact that it is at least essentially chemically inert, so that undesired reactions with the surface to be treated are avoided or reduced. In addition, with regard to the activated carbon used according to the invention, disposal is simple and overall also advantageous from an ecological point of view, since the activated carbon can be thermally disposed of or thermally recycled after use, which further promotes sustainability overall is. In principle, recycling is also possible.

In addition, activated carbon as such is at least essentially chemically inert, in particular with regard to the workpieces to be treated. As a result, no undesirable chemical surface modifications of the workpiece occur due to the activated carbon during the blasting of surfaces. Rather, it can behave according to the invention in such a way that, as will be explained below, the treated workpiece can be provided with a thin, in particular continuous, carbon layer on the surface in the manner or in the form of a protective or passive layer is covered, which also leads to a protective effect of the treated workpiece against environmental influences.

As explained in detail below, the activated carbon used according to the invention as an abrasive or blasting agent can in particular also be an activated carbon which is present as an activated carbon production residue occurring in the production of activated carbon. Consequently, the activated charcoal used according to the invention can, so to speak, be a surplus material - i.e. a residual amount - that occurs during the production of activated charcoal and which has not previously been able to be subjected to any further sustainable technical utilization or use and which has so far and had to be disposed of at great expense. As part of the use according to the invention as an abrasive or blasting agent, further utilization of such activated carbon can thus be provided for the first time, which is associated with corresponding economic advantages and also leads to improved ecological and economic sustainability of the underlying processes or methods of activated carbon production itself, since Activated carbon production residues can be used further and efficiently.

With regard to the terms “surfaces” and “objects” or “workpieces” as used in the context of the present invention, it is the case here in particular that these terms also include the respective singular and thus also refer in particular to refer to (at least) one surface or (at least) one object or (at least) one workpiece as such. The present invention thus also relates to the use of particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon as an abrasive agent, in particular for mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of (at least) one surface of an object or workpiece.

In the context of the present invention, the terms “abrasive agent” or “blasting agent” or “blasting material” with regard to the inventive use of activated carbon and with regard to the underlying function in particular refer to all, preferably through an interaction with the surface of an object to be treated Effects that occur, such as those caused in particular by an impact of the abrasive or blasting agent, in particular in the context of the relevant application in blasting methods, such as compressed air blasting or the like. This includes, for example and in a non-limiting manner, the removal or ablation of body or species-specific surface material of the underlying workpiece (e.g. in the context of roughening the surface or the like), but also of body or species-alien surface material of the underlying material (e.g for example layers of paint, dirt, rust film or the like). Equally, the terms in question also relate in a non-restrictive manner to surface densification or hardening and finishing or providing the surface with carbon, as explained below.

As regards the activated carbon particles, activated carbon granules or activated carbon balls (here also referred to only as activated carbon) according to the invention as such, the parameter data listed for this are determined using standardized or explicitly stated determination methods or using determination methods familiar to the person skilled in the art. In particular, the parameter data relating to the characterization of the porosity (or the pore size distribution and other adsorption properties) generally result from the corresponding nitrogen sorption isotherms of the relevant activated carbon or the measured products. In addition, the pore distribution, in particular with regard to the content of pores of a defined size in relation to the total pore volume, can be determined, in particular on the basis of DIN 66135-1.

As far as the activated carbon used in the context of the use according to the invention is concerned, this has in particular a defined particle size: It can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon has an absolute particle size, in particular an absolute particle diameter, in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.3 mm, in particular in the range from 0.07 mm to 2.1 mm, preferably in the range from 0.09 mm to 2.0 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0 .2 mm to 1.6 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm. In this regard, it can be provided in particular that at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, particularly preferably at least 99% by weight, very particularly preferably 100% by weight %, the activated carbon particles, in particular the activated carbon granules, preferably the activated carbon beads, have particle sizes, in particular particle diameters, in the aforementioned ranges. The weight data in question relate in particular to the total quantity or mass of the activated carbon particles.

According to the invention, it can equally be provided that the activated carbon has an average particle size, in particular an average particle diameter, in the range from 0.06 mm to 2.2 mm, in particular in the range from 0.08 mm to 2 mm, preferably in the range from 0. 1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1, 4mm.

In addition, the invention provides in particular that the activated carbon has an average particle size (D50), in particular an average particle diameter (D50), in the range from 0.08 mm to 2.1 mm, in particular in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.35 mm to 1.3 mm.

With regard to the aforementioned absolute particle sizes or the aforementioned average particle sizes or particle diameters, the relevant values can be determined in particular by means of sieve analysis or according to the ASTM D2862-97/04 method. If the activated carbon is spherical, the particle diameters refer to the sphere diameter of the underlying activated carbon particles or spheres.

The activated carbon used according to the invention as an abrasive or blasting agent preferably has a narrow grain or particle size distribution. In particular, this leads to a uniform or defined interaction during the blasting application with regard to the surface to be treated, accompanied by a uniform or uniform processing of the underlying surface. This also leads to corresponding products or processed objects with improved (surface) properties.

• So hat es sich erfindungsgemäß als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die Aktivkohle eine Abriebfestigkeit (ball pan hardness) bzw. Abriebhärte von mindestens 90 %, insbesondere mindestens 97 %, vorzugsweise mindestens 98 %, bevorzugt mindestens 99 %, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99,5 %, ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99,9 %, weiter bevorzugt von 100 %, aufweist.

In addition, the activated carbon used according to the invention is characterized in particular by high mechanical strength or hardness:

• According to the invention, it has proven to be advantageous if the activated carbon has an abrasion resistance (ball pan hardness) or abrasion hardness of at least 90%, in particular at least 97%, preferably at least 98%, preferably at least 99%, particularly preferably at least 99.5%. very particularly preferably at least 99.9%, more preferably 100%.

The abrasion resistance or abrasion hardness can be determined according to the method according to ASTM D3802-05 or according to CEFIC (Conseil Europeen des Federations des l'Industrie Chimique, Avenue Louise 250, Bte 71, B - 1050 Brussels, November 1986, European Council of Chemical Manufacturers' Federations , Test Methods for Activated Carbon, Section 1.6 "Mechanical Hardness", pages 18/19). The abrasion resistance or abrasion hardness can thus generally be determined according to ASTM D3802-05 or CEFIC.

Thus, the activated carbon used according to the invention is further characterized by excellent mechanical properties, which is also reflected in the high abrasion resistance.

The high mechanical stability of the activated carbon used according to the invention is also associated with a high pressure or bursting strength (weight load capacity per activated carbon grain): In this context, it can be provided that the activated carbon has a pressure and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, of at least 5 Newtons, in particular at least 10 Newtons, preferably at least 15 Newtons, preferably at least 20 Newtons, particularly preferably at least 22.5 Newtons. In particular, the activated carbon can have a compressive strength and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, in the range from 5 Newton to 60 Newton, in particular in the range from 10 Newton to 50 Newton, preferably in the range from 15 Newton to 45 Newtons, preferably in the range from 20 Newtons to 40 Newtons, particularly preferably in the range from 22.5 Newtons to 35 Newtons. The determination of the compressive or bursting strength can be carried out in a manner known per se to the person skilled in the art, in particular by determining the compressive or bursting strength of individual particles or particles by applying force using a stamp until the respective particle or particle bursts.

Furthermore, it is preferred if the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, of at least 1.5, in particular at least 1.75, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 2.25, particularly preferably at least 2.5 . In particular, the activated carbon in this context can have a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, in the range from 1.5 to 7, in particular in the range from 1.75 to 6, preferably in the range from 2 to 5.5, preferably in range from 2.25 to 5.25, more preferably in the range from 2.5 to 5.

In addition, it is preferred if the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, of at least 20 HV, in particular at least 30 HV, preferably at least 40 HV, preferably at least 50 HV, particularly preferably at least 60 HV. In this context, it can equally be provided that the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, in the range from 20 HV to 1,500 HV, in particular in the range from 30 HV to 1,000 HV, preferably in the range from 40 HV to 800 HV , preferably in the range from 50 HV to 650 HV, particularly preferably in the range from 60 HV to 500 HV.

The Vickers hardness values specified according to the invention can be determined in particular in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6507, in particular when carried out in the macro range and/or in particular with a test force in the range from 1 N to 500 N and/or in particular with an exposure time in the range of 5 s up to 30 s and/or at a test temperature in the range from 10 °C to 35 °C.

Activated carbon as an abrasive or blasting agent with the aforementioned mechanical strengths or hardnesses is particularly suitable for the use according to the invention, namely in particular to the extent that it ensures a high efficiency of the action on or processing of surfaces of underlying workpieces during the blasting application without causing damage or excessive or uneven material removal to the workpiece.

In addition, the activated carbon can have a tapped density in the range from 100 g/l to 1,500 g/l, in particular in the range from 125 g/l to 1,000 g/l, preferably in the range from 150 g/l to 800 g/l. l, preferably in the range from 200 g/l to 600 g/l, particularly preferably in the range from 225 g/l to 500 g/l, very particularly preferably in the range from 250 g/l to 400 g/l, more preferably im range from 255 g/l to 395 g/l. In addition, the activated carbon can have a bulk density in the range from 150 g/l to 1000 g/l, in particular in the range from 250 g/l to 700 g/l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 600 g/l , preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 550 g/l. The tapped or tamped density can be determined in accordance with DIN 53194 in particular. In particular, the bulk density can be determined according to ASTM B527-93/00.

The densities mentioned above also lead to further improved properties of the activated carbon as an abrasive or blasting agent. In particular, the type and extent of the effects to be achieved during the surface treatment can also be controlled in this way. In this context, the activated carbon used according to the invention can have comparatively low densities, which leads to gentle and equally efficient material treatment, especially in combination with the other special properties of the activated carbon used according to the invention.

In particular, it can also be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon has a specific BET surface area in the range from 350 m ² /g to 4,000 m ² /g, in particular in the range from 400 m ² /g to 3,500 m ² /g, preferably in the range from 500 m ² /g to 3000 m ² /g, particularly preferably in the range from 600 m ² /g to 2750 m ² /g, very particularly preferably in the range from 700 m ² /g to 2500 m ² /g, more preferably in the range of 800 m ² /g to 2250 m ² /g.

The determination of the specific surface area according to BET is fundamentally known as such to a person skilled in the art, so that no further details need to be given in this regard. All BET surface areas are as determined in accordance with ASTM D6556-04. Within the scope of the present invention, the so-called multipoint BET determination method (MP-BET) in a partial pressure range p/p ₀ from 0.05 to 0.1 is used to determine the BET surface area—in general and unless expressly stated otherwise applied. For further details on the determination of the BET surface area or the BET method, reference can be made to the aforementioned ASTM D6556-04 and to Römpp Chemielexikon, 10th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart/New York, keyword: "BET method". , including the literature referenced there, and on Winnacker-Küchler (3rd edition), volume 7, pages 93 ff. and on Z. Anal. Chem. 238, pp. 187-193 (1968).

Likewise, the activated carbon can have a total pore volume, in particular a total pore volume according to Gurvich, in the range from 0.1 cm ³ /g to 4 cm ³ /g, in particular in the range from 0.2 cm ³ /g to 3.5 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.3 cm ³ /g to 3 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.4 cm ³ /g to 2.5 cm ³ /g, particularly preferably im range from 0.5 cc/g to ^{2 cc} /g.

• Surface Area Pore Size and Density, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Article Technology Series, Seiten 111 ff. Insbesondere kann das Porenvolumen der Aktivkohle auf Basis der Gurvich-Regel gemäß der Formel V_P = W_a/ρ_I bestimmt werden, wobei W_a die adsorbierte Menge eines zugrundeliegenden Adsorbats und ρ_I die Dichte des eingesetzten Adsorbats darstellt (vgl. auch Formel (8.20) gemäß Seite 111, Kapitel 8.4.) von S. Lowell et al.).

As far as the determination of the total pore volume according to Gurvich is concerned, this is a measurement/determination method which is well known per se to the person skilled in the art. For further details regarding the determination of the total pore volume according to Gurvich, reference can be made, for example, to L. Gurvich (1915), J. Phys. Chem. Soc. Soot. 47, 805, and S. Lowell et al., Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders:

• Surface Area Pore Size and Density, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Article Technology Series, pages 111 et seq. In particular, the pore volume of the activated carbon can be determined based on the Gurvich rule according to the formula V _P =W _a /ρ _I , where W _a is the adsorbed Amount of an underlying adsorbate and ρ _I represents the density of the adsorbate used (cf. also formula (8.20) on page 111, chapter 8.4.) by S. Lowell et al.).

In addition, the activated carbon can also have an average pore diameter in the range from 0.5 nm to 100 nm, in particular in the range from 0.75 nm to 90 nm, preferably in the range from 1 nm to 80 nm, preferably in the range of 1.5 nm to 70 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 1.75 nm to 60 nm.

The average pore diameter can be determined from the quotient of four times the volume value of a liquid taken up or adsorbed by the activated carbon (adsorbate) when the pores are completely filled (V _total ) on the one hand and the BET surface area (BET) on the other (pore diameter d = 4 V _total ). / BET). In this regard, reference can be made to the corresponding statements according to RW Magee (loc. cit.), in particular to the formula representation (15) on page 71 of the literature reference in question.

