DE20108106U1 - Voltatherm roofing - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates in particular to roof tiles (scale-shaped elements) for covering roofs which are provided with overlaps for sealing against rain, i.e. for example equipped with head, foot and/or side folds.

These cover elements also have the functionalities of solar thermal and/or photovoltaics as characteristic properties.

Coverings with these covering elements are among the most commonly used types of roofing. Such roof coverings are rainproof, weatherproof, hailproof and fireproof. Movements in the roof structure such as shrinkage, vibration or the effects of changing wind forces and temperature fluctuations are absorbed and compensated for by coverings with covering elements without any loss of rainproofness. Coverings with these covering elements can be walked on without the risk of breaking through. To increase the rainproofness of the covering, covering elements are provided with folds on the edges - head, foot and side folds, which can be designed in different ways.

Covering elements for covering flat covering surfaces, such as pitched roofs, are well known. The most varied types of covering elements are the basis of the analysis and include all common types of bricks and roof tiles, including the light tiles made of glass or transparent plastic. The covering joint that is open at the top as a type of side fold formation, as well as the covering joint that is open at the side, are not subject to any further differentiation. The covering elements that have double folds expressly form the focus of the analysis according to the invention.

It is also known that solar thermal energy can be used to convert solar radiation into low, medium and high temperature heat. The solar thermal systems in use are systems that are equipped with a wide variety of collector technologies. What these collectors have in common, as part of several in a solar system, is that they are installed in a wide variety of ways as flat elements (rectangular or box-shaped), for example on roofs.

It is also known that it is possible to mount photovoltaic modules on roofs to generate electricity from the sunlight. The preferred shape of these modules is again box-shaped and rectangular. These photovoltaic module units are usually installed on the roof with the most pronounced, intended flat side facing up.

As a rule, conventional thermal systems are attached to the outer skin of the roof using special structural measures, including the installation of additional structures. This also applies to modules for generating electrical power from sunlight using photovoltaics.

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/Introduction Page 2 of 8

The disadvantage of this box shape is that these collectors, like the photovoltaic modules, are mounted above the roof covering or are located in recesses in the roof covering. If the collectors or energy modules are also mounted above the roof covering, this inevitably results in double covering or increased covering costs, which also increase costs. A stronger roof construction is often another cost-effective and determining factor. The susceptibility of mounted box formats to wind is an additional disadvantage due to the increased surface area exposed to the wind. On the other hand, with systems embedded in the roof covering, the necessary recesses interrupt the closedness of the roof surface, with all the negative consequences that this has for its watertightness. The weather resistance of the roof is similarly impaired. The roof is no longer fully accessible, for example in the event of repair work.

Installations of large-area solar collectors or absorbers on conventional roof coverings are well known. These collectors are used to convert solar radiation into heat and transfer it to a heat transfer medium. Due to the high cost of conventional solar systems, only parts of the existing roof areas are used for such additional installations. The familiar visual appearance is also impaired by these installations. These procedures may violate building regulations, not least with regard to old building renovations. The occurrence of heat losses on the underside of the absorber element is another disadvantage. Similar findings can be made with regard to the ratio of the total area of a roof to the much smaller area of the actual absorber. The heat losses due to the unused collector-free roof areas are many times higher than the covered area of the roof. Highly efficient absorber areas carry the problem that the system's standstill temperatures can be exceeded as a result of additional control and regulation expenditure.

The need for operational cooling is the reference here. The system design of the absorber must be based on the temperature range in which the heat transfer fluid in the &Sgr; ·

operating phases. Temperatures of 200 ⁰ C for the heat transfer fluid to a required hot water temperature of, for example, 60 °C is certainly disproportionate! The payback period is too long for many homeowners, even when taking into account the funding conditions. The range of efficiency of the absorbers available on the market is also subject to limitations over time. Individual components of the systems, such as safety glass panes, indirect supply and discharge pipes and penetrations on the roof are subject to soiling and wear. Component-specific components, such as intermediate sheet metal, sealing and connecting materials and insulating materials, are also among these weak points. This includes the covers, the housing and the assembly. According to the state of the art, the efficiency analysis of collectors always only refers to parts of the absorber, since the same side of the radiation direction is always facing the sun. Only the top of the absorber is heated by the sun. The problem of mixing the heat transfer fluid is therefore an unsatisfactorily solved task.

Literature: -»· Müller, Friedrich U.: Successful use of thermal solar energy. Active thermal solar technology in Central Europe. Franzis. 1997

The word photovoltaics is a combination of the Greek word for light and the name of the physicist Alessandro Volta. It refers to the direct conversion of sunlight into electrical energy using solar cells. The conversion process is based on the photoelectric effect discovered by Alexander Becquerel in 1839.

