DE202013012938U1 - shoe upper - Google Patents

Abstract

Shoe upper (51) for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, comprising:
a. an outer layer (91) comprising a first knit fabric;
b. an inner layer (101) comprising a second knit fabric;
c. wherein the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear with regard to the stitch structure and/or the alignment, and wherein the second knitwear is aligned in such a way that the direction of greatest stretchability of the second knitwear is essentially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the shoe upper (51).

Description

1. Technical field

The present invention relates to an upper for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe.

2. State of the art

In general, a shoe has an outsole and an upper attached thereto. Sports shoes in particular also generally have a midsole, which is arranged between the shoe upper and the outsole, which is also referred to as the midsole. Shoe upper, outsole and - if available - midsole are made of leather in classic shoes, in sports shoes usually made of plastic.

In particular, the shoe uppers of sports shoes are often provided with certain functions. For example, the outside of a shoe upper should be as water-repellent as possible. At the same time, the shoe upper should be air-permeable so that air can be supplied to the foot from the outside. In addition, moisture should be transported away from the foot quickly. In addition to these requirements, a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, should offer the foot optimal support without constricting the foot too much, i.e. the shoe should be comfortable to wear.

The present invention is therefore based on the problem of providing an upper for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, which meets the above-mentioned requirements while being simple and inexpensive to produce.

3. Summary of the Invention

The aforementioned problem is solved by a shoe upper according to claim 1 for protection. In one embodiment, the shoe upper for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, has an outer layer which has a first knitwear and an inner layer which has a second knitwear, the first knitwear differing from the second knitwear in terms of the mesh structure and/or the orientation differs.

The first knitwear thus differs from the second knitwear with regard to the stitch structure. Furthermore, additionally or alternatively, the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear with regard to the orientation. Furthermore, additionally or alternatively, the first knitwear can differ from the second knitwear in terms of shape. Furthermore, additionally or alternatively, the first knitwear can differ from the second knitwear with regard to the yarn used.

The type of linkage and/or the design of the mesh is referred to as the mesh structure. The type of linkage is also referred to as binding in knitting or warp knitting as laying. The design of the stitches includes, for example, how tight or wide the stitches are knitted or warp-knitted.

The alignment of two knitted fabrics can be determined, for example, by the alignment of their courses. If the direction of the rows of stitches of the first knitwear deviates from the direction of the rows of stitches of the second knitwear, then the alignment of the knitwear differs. The orientation of the knitted fabric can also be determined by means of the wales or the direction of greatest or least stretchability of the knitted fabric.

The shape of the first knitwear differs from the shape of the second knitwear, e.g. if both knitwear are not congruent. In this case there is at least one area of the first knitwear which is not covered by the second knitwear or vice versa.

The arrangement of the outer and inner layer and the different design of their knitwear in terms of the yarn used and/or the stitch structure and/or the alignment and/or the shape make it possible to achieve the above requirements easily and inexpensively and depending on the intended use of the shoe .

For example, in the case of a shoe in which it is primarily important that it repels water - e.g. in an outdoor shoe - the first knitwear of the outer layer can be knitted and/or warp-knitted very closely. At the same time, a water-repellent yarn can be used for the first knitwear. In order to increase the wearing comfort, the second knitwear of the inner layer can have further stitches in order to ventilate the foot. At the same time, a yarn can be used for the second knitwear, which has a high moisture transport in order to transport moisture away from the foot. In order to support these functions of the second knitwear of the inner layer, the outer layer can, for example, have openings or not completely cover the second knitwear of the inner layer. Alternatively or additionally, the outer layer can be spaced apart from the inner layer.

In the case of a shoe which is primarily intended to provide the foot with support--for example in the case of a running or climbing shoe--the first knitwear can have a particularly strong yarn with little stretchability. In the first knitwear, this yarn can be processed in a stitch structure with a particularly strong and little stretchable bond. In contrast, the second knitwear of the inner layer can have a more extensible yarn, which is processed in an elastic binding or layering, for example the so-called tricot binding. This yarn can also be designed to absorb moisture and wick it away from the foot. In this way, the outer layer provides the foot with the necessary support, while the inner layer offers the foot comfort through its stretchability and the possibility of moisture transport. In order to support these functions of the second knitwear of the inner layer, the outer layer can, for example, have openings or not completely cover the second knitwear of the inner layer. Alternatively or additionally, the outer layer can be spaced apart from the inner layer.

Particularly in the case of a climbing shoe, the first knitwear of the outer layer can additionally or alternatively have a rubberized yarn, which increases the static friction of the outer layer.

Another example of the advantages of the present invention is the adaptation of the shoe to different foot widths by aligning the first and second knitwear with one another. For example, the second knitwear of the inner layer can be aligned in such a way that it has the greatest stretchability in the lateral direction. As a result, the inner layer automatically adapts to different foot widths. The first knitwear of the outer layer can be oriented differently to the second knitwear, for example in such a way that it has the least extensibility in the lateral direction. This gives the foot the necessary lateral support.

Yet another example relates to the abrasion resistance of the first and second knit fabrics. For example, in the case of a skateboard shoe, the first knitwear of the outer layer could have a particularly abrasion-resistant yarn and a durable mesh structure. The second knitwear of the inner layer, on the other hand, could have an elastic yarn so that the inner layer is elastic and fits tightly around the foot to provide support and support.

The invention also allows the inner layer to be provided with specific functions, for example moisture transport and ventilation, while the outer layer can primarily be adapted entirely to the optical requirements, ie the design for example. In this way, design can be decoupled from function. For example, the first knitwear can have a different design or color than the second knitwear. For example, the first knitwear of the outer layer can be knitted or warp-knitted from transparent monofilament so that the inner layer is visible to the outside.

If, according to the invention, the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear in terms of shape, the two knitwear are not completely congruent. For example, certain areas of the inner layer are visible from the outside. In this way, zones with certain functions can be achieved in a targeted manner. Where the second knitwear of the inner layer is not covered by the first knitwear of the outer layer, the inner layer fulfills its respective function. Where the first knitwear of the outer layer is not covered by the second knitwear of the inner layer, the outer layer fulfills its respective function. Where the first knitwear and the second knitwear overlap, both knitwear fulfill their respective functions.

For example, the inner layer can have a thin, air-permeable, moisture-absorbing, elastic knitted fabric and completely enclose the foot like a sock. The outer layer may have a more stable knit and cover only those areas of the foot where stability is needed, such as the heel, midfoot, or toe. The areas between these areas, e.g. the flex zones, the tongue area and the upper toe area are not covered by the knitted fabric of the outer layer.

Further advantages of the present invention result from the modular construction of a shoe upper according to the invention. For example, a customer can individually put together a shoe upper from an inner layer and an outer layer. It is conceivable, for example, that he can choose from a number of outer layers with different degrees of stability and from a number of inner layers with different thicknesses. It is also conceivable that he can choose from different colors and designs for the outer and inner layers.

Another possibility is that the inner layer or the outer layer or both are customized for a customer. For example, the second knitwear of the inner layer could be more elastic than the first knitwear of the outer layer and thus compression on the exercise foot. The amount and distribution of compression across the foot could be customized, for example to support specific areas of the foot, such as the metatarsal area. The compression could be adjusted individually, for example in the manner of a bandage for injuries.

The modular design also reduces storage costs, since the large number of possible combinations of inner and outer layer means that a wider range of models can be manufactured from fewer parts.

The advantages listed by way of example are achieved by the arrangement of the inner and outer layer in a shoe upper and the different design of their knitwear with regard to the yarn used and/or the stitch structure and/or the orientation and/or the shape. The use of knitwear makes it possible to achieve these advantages easily and inexpensively.

The solution according to the invention includes the fact that the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear only with regard to the yarn used, that the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear only with regard to the stitch structure, that the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear only with regard to the orientation of the knitwear differs or that the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear only in terms of shape.

The first knitwear and the second knitwear are preferably knitted and/or warp-knitted separately and then connected. This supports the modular structure of the shoe upper and allows almost any combination of first and second knitwear.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, both knitwear are knitted or warp-knitted on a knitting or warp-knitting machine in one production step.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the inner layer is made essentially entirely of the second knitwear. As a result, the inner layer can completely enclose the foot and perform its function, e.g. the transport of moisture - especially along the sole - over the majority of the foot.

The first knitwear is preferably knitted. Additionally or alternatively, the second knitwear is knitted. Knitted fabrics can be easily and specifically provided with functional properties. For example, a knitted second knitwear can be knitted more open-meshed where the most moisture occurs on the foot in order to better ventilate the foot in a targeted manner. The first knitwear and/or the second knitwear can be knitted either flat or circular.

In an alternative embodiment, the first knitwear is knitted. Additionally or alternatively, the second knitwear is knitted. Knitwear can be produced relatively quickly and inexpensively by machine knitting. The first knitwear and/or the second knitwear can either be flat-knitted or circular-knitted.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the shoe upper has a cover sole which has knitwear. The shoe upper thus encloses the foot of a wearer essentially from all sides. The knitwear of the cover sole is preferably formed in one piece with the first knitwear. Preferably, the knitwear of the cover sole is additionally or alternatively formed in one piece with the second knitwear.