The activated carbon used in the context of the use according to the invention can therefore have a defined porosity or a defined pore system. This also leads to positive properties with regard to use as an abrasive or blasting agent in the context of a blasting application. In particular, the aforementioned formations of the pore system also lead to a further characterization of the structural properties of the activated carbon, not least with regard to strength and mass or density.

According to the invention, it has also proven to be advantageous if the activated carbon has a water content or moisture content in the range from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.1% by weight to 4% by weight. %, preferably in the range from 0.15% by weight to 3% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.2% by weight to 2% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25% by weight up to 1.5% by weight, based on the activated carbon.

The relevant determination is made in particular according to ASTM D2862-97/04.

The defined water or moisture content of the activated carbon used according to the invention is also accompanied by a further characterization of the activated carbon with regard to the underlying physical properties, for example with regard to the mass (e.g. occupancy or filling of the pores). The aforementioned value ranges with regard to the water or moisture content are also accompanied by further chemical inerting, since the relatively low moisture content reduces the sometimes adverse effect of moisture on the surface of a workpiece to be treated.

In addition, it has proven to be advantageous in the context of the present invention if the activated carbon has an ash content of at most 1.5% by weight, in particular at most 1% by weight, preferably at most 0.9% by weight, preferably at most 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.7% by weight, very particularly preferably at most 0.5% by weight, further preferably at most 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon. In this connection, the activated carbon can have an ash content in the range from 0.005% by weight to 1.5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.02% by weight % by weight to 0.9% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.03% by weight to 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.04% by weight to 0.7% by weight %, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.06% by weight to 0.5% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.3% by weight, and based on the activated carbon. The ash content can be determined in particular according to ASTM D2866-94/04. The low ash content leads in particular both to improved physical integrity and stability of the activated carbon and to reduced dust formation during use.

In addition, it can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon has a fractal dimension of the open porosity of at most 2.9 (ie ≦2.9), in particular at most 2.89, preferably at most 2.85, preferably at most 2.8, particularly preferably at most 2.75, very particularly preferably at most 2.7. In this context, it can equally be provided within the scope of the present invention that the activated carbon has a fractal dimension of the open porosity in the range from 2.2 to 2.9, preferably in the range from 2.25 to 2.89, preferably in the range of 2.3 to 2.85, particularly preferably in the range from 2.35 to 2.8, very particularly preferably in the range from 2.4 to 2.75, more preferably in the range from 2.45 to 2.7.

As for the fractal dimension of open porosity as a measure of roughness, by general definition, the closer the fractal dimension value is to 3, the rougher a fabric is. Correspondingly smaller values therefore mean a lower surface roughness of the activated carbon.

For further details on determining the fractal dimension of the activated carbon used according to the invention, reference can be made to the publications DE 102 54 241 A1 , WO 2004/046033 A1 , EP 1 562 855 B1 and to those belonging to the same patent family U.S. 2006/148645 A1 be referred to, in particular to exemplary embodiment 4 listed in the respective publications. The respective content of the listed publications is hereby included in its entirety by reference. As previously stated, the aforementioned fractal dimensions lead to further enhanced properties. The fractal dimension of the activated carbon used according to the invention can be determined in particular using the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill method (FHH method). For example, reference can be made to P. Pfeiffer, YJ Wu, MW Cole and J. Krim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 62, 1997 (1989) and AV Neimark, Ads. science Tech., 7, 210 (1991) and on P. Pfeiffer, J. Kennter, and MW Cole, Fundamentals of Adsorption (Edited by AB Mersmann and SE Sholl), Engineering Foundation, New York, 689 (1991).

Consequently, it can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon has a relatively low roughness, as a result of which the properties of the activated carbon can be further adjusted with regard to its use as an abrasive or blasting agent (for example with regard to a desired abrasiveness or a desired material protection).

As far as the activated carbon used in the context of the use according to the invention is concerned, it can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon is obtainable by carbonization and optionally subsequent activation of a starting material, in particular a synthetic and/or non-natural substance-based starting material, preferably based on organic polymers. In this regard, the activated carbon can be obtained from a starting material based on organic polymers, in particular based on sulfonated organic polymers, preferably based on divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene, preferably based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, in particular by carbonization and subsequent activation of the starting material. In this connection, the content of divinylbenzene in the starting material can range from 1% to 20% by weight, in particular from 1% to 15% by weight, preferably from 1.5% to 12% by weight. 5% by weight, preferably 2% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the starting material. In particular, the starting material can be, in particular, a sulfonated ion exchange resin or one containing a sulfonic acid group, in particular of the gel type. According to the invention, it can be provided in particular that a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC; polymer-based spherical activated carbon) is used as the activated carbon and/or wherein the activated carbon is a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC).

Such activated carbon, which can be obtained on the basis of synthetic or non-natural substance-based starting materials, has particularly defined properties, which is associated with further advantages with regard to the use according to the invention. For example, such activated carbons have a high level of homogeneity combined with high hardness or strength and a defined pore system. In addition, such activated carbons often have an ideal spherical shape.

In the context of the use according to the invention, a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSC) is particularly suitable as an abrasive or blasting agent, since such activated carbon has particularly defined properties with regard to its shape, since in this respect almost ideal spherical particles or bodies are present. In addition, a polymer-based spherical activated carbon has a high mechanical resilience and stability and a low dust content.

As far as the activated carbon used according to the invention is concerned in general, it is in principle also commercially available in the specificities given here, in particular also from Blücher GmbH. In addition, reference can be made to the international patent application for further details on the activated carbon used according to the invention, in particular also with regard to the process steps of carbonization and activation WO 98/07655 A1 and patent applications belonging to the same patent family DE 196 53 238 A1 , DE 196 50 414 A1 , EP 0 952 960 A1 and U.S. 6,300,276 B1 , the respective disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In addition, reference can be made to DE 43 04 026 A1 and to those belonging to the same patent family U.S. 6,184,177 B1 , the respective disclosure of which is hereby likewise incorporated in its entirety by reference. In addition, reference can also be made to the international patent application WO 2017/097447 A1 and to the parallel patent applications DE 10 2016 101 215 A1 , EP 3 362 407 A1 as U.S. 2019/177170 A1 , the respective disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

According to the invention, it can also be provided that the activated carbon is present or is used and/or is formed as carbonizate or activated material. In this regard, it can behave according to the invention in such a way that activated carbon based on products of the respective underlying carbonization or activation can also be used within the scope of the invention. This can be, for example, activated charcoal production residues or the like, as they occur, for example, on the basis of the above-mentioned production processes or starting materials.

According to one embodiment of the invention, it can be provided in particular that the activated charcoal from activated charcoal production residues, in particular from activated charcoal production residues occurring during activated charcoal production, preferably carbonization and/or activation, preferably in open activated charcoal production devices, such as belt furnaces or rotary kilns, is formed.

In other words, it can be provided according to the invention that the activated charcoal is an activated charcoal production residue, in particular an activated charcoal production residue occurring during the production of activated charcoal. For example, the activated charcoal used according to the invention can be an activated charcoal production residue occurring during carbonization and/or activation, preferably in, in particular, open activated charcoal production devices such as belt furnaces or rotary kilns.

The activated charcoal production residue can, for example, be activated charcoal material discharged from the production device during the activated charcoal production or the underlying carbonization and/or activation. Activation atmosphere is) is led out or entrained in particular unintentionally from the production device.

In this context, it is equally completely surprising within the scope of the present invention that such an activated carbon is also suitable for the targeted and purposeful use as an abrasive agent or blasting agent for blasting applications. The downstream use of the activated carbon production residues in question also significantly improves the sustainability of the activated carbon production itself from an economic and ecological point of view. In particular, the usual disposal of such activated carbon production residues in the context of the production of activated carbon is no longer necessary. Corresponding activated carbon production residues can thus be efficiently supplied to further use, as is the case within the scope of the present invention. As mentioned above, this also leads to improved economy or efficiency of the underlying production process for activated carbon itself.

In this context, it is also noteworthy that up to 10% or more activated carbon production residues can occur during the production of activated carbon. This also shows that, within the scope of the present invention, increased sustainability is achieved in relation to such production methods, since corresponding activated carbon production residues can be used further, namely within the scope of the use according to the invention as an abrasive or blasting agent.

In general, it can be provided according to the invention in this connection that the activated carbon can originate or be removed from all process stages of the production of activated carbon. Within the scope of the present invention, all activated carbon materials or activated carbon production residues discharged during the production process can therefore be used within the scope of the use according to the invention.

Due to its excellent properties and its outstanding suitability for blasting applications, the activated carbon on which it is based can be used as an abrasive or blasting agent with regard to a large number of different workpieces or objects, with a large number of effects or surface changes being able to be implemented in this context. In particular, the underlying objects or workpieces can be made of metal, plastic, glass, wood, stone, concrete or the like, for example, or can include these materials.

It can thus be provided according to the invention in particular that the objects or workpieces are present as metal objects, plastic objects, glass objects, wooden objects, stone objects or concrete objects or are designed in a corresponding manner.

In the context of the use according to the invention, it can be provided in particular that the surfaces of the objects are treated in areas or sections or completely or over the entire surface.

Equally, it can be provided with regard to the use according to the invention that the activated carbon is allowed to act on the surfaces of the object by means of an energy carrier, in particular under pressure, in particular guided or guided to the surfaces of the objects. According to the invention, the energy carrier can be selected in this connection from the group of gaseous energy carriers, preferably air, and liquid energy carriers, preferably water. According to the invention, it is preferred if the energy carrier is a gaseous energy carrier, preferably air. This is particularly the case for (compressed) air jet methods.

As far as the energy carrier is concerned, this represents the medium, so to speak, with which the activated carbon as a blasting agent is guided onto the surface of the object or workpiece to be treated, with the blasting material being accelerated accordingly by the energy carrier and thus having a correspondingly high kinetic energy. Upon impact, the blasting agent then has a corresponding effect on the surface of the object to be processed.

According to the invention, the mechanical abrasion treatment can be carried out as compressed air jets, in particular as high-pressure air jets or low-pressure air jets. In the context of the present invention, the activated carbon acts as a solid blasting agent or blasting material.

With regard to ensuring efficient surface treatment, the pressures listed below can be used in particular, also depending on the specific design of the blasting agent used in the form of activated carbon and the nature of the object to be treated and the desired effect.

It can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at least 1 bar, in particular at least 1.5 bar, preferably at least 2 bar, preferably at least 2.5 bar, particularly preferably at least 3 bar, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed or guided to the surfaces of the objects.

In addition, it can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at most 20 bar, in particular at most 15 bar, preferably at most 12 bar, preferably at most 10 bar, particularly preferably at most 8 bar is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects.

Against this background, it can therefore be provided within the scope of the present invention that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects is subjected to a pressure, in particular jet pressure, in the range from 1 bar to 20 bar, in particular in the range from 1.5 bar to 15 bar , preferably in the range from 2 bar to 12 bar, preferably in the range from 2.5 bar to 10 bar, particularly preferably in the range from 3 bar to 8 bar, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular passed onto the surfaces of the objects and/or is conducted.

Equally, the duration of treatment (duration of radiation) can vary within wide ranges, in which case the specific selection of the duration of treatment in this regard can equally depend on the factors mentioned here.

According to the invention, it can be provided in particular that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects is applied to the surfaces for a period of at least 1 s, in particular at least 5 s, preferably at least 10 s, preferably at least 15 s, particularly preferably at least 30 s of the objects is allowed to act, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects.

Likewise, it can be provided that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects acts on the surfaces of the objects for a period of at most 45 minutes, in particular at most 30 minutes, preferably at most 20 minutes, preferably at most 15 minutes, particularly preferably at most 10 minutes is left, guided and/or guided in particular onto the surfaces of the objects.

In this context, it can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the counter stands for a period of time in the range from 1 s to 45 min, in particular in the range from 5 s to 30 min, preferably in the range from 10 s to 20 min, preferably in the range from 15 s bar to 15 min, particularly preferably in the range of 30 s to 10 min, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects.

The use according to the invention can serve or be used in particular for the removal of contaminants or undesired deposits and/or layers on the surfaces of the objects.

In particular, the use according to the invention can be used to adjust, in particular to increase or decrease, the surface roughness of the objects.

Equally, the use according to the invention can serve or be used for setting, in particular increasing, the matting and/or structuring of the surfaces of the objects.

The use according to the invention can also be used for cleaning, descaling, derusting, deburring, paint stripping and/or decoating of the surfaces of the objects.

In addition, the use according to the invention can equally serve or be used for core removal and/or sand removal from the surfaces of the objects, in particular where the objects are in the form of cast parts or molds.

In addition, the invention according to the invention can also serve or be provided for strengthening and/or compacting the surfaces of the objects or for smoothing the surfaces of the objects.

According to a further embodiment according to the invention, it can also be provided that the use according to the invention for finishing, in particular covering and/or coating and/or doping and/or providing, the surfaces of the objects with carbon serves or is intended for this purpose. In this context, it can be provided according to the invention that the carbon is provided by the activated charcoal or released or transferred by the activated charcoal, preferably when the activated charcoal comes into contact, in particular when it impacts, on the surfaces of the objects.