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/Introduction Page 3 of 8

The photoelectric effect is the release of positive and negative charge carriers in a solid body when exposed to light. Solar cells generate renewable electrical energy using this photoelectric effect. These solar cells are made of various semiconductor materials. Semiconductors are substances that become electrically conductive when exposed to light or heat, or substances whose conductivity increases when exposed to light. At lower temperatures, these substances have an insulating effect. The physically based theory here is the wave-particle duality of light. Light not only has a structure that can be understood as a wave, but can also be understood as a particle stream of photons. When these photons hit certain materials, they are able to release individual electrons from the compound and thus trigger a flow of current. A typical example of this semiconductor material is silicon (Si). Silicon has the advantage that, as the second most common element in the earth's crust, it is available in sufficient quantities and that processing the material is environmentally friendly. To produce a solar cell, the semiconductor material is "doped". This means the defined introduction of chemical elements with which one can achieve either a positive charge carrier surplus (p-conducting semiconductor layer) or a negative charge carrier surplus (η-conducting semiconductor layer) in the semiconductor material. If two differently doped semiconductor layers are formed, a so-called p-n junction is formed at the boundary layer. An internal electric field builds up at this junction, which leads to a charge separation of the charge carriers released when light hits it. An electrical voltage can be tapped via metal contacts. If the outer circuit is closed, i.e. an electrical consumer is connected, a direct current flows. The power (product of current and voltage) is subject to various dependencies, for example on the cell temperature, the degree of reflection and the semiconductor material. Reducing reflection losses increases the power just as much as reducing the cell temperature. There are two different groups of solar cells, which also differ from*.. *.! differ in terms of the type of crystal.

The first group of crystalline cells are characterized by a regular lattice structure. According to the crystal·

A distinction is made between monocrystalline cells and polycrystalline types. I ·. · I ·

The monocrystalline cells are manufactured using extreme energy expenditure.

The poly- or multicrystalline cells deliver slightly uneven, and in their efficiency, reduced * * energy units. ·

The second group, namely the amorphous cells, are called direct crystalline cells or direct semiconductors. The types differ in their nature, namely the standard version and the amorphous thin-film cell.
The third type is the high-performance cell.

The amorphous cells can absorb 50 times as much light as crystalline cells.

The semiconductor material layer thickness of amorphous thin-film cells is approximately one five hundredth of the layer thickness of conventional cells.

The high-performance cells have an efficiency that is three to four times higher than the conventional standard cell.

For all cell types, surface structuring to reduce reflection losses is an open field of work.

This also applies to the search for the optimal semiconductor material. A broader radiation spectrum to which the cells respond in order to improve the use of the various spectral ranges is another area of development.

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/Introduction Page 4 of 8

Focusing cell geometry or tracking systems are further strategic directions for increasing efficiency and avenues of recent research.

Natural limits to the efficiency of the cells are that only certain spectral ranges of the incident light are suitable for the semiconductor materials used. A certain amount of excess photon energy is converted into heat, which can reduce the efficiency of the cell.
Optical losses are caused by shadowing and reflection. The physical properties of the semiconductor materials used set limits! The maximum theoretical efficiency of crystalline silicon of around 28% is representative of this limitation. The cell composition is used to create suitable modules that provide the right voltages or power for the different areas of application. Individual solar cells are interconnected to form larger units. Connecting the cells in series results in a higher voltage, while connecting them in parallel results in a higher current. The interconnected solar cells are usually embedded in transparent ethylene vinyl acetate, provided with an aluminum or stainless steel frame and covered with transparent glass on the front. In the mass balance, the glass portion is 30% to 65%; the frame portion, expressed as a percentage by mass, is 10% to 25%. In the case of thin-film solar cells, the thin film is applied to glass as the carrier material or as the coating body.

The object of the invention is to eliminate these disadvantages:

This task is solved with regard to the solar thermal function, or rather the collectors, by covering elements*, in the usual form in terms of external shape, accommodating a hose as a * ·, collector in the overlapping areas of the elements. This is achieved by factory measures, in that the collector hose is prepared in the relevant overlapping area of the element during element manufacture. By means of this I"' hose, the radiation energy is converted into heat energy by absorption. * . <

With regard to the photoelectric modules, this task is solved by providing the roof tiles with a photovoltaic, sensitive partial coating on their upper side. This partial coating is integrated into a multi-layer structure applied in the system to the usual covering elements. This functional multi-layer system is also applied to the tiles in the factory in the final phase of the production of these elements, by permanently bonding the roof tile to a photovoltaic, sensitive layer on its upper side.

According to claim 3, a combination is obtained which makes it possible to generate thermal energy as well as electrical energy by using the solar radiation on a modified covering element (roof tile) or the roof surface covered with it.

The above measures have the advantage that a modified standard, relatively inexpensive, roof tile can be used for this purpose.

Further advantages arise from the following subclaims.

The external, visible form and shape of the usual covering elements, or roof covering, is not affected by the appropriate omission of hidden geometries, which have previously been components of conventional covering elements.

The familiar image of traditionally grown roof landscapes is preserved, also in the sense

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/Introduction Page 5 of 8

existing building regulations. The renovation of old buildings with the inclusion of solar thermal energy is therefore basically feasible for the first time. Complex double coverings or additional collectors are no longer necessary. Maintenance and upkeep are significantly reduced due to the reduction in the number of subcomponents of the system presented in the invention. The free, usual walkability or accessibility of every roof area in the known form is retained. The susceptibility to wind is reduced beyond the known extent in comparison to the usual roof coverings. No further, additional reinforcing measures are required on the roof structure for existing roofs.