The first knitwear preferably has a thinner yarn than the second knitwear. As a result, the first knitwear can be knitted or warp-knitted more closely, for example, so that the outer layer becomes more water-repellent.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first knitwear has a melted yarn. Such a yarn melts when heated above a certain temperature and solidifies when cooled. In this way, the strength of the outer layer can be increased. It is preferable that in this embodiment of the invention the second knitted fabric comprises a soft yarn. This increases the wearing comfort in view of the first knitwear stiffened by the melted yarn. Skin abrasions and blisters are avoided.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the first knitwear is after-treated, e.g. by means of a polymer coating. Additionally or alternatively, the second knitwear is post-treated, e.g. by means of a polymer coating. As a result, the two layers can be provided with specific functions, such as strength.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the first knitwear has two or more layers. Additionally or alternatively, the second knitwear has two or several layers. For example, the first knitwear and/or the second knitwear can be a spacer knitted fabric or spacer fabric, which in turn has at least two layers. In this way, for example, the outer layer and/or the inner layer can be made thicker for thermal insulation or padding.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one functional element is arranged between the inner layer and the outer layer. This can be, for example, a heel cap, a reinforcement strip, a membrane or a shoelace eyelet.

The first knitwear preferably has a substantially coarser mesh structure than the second knitwear. In this way, the requirement for air permeability can be taken into account, since coarser meshes are easier for air to flow through than narrower ones.

The second knitwear preferably absorbs moisture better and/or conducts it to the outside better than the first knitwear. This allows moisture to be quickly transported away from the foot.

The second knitwear preferably has an area that assumes the function of a tongue. In this way, the separate production of a tongue and its connection to the shoe upper can be dispensed with. This area can, for example, be thicker than other areas of the inner layer, e.g.

The first knitwear preferably has at least one opening through which the second knitwear is visible, so that increased air circulation is made possible. The at least one opening is preferably arranged in the upper toe area, in the area of the tongue, in the flex zones or in the area of the sole.

The second knitwear is preferably more extensible than the first knitwear. As a result, the inner layer adapts to the foot, while the outer layer gives the foot the necessary support.

The first knitwear and the second knitwear are preferably aligned with one another in such a way that the shoe upper has essentially isotropic extensibility. Essentially isotropic means that the stretchability of the shoe upper is noticeably the same in all directions. This gives the foot optimal support in all directions.

The first knitwear and the second knitwear are preferably aligned with one another in such a way that the direction of greatest stretchability of the first knitwear is essentially perpendicular to the direction of greatest stretchability of the second knitwear. As a result, the stretchability of the shoe upper is noticeably the same in the lateral direction and in the longitudinal direction, i.e. isotropic, so that the foot has a good fit in the shoe.

The direction of greatest stretchability of the first knitwear is preferably at an angle of 80° to 100°, more preferably of 85° to 95° to the direction of greatest stretchability of the second knitwear.

The second knitwear is aligned in such a way that the direction of greatest extensibility of the second knitwear is essentially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the shoe upper. In this way, the inner layer adapts to different foot widths.

The direction of greatest extensibility of the second knitted fabric is preferably at an angle of 80° to 100°, more preferably of 85° to 95° to the longitudinal axis of the shoe upper.

The first knitwear is preferably aligned in such a way that the direction of greatest stretchability of the first knitwear runs essentially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the shoe upper. This gives the foot the necessary lateral support.

The direction of greatest extensibility of the first knitwear is preferably at an angle of less than 10°, more preferably less than 5°, to the longitudinal axis of the shoe upper.

The first knitwear and the second knitwear are preferably aligned with one another in such a way that the rows of stitches of the first knitwear are essentially perpendicular to the rows of stitches of the second knitwear. Since knitted goods generally have non-isotropic extensibility, this type of alignment compensates for the different extensibility, so that the shoe upper has essentially isotropic extensibility.

The rows of stitches of the first knitwear are preferably at an angle of 80° to 100°, more preferably of 85° to 95°, to the rows of stitches of the second knitwear.

More preferably, the inner layer is detachably connected to the outer layer. The inner layer can therefore be removed from the outer layer. On the one hand, this gives rise to the possibility that inner layer depending on the needs of the wearer of the shoe. For example, in the warmer seasons, the inner layer might promote more ventilation of the foot, while in the colder seasons, a thermally insulating inner layer could be used. On the other hand, the inner layer could be washed or replaced after a certain period of wearing for hygienic reasons.

The inner layer is preferably releasably connected to the outer layer by means of a Velcro fastener, a snap fastener, a lacing, in a positive or non-positive manner. On the one hand, these types of attachment allow the inner layer to be held securely on the outer layer, and on the other hand, both layers can be easily detached from one another.

• Bevorzugt ist die äußere Lage mit der inneren Lage vernäht, verklebt oder verschweißt.
• Alternativ oder zusätzlich ist die erste Maschenware an die zweite Maschenware gekettelt oder umgekehrt.

If a permanent connection of both layers is desired, the following types of connection offer a simple yet secure fixation:

• The outer layer is preferably sewn, glued or welded to the inner layer.
• Alternatively or additionally, the first knitwear is linked to the second knitwear or vice versa.

The outer layer is preferably connected to the inner layer at the edges thereof. Both layers are preferably already connected to one another during knitting or warp-knitting. The two layers are preferably connected to one another via a melted yarn.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first layer and the second layer are connected to an outsole and/or midsole and/or strobel sole. In this way, both layers are then connected to one another via one of the mentioned soles.

The inner layer is preferably connected to a strobel sole and the outer layer is attached between the strobel sole and a midsole, e.g. glued or knitted/linked on if the sole is also made of knitwear.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, having a shoe upper as described above and a sole.

character list

• 1a: Schematische Darstellung von textilen Strukturen, welche für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden können;
• 1b: Eine schematische Darstellung eines Gestricks mit Stehfaden, welches für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann;
• 2: Drei verschiedene Legungen eines Gewirks, welches für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann;
• 3: Maschenreihe und Maschenstäbchen eines Gestricks, welches für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann;
• 4: Maschenbildung mittels Zungennadeln beim Stricken;
• 5a: Ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Schuhoberteils, welches für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann, mit zwei verbundenen textilen Bereichen;
• 5b: Ein alternatives Ausführungsbeispiel eines Schuhoberteils, welches für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann, mit zwei verbundenen textilen Bereichen;
• 6: Drei Querschnitte (6a, 6b und 6c) eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines mittels Klebeband mit einer Schuhsohle verbundenen Schuhoberteils, welches für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann;
• 7: Querschnittsansichten von Fasern für Garne, die in Maschenware Verwendung finden, welche für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann;
• 8: Vorderansicht und Rückansicht einer gestrickten Maschenware, welche für die vorliegende Erfindung verwendet werden kann;
• 9: Aufsicht einer äußeren Lage eines Schuhoberteils gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung;
• 10: Aufsicht einer äußeren Lage eines Schuhoberteils gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung;
• 11: Aufsicht eines Schuhoberteils gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung;
• 12: eine Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung, bei der die äußere Lage und die innere Lage unterschiedlich ausgerichtet sind.

In the following, aspects of the present invention are explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures. These figures show:

• 1a : Schematic representation of textile structures which can be used for the present invention;
• 1b Fig. 1: A schematic representation of a knitted fabric with standing thread, which can be used for the present invention;
• 2 : Three different plies of a knit fabric which can be used for the present invention;
• 3 : course and wale of a knitted fabric which can be used for the present invention;
• 4 : Stitch formation using latch needles in knitting;
• 5a : An embodiment of a shoe upper, which can be used for the present invention, with two connected textile areas;
• 5b : An alternative embodiment of a shoe upper, which can be used for the present invention, with two connected textile areas;
• 6 : Three cross-sections ( 6a , 6b and 6c ) an embodiment of a shoe upper connected to a shoe sole by means of adhesive tape, which can be used for the present invention;
• 7 12: Cross-sectional views of fibers for yarns used in knitted fabrics which can be used for the present invention;
• 8th 12: Front view and back view of a knitted fabric which can be used for the present invention;
• 9 : top view of an outer layer of a shoe upper according to the present invention;
• 10 : top view of an outer layer of a shoe upper according to the present invention;
• 11 : top view of a shoe upper according to the present invention;
• 12 Figure 1: an embodiment of the present invention in which the outer layer and the inner layer are oriented differently.

5. Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments

Exemplary embodiments and modifications of the present invention are described in more detail below using an upper for a shoe, in particular for a sports shoe.

The use of knitwear makes it possible to equip products such as a shoe upper (also referred to as a shoe upper) or a shoe sole such as an insole, strobel sole, midsole and/or outsole with areas with different properties with little manufacturing effort. Properties include, for example, flexibility, extensibility (expressed, for example, as a modulus of elasticity), air and water permeability, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, moisture absorption, stiction, abrasion resistance, hardness and thickness.

In order to achieve corresponding properties or functions, various techniques are used, which are described below. These include appropriate techniques in the manufacture of knitted fabrics, such as knitting techniques, the selection of fibers and yarns, the coating of the fibers, yarns or knitted fabric with polymer or other materials, the use of monofilaments, the combination of monofilaments and polymer coating, the insert of melted yarns and multi-layer knitwear. In principle, the yarns used for the production of knitwear can be finished accordingly, e.g. coated. Additionally or alternatively, the finished knitwear can be finished accordingly.