It can thus be provided according to the invention that the surface of the objects to be treated is provided with carbon in a targeted and purposeful manner. In this way, the surface properties of the treated objects can be further adjusted or modified. For example, the finishing of the surface with carbon can be accompanied by a closure of, in particular, small pores or defects on the surface, so that the surface can be made more uniform as a result. In addition, the targeted finishing of the surface with carbon or a carbon layer can also lead to protection against external influences or environmental influences, such as against moisture, chemical substances or the like. As a result, for example, subsequent corrosion of the treated surface can be avoided.

The carbon can in particular be present in layers and/or in the form of a layer on the surface of the material, in particular as a passive coating and/or protective layer.

Overall, within the scope of the present invention, an abrasive or blasting agent based on or in the form of activated carbon is used for the first time, with corresponding activated carbon production residues also being able to be used in this context. As explained above, the relevant materials have excellent properties with regard to their use as abrasives or blasting agents, with the economic efficiency and sustainability of corresponding blasting methods and also of production methods for providing activated carbon being significantly improved.

In addition, for further explanations on the present aspect, reference can also be made to the following explanations on the further aspects according to the invention, with the relevant explanations correspondingly applying in the present case.

A method for the mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects, in particular workpieces, is also described here, in which case particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon is used as an abrasive agent or allowed to act on the surfaces to be treated is preferably under pressure-generated acceleration and/or movement of the particulate activated carbon and allowed to impact on the surfaces to be treated, preferably by means of compressed air jets.

• - Insbesondere kann die Aktivkohle eine absolute Partikelgröße, insbesondere einen absoluten Teilchendurchmesser, im Bereich von 0,05 mm bis 2,3 mm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,07 mm bis 2,1 mm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,09 mm bis 2,0 mm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,15 mm bis 1,8 mm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,2 mm bis 1,6 mm, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 mm bis 1,5 mm, aufweisen. In diesem Zusammenhang kann die Aktivkohle insbesondere mindestens 80 Gew.-%, insbesondere mindestens 85 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise mindestens 90 Gew.-%, bevorzugt mindestens 95 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99 Gew.-%, ganz besonders bevorzugt 100 Gew.-%, der Aktivkohlepartikel Partikelgrößen, insbesondere Teilchendurchmesser, in den vorgenannten Bereichen aufweisen.
• - Zudem kann die Aktivkohle eine mittlere Partikelgröße, insbesondere einen mittleren Teilchendurchmesser, im Bereich von 0,06 mm bis 2,2 mm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,08 mm bis 2 mm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,1 mm bis 1,9 mm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,2 mm bis 1,7 mm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 mm bis 1,5 mm, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,3 mm bis 1,4 mm, aufweisen.
• - Insbesondere kann die Aktivkohle eine mittlere Partikelgröße (D50), insbesondere einen mittleren Teilchendurchmesser (D50), im Bereich von 0,08 mm bis 2,1 mm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,1 mm bis 1,9 mm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,15 mm bis 1,8 mm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 mm bis 1,6 mm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,3 mm bis 1,4 mm, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,35 mm bis 1,3 mm, aufweisen.

With regard to the method described here, the activated carbon used as an abrasive or blasting agent can have defined particle or particle sizes, as listed below:

• - In particular, the activated carbon can have an absolute particle size, in particular an absolute particle diameter, in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.3 mm, in particular in the range from 0.07 mm to 2.1 mm, preferably in the range from 0.09 mm to 2.0 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.6 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, exhibit. In this context, the activated charcoal can contain in particular at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, particularly preferably at least 99% by weight, very particularly preferably 100% by weight of the activated carbon particles having particle sizes, in particular particle diameters, in the aforementioned ranges.
• - In addition, the activated carbon can have an average particle size, in particular an average particle diameter, in the range from 0.06 mm to 2.2 mm, in particular in the range from 0.08 mm to 2 mm, preferably in the range from 0.1 mm to 1 9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm.
• - In particular, the activated carbon can have an average particle size (D50), in particular an average particle diameter (D50), in the range from 0.08 mm to 2.1 mm, in particular in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.35 mm up to 1.3 mm.

As indicated above, the corresponding particle sizes refer to the sizes determined by sieve analysis or according to the method of ASTM D2862-97/04. In addition, the particle diameters listed relate to the sphere diameter of the underlying activated carbon.

• - Insbesondere kann die Aktivkohle eine Abriebfestigkeit (ball pan hardness) und/oder Abriebhärte von mindestens 90 %, insbesondere mindestens 97 %, vorzugsweise mindestens 98 %, bevorzugt mindestens 99 %, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99,5 %, ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99,9 %, weiter bevorzugt von 100 %, aufweisen. Für die diesbezügliche Bestimmung nach der Methode gemäß ASTM D3802-05 bzw. nach der CEFIC-Methode kann auch auf die obigen Ausführungen verwiesen werden.
• - Zudem kann die Aktivkohle eine Druck- und/oder Berstfestigkeit (Gewichtsbelastbarkeit) pro Aktivkohlepartikel, insbesondere pro Aktivkohlekorn, vorzugsweise pro Aktivkohlekügelchen, von mindestens 5 Newton, insbesondere mindestens 10 Newton, vorzugsweise mindestens 15 Newton, bevorzugt mindestens 20 Newton, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 22,5 Newton, aufweisen. Gleichermaßen kann die Aktivkohle eine Druck- bzw. Berstfestigkeit (Gewichtsbelastbarkeit) pro Aktivkohlepartikel, insbesondere pro Aktivkohlekorn, vorzugsweise pro Aktivkohlekügelchen, im Bereich von 5 Newton bis 60 Newton, insbesondere im Bereich von 10 Newton bis 50 Newton, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 15 Newton bis 45 Newton, bevorzugt im Bereich von 20 Newton bis 40 Newton, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 22,5 Newton bis 35 Newton, aufweisen. Auch diesbezüglich kann auf obige Ausführungen verwiesen werden.

• - Erfindungsgemäß kann es zudem vorgesehen sein, dass die Aktivkohle eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Mohs-Härte, von mindestens 1,5, insbesondere mindestens 1,75, vorzugsweise mindestens 2, bevorzugt mindestens 2,25, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 2,5, aufweist. Gleichermaßen kann die Aktivkohle eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Mohs-Härte, im Bereich von 1,5 bis 7, insbesondere im Bereich von 1,75 bis 6, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 2 bis 5,5, bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,25 bis 5,25, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,5 bis 5, aufweisen.
• - Zudem kann es erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen sein, dass die Aktivkohle eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Vickershärte, von mindestens 20 HV, insbesondere mindestens 30 HV, vorzugsweise mindestens 40 HV, bevorzugt mindestens 50 HV, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 60 HV, aufweist. Zudem kann die Aktivkohle eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Vickershärte, im Bereich von 20 HV bis 1.500 HV, insbesondere im Bereich von 30 HV bis 1.000 HV, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 40 HV bis 800 HV, bevorzugt im Bereich von 50 HV bis 650 HV, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 60 HV bis 500 HV, aufweisen. Bezüglich der herangezogenen Bestimmungsverfahren kann gleichermaßen auf die obigen Ausführungen verwiesen werden.

The same applies to the process described here that the relevant activated carbon has a high mechanical strength or hardness:

• In particular, the activated carbon can have an abrasion resistance (ball pan hardness) and/or abrasion hardness of at least 90%, in particular at least 97%, preferably at least 98%, preferably at least 99%, particularly preferably at least 99.5%, very particularly preferably at least 99, 9%, more preferably 100%. For the relevant determination according to the method according to ASTM D3802-05 or according to the CEFIC method, reference can also be made to the above statements.
• - In addition, the activated carbon can have a compressive strength and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, of at least 5 Newtons, in particular at least 10 Newtons, preferably at least 15 Newtons, preferably at least 20 Newtons, particularly preferably at least 22 .5 Newtons. Likewise, the activated carbon can have a compressive or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, in the range from 5 Newtons to 60 Newtons, in particular in the range from 10 Newtons to 50 Newtons, preferably in the range from 15 Newtons to 45 Newtons, preferably in the range from 20 Newtons to 40 Newtons, particularly preferably in the range from 22.5 Newtons to 35 Newtons. In this regard, too, reference can be made to the above statements.

• - According to the invention it can also be provided that the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, of at least 1.5, in particular at least 1.75, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 2.25, particularly preferably at least 2, 5, has. Likewise, the activated carbon can have a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, in the range from 1.5 to 7, in particular in the range from 1.75 to 6, preferably in the range from 2 to 5.5, preferably in the range from 2 .25 to 5.25, particularly preferably in the range from 2.5 to 5.
• - In addition, it can be provided according to the invention that the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, of at least 20 HV, in particular at least 30 HV, preferably at least 40 HV, preferably at least 50 HV, particularly preferably at least 60 HV. In addition, the activated carbon can have a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, in the range from 20 HV to 1,500 HV, in particular in the range from 30 HV to 1,000 HV, preferably in the range from 40 HV to 800 HV, preferably in the range from 50 HV to 650 HV, particularly preferably in the range from 60 HV to 500 HV. With regard to the determination methods used, reference can likewise be made to the above statements.

• - So kann die Aktivkohle eine Rüttel- bzw. Stampfdichte im Bereich von 100 g/l bis 1.500 g/l, insbesondere im Bereich von 125 g/l bis 1.000 g/l, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 150 g/l bis 800 g/l, bevorzugt im Bereich von 200 g/l bis 600 g/l, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 225 g/l bis 500 g/l, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 250 g/l bis 400 g/l, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 255 g/l bis 395 g/l, aufweisen.

In addition, the activated carbon can have a defined density, as defined below:

• - Thus, the activated carbon can have a tapped density in the range from 100 g/l to 1,500 g/l, in particular in the range from 125 g/l to 1,000 g/l, preferably in the range from 150 g/l to 800 g/l l, preferably in the range from 200 g/l to 600 g/l, particularly preferably in the range from 225 g/l to 500 g/l, very particularly preferably in the range from 250 g/l to 400 g/l, more preferably im range from 255 g/l to 395 g/l.

Likewise, the activated carbon can have a bulk density in the range from 150 g/l to 1000 g/l, in particular in the range from 250 g/l to 700 g/l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 600 g/l , preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 550 g/l.

In this regard, too, reference can be made to the above explanations with regard to the determination methods used.

• - So kann es vorgesehen sein, dass die Aktivkohle eine spezifische BET-Oberfläche im Bereich von 350 m²/g bis 4.000 m²/g, insbesondere im Bereich von 400 m²/g bis 3.500 m²/g, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 500 m²/g bis 3.000 m²/g, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 600 m²/g bis 2.750 m²/g, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 700 m²/g bis 2.500 m²/g, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 800 m²/g bis 2.250 m²/g, aufweist.
• - Zudem kann die Aktivkohle ein Gesamtporenvolumen, insbesondere ein Gesamtporenvolumen nach Gurvich, im Bereich von 0,1 cm³/g bis 4 cm³/g, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,2 cm³/g bis 3,5 cm³/g, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,3 cm³/g bis 3 cm³/g, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,4 cm³/g bis 2,5 cm³/g, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,5 cm³/g bis 2 cm³/g, aufweisen.
• - Insbesondere kann die Aktivkohle einen mittleren Porendurchmesser im Bereich von 0,5 nm bis 100 nm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,75 nm bis 90 nm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 1 nm bis 80 nm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 1,5 nm bis 70 nm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 1,75 nm bis 60 nm, aufweisen.

In addition, the activated carbons used according to the invention can have special properties with regard to porosity:

• - So it can be provided that the activated carbon has a specific BET surface area in the range of 350 m ² / g to 4000 m ² / g, in particular in the range of 400 m ² / g to 3500 m ² / g, preferably in the range of 500 m ² /g to 3000 m ² /g, particularly preferably in the range from 600 m ² /g to 2750 m ² /g, very particularly preferably in the range from 700 m ² /g to 2500 m ² /g, more preferably im range from 800 m ² /g to 2250 m ² /g.
• - In addition, the activated carbon can have a total pore volume, in particular a total pore volume according to Gurvich, in the range from 0.1 cm ³ /g to 4 cm ³ /g, in particular in the range from 0.2 cm ³ /g to 3.5 cm ³ /g , preferably in the range from 0.3 cm ³ /g to 3 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.4 cm ³ /g to 2.5 cm ³ /g, particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 cm ³ / g to 2 cm ³ /g.
• - In particular, the activated carbon can have an average pore diameter in the range from 0.5 nm to 100 nm, in particular in the range from 0.75 nm to 90 nm, preferably in the range from 1 nm to 80 nm, preferably in the range from 1.5 nm to 70 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 1.75 nm to 60 nm.

With regard to the determination of the specific surface area, the total pore volume and the average particle diameter, reference can be made to the above statements.