Safety, such as avoiding and excluding uncontrolled leakage of heat transfer fluid, is another advantageous system design.

In principle, the entire roof surface, or rather all sides of the roof, can contribute to the conversion of solar energy into thermal energy through this invention. The dependence on the direction of the solar radiation is thus relativized.

Due to the geometry of the hose (hollow strand) and the way it is laid across the entire roof surface, the problem of mixing no longer exists.

The occurrence of system-related heat losses is minimized by the concealed routing of the hollow strand in the overlaps. The additional utilization of the specific heat capacity of the roof covering element makes a further contribution to this, derived from the climate-buffering effect of previously used elements. The thermal insulation, according to the design of the roof type, makes a further contribution with regard to the energy used by the described solar thermal system. This not

Concentrating solar thermal system operates in the low temperature range up to 100 ⁰ C. *

&bull; · The positive influence on the design scope of the control, regulation and storage technology is evident - especially since the * _t . *. &Idigr;

Cooling of the system is not necessary during downtime.

The concealed guidance of the hollow strand in the overlap of the elements guarantees the temperature resistance and shock resistance of the design demonstrated by this invention. !..·!.

The payback period for the collector system could be reduced to a fraction of a power of ten in

Comparison to conventional collectors. II

Extensions and additions are easy to implement with the underlying claim of the invention. Roof surfaces can be expanded, replaced, repaired and individual elements or damaged areas can be easily replaced. The structure is simple and inexpensive, taking into account the entire available roof surface on all sides of the roof. The installation of the collector hose system into the factory-modified absorber elements can also be carried out privately and cost-effectively if you have manual skills.
The collector performs its function in changing climates.

Influences such as those found in conventional components, such as the glass pane, or their often sloppy installation without sufficient support in the collector structure are excluded. The risk of contamination due to the availability of glass pane inserts that can get dirty is excluded. Exposed sealing seams and sealing cords are not used; standard-related surrounds of the collectors are not necessary; the ingress of foreign substances is prevented; a hermetically sealed housing is not a prerequisite for the collector function; any ventilation openings with air filters are not required; no screws or rivets are necessary; the negative influence of strong, abrupt temperature fluctuations does not exist; outgassing insulation material does not define the system and is not required! The solar heat, or rather the thermal radiation, is used more effectively based on simple technical implementation with an economically justifiable effort. Due to the immediate, direct contact of the

η!- vü 1 fi; ^:: ; Iflh ill

Harald Dröschel

Voltatherm roof tiles/Introduction

By covering the hose on all sides with 2 tiles (absorber elements), the collector hose can absorb heat directly from all sides of the covering element enclosure and dissipate it to the heat transfer fluid flowing through the hose without major loss rates. The partially absorbed solar radiation energy is transferred to the hose via the all-round enclosure, as well as through heat emitted by the warm roof or the roof structure. The cooling of the warm roof by dissipating heat energy via the hose collector represents a further advantage in itself. The specific "breathing" of the usual, conventional elements of the roof covering is thus incorporated into the collector function according to the invention. The specific climate buffer and heat storage effect of the common element in question makes a further contribution to heat recovery.

The specific heat storage capacity of the cover element used in each case is included in the heat transfer balance. The functionality of the conventional, usual cover elements is made usable for the collector design.

Temperature, weather, UV resistance, impact resistance, suitability for changing climates, resistance to chemical atmospheric attack, purely natural origin of the material for the bricks (absorber element), protection against extreme temperature fluctuations, frost resistance, impact resistance and much more are among the properties of the system.

The proposed low-flow system design contributes to reducing the circulation volume of the heat transfer material, which in turn leads to lower heat losses due to thinner risers and lower filling contents.

It is advantageous that previously known materials for the commonly used cover elements can be used as *..*.* carriers for the multilayer structure to achieve photovoltaic sensitivity.

The purely natural origin of the carrier material is another advantageous aspect; the mass balance of the system ;···«·*

experiences a positive influence. &Ggr; ...!.

The resistance, stability, physical properties and ecological balance of this carrier material flows as

Advantage in the system design. &Sgr; ·

The multi-layer structure of the photovoltaically sensitive surface is based on the different, known surface designs of conventional cover elements. The previous designs are replaced by this multi-layer structure.

The well-known variety of roof landscapes is not limited by maintaining the well-known format design of conventional roof elements in relation to photovoltaic functionality. The direct conversion of sunlight into electrical energy becomes a fixed, inseparable property of each individual roof element. Compared to conventional methods of manufacturing solar cells (photocells), the design of the element according to the invention involves coatings that are much more environmentally friendly, more compatible and less energy-intensive in terms of the manufacturing process. The entire available roof area, as well as all roof sides, can contribute to the generation of electrical energy. The dependence on the direction of the sun's rays is thus removed. Focusing cell geometries or tracking systems thus become less relevant. The cell temperature is kept at a low level by heat dissipation (active cooling) or heat reduction; this influence can have a performance-enhancing effect. Excess photon energy that is converted into heat thus leads to additional benefits.