A further aspect of the provision of functions relates to the targeted use of knitwear for certain areas of a product, for example a shoe upper or a sole, and the connection of different parts by means of suitable connection techniques. The mentioned aspects and techniques as well as other aspects and techniques are explained below.

The techniques described can be used individually or combined in any way.

knitwear

Knitwear, which is used in the present invention, is divided into knitted fabrics and single-thread knitted fabrics on the one hand and warp-knitted fabrics on the other hand. The essential characteristic of knitted fabrics is that they are made up of interlocking loops of yarn or thread. These thread loops are also referred to as stitches and can be formed from one or more yarns or threads.

Yarn or thread is a structure made of one or more fibers that is long in relation to its diameter. A fiber is a relatively thin, flexible structure in relation to its length. Very long fibers, of practically unlimited length in terms of their use, are referred to as filaments. Monofilaments are yarns that consist of a single filament, i.e. a single fiber.

In the case of knitted and single-thread warp-knitted fabrics, stitch formation requires at least one thread or yarn, the thread running in the cross-fabric direction, i.e. essentially perpendicular to the direction in which the fabric is formed in the manufacturing process. In the case of warp-knitted fabrics, stitch formation requires at least one warp thread system, i.e. a number of so-called warp threads. These stitch-forming threads run in the longitudinal direction, i.e. essentially in the direction in which the fabric is formed during the manufacturing process.

In the 1a the basic difference between a woven fabric 10, knitted fabrics 11 and 12 and a knitted fabric 13 is shown. A woven fabric 10 has at least two thread systems which are generally arranged at right angles to one another. The threads are laid over and under one another and do not form any stitches. Knitted fabrics 11 and 12 are made by knitting with one yarn from left to right by interlacing stitches. View 11 shows a front view (also referred to as right fabric side) and view 12 shows a back view (also referred to as purl fabric side) of a knitted fabric. The right and left sides of the fabric differ in the course of the loops 14. In contrast to the right side 11 of the fabric, the loops 14 of the left side of the fabric are covered.

In the 1b a variant of a knitted fabric which can be used for the present invention is shown with a so-called standing thread 15 . A stationary thread 15 is a length of thread inserted in the longitudinal direction between two wales, which is held by transverse threads of other binding elements. The combination of the standing thread 15 with other binding elements influences the properties of the knitted fabric or achieves various pattern effects. For example, a standing thread 15 can reduce the extensibility of the knitted fabric along the direction of the wales.

Warp knitted fabric 13 is made by knitting with many threads from top to bottom as in FIG 1a shown. The stitches of one thread are hooked into the stitches of neighboring threads. Depending on the pattern in which the stitches of adjacent threads are interlocked, one of the seven known basic weaves is created (in the case of the Warp knitting also referred to as "laying") fringes, tricot, cloth, satin, velvet, atlas and twill.

Examples are in the 2 the layers jersey 21, cloth 22 and atlas 23 are shown. Depending on how the stitches of the thread 24 highlighted by way of example are hooked into the stitches of neighboring threads, a different laying results. In tricot construction 21, each knitting yarn zigzags longitudinally through the knitted fabric and binds between two adjacent wales. The cloth layer 22 binds similar to the tricot layer 21, but each stitch-forming warp skips a wale. In the atlas layout 23, each stitch-forming warp thread runs in a stair-like fashion up to a reversal point and then changes its direction.

Stitches arranged one above the other with common binding points are referred to as wales. In the 3 a wale is shown as an example for a knitted fabric with the reference number 31 . The term wale is also used analogously for knitted fabrics. Accordingly, wales run vertically through the knitted fabric. A row of stitches is a row of stitches arranged next to each other, as in 3 shown by way of example for a knitted fabric with the reference number 32 . The concept of the row of stitches is also used analogously for knitted fabrics. Accordingly, courses of stitches run transversely through the knitted fabric.

There are three basic weaves in knitwear, which can be recognized by the course of the stitches along a wale. With right-left stitch binding, only right stitches can be seen along a wale on one side of the fabric and only left stitches on the other side of the fabric. This binding is produced on a row of needles of a knitting machine, ie an arrangement of adjacent knitting needles, and is also referred to as single-layer or single-jersey. In the right-right stitch binding, right and left stitches alternate in a row of stitches, ie along a wale there are either only left or only right stitches, depending on which side of the fabric the wale is viewed from. This binding is made on two rows of needles, on which the needles are offset. In the left-left binding, right and left stitches alternate in one wale. Both sides of the fabric look the same. This binding is made with latch needles like those in the 4 . are shown, made by stitch transfers. Transferring the stitches can be avoided if double-latch needles are used, which have a hook and a latch at each end.

A major advantage of knitwear compared to woven textiles is the variety of structures and surfaces that can be created with it. Using essentially the same manufacturing technique, both very heavy and/or stiff knitted fabrics and very soft, transparent and/or stretchable knitted fabrics can be produced. The parameters with which the material properties can be influenced are essentially the knitting or warp pattern, the yarn used, the needle size or needle spacing and the tension under which the yarn is placed on the needles.

Knitting has the advantage that certain yarns can be knitted in at freely selectable points. In this way, selected zones can be equipped with specific properties. For example, a shoe upper for a soccer shoe can be provided with zones made of rubberized yarn in order to achieve higher static friction and thus enable the player to have better ball control. By knitting in certain yarns at selected points, no additional elements need to be applied.

Knitwear is manufactured on machines in an industrial context. These usually have a large number of needles. When knitting, latch needles 41 are generally used, each of which has a movable latch 42 as in FIG 4 shown. This tongue 42 closes the hook 43 of the needle 41 so that a thread 44 can be pulled through a stitch 45 without the needle 41 getting caught on the stitch 45 . In knitting, the latch needles are usually individually movable so that each individual needle can be controlled to catch a thread for stitch formation.

A distinction is made between flat and circular knitting machines. In flat knitting machines, a thread feed guides the thread back and forth over one or more rows of needles. In a circular knitting machine, the needles are arranged in a circle and the thread is accordingly fed in a circular movement over one or more round rows of needles.

Instead of a single row of needles, a knitting machine can also have two parallel rows of needles. The needles of the two rows of needles can, for example, face each other at a right angle when viewed from the side. This makes it possible to produce more complex structures or bonds. The use of two rows of needles allows the production of a single-layer or two-layer knitted fabric. A single-layer knit is created when the stitches created on the first row of needles are combined with those on the second row of needles generated stitches are knitted. Accordingly, a two-layer knitted fabric is created when the stitches created on the first row of needles are not knitted together, or only punctually, with the stitches created on the second row of needles and/or these are only knitted together at the edge of the knitted fabric. If the stitches created on the first row of needles are knitted with an additional yarn only at certain points with the stitches created on the second row of needles, this is also referred to as a spacer knit. The additional yarn, for example a monofilament, is thus guided back and forth between two layers, so that a distance is created between the two layers. The two layers can be connected to each other via a so-called handle, for example.

In principle, the following knitted fabrics can be produced on a knitting machine with two rows of needles: If only one row of needles is used, a single-layer knitted fabric is produced. When using two rows of needles, the stitches of both rows of needles can be continuously connected with one another, so that the resulting knitwear has a single layer. If, when using two rows of needles, the stitches of both rows of needles are not connected or only connected at certain points or only at the edge, then two layers are created. When using two rows of needles, if the stitches of both rows of needles are alternately connected at points using an additional thread, a spacer knit is created. The additional thread is also referred to as a spacer thread and can be introduced via a separate thread feed.

Single-thread knits (also known as weft knits) are produced with needles that are moved together. Alternatively, the needles are fixed and the fabric is moved. Unlike knitting, the needles cannot be moved individually. Similar to knitting, there are flat weft knitting machines and round weft knitting machines.

Warp knitting uses one or more thread warps, i.e. adjacent, rolled threads. During stitch formation, the individual warp threads are laid around the needles and the needles are moved together.

The techniques described here as well as other aspects of the production of knitwear can be found, for example, in "Fachwissenclothing", 6th edition by H. Eberle et al. (published in English with the title "Clothing Technology"), in "Textil- und Modelenlexikon" 6th edition by Alfons Hofer and in "Maschenlexikon", 11th edition by Walter Holthaus.

Three-dimensional knitwear

Three-dimensional (3D) knitwear can also be produced on knitting and warp-knitting machines, in particular on flat-bed knitting machines. This is knitwear which, although it is knitted or warp-knitted in a single process, has a three-dimensional structure. Three-dimensional knitting or knitting technology makes it possible to produce three-dimensional knitwear without seams, cutting or assembly in one piece and in a single process.

Three-dimensional knitwear can be produced, for example, by varying the number of stitches in the direction of the wales by forming partial rows of stitches. The corresponding mechanical process is referred to as "needle parking". Depending on requirements, this can be combined with structural variations and/or variations in the number of stitches in the course direction. When forming partial rows of stitches, the stitches are formed temporarily only over a partial width of the knitted fabric or warp-knitted fabric. The needles that are not involved in stitch formation hold the half stitches in place (“needle parking”) until you start knitting again in this position. In this way, for example, bulges can be achieved.

For example, a shoe upper can be adapted to the last or the foot and a sole can be profiled by three-dimensional knitting or warp-knitting. The tongue of a shoe can e.g. B. be knitted into shape. Contours, structures, knobs, curves, recesses, openings, fastening elements, loops and pockets can be integrated into the knitwear in a single process.