• - So kann die Aktivkohle einen Wassergehalt und/oder Feuchtigkeitsgehalt im Bereich von 0,05 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-%, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,1 Gew.-% bis 4 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,15 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,2 Gew.-% bis 2 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 Gew.-% bis 1,5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Aktivkohle, aufweisen.
• - Zudem kann die Aktivkohle einen Aschegehalt von höchstens 1,5 Gew.-%, insbesondere höchstens 1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise höchstens 0,9 Gew.-%, bevorzugt höchstens 0,8 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt höchstens 0,7 Gew.-%, ganz besonders bevorzugt höchstens 0,5 Gew.-%, weiter bevorzugt höchstens 0,3 Gew.-%, insbesondere bestimmt gemäß ASTM D2866-94/04 und bezogen auf die Aktivkohle, aufweisen. Diesbezüglich kann die Aktivkohle einen Aschegehalt im Bereich von 0,005 Gew.% bis 1,5 Gew.-%, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,01 Gew.-% bis 1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,02 Gew.-% bis 0,9 Gew.-%, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,03 Gew.-% bis 0,8 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,04 Gew.-% bis 0,7 Gew.-%, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,06 Gew.-% bis 0,5 Gew.-%, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,08 Gew.-% bis 0,3 Gew.-%, insbesondere bestimmt gemäß ASTM D2866-94/04 und bezogen auf die Aktivkohle, aufweisen.
• - Erfindungsgemäß ist es auch möglich, dass die Aktivkohle eine fraktale Dimension der offenen Porosität im Bereich von höchstens 2,9 (d.h. ≤ 2,9), insbesondere höchstens 2,89, vorzugsweise höchstens 2,85, bevorzugt höchstens 2,8, besonders bevorzugt höchstens 2,75, ganz besonders bevorzugt höchstens 2,7, aufweist. Insbesondere kann die Aktivkohle eine fraktale Dimension der offenen Porosität im Bereich von 2,2 bis 2,9, insbesondere im Bereich von 2,2 bis 2,9, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 2,25 bis 2,89, bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,3 bis 2,85, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,35 bis 2,8, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,4 bis 2,75, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,45 bis 2,7, aufweisen.

In addition, the activated carbon used in the process described here can also have the following properties:

• - Thus, the activated carbon can have a water content and/or moisture content in the range from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.1% by weight to 4% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.15% by weight to 3% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.2% by weight to 2% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25% by weight to 1.5% by weight. -%, based on the activated carbon.
• - In addition, the activated carbon can have an ash content of at most 1.5% by weight, in particular at most 1% by weight, preferably at most 0.9% by weight, preferably at most 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0, 7% by weight, very particularly preferably at most 0.5% by weight, more preferably at most 0.3% by weight, determined in particular according to ASTM D2866-94/04 and based on the activated carbon. In this regard, the activated carbon can have an ash content in the range from 0.005% by weight to 1.5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.02% by weight. % to 0.9% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.03% by weight to 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.04% by weight to 0.7% by weight , very particularly preferably in the range from 0.06% by weight to 0.5% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.3% by weight, in particular determined according to ASTM D2866- 94/04 and based on the activated carbon.
• - According to the invention it is also possible that the activated carbon has a fractal dimension of the open porosity in the range of at most 2.9 (ie ≤ 2.9), in particular at most 2.89, preferably at most 2.85, preferably at most 2.8, in particular preferably at most 2.75, very particularly preferably at most 2.7. In particular, the activated carbon can have a fractal dimension of the open porosity in the range from 2.2 to 2.9, in particular in the range from 2.2 to 2.9, preferably in the range from 2.25 to 2.89, preferably in the range from 2 .3 to 2.85, particularly preferably in the range from 2.35 to 2.8, very particularly preferably in the range from 2.4 to 2.75, more preferably in the range from 2.45 to 2.7.

With regard to the aforementioned parameters, reference can also be made to the above explanations with regard to their determination.

As far as the activated charcoal is concerned, as it is used in the process described here, the activated charcoal can be obtainable by carbonization and optionally subsequent activation of a starting material, in particular a synthetic and/or non-natural substance-based starting material, preferably based on organic polymers. In this regard, the activated carbon can be obtained from a starting material based on organic polymers, in particular based on sulfonated organic polymers, preferably based on divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene, preferably based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, in particular by carbonization and subsequent activation of the starting material. In this regard, too, the content of divinylbenzene in the starting material can be in the range from 1% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 1% by weight to 15% by weight, preferably 1.5% by weight to 12.5% by weight % by weight, preferably 2% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the starting material. In particular, the starting material can be, in particular, a sulfonated ion exchange resin and/or an ion exchange resin containing sulfonic acid groups, in particular of the gel type. According to the invention, it can be provided in particular that a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC; polymer-based spherical activated carbon) is used as the activated carbon or the activated carbon is a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC).

According to the invention, it can also be provided that the activated carbon is present or is used or is formed as carbonizate or activated material. This results in particular from the fact that the activated carbon originates or can be removed from all process stages of production. In particular, all activated carbon materials discharged from an activated carbon production process, in particular as part of the carbonization or activation, in particular from a production plant or production device used for this purpose, such as a belt furnace or a rotary kiln, can be used in the context of the method described here.

In particular, it can be provided in this context that the activated charcoal is formed from activated charcoal production residues, in particular from activated charcoal production residues occurring during activated charcoal production, preferably carbonization and/or activation, preferably in open activated charcoal production devices, such as belt furnaces or rotary kilns is.

Also with regard to the method described here, the situation is in particular such that the objects are present and/or designed as metal objects, plastic objects, glass objects, wooden objects, stone objects or concrete objects. Thus, in general, the objects may be formed of metal, plastic, glass, wood, stone, concrete, or the like.

In particular, the surfaces of the objects can be treated in areas or sections or completely or over the entire surface within the scope of the method described here.

According to the invention, the activated charcoal can be allowed to act on the surfaces of the object by means of an energy carrier, in particular under pressure, in particular guided or guided onto the surfaces of the objects. In this context, the energy carrier can be selected from the group of gaseous energy carriers, preferably air, and liquid energy carriers, preferably water, and combinations thereof. According to the invention, it is preferred that the energy carrier is a gaseous energy carrier, preferably air. In particular, the mechanical abrasion treatment can be carried out as compressed air jets, in particular as high-pressure air jets or low-pressure air jets.

• - Insbesondere kann es vorgesehen sein, dass die Aktivkohle zur Behandlung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände mit einem Druck, insbesondere Strahldruck, von mindestens 1 bar, insbesondere mindestens 1,5 bar, vorzugsweise mindestens 2 bar, bevorzugt mindestens 2,5 bar, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 3 bar, auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände einwirken gelassen wird, insbesondere auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände geleitet bzw. geführt wird.
• - Gleichermaßen kann es vorgesehen sein, dass die Aktivkohle zur Behandlung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände mit einem Druck, insbesondere Strahldruck, von höchstens 20 bar, insbesondere höchstens 15 bar, vorzugsweise höchstens 12 bar, bevorzugt höchstens 10 bar, besonders bevorzugt höchstens 8 bar, auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände einwirken gelassen wird, insbesondere auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände geleitet bzw. geführt wird.

• - In diesem Zusammenhang kann die Aktivkohle zur Behandlung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände mit einem Druck, insbesondere Strahldruck, im Bereich von 1 bar bis 20 bar, insbesondere im Bereich von 1,5 bar bis 15 bar, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 2 bar bis 12 bar, bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,5 bar bis 10 bar, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 3 bar bis 8 bar, auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände einwirken gelassen werden, insbesondere auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände geleitet und/oder geführt werden bzw. einwirken gelassen werden.

With regard to the process described here, the following pressures can be used in particular:

• - In particular, it can be provided that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at least 1 bar, in particular at least 1.5 bar, preferably at least 2 bar, preferably at least 2.5 bar, particularly preferably at least 3 bar, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed or guided to the surfaces of the objects.
• - Likewise, it can be provided that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at most 20 bar, in particular at most 15 bar, preferably at most 12 bar, preferably at most 10 bar, particularly preferably at most 8 bar the surfaces of the objects is allowed to act, in particular directed or guided to the surfaces of the objects.

• - In this regard, the activated carbon can be used to treat the surfaces of the counter stands at a pressure, in particular jet pressure, in the range from 1 bar to 20 bar, in particular in the range from 1.5 bar to 15 bar, preferably in the range from 2 bar to 12 bar, preferably in the range from 2.5 bar to 10 bar , particularly preferably in the range from 3 bar to 8 bar, are allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed and/or guided or allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects.

• - Insbesondere kann die Aktivkohle zur Behandlung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände für eine Zeitdauer von mindestens 1 s, insbesondere mindestens 5 s, vorzugsweise mindestens 10 s, bevorzugt mindestens 15 s, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 30 s, auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände einwirken gelassen werden, insbesondere auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände geleitet und/oder geführt werden.
• - Insbesondere kann die Aktivkohle zur Behandlung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände für eine Zeitdauer von höchstens 45 min, insbesondere höchstens 30 min, vorzugsweise höchstens 20 min, bevorzugt höchstens 15 min, besonders bevorzugt höchstens 10 min, auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände einwirken gelassen werden, insbesondere auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände geleitet und/oder geführt werden.
• - Erfindungsgemäß kann es somit vorgesehen sein, dass die Aktivkohle zur Behandlung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände für eine Zeitdauer im Bereich von 1 s bis 45 min, insbesondere im Bereich von 5 s bis 30 min, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 10 s bis 20 min, bevorzugt im Bereich von 15 s bar bis 15 min, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 30 s bis 10 min, auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände einwirken gelassen wird, insbesondere auf die Oberflächen der Gegenstände geleitet und/oder geführt wird.

As far as the method described here is concerned, the duration of the treatment (blasting treatment) can vary, particularly in the areas listed below:

• In particular, the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects can be allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects for a period of at least 1 s, in particular at least 5 s, preferably at least 10 s, preferably at least 15 s, particularly preferably at least 30 s, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects.
• In particular, the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects can be allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects for a period of no more than 45 minutes, in particular no more than 30 minutes, preferably no more than 20 minutes, preferably no more than 15 minutes, particularly preferably no more than 10 minutes, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects.
• - According to the invention it can thus be provided that the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects for a period of time in the range of 1 s to 45 min, in particular in the range of 5 s to 30 min, preferably in the range of 10 s to 20 min, preferred in the range from 15 s bar to 15 min, particularly preferably in the range from 30 s to 10 min, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects.

• - Insbesondere kann das Verfahren zur Entfernung von auf den Oberflächen der Gegenstände befindlichen Verunreinigungen oder unerwünschten Belägen und/oder Schichten durchgeführt werden.
• - Gleichermaßen kann das Verfahren zur Einstellung, insbesondere zur Erhöhung oder Verringerung, der Oberflächenrauheit der Gegenstände durchgeführt werden.
• - Insbesondere kann das Verfahren zur Einstellung, insbesondere Erhöhung, der Mattierung und/oder der Strukturierung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände durchgeführt werden.
• - Erfindungsgemäß kann es zudem vorgesehen sein, dass Verfahren zum Reinigen, Entzundern, Entrosten, Entgraten, Entlacken und/oder Entschichten der Oberflächen der Gegenstände durchgeführt wird.
• - Gleichermaßen kann das Verfahren zum Entkernen und/oder Entsanden der Oberflächen der Gegenstände durchgeführt werden. Diesbezüglich können die Gegenstände beispielsweise in Form von Gussteilen oder Gussformen vorliegen.
• - Insbesondere kann das Verfahren nach der Erfindung zur Verfestigung bzw. Verdichtung der Oberflächen der Gegenstände durchgeführt werden. Zudem kann das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren auch zum Glätten der diesbezüglichen Oberflächen durchgeführt werden.

According to the invention, it can also behave as follows in relation to the method described here:

• - In particular, the process can be carried out to remove impurities or unwanted deposits and/or layers on the surfaces of the objects.
• - Equally, the process can be carried out to adjust, in particular to increase or decrease, the surface roughness of the objects.
• - In particular, the method can be used to set, in particular increase, the matting and/or the structuring of the surfaces of the objects.
• According to the invention, it can also be provided that processes for cleaning, descaling, derusting, deburring, paint stripping and/or decoating of the surfaces of the objects are carried out.
• - Equally, the process can be carried out for decoring and/or de-sanding the surfaces of the objects. In this regard, the objects may be in the form of castings or moulds, for example.
• - In particular, the method according to the invention can be carried out to solidify or densify the surfaces of the objects. In addition, the method according to the invention can also be carried out to smooth the relevant surfaces.

In the present case, the method for finishing, in particular covering and/or coating and/or doping and/or providing, the surfaces of the objects with carbon can be carried out. In this context, the carbon can be provided by the activated charcoal or released or transferred by the activated charcoal, preferably when the activated charcoal comes into contact, in particular when it impacts, on the surfaces of the objects. Thus, on the basis of the method described here, the surface of an object to be treated can also be equipped or provided with carbon, for example in the form of a passive layer or protective layer.

With regard to the method described here, reference can also be made to the statements on the further aspects of the present invention, which apply correspondingly in relation to the method described here.

Another subject of the present invention - according to a second aspect of the present invention - is also the particulate abrasive, preferably particulate blasting media (blasting material), in particular for mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects, in particular workpieces, the particulate abrasive in Form of particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon is formed or is present or wherein the particulate Abra sion agent is formed from particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon.