&diams; ·

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/Introduction Page 7 of 8

In accordance with the physical conditions, the maximum theoretical efficiency of a photovoltaic unit is supplemented by the associated solar thermal heat generation. The advantageous use of non-polluting surfaces (lotus effect) to maintain the efficiency of each modified covering element can be another positive factor. The beading ability not only pushes foreign particles (dirt particles) further, but also carries them away from the surface! The self-cleaning ability of such conditioned surfaces ensures this. The annoying organic growth on the openly accessible roof surfaces can be prevented by the possibility of only a loose bond with the surface of the covering element (lotus effect).

The concern for the preservation of the townscape and the protection of the heritage are taken into account and preserved. Existing building regulations can be complied with in accordance with the state of the art. The previously common practice of partial double covering of the outer skin is no longer applicable. A roof area under consideration contributes both to the heat requirement and to the electrical energy consumption of a consumption unit (house).

The stability-dependent, structural changes in the roof structure are negligible for this system. Maintenance and upkeep are reduced with this system due to the elimination of the large number of components, such as glass and frames. The assembly effort in the traditional sense is eliminated. Later expansion options are retained thanks to the usual advantages of the flexible use of the cover elements, which remain the same in their external shape.

The advantage is that the susceptibility of a roof to wind is reduced by the elimination of additional structures.

The sealing function of the roof covering is ensured to the extent that the state of the art in terms of *

represents conventional coverage. , * _t

Another advantage is that the costs for conventional covering elements are halved and the previous surface finishes (e.g. glaze, engobe, etc.) are no longer required. J *

The price/benefit ratio allows the statement that, given the competitive conditions on the market, the surface-modified covering elements can be produced with little effort, also due to the inexpensive supports. This system provides a decentralized energy supply, which can function for an unlimited period of time within certain limits. This is accompanied by noiseless energy generation, which is achieved without producing waste materials. This type of energy supply can be used for any suitable roof and building covering, which has the basis of being able to be covered with conventional covering elements.

The composite nature of such layer systems makes them appear and function as an inseparable unit. The material composite of the base material (covering element) and the coating leads to the desired system characteristics via the system's own layer structure.

These features are significantly better compared to layers deposited using the PVD process. The adhesive strength of such sputtered layers is also significantly better than that of thermally generated layers. Plasma polymerization creates continuous transitions from one layer to the next. In this way, property gradients can be achieved in a controlled manner across the thickness. The layers are characterized by a high degree of flexibility.

The silicatization, or adhesion promotion, in the multi-layer system establishes the adhesive bond to the carrier material and is logical in terms of the ecological balance and resource utilization, since the element silicon, as the second most common element in the earth's crust, provides the functionality here.

The reducing transmission properties of conventional glass materials are eliminated with this multi-layer construction technology.

Harald Dröschel

Voltatherm roof tiles/Introduction

Layers with thicknesses between a few nanometers and more than 100 millimeters with high layer uniformity and very good reproducibility of the layer properties can be produced.

Complex molded parts can be coated and the substrate material "coarse ceramic" of a brick does not lead to any exclusion. Many chemical compounds can be produced. A decisive advantage of vacuum coating processes over other coating methods, such as galvanic deposition, is that certain desired coating properties such as microstructure, hardness, electrical conductivity or the refractive index can be set simply by choosing the special process and the process parameters for a given material.

The modified continuous thin film processing unit includes cleaning, various deposition areas, activation sections, structuring areas, contact zones, isolation stages and final inline control. The complete structure of the cell is thus given and can be applied to the active surface of the cover element, which is accessible for free radiation reception.

This visible area in relation to the conventional covering element is the available module area from which the entire roof surface, or rather the outer skin, of the roof is composed.

The solar cells are deposited cost-effectively on the conventional cover elements, which serve as the carrier material, with little energy and material expenditure.

By making electrical contact between the tile and the power lines by means of suitable fastening means, the invention also makes a further contribution to protecting the roof against storms and wind suction.

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/description Page 1 of

Voltatherm roof tiles description

Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in Figures 1 to 45 in the drawings and are described in more detail below. Unless otherwise stated, they are shown to scale.

Show it

Figure 1: a roof tile according to the invention shown in the installation position from above.

Figure 2: a side view of the side fold part of Fig. 1.

Figure 3: a view of the brick in installation position from below.

Figure 4: a section along the line A-A of Fig. 1 and Fig. 3.

Figure 5: a section along the line B-B of Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 corresponding to known bricks.

Figure 6: a section along the line C-C of Fig. 1 and also along Fig. 3.

Figure 7: the top view of Fig. 3.

Figure 8: a section along the line D-D related to Fig. 3.

Figure 9: a section along the line E-E related to Fig. 3 in correspondence to known bricks.

Figure 10: a view F looking at Fig. 3.

Figure 11: a section of the collector hose approximately on a scale of 1:2.