Three-dimensional knit fabric can be advantageously used for the present invention.

Functional knitwear

Knitted fabrics, and particularly knitted fabrics, can be provided with a number of functional properties and used to advantage in the present invention.

With knitting technology, it is possible to produce knitwear that has different functional areas and at the same time retains its contour. The structures of a knitted fabric can be adapted to functional requirements in certain areas by selecting the knitting pattern, the yarn, the needle size, the needle spacing or the tension under which the yarn is placed on the needles.

For example, large mesh structures or openings within the knit fabric can be used in areas where ventilation is desired. On the other hand, in areas where support and stability is desired, close-meshed knit patterns, stiffer yarns or even multi-layer knit structures can be used, which are described below. The thickness of the knitwear is also variable.

A knitwear with more than one layer opens up numerous construction possibilities for knitwear, which offer many advantages. A knitted fabric with more than one layer, e.g. two, can be knitted or warp-knitted in one pass on a knitting machine with several rows of needles, e.g. two, as described above in the "knitwear" section. Alternatively, the multiple layers, e.g., two, may be knitted or warp-knitted in separate runs and then placed one on top of the other and optionally joined together, e.g., by sewing, gluing, welding or linking.

Basically, several layers increase the strength and stability of the knitted fabric. The resulting strength depends on how extensively and with which techniques the layers are connected to each other. The same yarn or different yarns can be used for the individual layers. For example, a knitted fabric may have a layer knitted from multifilament yarn and a layer made from monofilament, the knit loops of which are knitted together. This combination of different yarns in particular reduces the extensibility of the knitted layer. An advantageous variation of this construction is to sandwich a layer of monofilament between two layers of multifilament yarn to reduce extensibility and increase the strength of the knitted fabric. This results in a pleasant surface made of multi-fiber yarn on both sides of the knitwear.

A variant of two-layer knitwear, as explained in the “knitwear” section, is referred to as a spacer knitted fabric or spacer fabric. A spacer yarn is more or less loosely knitted or warped between two knitted or warp-knitted layers, which connects the two layers together and at the same time serves as a filling. The spacer yarn may be of the same material as the layers themselves, e.g., polyester, or a different material. The spacer yarn can also be a monofilament, which gives the spacer knitted fabric or spacer fabric stability.

Such spacer knitted fabrics or spacer fabrics, which are also referred to as three-dimensional knitted fabrics or knitted fabrics, but are to be distinguished from the shaping 3D knitted fabrics or 3D knitted fabrics mentioned above in the "Three-dimensional knitted fabrics" section, can be used wherever additional damping or Protection is desired, e.g. on the shoe upper (also known as the shoe upper) or the tongue of a shoe upper or in certain areas of a sole. Three-dimensional structures can also be used for distances between adjacent textile layers or a textile layer and the foot and thus provide ventilation. In addition, the layers of a spacer fabric or spacer fabric can have different yarns depending on the position of the spacer fabric on the foot.

The thickness of a spacer fabric or spacer fabric can be adjusted in different areas depending on the function or depending on the wearer. For example, different degrees of damping can be achieved with areas of different thicknesses. Thin areas can, for example, increase flexibility and thus fulfill the function of joints or flex lines.

Multi-layer constructions also result in options for color design by using different colors for the different layers. In this way, a knitted fabric can be provided with two different colors for the front and back, for example. A shoe upper made of such knitwear can then have a different color on the outside than on the inside.

A variant of multi-layer constructions are pockets or tunnels, in which two layers of a knitted fabric knitted or warp-knitted on two rows of needles are only connected to one another in certain areas, creating a hollow space. Alternatively, two knitted fabrics knitted or warp-knitted in separate processes are connected to one another in such a way that a hollow space is created, for example by sewing, gluing, welding or linking. A damping material such as foam, eTPU (expanded thermoplastic urethane), ePP (expanded polypropylene), expanded EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) or particle foam, an air or gel cushion can then be inserted through an opening, for example on the tongue, the shoe upper, the heel, sole or other areas. Alternatively or additionally, the pocket can also be filled with a filling thread or a spacer fabric. Threads can also be pulled through tunnels, for example to reinforce tensile loads in certain areas of a shoe upper. Shoelaces can also be guided in such tunnels. In addition, loose threads can be found in tunnels or pockets for padding, for example in the ankle area be placed. However, stiffer reinforcement elements such as caps, straps or rods can also be inserted into tunnels or pockets. These can be made of plastic, such as TPU, polyethylene or polypropylene, etc., for example.

A further possibility for the functional design of a knitted fabric consists in the use of certain modifications of the basic weave. When knitting, for example, thickening, ribs or waves can be knitted at certain points in order to achieve reinforcement at these points. For example, a wave can be generated by stitch accumulation on a layer of knitwear. This means that more stitches are knitted or warp-knitted on one layer than on another layer. Alternatively, different stitches are knitted on one layer, e.g. by knitting it tighter, wider or using a different yarn than on another layer. In both variants thickening occurs.

Ribs, waves or similar patterns can also be used, for example, on the underside of a knitted outsole of a shoe to provide a profile and to make the shoe more grippy. For example, in order to obtain a relatively thick knitted fabric, there is the possibility of using the knitting techniques "Fang" or "Perlfang", which are described, for example, in "Fachwissenclothing", 6th edition by H. Eberle et al. are described.

Waves can be knitted or warp-knitted so that there is a connection between two layers of a two-layer knitted fabric, or so that there is no connection between the two layers. A wave can also be knitted as a double-sided right-left wave with or without connecting the two layers. A structure in the knitwear can be achieved by an uneven mesh ratio on the front and back of the knitwear.

A further possibility for the functional design of knitwear within the scope of the present invention consists in providing openings in the knitwear already during knitting or warp-knitting. An exemplary embodiment within the scope of the present invention, which can be combined with other exemplary embodiments, relates to an insole which has knitwear. However, the exemplary embodiment can also be applied to a strobel sole. Likewise, the embodiment can be applied to a cover sole. An insole, strobel sole or cover sole is generally placed over a midsole. The midsole can have cushioning properties. For example, the midsole may include or consist of a foam material. Other suitable materials include eTPU (expanded thermoplastic urethane), ePP (expanded polypropylene), expanded EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) or particle foam.

The knitted fabric of the insole, strobel sole or cover sole has at least one opening which was already knitted or warp-knitted into the knitted fabric when the knitted fabric was knitted or warp-knitted. The at least one opening allows the foot of a wearer of the shoe to directly touch the midsole. Overall, this improves the cushioning properties of the shoe, so that the thickness of the midsole can be reduced.

The at least one opening is preferably arranged in the area of the heel bone. An arrangement at this point has a particularly positive effect on the damping properties. A different positioning of the at least one opening is conceivable.

Yet another possibility for the functional design of knitwear within the scope of the present invention is to form shoelaces in one piece with the knitwear of a shoe upper. In this exemplary embodiment, the shoe upper has knitwear and shoelaces are already knitted or warp-knitted in one piece with the knitwear when the knitwear is knitted or warp-knitted. A first end of a shoelace is connected to the knitwear, while a second end is free.

The first end is preferably connected to the knitwear of the upper in the area of the transition from the tongue to the forefoot area of the upper. More preferably, a first end of a first lace is connected to the knitwear of the shoe upper on the medial side of the tongue and a first end of a second shoelace is connected to the knitwear of the shoe upper on the lateral side of the tongue. The respective second ends of the two shoelaces can then be pulled through shoelace eyelets for lacing the shoe.

One way of speeding up the one-piece knitting or warp-knitting of shoelaces is to let all the yarns used for knitting or warp-knitting the knitwear end in the area of the transition from the tongue to the forefoot area of the shoe upper. Preferably, the yarns terminate in the medial side of the shoe upper on the medial side of the tongue and bil the laces connected on the medial side of the tongue. Preferably, the yarns in the lateral side of the shoe upper terminate on the lateral side of the tongue and form the lace connected to the lateral side of the tongue. Preferably, the yarns are then cut to a length long enough to form shoelaces. For example, the yarns can be twisted or braided. The respective second end of the shoelace is preferably provided with a shoelace clip. Alternatively, the second ends are fused or provided with a coating.

Due to their construction, knitwear is particularly stretchable in the direction of the stitches (longitudinal direction). This elongation can be reduced, for example, by subsequent polymer coating of the knitwear. However, the elongation can also be reduced during the manufacture of the knitted fabric itself. One possibility is to reduce the mesh size, i.e. use a smaller needle size. Smaller meshes generally lead to less stretching of the knitted fabric. Close-meshed knitwear can be used, for example, on a shoe upper (also referred to as a shoe upper). Furthermore, the elongation of the knitwear can be reduced by knitted reinforcements, e.g. three-dimensional structures. Such structures can be placed on the inside or the outside of a shoe upper. Furthermore, a non-extensible yarn, e.g. B. nylon, in a tunnel along the knitted fabric to limit the elongation to the length of the non-extensible yarn.

Colored areas with multiple colors can be created by using a different thread and/or by additional layers. Smaller mesh sizes (smaller needle sizes) are used in transition areas to achieve a smooth color transition.