• - Insbesondere kann das Abrasionsmittel eine absolute Partikelgröße, insbesondere einen absoluten Teilchendurchmesser, im Bereich von 0,05 mm bis 2,3 mm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,07 mm bis 2,1 mm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,09 mm bis 2,0 mm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,15 mm bis 1,8 mm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,2 mm bis 1,6 mm, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 mm bis 1,5 mm, aufweisen. In diesem Zusammenhang können mindestens 80 Gew.-%, insbesondere mindestens 85 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise mindestens 90 Gew.-%, bevorzugt mindestens 95 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99 Gew.-%, ganz besonders bevorzugt 100 Gew.-%, der Abrasionsmittelpartikel, insbesondere der Abrasionsmittelkörner, vorzugsweise der Abrasionsmittelkügelchen, Partikelgrößen, insbesondere Teilchendurchmesser, in den vorgenannten Bereichen aufweisen.
• - Insbesondere kann das Abrasionsmittel eine mittlere Partikelgröße, insbesondere einen mittleren Teilchendurchmesser, im Bereich von 0,06 mm bis 2,2 mm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,08 mm bis 2 mm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,1 mm bis 1,9 mm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,2 mm bis 1,7 mm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 mm bis 1,5 mm, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,3 mm bis 1,4 mm, aufweisen.
• - Erfindungsgemäß ist es bevorzugt, dass das Abrasionsmittel eine mittlere Partikelgröße (D50), insbesondere einen mittleren Teilchendurchmesser (D50), im Bereich von 0,08 mm bis 2,1 mm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,1 mm bis 1,9 mm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,15 mm bis 1,8 mm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 mm bis 1,6 mm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,3 mm bis 1,4 mm, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,35 mm bis 1,3 mm, aufweist.

The abrasive according to the invention can in particular have the following particle sizes:

• - In particular, the abrasive can have an absolute particle size, in particular an absolute particle diameter, in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.3 mm, in particular in the range from 0.07 mm to 2.1 mm, preferably in the range from 0.09 mm to 2.0 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.6 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, exhibit. In this context, at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, particularly preferably at least 99% by weight, very particularly preferably 100% by weight -%, the abrasive particles, in particular the abrasive grains, preferably the abrasive beads, have particle sizes, in particular particle diameters, in the aforementioned ranges.
• - In particular, the abrasive agent can have an average particle size, in particular an average particle diameter, in the range from 0.06 mm to 2.2 mm, in particular in the range from 0.08 mm to 2 mm, preferably in the range from 0.1 mm to 1, 9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm.
• - According to the invention it is preferred that the abrasive has an average particle size (D50), in particular an average particle diameter (D50), in the range from 0.08 mm to 2.1 mm, in particular in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm , preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm, very particularly preferably in the range of 0.35 mm to 1.3 mm.

• - So kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Abriebfestigkeit (ball pan hardness) und/oder Abriebhärte von mindestens 90 %, insbesondere mindestens 97 %, vorzugsweise mindestens 98 %, bevorzugt mindestens 99 %, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99,5 %, ganz besonders bevorzugt mindestens 99,9 %, weiter bevorzugt von 100 %, aufweisen.
• - Insbesondere kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Druck- und/oder Berstfestigkeit (Gewichtsbelastbarkeit) pro Abrasionsmittelpartikel, insbesondere pro Abrasionsmittelkorn, vorzugsweise pro Abrasionsmittelkügelchen, von mindestens 5 Newton, insbesondere mindestens 10 Newton, vorzugsweise mindestens 15 Newton, bevorzugt mindestens 20 Newton, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 22,5 Newton, aufweisen. Zudem kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Druck- bzw. Berstfestigkeit (Gewichtsbelastbarkeit) pro Abrasionsmittelpartikel, insbesondere pro Abrasionsmittelkorn, vorzugsweise pro Abrasionsmittelkügelchen, im Bereich von 5 Newton bis 60 Newton, insbesondere im Bereich von 10 Newton bis 50 Newton, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 15 Newton bis 45 Newton, bevorzugt im Bereich von 20 Newton bis 40 Newton, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 22,5 Newton bis 35 Newton, aufweisen.
• - Zudem kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Mohs-Härte, von mindestens 1,5, insbesondere mindestens 1,75, vorzugsweise mindestens 2, bevorzugt mindestens 2,25, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 2,5, aufweisen. In bevorzugter Weise kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Mohs-Härte, im Bereich von 1,5 bis 7, insbesondere im Bereich von 1,75 bis 6, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 2 bis 5,5, bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,25 bis 5,25, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,5 bis 5, aufweisen.
• - Zudem kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Vickershärte, von mindestens 20 HV, insbesondere mindestens 30 HV, vorzugsweise mindestens 40 HV, bevorzugt mindestens 50 HV, besonders bevorzugt mindestens 60 HV, aufweisen. Insbesondere kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Partikelhärte, insbesondere Kornhärte, bestimmt als Vickershärte, im Bereich von 20 HV bis 1.500 HV, insbesondere im Bereich von 30 HV bis 1.000 HV, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 40 HV bis 800 HV, bevorzugt im Bereich von 50 HV bis 650 HV, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 60 HV bis 500 HV, aufweisen.

In particular, the abrasive also has a high strength or hardness:

• - Thus, the abrasion agent can have an abrasion resistance (ball pan hardness) and/or abrasion hardness of at least 90%, in particular at least 97%, preferably at least 98%, preferably at least 99%, particularly preferably at least 99.5%, very particularly preferably at least 99, 9%, more preferably 100%.
• In particular, the abrasive can have a compressive and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per abrasive particle, in particular per grain of abrasive, preferably per pellet of abrasive, of at least 5 Newtons, in particular at least 10 Newtons, preferably at least 15 Newtons, preferably at least 20 Newtons, particularly preferably at least 22 .5 Newtons. In addition, the abrasive can have a compressive or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per abrasive particle, in particular per grain of abrasive, preferably per pellet of abrasive, in the range from 5 Newtons to 60 Newtons, in particular in the range from 10 Newtons to 50 Newtons, preferably in the range from 15 Newtons to 45 Newtons, preferably in the range from 20 Newtons to 40 Newtons, particularly preferably in the range from 22.5 Newtons to 35 Newtons.
• - In addition, the abrasive can have a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, of at least 1.5, in particular at least 1.75, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 2.25, particularly preferably at least 2.5. The abrasive can preferably have a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, in the range from 1.5 to 7, in particular in the range from 1.75 to 6, preferably in the range from 2 to 5.5, preferably in the range from 2.25 to 5.25, more preferably in the range from 2.5 to 5.
• - In addition, the abrasive can have a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, of at least 20 HV, in particular at least 30 HV, preferably at least 40 HV, preferably at least 50 HV, particularly preferably at least 60 HV. In particular, the abrasive can have a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, in the range from 20 HV to 1,500 HV, in particular in the range from 30 HV to 1,000 HV, preferably in the range from 40 HV to 800 HV, preferably in the range from 50 HV to 650 HV, particularly preferably in the range from 60 HV to 500 HV.

• - So kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Rüttel- bzw. Stampfdichte im Bereich von 100 g/l bis 1.500 g/l, insbesondere im Bereich von 125 g/l bis 1.000 g/l, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 150 g/l bis 800 g/l, bevorzugt im Bereich von 200 g/l bis 600 g/l, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 225 g/l bis 500 g/l, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 250 g/l bis 400 g/l, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 255 g/l bis 395 g/l, aufweisen.
• - Zudem kann das Abrasionsmittel eine Schüttdichte (bulk density) im Bereich von 150 g/l bis 1.000 g/l, insbesondere im Bereich von 250 g/l bis 700 g/l, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 300 g/l bis 600 g/l, bevorzugt im Bereich von 300 g/l bis 550 g/l, aufweisen.

The abrasive can also have defined density properties:

• - Thus, the abrasion agent can have a tapped density in the range from 100 g/l to 1,500 g/l, in particular in the range from 125 g/l to 1,000 g/l, preferably in the range from 150 g/l to 800 g/l l, preferably in the range from 200 g / l to 600 g / l, particularly preferably in the range of 225 g/l to 500 g/l, very particularly preferably in the range from 250 g/l to 400 g/l, more preferably in the range from 255 g/l to 395 g/l.
• - In addition, the abrasive agent can have a bulk density in the range from 150 g/l to 1,000 g/l, in particular in the range from 250 g/l to 700 g/l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 600 g/l l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 550 g/l.

• - So kann das Abrasionsmittel eine spezifische BET-Oberfläche im Bereich von 350 m²/g bis 4.000 m²/g, insbesondere im Bereich von 400 m²/g bis 3.500 m²/g, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 500 m²/g bis 3.000 m²/g, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 600 m²/g bis 2.750 m²/g, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 700 m²/g bis 2.500 m²/g, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 800 m²/g bis 2.250 m²/g, aufweisen.
• - Zudem kann das Abrasionsmittel ein Gesamtporenvolumen, insbesondere ein Gesamtporenvolumen nach Gurvich, im Bereich von 0,1 cm³/g bis 4 cm³/g, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,2 cm³/g bis 3,5 cm³/g, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,3 cm³/g bis 3 cm³/g, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,4 cm³/g bis 2,5 cm³/g, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,5 cm³/g bis 2 cm³/g, aufweisen.
• - Insbesondere kann das Abrasionsmittel einen mittleren Porendurchmesser im Bereich von 0,5 nm bis 100 nm, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,75 nm bis 90 nm, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 1 nm bis 80 nm, bevorzugt im Bereich von 1,5 nm bis 70 nm, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 1,75 nm bis 60 nm, aufweisen.

In addition, the abrasive according to the invention can have defined pore properties:

• - Thus, the abrasive can have a specific BET surface area in the range from 350 m ² /g to 4000 m ² /g, in particular in the range from 400 m ² /g to 3500 m ² /g, preferably in the range from 500 m ² /g to 3000 m ² /g, particularly preferably in the range from 600 m ² /g to 2750 m ² /g, very particularly preferably in the range from 700 m ² /g to 2500 m ² /g, more preferably in the range from 800 m ² /g to 2250 m ² /g.
• In addition, the abrasive can have a total pore volume, in particular a total pore volume according to Gurvich, in the range from 0.1 cm ³ /g to 4 cm ³ /g, in particular in the range from 0.2 cm ³ /g to 3.5 cm ³ /g , preferably in the range from 0.3 cm ³ /g to 3 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.4 cm ³ /g to 2.5 cm ³ /g, particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 cm ³ / g to 2 cm ³ /g.
• - In particular, the abrasive can have an average pore diameter in the range from 0.5 nm to 100 nm, in particular in the range from 0.75 nm to 90 nm, preferably in the range from 1 nm to 80 nm, preferably in the range from 1.5 nm to 70 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 1.75 nm to 60 nm.

• - So kann das Abrasionsmittel einen Wassergehalt und/oder Feuchtigkeitsgehalt im Bereich von 0,05 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-%, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,1 Gew.-% bis 4 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,15 Gew.-% bis 3 Gew.-%, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,2 Gew.-% bis 2 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,25 Gew.-% bis 1,5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Aktivkohle, aufweisen.
• - Erfindungsgemäß kann es zudem vorgesehen sein, dass das Abrasionsmittel einen Aschegehalt von höchstens 1,5 Gew.-%, insbesondere höchstens 1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise höchstens 0,9 Gew.-%, bevorzugt höchstens 0,8 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt höchstens 0,7 Gew.-%, ganz besonders bevorzugt höchstens 0,5 Gew.-%, weiter bevorzugt höchstens 0,3 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Aktivkohle, aufweist. Diesbezüglich kann es insbesondere vorgesehen sein, dass das Abrasionsmittel einen Aschegehalt im Bereich von 0,005 Gew.-% bis 1,5 Gew.-%, insbesondere im Bereich von 0,01 Gew.-% bis 1 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,02 Gew.-% bis 0,9 Gew.-%, bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,03 Gew.-% bis 0,8 Gew.-%, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,04 Gew.-% bis 0,7 Gew.-%, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,06 Gew.-% bis 0,5 Gew.-%, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,08 Gew.-% bis 0,3 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Aktivkohle, aufweist.
• - Zudem kann das Abrasionsmittel eine fraktale Dimension der offenen Porosität im Bereich von höchstens 2,9 (d.h. ≤ 2,9), insbesondere höchstens 2,89, vorzugsweise höchstens 2,85, bevorzugt höchstens 2,8, besonders bevorzugt höchstens 2,75, ganz besonders bevorzugt höchstens 2,7, aufweisen. In diesem Zusammenhang kann es erfindungsgemäß insbesondere vorgesehen sein, dass das Abrasionsmittel eine fraktale Dimension der offenen Porosität im Bereich von 2,2 bis 2,9, insbesondere im Bereich von 2,2 bis 2,9, vorzugsweise im Bereich von 2,25 bis 2,89, bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,3 bis 2,85, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,35 bis 2,8, ganz besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,4 bis 2,75, weiter bevorzugt im Bereich von 2,45 bis 2,7, aufweist.