Figure 12: a section along the line H-H of Figure 15 and Figure 31, i.e. an enlarged cross-section of the

also shows parts of the normally invisible covered brick areas Figure 13: a section along line II of Figure 12.
Figure 14: a section along the line GG of Fig. 13.
Figure 15: a cross-section along the line JJ of Figure 12. Figure 16: a perspective section of a cover image with cover elements (four-element corner) with the purpose of thei ···'**

Clarification of the free guidance and continuous laying (endless) of the collector hose in !...!.

Correspondence to Fig. 12. ·

&bull; ·. · * Figure 17: schematic top view of the hollow cable (collector hose) in the concealed installation I

and guidance in the overlapping area of the elements to a right-aligned partial end piece of the covering. · ,

Figure 18: in perspective, schematic top view of a partial coverage section to illustrate the

Collector hose guide.
Figure 19: the hollow strand (collector hose) in the concealed installation and guidance in the overlapping area of the elements in a schematic and perspective top view of a right-aligned partial end piece of the covering.

Figure 20: the bottom view of Figure 19 in a schematic, perspective manner. Figure 21: schematic view R as a top view of a roof covering with the concealed

Collector hose.
Figure 22: Schematic view of two corresponding receiving containers for the heat transfer fluid, arranged as upper and lower containers.

Figure 23: shows a section along the line N-N of the pump P. Figure 24: based on Figure 1, a modification of feature 6.

Figure 25: based on Figure 1, a two-part water deflector rib in a view from above. Figure 26: based on Figure 1, a modification of the inner side fold rib with the omission of the known water-draining nose.

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/description Page 2 of 12

Figure 27: based on Figure 1 and Figure 26, a modification of the known water-draining

Nose in the area of the lower, inner side fold part.
Figure 28: based on Figure 1, a modification is made in the outer side groove caused by

Changes to the inner side fold rib.
Figure 29: a section along the line CC in addition to Figure 28.
Figure 30: a roof tile suitable for accommodating a collector hose while retaining the double-folded tile shape.

Figure 31: based on Figure 1, a modification of the 2nd inner head rib. Figure 32: a system preparation for additional leakage protection, which is intended for the optional case.

Figure 33: the schematic structure of the multi-layer coating applied on one side of the cover element.

Figure 34: Basic representation of the sealing of any phenomena related to the physical density of the coating substrate.

Figure 35: Principle representation of cross-linking by polymerization between the solid surface and the coating.

Figure 36: Adhesion-improving surface conditioning by bonding substrate and adhesion promoter, by structural changes on the surface and by chemical coupling.

Figure 37: Schematic layer structure with a designated diffusion barrier.

Figure 38: Basic structure of a solar cell as part of the multilayer system.

Figure 39: Comparison of the effect of self-cleaning of surfaces by water compared to normal surface conditions.

Figure 40: Detailed study of the beading effect as a result of the self-cleaning ability. *

* * Figure 41: Overview drawing of the contacting of a solar cell, or rather the cover elements, for ·····.

current-converging strands using the roof battens. &idigr;.«.!,

Figure 42: Detailed drawing of the contacting via the upper metal contact and pin contacts as

conductive connection to the battens as current supply to the consumer. * |

Figure 43: a section along the line K-K of Figure 42. . ,

Figure 44: Based on Figure 1, changes to the brick to implement the contact. Figure 45: Based on Figure 3, necessary changes to the brick to implement the contact.

The modified roof covering element, i.e. "absorber element", according to Figure 1, includes all common types of bricks and roof tiles, including all light tiles made of glass or transparent plastics. Coloring, as well as coloring in the same way as structuring, which are useful to support the energy conversion, are also to be included.

This normal-sized and standard-sized absorber element (normal, known size and weight) is based on the respective double-fold, conventional design of known roof covering elements. By omitting hidden geometries on the covering element during element manufacture, for example in the brickworks, the functionality is created to accommodate the collector hose 3 in the covering system, consisting of the modified covering elements.

For example, only a few changes to a standard brick need to be made during production in order to make it suitable for heat conversion using modified bricks (absorber element) and collector 3 (collector hose).

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/description Page 3 of 12

The omission of the standard inner cover rib 1 indicated by dash-dotted lines in Figure 3 is such a change.

A further modification affects the area of the head rebate rib 6 (Fig. 1, Fig. 4 and Fig. 7) in the form that a suitable recess is provided.

Fig. 6 shows 3 changes that prepare the absorber element. Feature 6 manifests itself in the omission of known geometries on the conventional brick. A coordinated rectangular piece is omitted in the left-hand end part of the head rebate rib. The exit of the collector hose 3 is possible through this measure. Feature 8 implements a change to the conventional brick in the form of the extension of the inner side rebate rib. This measure serves to maintain and secure the rainproofness. Feature 4 serves the same purpose of ensuring rainproofness by retaining the raised material nose.

Features 4 and 8 are shown again from a different perspective, namely view F, in Figure 10.