Additional effects can be achieved with knitted inserts (inlays) or jacquard knitting. Inlays are areas that only have a specific yarn, e.g. in a specific color. Adjacent areas, which may have a different yarn, for example in a different color, are then connected to one another by a so-called loop.

Jacquard knitting uses two rows of needles and, for example, two different yarns run through all areas. However, in certain areas only one yarn emerges on the visible side of the fabric and the other yarn does not run visibly on the other side of the fabric.

A product made from knitted fabric can be made in one piece on a knitting or warp knitting machine. Functional areas can then already be produced during knitting or warp-knitting using the appropriate techniques described here.

Alternatively, the product can be composed of several pieces of knitted fabric and also have pieces not made of knitted fabric. The knitwear parts can each be designed with different functions, for example with regard to their thickness, insulation, moisture transport, etc.

For example, a shoe upper and/or a sole can basically be manufactured as a whole as a knitted fabric or it can be assembled from individual knitted fabric parts. An entire shoe upper or parts thereof can, for example, be separated from a larger piece of knitwear, e.g. punched. The larger piece of knitted fabric can be, for example, a circular knitted fabric or a circular knitted fabric or a flat knitted fabric or a flat knitted fabric.

For example, a tongue can be manufactured as a continuous piece and subsequently connected to the shoe upper, or it can be manufactured in one piece with the shoe upper. In terms of their functional design, e.g. elevations on the inside can improve the flexibility of the tongue and ensure that there is a distance between the tongue and the foot, which provides additional ventilation. Shoelaces can be guided in one or more knitted tunnels of the tongue. The tongue can also be reinforced with polymer to achieve stabilization and e.g. B. to avoid curling up with a very thin tongue. In addition, the tongue can then also be adapted to the shape of the last or the foot.

In the case of a shoe upper, for example, only a front part can be made of knitwear. The rest of the shoe upper can have a different textile and/or material such as a fabric. For example, the front part can be located only in the area of the toes, extend behind the toe joints or extend into the metatarsal area. Alternatively, the rear area of a shoe upper can be made of knitwear, for example in the heel area, and e.g. additionally reinforced with a polymer coating. In principle, any area of a shoe upper or a sole can be made of knitwear.

Applications such as polyurethane (PU) prints, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) tapes, textile reinforcements, leather, etc. can be subsequently applied to knitwear. For example, in the case of a shoe upper which has knitwear in whole or in part, a heel or toe cap made of plastic for reinforcement, or logos and shoelace eyelets can be attached, for example by sewing, gluing or welding, as described below.

Suitable joining techniques for joining individual knitwear to other textiles or other knitwear are, for example, sewing, gluing or welding. Linking is another way of joining two knitwear.

Two knitted fabric edges are connected to one another in the correct stitch (usually stitch by stitch).

One possibility for the welding of textiles, in particular those made of plastic yarns or threads, is ultrasonic welding. In this case, mechanical vibrations in the ultrasonic frequency range are transmitted to a tool called a sonotrode. The sonotrode transmits the vibrations under pressure to the textiles to be connected. The friction that occurs causes the textiles to heat up in the area of the contact point of the sonotrode, soften them and finally connect them. Ultrasonic welding allows textiles in particular to be connected to plastic yarns or threads quickly and inexpensively. A tape can also be attached to the weld seam, for example glued on, which additionally reinforces the weld seam and is visually more attractive. In addition, the wearing comfort is increased because skin irritations - especially at the transition to the tongue - are avoided.

Different textile areas can be connected at very different points. For example, the seams for connecting different textile areas of a shoe upper can be in different positions, as in FIGS 5a and 5b shown. In the 5a an upper 51 is shown which has two textile areas 52 and 53 . These are sewn together. The seam 54, which connects the two textile areas 52 and 53 to one another, runs diagonally from an instep area of the shoe upper to an area of the sole in the transition area from the midfoot to the heel. In the 5b the seam 55 also runs diagonally, but is located further forward towards the toes. Other arrangements of seams and joints in general are conceivable. At the in the 5a and 5b The seams shown can each be a thread seam, a glued seam, a welded seam or a chain seam. The two seams 54 and 55 can each only be attached to one side of the shoe upper 51 or to both sides of the shoe upper.

Another way of connecting textile areas is to use adhesive tape. This can also be used in addition to an existing connection, e.g. over a sewn seam or a welded seam. In addition to connecting, an adhesive tape can also fulfill other functions, such as protection against dirt or water. An adhesive tape can have properties that change over its length.

In the 6a , 6b and 6c an exemplary embodiment of a shoe upper 51 connected to a shoe sole 61 by means of adhesive tape is shown. the 6a , 6b and 6c each show a cross section through a shoe with different positions of the foot and different deformations of the shoe caused thereby. For example, act in 6a tensile forces act on the right side of the shoe, while compressive forces act on the left side.

The shoe sole 61 can be an outsole or a midsole. Shoe upper 51 and shoe sole 61 are connected to one another by means of a circumferential adhesive tape 62 . The adhesive tape 62 can vary in flexibility along its length. For example, the adhesive tape 62 could be particularly strong and not very flexible in the heel area of the shoe in order to give the shoe the necessary stability in the heel area. This can be achieved, for example, by varying the width and/or thickness of the adhesive tape 62 . In principle, the adhesive tape 62 can be constructed in such a way that it can absorb certain forces in certain areas along the tape. In this way, the adhesive tape 62 not only connects the shoe upper to the sole, but also fulfills the function of structural reinforcement.

fibers

The yarns or threads used for knitwear of the present invention usually have fibers. As explained above, a fiber is a relatively thin, flexible structure in relation to its length. Very long fibers, of practically unlimited length in terms of their use, are referred to as filaments. Fibers are spun or twisted into thread or yarn. However, fibers can also be long and twisted into a yarn. Fibers can be made from natural common or synthetic materials. Natural fibers are environmentally friendly as they are compostable. The natural fibers include, for example, cotton, wool, alpaca, hemp, coconut fibers and silk. Synthetic fibers include, for example, polymer-based fibers such as Nylon™, polyester, elastane or spandex or Kevlar™, which can be produced as classic fibers or as high-performance fibers or technical fibers.

It is conceivable that, for example, a shoe is composed of different parts, for example a knitted or warp-knitted part has natural yarn made from natural fibers and a removable part, e.g., the insole, has plastic. Both parts can be disposed of separately in this way. In this example, the knitted part could be disposed of as compostable waste, while the insole could, for example, be disposed of in the recycling of valuable materials.

The mechanical and physical properties of a fiber and the yarn made from it are also determined by the cross-section of the fiber, as in 7 shown. These different cross-sections, their properties and examples of materials with such cross-sections are explained below.

A circular cross-section fiber 710 can be either solid or hollow. A solid fiber is the most common case, allows for easy bending and is soft to the touch. A fiber as a hollow circle with the same weight-to-length ratio as the solid fiber has a larger cross section and more resistance to bending. Examples of circular cross-section fibers are Nylon™, Polyester, and Lyocell.

A bone-shaped cross-section fiber 730 has the property of wicking moisture. Examples of materials for such fibers are acrylic or spandex. The concave areas in the center of the fiber aid in longitudinal moisture transfer, quickly wicking and dispersing moisture from a specific location.

• Polygonaler Querschnitt 711 mit Blumen; Beispiel: Flachs;
• Ovaler bis runder Querschnitt 712 mit überlappenden Abschnitten; Beispiel: Wolle;
• Flacher, ovaler Querschnitt 713 mit Erweiterung und Faltung; Beispiel: Baumwolle;
• Kreisförmiger, gezackter Querschnitt 714 mit abschnittsweise Rillen; Beispiel: Viskose;
• Limabohne-Querschnitt 720; geschmeidige Oberfläche;
• Gezackter Limabohne-Querschnitt 721; Beispiel: Avril™-Viskose;
• Dreieckiger Querschnitt 722 mit abgerundeten Kanten; Beispiel: Seide;
• Dreizackiger-Stern-Querschnitt 723; wie dreieckige Faser mit glänzenderem Aussehen;
• Keulenförmiger Querschnitt 724 mit abschnittsweisen Rillen; funkelndes Aussehen; Beispiel: Acetat;
• Flacher und breiter Querschnitt 731; Beispiel: Acetat in einer anderen Ausgestaltung;
• Sternförmiger oder Konzertina-Querschnitt 732;
• Querschnitt 733 in Form einer zusammengedrückten Röhre mit hohlem Zentrum; und
• Quadratischer Querschnitt 734 mit Hohlräumen; Beispiel: AnsoIV™ -Nylon.

The following additional cross-sections are in 7 shown:

• Polygonal cross-section 711 with flowers; Example: flax;
• Oval to circular cross-section 712 with overlapping sections; Example: wool;
• Flat oval cross-section 713 with expansion and fold; Example: cotton;
• Circular, jagged cross-section 714 with sectional grooves; Example: viscose;
• Lima Bean Cross Section 720; smooth surface;
• Jagged Lima Bean Cross Section 721; Example: Avril™ viscose;
• Triangular cross-section 722 with rounded edges; Example: silk;
• three-pointed star cross-section 723; like triangular fiber with shinier appearance;
• Club-shaped cross-section 724 with sectional grooves; sparkling appearance; Example: acetate;
• Flat and wide section 731; Example: Acetate in a different configuration;
• Star or Concertina Section 732;
• cross-section 733 in the form of a collapsed tube with a hollow center; and
• Square section 734 with cavities; Example: AnsoIV™ nylon.