The abrasive according to the invention can also be characterized by the following properties:

• - Thus, the abrasive can have a water content and/or moisture content in the range from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.1% by weight to 4% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.15% by weight to 3% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.2% by weight to 2% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25% by weight to 1.5% by weight. -%, based on the activated carbon.
• According to the invention, it can also be provided that the abrasive has an ash content of at most 1.5% by weight, in particular at most 1% by weight, preferably at most 0.9% by weight, preferably at most 0.8% by weight. , particularly preferably at most 0.7% by weight, very particularly preferably at most 0.5% by weight, more preferably at most 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon. In this regard, it can be provided in particular that the abrasive has an ash content in the range from 0.005% by weight to 1.5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.02% by weight to 0.9% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.03% by weight to 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.04% by weight to 0.7% by weight, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.06% by weight to 0.5% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.3% by weight , based on the activated carbon.
• - In addition, the abrasive can have a fractal dimension of the open porosity in the range of at most 2.9 (ie ≦2.9), in particular at most 2.89, preferably at most 2.85, preferably at most 2.8, particularly preferably at most 2.75 , very particularly preferably at most 2.7. In this context, it can be provided according to the invention in particular that the abrasive has a fractal dimension of the open porosity in the range from 2.2 to 2.9, in particular in the range from 2.2 to 2.9, preferably in the range from 2.25 to 2.89, preferably in the range from 2.3 to 2.85, particularly preferably in the range from 2.35 to 2.8, very particularly preferably in the range from 2.4 to 2.75, more preferably in the range of 2, 45 to 2.7.

With regard to the aforementioned properties and parameters of the abrasive agent according to the invention in the form of activated carbon, reference can also be made to the above statements on the use according to the invention and the present method, and also with regard to the determination methods that can be used in this regard, the statements there for on the abrasive according to the invention apply accordingly.

According to the invention, the abrasive can be obtainable by carbonization and optionally subsequent activation of a starting material, in particular a starting material that is synthetic and/or not based on natural substances, preferably based on organic polymers. In this regard, the abrasive can be obtained from a starting material based on organic polymers, in particular based on sulfonated organic polymers, preferably based on divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene, preferably based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, in particular by carbonization and subsequent activation of the starting material. In this In connection with this, the content of divinylbenzene in the starting material can be in the range from 1% by weight to 20% by weight, in particular 1% by weight to 15% by weight, preferably 1.5% by weight to 12.5% by weight %, preferably 2% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the starting material. According to the invention, the starting material can be, in particular, a sulfonated ion exchange resin and/or an ion exchange resin containing sulfonic acid groups, in particular of the gel type. According to the invention, it can be provided in particular that a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC; polymer-based spherical activated carbon) is used as the abrasive agent or that the abrasive agent is a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC).

According to the invention, it can in particular also be provided that the abrasive agent is present or used and/or is formed as a carbonizate or activated material.

With regard to the abrasive agent according to the invention, reference can also be made to the statements on the further aspects of the present invention or on the method described here, which apply accordingly in the present case.

Furthermore, the subject matter of the present invention—according to a third aspect of the present invention—is also the subject matter, in particular the workpiece, which is obtainable or obtained by the present method, as described above.

In this regard, the article according to the invention can be a metal article. Plastic object, glass object, wooden object, stone object or concrete object be formed.

In addition, the object according to the invention can be equipped with carbon on its surface, in particular covered or coated or doped or provided.

With regard to further configurations of the object or workpiece according to the invention, reference can also be made to the statements on the further aspects according to the invention or on the method described here, which apply accordingly.

Further configurations, modifications and variations as well as advantages of the present invention can be easily recognized and implemented by a person skilled in the art when reading the description, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

The following exemplary embodiments only serve to illustrate the present invention, but without restricting the present invention thereto.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS:

1. Provision of activated carbon:

With regard to the abrasive or blasting agent used for the subsequent investigations, an activated carbon production residue is used, as is the case, for example, in a manufacturing process with related carbonization and activation of a starting material according to WO 98/07655 A1 or according to the DE 43 04 026 A1 or according to the WO 2017/097447 A1 accrues. In this regard, in particular in a rotary kiln, as in the DE 10 2006 052 377 A1 is described, with a corresponding introduction of atmosphere or gas, with special carbonization atmospheres and special activation atmospheres being present in this regard. As part of the process, activated carbon production residues are continuously discharged from the rotary kiln, with the relevant amount being up to 10%. The activated carbon production residues are entrained in particular with the atmosphere or air flow and are stopped, for example, in the area of the heat exchanger or other devices of the production apparatus. The corresponding activated carbon production residue can be collected and subsequently used as an abrasive agent or as a blasting agent in corresponding blasting applications or blasting processes.

The activated carbon removed and subsequently used is spherical and has an average particle diameter D50 of about 0.9 mm. The abrasion resistance is almost 100%. In addition, the activated carbon has a compressive or bursting strength in the range from 22.5 Newtons to 35 Newtons, a vibration or tamped density in the range from 255 g/l to 395 g/l, a specific BET surface area in the range of 800 m ² /g to 2,250 m ² /g, a total pore volume according to Gurvich in the range from 0.5 cm ³ /g to 2 cm ³ /g, an average pore diameter in the range from 1.75 nm to 60 nm, a water content or moisture content in the range of 0.25% to 1.5% by weight, an ash content in the range of 0.08% to 0.3% by weight and a fractal open porosity dimension in the range of 2 .2 to 2.9.

2. Use of the activated carbon as a blasting medium in corresponding blasting applications:

1. a) So werden insgesamt 10 Metallprobestücke (Werkstücke), welche Anhaftungen von Flugrost sowie Fett und Staub aufweisen, einer Strahlbehandlung unter Verwendung der vorgenannten Aktivkohle als Abrasions- bzw. Strahlmittel unterzogen, und zwar bei einem Strahldruck von etwa 4 bar. Die so behandelten Probestücke weisen eine nachhaltig gereinigte, d. h. von Flugrost, Fett und Staub befreite Oberfläche auf, und zwar ohne dass ein übermäßiger Materialabtrag bzw. ohne dass ein übermäßiges Anrauen der Oberfläche vorliegt. Eine mikroskopische Untersuchung der Oberfläche zeigt zudem, dass die Oberfläche nach Strahlbehandlung eine dünne Kohlenstoffschicht aufweist (welche mit bloßem Auge nicht erkennbar ist).
2. b) Weiterhin werden 10 Metallprobestücke (Werkstücke), welche eine Lackierung aufweisen, einer entsprechenden Strahlbehandlung (Druckbeaufschlagung etwa 5 bar) unterzogen. Auch diesbezüglich zeigt sich eine effiziente Entfernung des aufgetragenen Lacks, wobei behandelte Werkstücke mit von Lack befreiten Oberflächen resultieren. Die diesbezüglichen Oberflächen sind insgesamt glatt, wobei in diesem Zusammenhang auch kein übermäßiger Materialabtrag vorliegt. Unter dem Mikroskop kann eine schichtartige Anhaftung von Kohlenstoff beobachtet werden.
3. c) Weiterhin werden 5 Holzprobestücke, welche Anhaftungen von altem Lack sowie Harzreste aufweisen, einer entsprechenden Strahlbehandlung unterzogen (Druckbeaufschlagung etwa 3 bar). Auch hier resultiert eine optimale Entfernung der entsprechenden Lack- bzw. Harzbestandteile, und zwar ohne das Holzmaterial als solches zu beschädigen.

Das verwendete Abrasions- bzw. Strahlmittel in Form der Aktivkohle kann anschließend einer thermischen Entsorgung bzw. Verwertung unterzogen werden.
Die obigen Ausführungen zeigen insgesamt die hervorragende Eignung von Aktivkohle auch in Form von Aktivkohle-Produktionsrückständen, wie sie bei der Herstellung im Rahmen der Carbonisierung und Aktivierung anfallen, als Abrasions- bzw. Strahlmittel für Strahlanwendungen, wobei diesbezüglich eine Vielzahl an Materialien Oberflächen- bzw. materialschonend behandelt werden kann.The aforementioned activated carbon is examined with regard to its suitability as an abrasive or blasting agent, based on a compressed air blast treatment of corresponding objects or workpieces, as listed below:

1. a) A total of 10 metal test pieces (workpieces) which have adhesions of rust film, grease and dust are subjected to blasting treatment using the aforementioned activated carbon as an abrasive or blasting medium, at a blasting pressure of about 4 bar. The test pieces treated in this way have a permanently cleaned surface, ie freed from flash rust, grease and dust, without any excessive material removal or without the surface being excessively roughened. A microscopic examination of the surface also shows that the surface after blasting has a thin layer of carbon (which cannot be seen with the naked eye).
2. b) Furthermore, 10 metal specimens (workpieces), which have a coating, are subjected to a corresponding blasting treatment (pressurization of about 5 bar). Efficient removal of the applied paint is also evident in this regard, with treated workpieces resulting in surfaces free of paint. The relevant surfaces are smooth overall, with no excessive material removal occurring in this context. Layered adhesion of carbon can be observed under the microscope.
3. c) Furthermore, 5 wood test pieces, which show adhesions of old paint and resin residues, are subjected to a corresponding blasting treatment (pressurization about 3 bar). Here, too, an optimal removal of the corresponding paint or resin components results, without damaging the wood material as such.

The abrasive or blasting agent used in the form of activated carbon can then be subjected to thermal disposal or recycling.
Overall, the above statements show the excellent suitability of activated carbon, also in the form of activated carbon production residues, as they occur during production as part of carbonization and activation, as an abrasive or blasting agent for blasting applications, with a large number of materials having surface or surface finishes in this regard. can be treated gently.

In summary, based on the present invention, an efficient and sustainable concept for blasting applications using activated carbon as a blasting agent is provided, with the economic efficiency and sustainability of the underlying methods for producing activated carbon also being improved.

QUOTES INCLUDED IN DESCRIPTION

This list of documents cited by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent Literature Cited

• DE 4003324 A1 [0016]
• DE 2916131 A1 [0017]
• DE 102006052377 A1 [0030, 0160]
• DE 10254241 A1 [0084]
• WO 2004/046033 A1 [0084]
• EP 1562855 B1 [0084]
• US2006148645A1 [0084]
• WO 98/07655 A1
• DE 19653238 A1 [0089]
• DE 19650414 A1 [0089]
• EP 0952960 A1 [0089]
• US 6300276 B1 [0089]
• DE 4304026 A1 [0089, 0160]
• US6184177B1 [0089]
• WO 2017/097447 A1 [0089, 0160]
• DE 102016101215 A1 [0089]
• EP 3362407 A1 [0089]
• US2019177170A1[0089]
• WO 9807655 A1 [0160]

Claims (81)