With feature 7 of Figures 1 to 3 and Figure 10, a further change is indicated in such a way that the implementation is carried out by omitting a coordinated rectangular piece. For example, this measure can be carried out by forming a phase in the side fold part, namely along the right longitudinal boundary of the inner side fold rib.

The identifier 11 of Figure 41, Figure 42, and Figure 44 shows a further change, namely the omission of parts of the two-part inner head rebate rib of the brick.

With measure 9 (Fig. 1, Fig. 3 and Fig. 16) of a recess in the head rebate part, a similar change is indicated.

The change 10, described in Figure 3 and Figure 8, i.e. the chamfering and partial thickness reduction of the * brick in the cover rebate part, is a further optional feature of the omission of hidden geometries in the form of a preferred longitudinal alignment on the projection line of the no longer existing inner cover rebate rib on previously !,.. j.

known bricks. .·

&bull; * * i In the overlap area of the elements of a conventional roof covering (for example roof tiles, roof tile, I *

A hollow strand 3 (Fig.14) is guided through the roof tile, light tile made of transparent plastic or glass. * ,

The external, visible form and shape of the usual, known decking elements or roof coverings * are not impaired by the appropriate omission of hidden geometries that have previously been components of conventional, known decking elements.

The absorber element is laid out in Figure 1 [the starting point is the double-seam reform pan "Type Rheinland"].

By creating a suitable recess in the area of the head fold 9 in such a way that the element receives a semicircular recess corresponding to the geometry of the hollow strand 3 (diameter). Alternatively, a material rectangle of coordinated length and width can be omitted at the indicated location.

A further modification in the foot area of the side fold part 7 (Fig. 1) in a coordinated rectangular shape up to the second inner side fold rib characterizes the absorber element.

The change to the inner side groove 8, namely the extension of this groove, supports rain protection. This feature 8 helps to keep runoff rainwater away from the critical joint areas of the tiles.
The omission of the second, inner cover fold rib 1 (Fig. 3) provides the guide and laying groove for the

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/description Page 4 of 12

Collector hose 3 (Fig. 14).

A recess, or a surface-related, rectangular material recess, corresponding to the geometry of the collector hose 3 (diameter) (Fig. 12), in the left area of the first head fold rib 6 in Fig. 1 - see view from above - prepares the conventional, known elements for use as absorber elements. With this design, or these modifications by omission, a suitable collector hose 3 (Fig. 16) can be guided and laid from element to element in the "four-element corner". The collector hose 3 is introduced by simply inserting it into the guide channel provided in the overlap area of the absorber elements.

In the roof and accordingly in the figures, a collector hose 3 with system-defined dimensions is laid and guided in such a way that, as shown in Figure 19, the usual impression of roof landscapes is not impaired. The absorber elements are enclosed on all sides by "hose-free" elements, as shown in feature 16 of Figure 19 (hatched area).

The modified element "absorber element" ensures that the guidance and installation of the collector hose 3 is also made possible by feature 6 (Fig. 1) and feature 7 (Fig. 1).

The feature 17 of Figure 20 makes it clear that in the rear area of the absorber elements the collector hose 3 also runs concealed through the absorber elements of the roof.

The familiar roof landscape (Fig. 19), characterized by conventional, well-known elements of roof covering, thus does not undergo any change in its external appearance and is maintained and preserved.

When the collector hose 3 is installed according to Figure 15 , features 6 and 7 on the absorber element, according to _{# e} Figure 1 and Figure 3, ensure that the hollow strand 3 runs from element to element. * _#

Figure 17 shows that the collector hose 3 can preferably be laid continuously and endlessly in the existing * · . *. j guide channel, in relation to the elements. In principle, couplings of hose sections can be used in a similar way. ····*·

Only a suitable clamping mechanism 5, for example realized by flexible clips, which are arranged in a U-shaped &iacgr; . *.

Enclosures attached to the side of the element hold the collector hose 3 in its running direction. The ·

Collector hose 3 is installed by simply placing it in the guide channel provided in the overlapping area of the absorber elements. The loose laying of the collector hose 3, guided by a coordinated clamping nut 5, takes place during the roof covering process, shown in Fig. 18. The installation of the collector hose system in the factory-modified absorber elements can also be carried out by private individuals with manual skills.

Tubeless, or conventional, traditional elements of the roof covering cover visible outlets of the collector hose 3 from the absorber elements in Fig. 18. The outlet of the hose is made possible by feature 6 and feature 7 shown in Figure 1.

The step-like laying of the collector hose 3 of Fig. 12 and the loose positioning of the hose in the guide channel of Fig. 13 also by means of a suitable clamping tool 5 (Fig. 18) provides in itself a more stable, laying-related, connection of the elements than in comparison to brick connections of usual and known covering systems.

Figure 15 shows the absorber element in a cross-sectional view along the line JJ. Feature 3 represents the laid hollow strand in the overlapping area of the absorber elements. The guide channel required for this has been created by forming a cavity while omitting the inner cover rib 1 (Fig. 3) in the overlapping area of two absorber elements.