• Aramid-Fasern: guter Widerstand gegen Abrieb und organische Lösungsmittel; nicht leitend;
• temperaturbeständig bis 500°C; geringe Entflammbarkeit.

In the following, individual fibers are described with their properties that are relevant for the production of knitwear for the present invention:

• Aramid fibers: good resistance to abrasion and organic solvents; non-conductive;
• temperature resistant up to 500°C; low flammability.

Para-aramid fibers: known by the trade names Kevlar™, Techova™ and Twaron™; outstanding strength to weight; high modulus of elasticity and high tensile strength (higher than meta-aramids); low elongation and low elongation at break (about 3.5%).

Meta-Aramids: Known by the trade names Numex™, Teijinconex™, New Star™, X-Fiper™.

Dyneema fibers: Highest resistance of all known thermoplastics; high resistance to corrosive chemicals, except oxidizing acids; extremely low moisture absorption; very low coefficient of friction, which is significantly lower than Nylon™ and acetate and comparable to Teflon; self-lubricating; high resistance to abrasion (15 times higher than steel); better abrasion resistance than Teflon; non-toxic.

Carbon Fibre: An extremely thin fiber, approximately 0.005 - 0.010 mm in diameter, composed essentially of carbon atoms; very stable in terms of size; a yarn is made of several 1000 carbon fibers; high tensile strength; light weight; low thermal expansion; very resistant to stretching or bending; thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.

Fiberglass: High surface area to weight ratio; by trapping air, blocks of glass fibers have good thermal insulation; thermal conductivity is 0.05 W/(m x K); the thinnest fibers are the strongest as the thinner fibers are more pliable; the properties of the glass fibers are consistent along the fiber and across its cross-section, since glass has an amorphous structure; correlation between the bending diameter of the fiber and the fiber diameter; thermal, electrical and acoustic insulation; higher elongation before breaking than carbon fibers.

yarns

A variety of different yarns can be used to make the knit fabric used in the present invention. As already defined, a yarn is a structure made of one or more fibers that is long in relation to its diameter.

Functional yarns can transport moisture and therefore absorb sweat and moisture. They can be electrically conductive, self-cleaning, thermally regulating and insulating, flame-resistant and UV-absorbing, and can allow retroreflection of infrared radiation. They can be suitable for sensors. Antibacterial yarns, such as silver yarns, prevent odors from forming.

Stainless steel thread contains fibers made from a mixture of nylon or polyester and steel. Its properties include high abrasion resistance, high cut resistance, high thermal abrasion, high thermal and electrical conductivity, high tensile strength and high weight.

In textiles made from knitwear, electrically conductive yarns can be used to integrate electronic devices. For example, these yarns can transmit electrical impulses from sensors to devices for processing the impulses, or the yarns themselves can function as sensors and measure, for example, electrical currents on the skin or physiological magnetic fields. Examples of the use of textile-based electrodes can be found in the European patent application EP 1916 323 .

Fused yarns can be a blend of a thermoplastic yarn and a non-thermoplastic yarn. There are essentially three types of melted yarn: a thermoplastic yarn surrounded by a non-thermoplastic yarn; a non-thermoplastic yarn surrounded by thermoplastic yarn; and pure fused yarn made of thermoplastic material. After heating to the melting temperature, the thermoplastic yarn fuses with the non-thermoplastic yarn (e.g. polyester or Nylon™) and stiffens the knitted fabric. The melting temperature of the thermoplastic yarn is determined accordingly and is usually lower than that of the non-thermoplastic yarn in the case of a blended yarn.

A shrink yarn is a yarn with two components. The outer component is a shrinking material that shrinks when a defined temperature is exceeded. The inner component is a non-shrinking yarn such as polyester or nylon. Shrinkage increases the stiffness of the fabric.

Another yarn used in knitwear are luminous or reflective yarns and so-called “smart” yarns. Examples of intelligent yarns are yarns that react to moisture, heat or cold and change their properties accordingly, e.g. B. contract and thus reduce the mesh or change their volume and thus increase the air permeability. Yarns made of piezo fibers or yarns coated with a piezoelectric substance are able to convert kinetic energy or pressure changes into voltage, which can supply energy to sensors, transmitters or accumulators, for example.

In principle, yarns can also be post-treated, e.g. coated, in order to obtain certain properties, e.g. elongation, color or moisture resistance.

polymer coating

Because of their structure with stitches, knitted or warp-knitted fabrics are much more flexible and stretchable than woven textile materials. For certain applications and requirements, for example in certain areas of a shoe upper or a sole according to the present invention, it is therefore necessary to reduce this flexibility and extensibility in order to achieve sufficient stability.

For this purpose, knitwear (knitwear or hosiery), but in principle also on other textile materials, on one side or a polymer layer can be applied on both sides. Such a polymer layer brings about reinforcement and/or stiffening of the knitted fabric. In a shoe upper, for example, it can serve to support and/or stiffen and/or reduce elasticity in the toe area, in the heel area, along the shoelace eyelets, on lateral and/or medial surfaces or in other areas. Furthermore, the elasticity of the knitwear and in particular the extensibility are reduced. In addition, the polymer layer protects the knitwear against abrasion. Furthermore, with the help of the polymer coating, the knitted fabric can be given a three-dimensional shape by compression molding.

In the first step of the polymer coating, the polymer material is applied to one side of the knitted fabric. However, it can also be applied on both sides. The material can be applied by spraying, squeegeeing, brushing, printing, sintering, ironing or spreading. If it is a polymer material in the form of a film, it is placed on the knitwear and bonded to the knitwear with the aid of heat and pressure, for example. The main method of application is spraying. This can be done with a tool similar to a hot glue gun. Spraying enables the polymer material to be applied evenly in thin layers. In addition, spraying is a quick process. Effect pigments such as color pigments can be added to the polymer coating.

The polymer is applied in at least one layer with a thickness of preferably 0.2-1 mm. One or more layers can be applied, whereby the layers can have different thicknesses and/or colors. There can be continuous transitions from areas with a thin polymer coating to areas with a thick polymer coating between adjacent areas with different thicknesses of polymer coating. Likewise, different polymers can be used in different areas, as described below.

When applied, the polymer material settles on the one hand on the contact points or nodes of the yarns of the knitted fabric and on the other hand in the gaps between the yarns and forms a closed polymer surface on the knitted fabric after the processing steps described below. With larger mesh sizes or holes in the textile structure, this closed polymer surface can also be interrupted, e.g. to allow ventilation. This also depends on the thickness of the material applied: the thinner the polymer material is applied, the more likely it is that the polymer surface will be interrupted. Furthermore, the polymeric material can also penetrate and impregnate the yarn, thereby contributing to its consolidation.

After the polymer material has been applied, the knitted fabric is pressed in a press using heat and pressure. During this step, the polymer material liquefies and combines with the yarn of the textile material.

In a further optional step, the knitwear can be pressed into a three-dimensional shape in a compression press. For example, the heel area or the toe area of a shoe upper can be three-dimensionally formed over a last. Alternatively, the knitwear can also be adapted directly to a foot.

After pressing and molding, the reaction time for full set can be one to two days, depending on the polymer material used.

The following polymer materials can be used: Polyester; polyester urethane prepolymer; acrylate; Acetate; reactive polyolefins; copolyesters; Polyamide; copolyamide; reactive systems (mainly polyurethane systems that react with H ₂ O or O2); polyurethanes; thermoplastic polyurethanes; and polymeric dispersions.

A suitable viscosity range for the polymeric material is 50-80 Pa·s (Pascal second) at 90-150°C. A range of 15-50 Pa·s (Pascal seconds) at 110-150° C. is particularly preferred.

A preferred range for the hardness of the cured polymeric material is 40-60 Shore-D. Depending on the application, however, other hardness ranges are also conceivable.

The polymer coating described can be used wherever supporting functions, stiffening, increased abrasion resistance, elimination of tension, increased comfort and/or adaptation to given three-dimensional geometries are desired. It is also conceivable, for example, to adapt a shoe upper to the individual shape of a wearer's foot by applying polymer material to the shoe upper and then adapting it to the shape of the foot under heat.

Monofilaments for reinforcement

As previously defined, a monofilament is a yarn composed of a single filament, that is, a single fiber. The extensibility of monofilaments is therefore much lower than of yarns made from many fibers. This also reduces the extensibility of knitted fabrics made from or having monofilaments used in the present invention. Monofilaments are typically made from polyamide. However, other materials such as polyester or a thermoplastic material would also be conceivable.

So while knitwear made from a monofilament is much more rigid and less stretchy, this knitwear does not have the desired surface properties such as suppleness, colors, moisture transport, external appearance and variety of textile structures as usual knitwear. This disadvantage is overcome by the knitwear described below.

8th shows a knitted fabric having a knitted layer of a first yarn, e.g. a multifilament yarn, and a knitted layer of monofilament. The monofilament layer is knitted into the first yarn layer. The resulting two-ply knit fabric has significantly greater strength and lower stretch than the yarn-only ply. If a monofilament is slightly melted, the monofilament connects even better with the first yarn.