Use of particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon as an abrasive, in particular for the mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects, in particular workpieces, preferably as a blasting agent (blasting material). use after claim 1 , wherein the activated carbon has an absolute particle size, in particular an absolute particle diameter, in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.3 mm, in particular in the range from 0.07 mm to 2.1 mm, preferably in the range from 0.09 mm to 2 0 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.6 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm , in particular wherein at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, particularly preferably at least 99% by weight, very particularly preferably 100% by weight % of the activated carbon particles, in particular the activated carbon granules, preferably the activated carbon beads, have particle sizes, in particular particle diameters, in the aforementioned ranges. use after claim 1 or 2 , The activated carbon having an average particle size, in particular an average particle diameter, in the range from 0.06 mm to 2.2 mm, in particular in the range from 0.08 mm to 2 mm, preferably in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm; and / or wherein the activated carbon has an average particle size (D50), in particular an average particle diameter (D50), in the range from 0.08 mm to 2.1 mm, in particular in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in Range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm, very particularly preferably in the range of 0.35 mm to 1.3 mm. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has an abrasion resistance (ball pan hardness) and / or abrasion hardness of at least 90%, in particular at least 97%, preferably at least 98%, preferably at least 99%, particularly preferably at least 99.5% more preferably at least 99.9%, more preferably 100%. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a compressive and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, of at least 5 Newtons, in particular at least 10 Newtons, preferably at least 15 Newtons, preferably at least 20 Newtons, particularly preferably at least 22.5 Newton, has; and or wherein the activated carbon has a compressive strength and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, in the range from 5 Newton to 60 Newton, in particular in the range from 10 Newton to 50 Newton, preferably in the range from 15 Newton to 45 Newtons, preferably in the range from 20 Newtons to 40 Newtons, particularly preferably in the range from 22.5 Newtons to 35 Newtons. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, of at least 1.5, in particular at least 1.75, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 2.25, particularly preferably at least 2.5; and or wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, in the range from 1.5 to 7, in particular in the range from 1.75 to 6, preferably in the range from 2 to 5.5, preferably in the range of 2, 25 to 5.25, more preferably in the range of 2.5 to 5. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, of at least 20 HV, in particular at least 30 HV, preferably at least 40 HV, preferably at least 50 HV, particularly preferably at least 60 HV; and or wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, in the range from 20 HV to 1,500 HV, in particular in the range from 30 HV to 1,000 HV, preferably in the range from 40 HV to 800 HV, preferably in the range from 50 HV to 650 HV, particularly preferably in the range from 60 HV to 500 HV. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a tapped density in the range from 100 g/l to 1,500 g/l, in particular in the range from 125 g/l to 1,000 g/l, preferably in the range from 150 g/l 1 to 800 g/l, preferably in the range from 200 g/l to 600 g/l, particularly preferably in the range from 225 g/l to 500 g/l, very particularly preferably in the range from 250 g/l to 400 g/l, more preferably in the range of 255 g/l to 395 g/l. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a bulk density in the range from 150 g/l to 1000 g/l, in particular in the range from 250 g/l to 700 g/l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l l to 600 g/l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 550 g/l. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a BET specific surface area in the range from 350 m ² /g to 4,000 m ² /g, in particular in the range from 400 m ² /g to 3,500 m ² /g, preferably in the range of 500 m ² /g to 3000 m ² /g, particularly preferably in the range from 600 m ² /g to 2750 m ² /g, very particularly preferably in the range from 700 m ² /g to 2500 m ² /g, more preferably im range from 800 m ² /g to 2250 m ² /g. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a total pore volume, in particular a total pore volume according to Gurvich, in the range from 0.1 cm ³ /g to 4 cm ³ /g, in particular in the range from 0.2 cm ³ /g to 3 5 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.3 cm ³ /g to 3 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.4 cm ³ /g to 2.5 cm ³ /g, particularly preferably in the range from 0 .5 cc/g to ^{2 cc} /g. Use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has an average pore diameter in the range from 0.5 nm to 100 nm, in particular in the range from 0.75 nm to 90 nm, preferably in the range from 1 nm to 80 nm, preferably in the range of 1.5 nm to 70 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 1.75 nm to 60 nm. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a water content and/or moisture content in the range from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.1% by weight to 4% by weight. , preferably in the range from 0.15% by weight to 3% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.2% by weight to 2% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25% by weight to 1.5% by weight, based on the activated carbon. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has an ash content of at most 1.5% by weight, in particular at most 1% by weight, preferably at most 0.9% by weight, preferably at most 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.7% by weight .%, very particularly preferably at most 0.5% by weight, more preferably at most 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon; and or wherein the activated carbon has an ash content in the range from 0.005% by weight to 1.5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.02% by weight. % to 0.9% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.03% by weight to 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.04% by weight to 0.7% by weight , very particularly preferably in the range from 0.06% by weight to 0.5% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon . Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon has a fractal open porosity dimension in the range of at most 2.9 (i.e. s 2.9), in particular at most 2.89, preferably at most 2.85, preferably at most 2.8, more preferably at most 2.75, entirely more preferably at most 2.7; and or wherein the activated carbon has a fractal open porosity dimension in the range of 2.2 to 2.9, in particular in the range of 2.2 to 2.9, preferably in the range of 2.25 to 2.89, preferably in the range of 2, 3 to 2.85, particularly preferably in the range from 2.35 to 2.8, very particularly preferably in the range from 2.4 to 2.75, more preferably in the range from 2.45 to 2.7. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon is obtainable by carbonization and optionally subsequent activation of a starting material, in particular a synthetic and/or non-natural substance-based starting material, preferably based on organic polymers. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon is obtained from a starting material based on organic polymers, in particular based on sulfonated organic polymers, preferably based on divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene, preferably based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, in particular by carbonization and subsequent Activation of the starting material. use after Claim 17 , wherein the content of divinylbenzene in the starting material is in the range from 1% to 20% by weight, in particular from 1% to 15% by weight, preferably from 1.5% to 12.5% by weight %, preferably 2% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the starting material. Use after one of Claims 16 until 18 , Wherein the starting material is a particularly sulfonated and/or sulfonic acid groups ent holding ion exchange resin, in particular of the gel type. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC; polymer-based spherical activated carbon) is used as the activated carbon and/or wherein the activated carbon is a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC). Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon is present and/or is used and/or is formed as carbonizate and/or activated substance. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated charcoal is formed from activated charcoal production residues, in particular from activated charcoal production residues occurring during activated charcoal production, preferably carbonization and/or activation, preferably in open activated charcoal production devices, such as belt furnaces or rotary kilns. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the objects are present and/or designed as metal objects, plastic objects, glass objects, wooden objects, stone objects or concrete objects. Use according to one of the preceding claims, in which the surfaces of the objects are treated in areas and/or sections or completely and/or over the entire surface. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon is allowed to act on the surfaces of the object by means of an energy carrier, in particular under pressure, in particular is guided and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects, in particular wherein the energy carrier is selected from the group of gaseous energy carriers, preferably air, and liquid energy carriers , preferably water, and combinations thereof and/or in particular where the energy carrier is a gaseous energy carrier, preferably air; and or wherein the mechanical abrasion treatment is carried out as compressed air jets, in particular as high-pressure air jets or low-pressure air jets. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at least 1 bar, in particular at least 1.5 bar, preferably at least 2 bar, preferably at least 2.5 bar, particularly preferably at least 3 bar, on the surfaces of Objects are allowed to act, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects; and or wherein the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects at a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at most 20 bar, in particular at most 15 bar, preferably at most 12 bar, preferably at most 10 bar, particularly preferably at most 8 bar , in particular guided and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects; and or the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, in the range from 1 bar to 20 bar, in particular in the range from 1.5 bar to 15 bar, preferably in the range from 2 bar to 12 bar, preferably in the range from 2.5 bar to 10 bar, particularly preferably in the range from 3 bar to 8 bar, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects. Use according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the objects is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular on the surfaces of the objects is guided and/or guided; and or wherein the activated charcoal for treating the surfaces of the objects is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular on the surfaces of the objects is guided and/or guided; and or where the activated carbon is used to treat the surfaces of the objects for a period of time in the range from 1 s to 45 min, in particular in the range from 5 s to 30 min, preferably in the range from 10 s to 20 min, preferably in the range from 15 s bar to 15 min, particularly preferably in the range from 30 s to 10 min, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the objects, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the objects. Use according to any one of the preceding claims for removing contaminants or impurities from the surfaces of objects desired toppings and/or layers; and/or to adjust, in particular to increase or decrease, the surface roughness of the objects; and/or for setting, in particular raising, the matting and/or structuring of the surfaces of the objects; and/or for cleaning, descaling, rust removal, deburring, paint stripping and/or coating removal from the surfaces of the objects; and/or for coring and/or de-sanding the surfaces of the objects, in particular where the objects are in the form of castings or moulds; and/or to strengthen and/or densify the surfaces of the objects. Use according to one of the preceding claims, for finishing, in particular covering and/or coating and/or doping and/or providing, the surfaces of the objects with carbon, in particular the carbon being provided by the activated carbon and/or given off by the activated carbon and/or is transferred, preferably when the activated carbon comes into contact, in particular by impact, on the surfaces of the objects. Particulate abrasive, preferably particulate blasting (blasting material), in particular for the mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of surfaces of solid objects, in particular workpieces, the particulate abrasive being in the form of particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon and/or is present and /or wherein the particulate abrasive is formed from particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon. abrasive after Claim 30 , wherein the abrasive has an absolute particle size, in particular an absolute particle diameter, in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.3 mm, in particular in the range from 0.07 mm to 2.1 mm, preferably in the range from 0.09 mm to 2 0 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.6 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm , in particular wherein at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, particularly preferably at least 99% by weight, very particularly preferably 100% by weight % of the abrasive particles, in particular the abrasive grains, preferably the abrasive beads, have particle sizes, in particular particle diameters, in the aforementioned ranges. abrasive after Claim 30 or 31 , wherein the abrasive has an average particle size, in particular an average particle diameter, in the range from 0.06 mm to 2.2 mm, in particular in the range from 0.08 mm to 2 mm, preferably in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm; and/or wherein the abrasive has an average particle size (D50), in particular an average particle diameter (D50), in the range from 0.08 mm to 2.1 mm, in particular in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably im Range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm, very particularly preferably in the range of 0.35 mm to 1.3 mm. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 32 , wherein the abrasive has an abrasion resistance (ball pan hardness) and / or abrasion hardness of at least 90%, in particular at least 97%, preferably at least 98%, preferably at least 99%, particularly preferably at least 99.5%, very particularly preferably at least 99.9 %, more preferably 100%. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 33 , wherein the abrasive has a compressive and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per abrasive particle, in particular per grain of abrasive, preferably per pellet of abrasive, of at least 5 Newtons, in particular at least 10 Newtons, preferably at least 15 Newtons, preferably at least 20 Newtons, particularly preferably at least 22, 5 Newtons; and/or wherein the abrasive has a compressive strength and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per abrasive particle, in particular per grain of abrasive, preferably per pellet of abrasive, in the range from 5 Newtons to 60 Newtons, in particular in the range from 10 Newtons to 50 Newtons, preferably in the range of 15 Newtons to 45 Newtons, preferably in the range from 20 Newtons to 40 Newtons, particularly preferably in the range from 22.5 Newtons to 35 Newtons. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 34 , wherein the abrasive has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, of at least 1.5, in particular at least 1.75, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 2.25, particularly preferably at least 2.5; and / or wherein the abrasive has a particle hardness, esp special grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, in the range from 1.5 to 7, in particular in the range from 1.75 to 6, preferably in the range from 2 to 5.5, preferably in the range from 2.25 to 5.25, particularly preferably in the range from 2.5 to 5. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 35 , wherein the abrasive has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, of at least 20 HV, in particular at least 30 HV, preferably at least 40 HV, preferably at least 50 HV, particularly preferably at least 60 HV; and/or wherein the abrasive has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, in the range from 20 HV to 1,500 HV, in particular in the range from 30 HV to 1,000 HV, preferably in the range from 40 HV to 800 HV, preferably in the range of 50 HV to 650 HV, particularly preferably in the range from 60 HV to 500 HV. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 36 , wherein the abrasive has a tapped density in the range from 100 g/l to 1,500 g/l, in particular in the range from 125 g/l to 1,000 g/l, preferably in the range from 150 g/l to 800 g/l , preferably in the range from 200 g/l to 600 g/l, particularly preferably in the range from 225 g/l to 500 g/l, very particularly preferably in the range from 250 g/l to 400 g/l, more preferably in the range from 255 g/l to 395 g/l. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 37 , wherein the abrasive has a bulk density in the range from 150 g/l to 1000 g/l, in particular in the range from 250 g/l to 700 g/l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 600 g/l , preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 550 g/l. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 38 , wherein the abrasive has a specific BET surface area in the range from 350 m ² / g to 4,000 m ² / g, in particular in the range from 400 m ² / g to 3,500 m ² / g, preferably in the range from 500 m ² / g to 3,000 m ² /g, particularly preferably in the range from 600 m ² /g to 2,750 m ² /g, very particularly preferably in the range from 700 m ² /g to 2,500 m ² /g, more preferably in the range from 800 m ² / g to 2250 m ² /g. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 39 , wherein the abrasive has a total pore volume, in particular a total pore volume according to Gurvich, in the range from 0.1 cm ³ /g to 4 cm ³ /g, in particular in the range from 0.2 cm ³ /g to 3.5 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.3 cm ³ /g to 3 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.4 cm ³ /g to 2.5 cm ³ /g, particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 cm ³ /g up to 2 cm ³ /g. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 40 , wherein the abrasive has an average pore diameter in the range from 0.5 nm to 100 nm, in particular in the range from 0.75 nm to 90 nm, preferably in the range from 1 nm to 80 nm, preferably in the range from 1.5 nm to 70 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 1.75 nm to 60 nm. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 41 , wherein the abrasive has a water content and/or moisture content in the range from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.1% by weight to 4% by weight, preferably in the range from 0 15% by weight to 3% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.2% by weight to 2% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25% by weight to 1.5% by weight %, based on the activated carbon. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 42 , wherein the abrasive has an ash content of at most 1.5% by weight, in particular at most 1% by weight, preferably at most 0.9% by weight, preferably at most 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.7% % by weight, very particularly preferably at most 0.5% by weight, further preferably at most 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon; and/or wherein the abrasive has an ash content in the range from 0.005% by weight to 1.5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.02% % by weight to 0.9% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.03% by weight to 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.04% by weight to 0.7% by weight %, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.06% by weight to 0.5% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 43 , wherein the abrasive has a fractal dimension of the open porosity in the range of at most 2.9 (ie ≤ 2.9), in particular at most 2.89, preferably at most 2.85, preferably at most 2.8, particularly preferably at most 2.75, most preferably at most 2.7; and/or wherein the abrasive has an open porosity fractal dimension in the range of 2.2 to 2.9, more preferably in the range of 2.2 to 2.9, preferably in the range of 2.25 to 2.89, preferably in the range from 2.3 to 2.85, more preferably in the range from 2.35 to 2.8, most preferably in the range from 2.4 to 2.75, more preferably in the range from 2.45 to 2.7 . Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 44 , wherein the abrasive is obtainable by carbonization and optionally subsequent activation of a starting material, in particular a synthetic and / or non-natural material-based starting material, preferably based on organic polymers. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 45 , wherein the abrasive is obtained from a starting material based on organic polymers, in particular based on sulfonated organic polymers, preferably based on divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene, preferably based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, in particular by carbonization and subsequent activation of the starting material. abrasive after Claim 46 , wherein the content of divinylbenzene in the starting material is in the range from 1% to 20% by weight, in particular from 1% to 15% by weight, preferably from 1.5% to 12.5% by weight %, preferably 2% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the starting material. Abrasive according to one of Claims 45 until 47 , wherein the starting material is in particular a sulfonated ion exchange resin and/or an ion exchange resin containing sulfonic acid groups, in particular of the gel type. Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 48 , wherein a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC; Polymer-based Spherical Activated Carbon) is used as the abrasive agent and/or wherein the abrasive agent is a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC). Abrasive according to one of claims 30 until 49 , wherein the abrasive agent is present and/or used and/or formed as a carbonate and/or activated substance; and/or wherein the abrasive is formed from activated carbon production residues, in particular from activated carbon production residues occurring during activated carbon production, preferably carbonization and/or activation, preferably in open activated carbon production devices such as belt furnaces or rotary kilns. Object, in particular workpiece, obtainable by a method for mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of the surfaces of the object, in particular workpiece, and/or wherein the object, in particular the workpiece, by a method for mechanical abrasion treatment (abrasive treatment) of the surfaces of the object, in particular workpiece, is obtained, wherein in the process particulate, in particular granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon is used as an abrasive agent and/or is allowed to act on the surfaces to be treated, preferably with pressure-generated acceleration and/or movement of the particulate activated carbon and allowing it to impinge on the surfaces to be treated, preferably by means of compressed air jets. item after Claim 51 , wherein the object is present and/or designed as a metal object, plastic object, glass object or wooden object. item after Claim 51 or 52 , wherein the object is equipped with carbon on its surface, in particular covered and/or coated and/or doped and/or provided. item after one of Claims 51 until 53 , wherein the activated carbon has an absolute particle size, in particular an absolute particle diameter, in the range from 0.05 mm to 2.3 mm, in particular in the range from 0.07 mm to 2.1 mm, preferably in the range from 0.09 mm to 2 0 mm, preferably in the range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.6 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm , in particular wherein at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 85% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, particularly preferably at least 99% by weight, very particularly preferably 100% by weight %, the activated carbon particles have particle sizes, in particular particle diameters, in the aforementioned ranges. item after one of Claims 51 until 54 , The activated carbon having an average particle size, in particular an average particle diameter, in the range from 0.06 mm to 2.2 mm, in particular in the range from 0.08 mm to 2 mm, preferably in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in the range from 0.2 mm to 1.7 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm; and / or wherein the activated carbon has an average particle size (D50), in particular an average particle diameter (D50), in the range from 0.08 mm to 2.1 mm, in particular in the range from 0.1 mm to 1.9 mm, preferably in Range from 0.15 mm to 1.8 mm, preferably in the range from 0.25 mm to 1.6 mm, particularly preferably in the range from 0.3 mm to 1.4 mm, most preferably in the range from 0.35 mm to 1.3 mm. item after one of Claims 51 until 55 , Wherein the activated carbon has an abrasion resistance (ball pan hardness) and/or abrasion hardness of at least 90%, in particular at least 97%, preferably at least 98%, preferably at least 99%, particularly preferably at least 99.5%, very particularly preferably at least 99.9 %, more preferably 100%. item after one of Claims 51 until 56 , wherein the activated carbon has a compressive strength and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, of at least 5 Newtons, in particular at least 10 Newtons, preferably at least 15 Newtons, preferably at least 20 Newtons, particularly preferably at least 22, 5 Newtons; and/or wherein the activated carbon has a compressive and/or bursting strength (weight load capacity) per activated carbon particle, in particular per activated carbon granule, preferably per activated carbon bead, in the range from 5 Newton to 60 Newton, in particular in the range from 10 Newton to 50 Newton, preferably in the range from 15 Newtons to 45 Newtons, preferably in the range from 20 Newtons to 40 Newtons, particularly preferably in the range from 22.5 Newtons to 35 Newtons. item after one of Claims 51 until 57 , wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, of at least 1.5, in particular at least 1.75, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 2.25, particularly preferably at least 2.5; and/or wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Mohs hardness, in the range from 1.5 to 7, in particular in the range from 1.75 to 6, preferably in the range from 2 to 5.5, preferably in the range from 2.25 to 5.25, more preferably in the range of 2.5 to 5. item after one of Claims 51 until 58 , wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, of at least 20 HV, in particular at least 30 HV, preferably at least 40 HV, preferably at least 50 HV, particularly preferably at least 60 HV; and/or wherein the activated carbon has a particle hardness, in particular grain hardness, determined as Vickers hardness, in the range from 20 HV to 1,500 HV, in particular in the range from 30 HV to 1,000 HV, preferably in the range from 40 HV to 800 HV, preferably in the range of 50 HV to 650 HV, particularly preferably in the range from 60 HV to 500 HV. item after one of Claims 51 until 59 , wherein the activated carbon has a tapped density in the range from 100 g/l to 1,500 g/l, in particular in the range from 125 g/l to 1,000 g/l, preferably in the range from 150 g/l to 800 g/l , preferably in the range from 200 g/l to 600 g/l, particularly preferably in the range from 225 g/l to 500 g/l, very particularly preferably in the range from 250 g/l to 400 g/l, more preferably in the range from 255 g/l to 395 g/l. item after one of Claims 51 until 60 , wherein the activated carbon has a bulk density in the range from 150 g/l to 1000 g/l, in particular in the range from 250 g/l to 700 g/l, preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 600 g/l , preferably in the range from 300 g/l to 550 g/l. item after one of Claims 51 until 61 , wherein the activated carbon has a specific BET surface area in the range from 350 m ² / g to 4,000 m ² / g, in particular in the range from 400 m ² / g to 3,500 m ² / g, preferably in the range from 500 m ² / g to 3,000 m ² /g, particularly preferably in the range from 600 m ² /g to 2,750 m ² /g, very particularly preferably in the range from 700 m ² /g to 2,500 m ² /g, more preferably in the range from 800 m ² / g to 2250 m ² /g. item after one of Claims 51 until 62 , wherein the activated carbon has a total pore volume, in particular a total pore volume according to Gurvich, in the range from 0.1 cm ³ /g to 4 cm ³ /g, in particular in the range from 0.2 cm ³ /g to 3.5 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.3 cm ³ /g to 3 cm ³ /g, preferably in the range from 0.4 cm ³ /g to 2.5 cm ³ /g, particularly preferably in the range from 0.5 cm ³ /g up to 2 cm ³ /g. item after one of Claims 51 until 63 , wherein the activated carbon has an average pore diameter in the range from 0.5 nm to 100 nm, in particular in the range from 0.75 nm to 90 nm, preferably in the range from 1 nm to 80 nm, preferably in the range from 1.5 nm to 70 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 1.75 nm to 60 nm. item after one of Claims 51 until 64 , wherein the activated carbon has a water content and/or moisture content in the range from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.1% by weight to 4% by weight, preferably in the range from 0 15% by weight to 3% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.2% by weight to 2% by weight, especially preferably in the range from 0.25% by weight to 1.5% by weight, based on the activated carbon. item after one of Claims 51 until 65 , wherein the activated carbon has an ash content of at most 1.5% by weight, in particular at most 1% by weight, preferably at most 0.9% by weight, preferably at most 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.7 % by weight, very particularly preferably at most 0.5% by weight, further preferably at most 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon; and/or wherein the activated carbon has an ash content in the range from 0.005% by weight to 1.5% by weight, in particular in the range from 0.01% by weight to 1% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.02% by weight % by weight to 0.9% by weight, preferably in the range from 0.03% by weight to 0.8% by weight, particularly preferably in the range from 0.04% by weight to 0.7% by weight %, very particularly preferably in the range from 0.06% by weight to 0.5% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.3% by weight, based on the activated carbon. item after one of Claims 51 until 66 , wherein the activated carbon has a fractal dimension of the open porosity in the range of at most 2.9 (ie ≤ 2.9), in particular at most 2.89, preferably at most 2.85, preferably at most 2.8, particularly preferably at most 2.75, most preferably at most 2.7; and/or wherein the activated carbon has a fractal open porosity dimension in the range of 2.2 to 2.9, more preferably in the range of 2.2 to 2.9, preferably in the range of 2.25 to 2.89, preferably in the range from 2.3 to 2.85, more preferably in the range from 2.35 to 2.8, most preferably in the range from 2.4 to 2.75, more preferably in the range from 2.45 to 2.7 . item after one of Claims 51 until 67 , wherein the activated carbon is obtainable by carbonization and optionally subsequent activation of a starting material, in particular a synthetic and / or non-natural substance-based starting material, preferably based on organic polymers. item after one of Claims 51 until 68 , wherein the activated carbon is obtained from a starting material based on organic polymers, in particular based on sulfonated organic polymers, preferably based on divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene, preferably based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, in particular by carbonization and subsequent activation of the starting material. item after Claim 69 , wherein the content of divinylbenzene in the starting material is in the range from 1% to 20% by weight, in particular from 1% to 15% by weight, preferably from 1.5% to 12.5% by weight %, preferably 2% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the starting material. item after one of Claims 68 until 70 , wherein the starting material is in particular a sulfonated ion exchange resin and/or an ion exchange resin containing sulfonic acid groups, in particular of the gel type. item after one of Claims 51 until 71 , wherein a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC; Polymer-based Spherical Activated Carbon) is used as the activated carbon and/or wherein the activated carbon is a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC). item after one of Claims 51 until 72 , wherein the activated carbon is present and/or used and/or formed as a carbonate and/or activated carbon. item after one of Claims 51 until 73 , wherein the activated carbon is formed from activated carbon production residues, in particular from activated carbon production residues occurring during activated carbon production, preferably carbonization and/or activation, preferably in open activated carbon production devices such as belt furnaces or rotary kilns. item after one of Claims 51 until 74 , wherein the object is present and/or designed as a metal object, plastic object, glass object, wooden object, stone object or concrete object. item after one of Claims 51 until 75 , wherein the surfaces of the object are treated in areas and/or sections or completely and/or over the entire surface. item after one of Claims 51 until 76 , wherein the activated carbon is allowed to act on the surfaces of the object by means of an energy carrier, in particular under pressure, in particular guided and/or guided onto the surfaces of the object, in particular wherein the energy carrier is selected from the group of gaseous energy carriers, preferably air, and liquid Energy carriers, preferably water, and combinations thereof and/or in particular where the energy carrier is a gaseous energy carrier, preferably air; and / or wherein the mechanical abrasion treatment as Compressed air jets, in particular as high-pressure air jets or low-pressure air jets, are carried out. item after one of Claims 51 until 77 , wherein the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the object with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at least 1 bar, in particular at least 1.5 bar, preferably at least 2 bar, preferably at least 2.5 bar, particularly preferably at least 3 bar, on the surfaces of the object is allowed to act, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the object; and/or wherein the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the object is applied to the surfaces of the object with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, of at most 20 bar, in particular at most 15 bar, preferably at most 12 bar, preferably at most 10 bar, particularly preferably at most 8 bar is allowed to act, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the object; and/or wherein the activated carbon is used to treat the surfaces of the object with a pressure, in particular jet pressure, in the range from 1 bar to 20 bar, in particular in the range from 1.5 bar to 15 bar, preferably in the range from 2 bar to 12 bar, preferably in the range from 2.5 bar to 10 bar, particularly preferably in the range from 3 bar to 8 bar, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the object, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the object. item after one of Claims 51 until 78 , wherein the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the object is allowed to act on the surfaces of the object for a period of at least 1 s, in particular at least 5 s, preferably at least 10 s, preferably at least 15 s, particularly preferably at least 30 s, in particular on the surfaces of the object is guided and/or guided; and/or wherein the activated carbon for treating the surfaces of the object is allowed to act on the surfaces of the object for a period of at most 45 minutes, in particular at most 30 minutes, preferably at most 20 minutes, preferably at most 15 minutes, particularly preferably at most 10 minutes, directed and/or guided in particular onto the surfaces of the object; and/or wherein the activated carbon is used to treat the surfaces of the object for a period of time in the range from 1 s to 45 min, in particular in the range from 5 s to 30 min, preferably in the range from 10 s to 20 min, preferably in the range of 15 s bar to 15 min, particularly preferably in the range from 30 s to 10 min, is allowed to act on the surfaces of the object, in particular directed and/or guided onto the surfaces of the object. item after one of Claims 51 until 79 wherein the process is carried out to remove contaminants or unwanted deposits and/or coatings from the surfaces of the object; and/or wherein the method is carried out to adjust, in particular to increase or decrease, the surface roughness of the object; and/or wherein the method is carried out to adjust, in particular increase, the matting and/or the structuring of the surfaces of the object; and/or wherein the process for cleaning, descaling, derusting, deburring, paint stripping and/or decoating of the surfaces of the object is carried out; and/or wherein the method is carried out for coring and/or de-sanding the surfaces of the object, in particular wherein the object is in the form of castings or moulds; and/or wherein the process is carried out to strengthen and/or densify the surfaces of the article. item after one of Claims 51 until 80 , wherein the method for finishing, in particular covering and/or coating and/or doping and/or providing, the surfaces of the object with carbon is carried out, in particular wherein the carbon is provided by the activated carbon and/or released and/or transferred by the activated carbon is, preferably when coming into contact, in particular impact, the activated carbon on the surfaces of the object.