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/description Page 5 of 12

In Figure 17 it is visible that the collector hose 3 is laid in a meandering shape over the roof surface. The design, or rather the feature, refers to the warm roof as the type of roof implemented. In principle, a similar implementation of the invention can be achieved with the cold roof type, combined with water-repellent, vapor-permeable underlayment membranes.

Features shown in Figure 17 show the concealed meandering installation 14 of the collector hose 3 in the cover image. The outlet of the hose from the absorber elements of Figure 17 runs in the concealed foot or head area of hoseless or conventional, known elements.

According to the section of the flexible collector hose 3 shown in Figure 11 , the corrugated pipe design is described as feature 12. The color of the collector hose 3 is black as per the design. Other dark colors are suitable for use in a similar manner.

The permeation behavior of plastic materials can be specifically influenced by the additional creation of a polar surface, for example by fluorination.

The conditions of thermal expansion of the hose material are met by the quasi floating installation of the collector hose 3. There are no fixed points in the installation area of the roof! The necessary expansion possibilities are met by expansion bends, the flexible weU pipe design 12 (Fig. 12) and a loose clamp guide 5 (Fig. 18) of the hose.

The material question is defined by the design as polyamide. Materials such as copper, stainless steel, polypropylene, Hostalen PPH 4122, polyethylene, and others can also be used here.

The surface of a suitable, flexible, black collector tube 3 is covered from the outside by the overlapping area of two modified cover elements (absorber *.,**£) for the purpose of good irradiation &diams; implementation.

element) laid and guided endlessly and continuously. *

The enlarged surface of the hoses due to the given corrugated structure (rib shape) 12 of Fig. 11 supports &diams; * · * * *

the absorbing capacity. The comparison refers to the inner diameter of the hose 3! 2#*«i»

* The absorption effect of the conventional, traditional roof covering elements is optimally

way, also in terms of color, corresponded to by the inventive use of the classic, powerful J *

&bull;&diams; * full natural red without further surface treatment in the known manner (engobe etc.). Under _{&psgr; t}

Inclusion of possible negative interactions are all other surface, structural and color-giving *

Influences are part of the invention. For example, all dark and black shades are preferably included, as well as engobing, glazing, solar lacquer application and dampening of the surfaces of these elements.

A suitable collector hose 3, or pipe, is laid endlessly, continuously, optionally also connected by coupling pieces, to the maximum extent possible over all available roof areas.

The method of installing the corrugated pipe in a meandering parallel arrangement 14 (Fig. 17) on the roof is a design feature for compensating for different expansion coefficients of the absorber element and the collector hose 3. The loose, free and guided hose installation in the designated overlap area of the absorber elements is a second guarantee for this system conformity.

The tube or hose design in corrugated or ribbed form ensures hose stability even in critical areas of the 180° hose routing.

The mixing of the heat transfer fluid, caused by turbulent flow in the wall area caused by the corrugated or ribbed shape 12 (Fig. 11), is another feature. In its hidden

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/description Page 6 of 12

When introduced into the cover element(s), the heat storage capacity and the climate-buffering effect of the cover element are used for additional heat dissipation and transfer.

The clamping, clip-shaped loose fixation of the collector hose 3 by device 5 is shown in Fig. 18; the loose laying of the collector hose 3 is advantageously also achieved in this way. Due to the immediate, direct contact of the hoses 3 of Fig. 13 and Fig. 15 on all sides with 2 absorber elements each, this section of the collector hose 3 of Fig. 15 can absorb the heat directly from all sides of the cover element enclosure and dissipate it to the heat transfer fluid flowing through the hose 3 without major loss rates.

The partially absorbed solar radiation energy is transferred to the tube 3 of Fig. 15 via the all-round enclosure, as well as through the heat emitted by the absorber elements, the warm roof, or the roof truss.

The specific "breathing" of the usual, conventional elements of the roof covering is thus incorporated according to the invention as a partial contribution to heat conversion. The specific climate buffering and heat storage effect of the considered, conventional roof element makes a further contribution to heat generation as an advantageous development of this partial invention.

The specific heat storage capacity of the respective cover element used is included in the heat transfer balance.

The functionality of the conventional, usual cover elements is made usable for the collector design. Temperature, weather, UV resistance, impact resistance, suitability for changing climates,

resistant to chemical atmospheric attack, purely natural origin of the material of the absorber elements, * protection against extreme temperature fluctuations, frost resistance, impact resistance, and so on are among the · * I properties of the system as the basis of the invention. *

The proposed low-flow system design of the pumping system in itself contributes to reducing the ·*·&diams;*· circulation volumes and power consumption of the pump. · _ ·

This results in lower heat loss due to the thinner riser pipe in relation to the diameter of the collector hose 3 used and the resulting lower filling contents.

View R, or Figure 21, shows the installation of the collector hose 3 in "self-healing" _&phgr;

This design creates a slight negative pressure in the collector hose 3. In the event of leaks in the *

hose 3, the total volume of the circulating heat transfer fluid cannot escape. This avoids considerable costs arising from potentially large quantities of leaking heat transfer medium if it flows undetected over the warm roof into the gutter for a long time. The double protection also prevents it from penetrating the roof structure, so no moisture damage can occur in the roof structure or building. Figure 22 mainly shows 2 closed liquid containers, the level of which is below the hose system. Due to the difference in height between them, these containers also cause the flow of the heat transfer fluid due to the prevailing negative pressure in the collector hose 3. The containers shown in Figure 23 correspond to one another via exchanger air line "L" and are designed for fixed minimum and maximum liquid levels via level control systems.