8th 8 shows in particular a front view 81 and a back view 82 of a two-layer knitted fabric 80. Both views show a first knitted layer 83 of first yarn and a second knitted layer 84 of monofilament. The first textile layer 83 made from the first yarn is linked to the second layer 84 via stitches 85 . As a result, the greater strength and lower extensibility of the second textile layer 84 made from the monofilament is transferred to the first textile layer 83 made from the first yarn.

A monofilament can also be melted slightly to bond to the first yarn layer and further limit stretch. The monofilament then fuses at the points of contact with the first yarn and fixes the first yarn to the layer of monofilament.

Combination of monofilaments and polymer coating

The knitted fabric with two layers described in the previous section can be additionally reinforced with a polymer coating, as already described in the “Polymer coating” section. The polymeric material is applied to the knitted layer of monofilament. It does not bond with the material (e.g. polyamide material) of the monofilament, since the surface of the monofilament is very smooth, but essentially penetrates the underlying first layer of first yarn (e.g. polyester yarn). During the subsequent pressing, the polymer material therefore combines with the first yarn of the first layer and reinforces the first layer. The polymer material has a lower melting point than the first yarn of the first layer and the monofilament of the second layer. The temperature during pressing is chosen so that only the polymer material melts, but not the monofilament or the first yarn.

fused yarn

For reinforcement and to reduce stretching, the yarn of the knitwear used according to the invention can also additionally or alternatively be a melted yarn that fastens the knitwear after pressing. There are essentially three types of melted yarn: a thermoplastic yarn surrounded by a non-thermoplastic yarn; a non-thermoplastic yarn surrounded by thermoplastic yarn; and pure fused yarn made of thermoplastic material. To improve the bond between the thermoplastic yarn and the non-thermoplastic yarn, the surface of the non-thermoplastic yarn can be textured.

The pressing preferably takes place at a temperature of 110 to 150°C, particularly preferably at 130°C. The thermoplastic yarn melts at least partially and connects to the non-thermoplastic yarn. After pressing, the knitwear is cooled so that the connection is hardened and fixed. The melted yarn can be arranged in the shoe upper and/or the sole.

In one embodiment, the melted yarn is knitted into the knitwear. If there are several layers, the melted yarn can be knitted into one, several or all layers of the knitted fabric.

In a further embodiment, the melted yarn can be arranged between two layers of knitwear. The melted yarn can simply be placed between the layers. The arrangement between the layers has the advantage that the mold does not get dirty during pressing and forming, since there is no direct contact between the melted yarn and the mold.

Thermoplastic textile for reinforcement

A further possibility for reinforcing knitwear, which is used for the present invention, for example in a shoe upper and/or a sole, is to use a thermoplastic textile. This is a thermoplastic fabric or a thermoplastic knitted fabric. A thermoplastic textile at least partially melts when exposed to heat and solidifies when it cools down. A thermoplastic textile can be applied, for example, to the surface of a shoe upper or sole, which can comprise knitwear, for example, by the application of pressure and heat. When it cools down, the thermoplastic textile hardens and reinforces, for example, the upper part of the shoe or the sole in a targeted manner in the area in which it was attached.

The thermoplastic textile can be manufactured specifically in its shape, thickness and structure for reinforcement. In addition, its properties can be varied in certain areas. For example, the stitch structure, the stitch binding and/or the yarn used can be varied in such a way that different properties are achieved in different areas.

One embodiment of a thermoplastic textile is a knitted or crocheted fabric made from thermoplastic yarn. In addition, the thermoplastic textile can also have a non-thermoplastic yarn. The thermoplastic textile can be applied, for example, to a shoe upper or a shoe sole by pressure and heat.

Another embodiment of a thermoplastic textile is a fabric whose weft and/or warp threads are thermoplastic. Different yarns can be used in the weft and warp directions of the thermoplastic fabric in order to achieve different properties, e.g. stretchability, in the weft and warp directions.

A further embodiment of a thermoplastic textile is a spacer fabric or spacer fabric made of thermoplastic material. For example, only one layer can be thermoplastic, for example to be attached to a shoe upper or sole. Alternatively, both layers are thermoplastic, e.g. to connect the sole to the shoe upper.

A thermoplastic knit or knit can be made using the knit fabric manufacturing techniques described in the Knit Fabric section.

A thermoplastic textile can only be partially bonded to the surface to be reinforced under pressure and heat, so that only certain areas or only a certain area of the thermoplastic textile will bond to the surface. Other areas or another area do not connect, so that there, for example, the permeability to air and/or moisture is retained. The function and/or the design, e.g. of a shoe upper or sole, can be changed as a result.

shoe upper

9 Figure 12 shows a schematic plan view of one embodiment of an outer sheet 91 of the present invention. The outer layer 91 has a first knitwear. This can be a knitted or warp-knitted fabric, which can be produced, for example, on a knitting or warp-knitting machine. The knitwear is made, for example, from one of the yarns described above. Multiple yarns can also be used. For example, one of the yarns may be a monofilament or a fusible yarn, as described above in the relevant sections.

The outer layer 91 can be the first knitwear, for example in the 9 toe area 92 shown. It is conceivable that the outer layer 91 additionally or alternatively also has the first knitwear in other areas, for example on the inside, the outside, in the heel area or in the instep area. The outer layer can also consist of the first knitwear, ie it can be made entirely of knitwear.

As shown in the upper toe region 92, the first knitwear may have openings. These can already be knitted in or warp-knitted in when the knitwear is being manufactured. Alternatively, the opening can be cut out or punched out later, for example. Optionally, the edge of the opening can then be welded, for example, to prevent runs. The size of the openings can be, for example, in the millimeter range or a few centimeters. The openings allow air to circulate and can provide a view of the underlying inner layer of the shoe upper according to the invention.

The outer layer can have areas in which separate elements are arranged. For example, a heel cap can be arranged in a heel area 93 . This can be sewn, glued or welded onto the heel area 93, as described above. The heel counter can be placed visibly on the outside of the outer layer 91 or invisibly between the outer layer 91 and the inner layer be. Alternatively, the heel cap is made of knitted fabric, for example as a spacer knitted fabric or spacer fabric and/or knitted fabric reinforced with melted yarn and/or a polymer coating and/or a thermoplastic textile, as described above in the sections "Functional Knitwear", "Felt Yarn", "Polymer Coating". and "Thermoplastic Textile for Reinforcement".

For example, the heel cap can be formed by melting yarn, which is knitted or warp-knitted only into the first knitwear of the outer layer 91 . The melted yarn liquefies when heated, is distributed in the knitted fabric and solidifies when it cools down. Fused yarn can also be knitted or warp-knitted into only the first knitwear of the outer layer 91 in the toe area. In this way, a toe cap can be obtained in a simple manner.

Fused yarn can also be knitted or warp-knitted into only the first knitwear of the outer layer 91 in the area of the shoelace eyelets. In this way, the shoelace eyelets can be formed, for example, from melted yarn. In these exemplary embodiments, the second knitwear of the inner layer ensures a high level of wearing comfort, since it assumes the function of padding and does not allow the foot to come into direct contact with the areas reinforced with melted yarn.

The outer layer 91 also contains areas, such as the side area 94, which primarily serve the visual appearance of the shoe upper. For example, the side area 94 can be an area of a manufacturer's logo. Such logos can be applied later. Alternatively, such logos are made in one piece with the first knitwear, for example by using yarns of a different color or by varying the stitches, e.g. by forming knitted structures such as ribs, waves, etc.

The outer layer 91 may also be provided with at least one lace eyelet, such as that shown at 95. Such a shoelace eyelet 95 can be subsequently attached to the outer layer 91, e.g. by sewing, gluing, welding or riveting. Alternatively, a shoelace eyelet 95 can be made in one piece with the first knitwear. A stronger yarn and/or a fusible yarn and/or a polymer coating can then be used in the area of the shoelace eyelet 95, as described above in the sections “Fused Yarn” and “Polymer Coating”.

Depending on the requirements of the shoe, the outer layer 91 can fulfill various functions by appropriately designing the first knitwear. For example, the outer layer 91 can be water-repellent through the use of a water-repellent yarn. Additionally or alternatively, the outer layer 91 can be water-repellent by using a particularly close-meshed mesh structure. This can also be achieved or supported by an after-treatment of the first knitwear, e.g. with an impregnation and additionally or alternatively a corresponding coating.

By using an abrasion-resistant yarn, the outer layer 91 can be correspondingly abrasion-resistant. This can also be achieved or supported by a robust, e.g., close-meshed, mesh structure.

10 Figure 12 shows a schematic plan view of one embodiment of an inner sheet 101 of the present invention. The inner layer 101 has a second knitwear. This can be a knitted or warp-knitted fabric, which can be produced, for example, on a knitting or warp-knitting machine. The knitwear is made, for example, from one of the yarns described above in the relevant section. Multiple yarns can also be used. For example, one of the yarns may be a monofilament or a fusible yarn, as described above in the relevant sections.

The inner layer 101 can have the second knitwear in at least one area, for example in the toe area. It is conceivable that the inner layer 101 additionally or alternatively also has the first knitwear in other areas, e.g. on the inside, the outside, in the heel area or in the instep area. The inner layer can also consist of the second knitwear, i.e. be made entirely of knitwear.

The second knitwear can have openings for air circulation. These can already be knitted in or warp-knitted in when the knitwear is being manufactured. Alternatively, the openings can be cut out or punched out later, for example. Optionally, the edges of the openings can then be welded, for example, to prevent runs. The size of the openings can be, for example, in the millimeter range or a few centimeters.

The inner layer 101 can have areas with specific functions. For example, the in 10 Upper toe regions 102, as shown, may be more elastic than other regions to support toe bending. This Elasticity can be achieved, for example, by using second knitwear which has an elastic yarn.

The inner layer 101 can also have a cushioning function to provide appropriate comfort to the foot. For example, padding can be provided in the ankle area 103 of the ankle. This padding can be provided by the second knitwear. For this purpose, the second knitwear can be, for example, a spacer knitted fabric or spacer fabric, as described above in the corresponding section. Alternatively, the second knitwear in the ankle area 103 is a two-layer knitwear, between the layers of which a padding material, e.g. foam, is subsequently arranged. Padding may also be provided in other areas of the innersheet 101, such as the toe area.

In another embodiment of the invention, the inner layer 101 and the outer layer 91 are shaped such that there is a gap between the two layers in certain areas, e.g. B. the ankle area, forms at least one cavity, e.g. in the form of a pocket, into which padding can be inserted.

Depending on the requirements, the inner layer 101 can fulfill different functions by using appropriate knitwear. For example, a particularly moisture-absorbing yarn can be used for the second knitwear. E.g. a yarn with fibers with a bone-shaped cross-section, as described above in the "Fibers" and "Yarns" section. Examples of materials for such fibers are acrylic or spandex.

The mesh structure of the second knitwear can vary depending on the requirement. For example, a structure with larger meshes promotes air circulation. In addition, this function can be supported by openings, which are worked into the knitted fabric during knitting or warp-knitting, or are subsequently cut out or punched out. Optionally, the edges of the openings can then be welded, for example, to prevent runs.

11 shows a schematic plan view of an embodiment of a shoe upper 51 according to the invention, which has an outer layer 91 and an inner layer 101. The inner layer 101 can be connected to the outer layer, for example, by sewing, gluing or welding (by means of high frequency, laser or ultrasound as described above in the “Functional Knitwear” section). Alternatively, the inner layer 101 can be connected to the outer layer 91 by linking.

It is also conceivable that the inner layer 101 is releasably connected to the outer layer 91 by means of a Velcro fastener, a snap fastener, a lacing, in a positive or non-positive manner.

Between the inner layer 101 and the outer layer 91 elements such as a heel cap, a reinforcement in the area of the toes, a reinforcement strip, a membrane or a shoelace eyelet can be arranged. These elements can be connected to the inner layer 101 and/or the outer layer 91 by sewing, gluing or welding. Alternatively, such elements may be releasably disposed between the inner layer 101 and the outer layer 91.

12 shows an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the outer layer 91 and the inner layer 101 each completely enclose the foot of a wearer, ie are designed in the shape of a sock. The outer layer 91 is arranged relative to the inner layer 101 in such a way that the directions of greatest extensibility 121, 122 of the two layers 91, 101 are perpendicular to one another. For better illustration are in the embodiment of 10 the outer layer 91 and the inner layer 101 arranged side by side. In the case of an upper 51 according to the invention, the inner layer 101 is arranged under the outer layer 91 .

In the embodiment of 12 the inner layer 101 and the outer layer 91 are made of knit fabric which generally has a direction of greatest stretchability. For example, a knitted fabric has greater stretchability in the direction of the rows of stitches than in the direction of the wales. However, the inner layer 101 and the outer layer 91 do not have to, as in the embodiment of FIG 12 , consist entirely of knitwear, but can also partially have it.

In the embodiment of 12 the outer layer 91 is aligned in such a way that its direction of greatest extensibility 121 runs essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shoe upper 51 . In contrast, the direction of greatest extensibility 122 of the inner layer 101 is aligned such that it is essentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shoe upper 51 . The directions 121 and 122 are therefore also perpendicular to one another. The advantage according to the invention also results if the directions 121 and 122 are not exactly at right angles to one another, but essentially at right angles, for example at an angle between 70° and 110°.

In the 12 are also the knitting or knitting directions 123, 124 of both layers 91, 101 shown. The knitting or knitting direction corresponds to the direction in which the goods are formed during the manufacturing process. The knitting or knitting direction 123 of the outer layer 91 runs transversely to the longitudinal direction of the shoe upper 51. As a result, the direction of greatest stretchability 121 of the outer layer 91 runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shoe upper 51. The knitting or knitting direction 124 of the inner layer 101 runs parallel to the longitudinal direction of the shoe upper 51. As a result, the direction of greatest extensibility 122 of the inner layer 101 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shoe upper 51.

The first knitwear and the second knitwear can also differ in terms of their shape. In this case, both knitwear are not completely congruent. For example, certain areas of the inner layer may be visible from the outside. In this way, zones with certain functions can be achieved in a targeted manner. Where the second knitwear of the inner layer is not covered by the first knitwear of the outer layer, the inner layer fulfills its respective function. Where the first knitwear of the outer layer is not covered by the second knitwear of the inner layer, the outer layer fulfills its respective function. Where the first knitwear and the second knitwear overlap, both knitwear fulfill their respective functions.

For example, the first knitwear of the outer layer can be a stable knitted fabric, which is arranged in the heel area, in the midfoot area and in the toe area, and in other areas, e.g. in the flex zones, the tongue area and the upper toe area, the underlying second knitwear of the inner layer is not covered, i.e. left free. The second knitwear can have a soft, moisture-transporting yarn and cover all areas of the foot, ie it can be designed like a sock. The first knitwear of the outer layer performs its function where it is placed, providing stability to the foot in the heel, midfoot and toe areas. The second knitwear of the inner layer fulfills its function, in particular moisture transport, especially where the first knitwear of the outer layer is not arranged, e.g. in the flex zones, the tongue area and the upper toe area.

In a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, areas in which pressure points can easily occur (e.g. in the flex area, the instep, etc.) are only covered by an inner layer which has an elastic second knitted fabric. In this way, pressure-sensitive areas are relieved.

It is also conceivable that the first knitwear and the second knitwear differ only in terms of their shape, but otherwise have the same yarn, the same stitch structure and the same orientation. Also in this case, the respective functions of the first knitwear and the second knitwear complement each other due to their different shapes.

Basically, the present invention allows a modular construction of the shoe upper 51, i.e. inner layer 101 and outer layer 91 allow almost any combination. For example, a customer can individually put together a shoe upper 51 from an inner layer 101 and an outer layer 91. It is conceivable, for example, that he can choose from a number of outer layers with different degrees of stability and from a number of inner layers with different thicknesses. It is also conceivable that he can choose from different colors and designs of the outer layer 91 and inner layer 101.

Another possibility is that the inner layer 101 or the outer layer 91 or both are customized for a customer. For example, the second knitwear of the inner layer 101 could be more elastic than the first knitwear of the outer layer 91 and thus exert compression on the foot. The amount and distribution of compression across the foot could be customized, for example to support specific areas of the foot, such as the metatarsal area. The compression could be adjusted individually, for example in the manner of a bandage for injuries.

The modular design also reduces storage costs, since the large number of possible combinations of inner and outer layer means that a wider range of models can be manufactured from fewer parts.

QUOTES INCLUDED IN DESCRIPTION

This list of documents cited by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent Literature Cited

• EP 1916323 [0135]

Claims (18)

Shoe upper (51) for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, comprising: a. an outer layer (91) comprising a first knit fabric; b. an inner layer (101) comprising a second knit fabric; c. wherein the first knitwear differs from the second knitwear with regard to the stitch structure and/or the alignment, and wherein the second knitwear is aligned in such a way that the direction of greatest stretchability of the second knitwear is essentially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the shoe upper (51). Shoe upper (51) according to claim 1 , wherein the inner layer (101) is made substantially entirely of the second knitwear. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear and/or the second knitwear is knitted. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear and/or the second knitwear is knitted. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the second knitwear has a thinner yarn than the first knitwear. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear has a substantially coarser mesh structure than the second knitwear. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the second knitwear absorbs moisture better and/or transfers it to the outside better than the first knitwear. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the second knitwear has an area which takes over the function of a tongue. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear has at least one opening through which the second knitwear is visible. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the second knitwear is more extensible than the first knitwear. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear and the second knitwear are aligned with one another such that the shoe upper (51) has a substantially isotropic extensibility. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear and the second knitwear are aligned to one another such that the direction of greatest stretchability of the first knitwear is essentially perpendicular to the direction of greatest stretchability of the second knitwear. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear is oriented such that the direction of greatest stretchability of the first knitwear runs essentially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the shoe upper (51). Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first knitwear and the second knitwear are aligned to one another in such a way that the rows of stitches of the first knitwear are essentially perpendicular to the rows of stitches of the second knitwear. Shoe upper (51) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the inner layer (101) is detachably connected to the outer layer (91). Shoe upper (51) according to claim 15 , wherein the inner layer (101) is releasably connected to the outer layer (91) by means of a Velcro fastener, a snap fastener, a lacing, positively or non-positively. Shoe upper (51) according to one of Claims 1 until 14 , wherein the outer layer (91) is not detachably connected to the inner layer (101). Shoe, in particular a sports shoe, comprising: a. a shoe upper (51) according to any one of the preceding claims; b. a sole.

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