The two containers at the lower level can hold the entire circulating volume. The schematically shown float switch "S" has, among other things, the function in its uppermost position (only during commissioning) of

Valve "V" to close. The float switch "S" also switches at the maximum liquid level ( )

the toggle switch (above) off, and at the liquid level ( ) the toggle switch on. For the

Before commissioning, there is also a timer "Z" which runs for a specific period of time (e.g. 3 ... ··· ·· ·· ·· ··· ·· .; .**. .** · · ·· · · · · jj .··. ; .

··· · φ · · !JJJ &iacgr;.&Phi;&Phi;· &phgr;.·

Harald Dröschel Voltatherm roof tiles/description Page 7 of 12

minutes). The electric motor "M" is switched on and off by these two switches. The electric motor "M" drives the pump "P". The latter sucks the heat transfer fluid from the lower tank and pumps the fluid into the upper tank when the fluid level has dropped to the minimum ( ). The motor "M" or the pump "P" are switched off by the toggle switch when the maximum of the

Fill level ( ) in the upper container is reached.

The system is started by filling the lower container. The timer "Z" is now switched on manually so that the motor "M" runs for 3 minutes, for example. (The time span for the total filling of the system is the time taken for this manual switching on). The upper container is then completely filled, the float switch "S" rises and closes the valve "V" in the upper container. The heat transfer fluid is now pushed through the hose system until it flows back into the lower container.
In continuous operation, the upper liquid container is repeatedly emptied by the pump "P" between

Minimum ( ) and maximum ( ) filled, controlled by float switch "S" and toggle switch.

This ensures that in the event of a hose leak caused by air penetrating the system, only negligible amounts of the heat transfer fluid will flow out through the warm roof.

The majority of the liquid remains in hose 3 or automatically flows back into the containers at a lower level and can therefore cause no further damage. This forced emptying clearly indicates, also through suitable signaling, the abnormal fault condition of the entire system.

In the figures, the multilayer structure for achieving the photovoltaic sensitivity Figure 33 is shown in a basic

This multi-layer system satisfies the principle of functional division, in the sense that each layer in the system must have special properties and characteristics according to its position. *

Figure 33 shows layer 25 as a solid surface. This solid surface undergoes different types of surface changes than before. Surface modifications, such as glazing, _{steaming , etc.}

* ung, engobe, fluating, ocratizing and coloring are omitted.

The material of the substrate is essentially made up of oxides of silicon, the silicate in the form of SiOx » ». The existing shape of the coarse ceramics (bricks) provides the solid surface, which acquires and maintains the desired functionalities by means of an adhesive multi-layer structure. In Figure 33 of the patent, * layer 25 is identical to this. With regard to Figure 37, this layer is located in the lowest level 25. The claim of the patent is based on the fact that the photovoltaically sensitive surface is closed with an anti-reflective layer.

Layer 21 in Figure 33, or layer 21 in Figure 37, marks this boundary layer, which separates the module surface from the environment. This boundary layer has, among other things, the function of keeping the photovoltaically sensitive layer of the coated cover element photon-active with a water-repellent, microstructured surface.

This optional surface design, as a subsidiary claim of the patent, relates to the structure of the multi-layer system and the protection of the photovoltaically sensitive subsystem, which is located on the externally visible surface of a conventional cover element.

The claim does not primarily refer to the processes that are on the market. Terms such as sol-gel technology, organic metal coating, electroceramic coating, anti-graffiti coating, solar paint and lotus effect are not included in the protection claim in the sense of the application processes in the present patent.

&bull; t

Harald Dröschel Yol^thSrm-Däi;hzie|el/6e6chieibi^g Page 8 of 12

The reflection-controlled design of the microstructure on the surface as an interference filter, semiconductor filter or structural filter is certainly included in the embodiment according to the invention.

In Figure 33, this photovoltaically sensitive subsystem is indicated by layer 23, and in Figure 37, also by layer 23. The vacuum coating technology processes that can be used for this are based on the state of the art. From the range of processes in thin-film technology, the sputtering process variant is chosen as the basis for the example to be carried out.

Layers with thicknesses between a few nanometers and more than 100 millimeters with high layer uniformity and very good reproducibility of the layer properties can be produced.

Complex molded parts can be coated and the substrate material coarse ceramics (bricks) does not lead to any exclusion. Many chemical compounds can be produced. A decisive advantage of vacuum coating processes compared to other coating methods, such as galvanic deposition, is that certain desired coating properties such as microstructure, hardness, electrical conductivity or the refractive index can be set simply by choosing the special process and the process parameters for a given material.

The thin-film photovoltaic coating is carried out, for example, in a modified continuous thin-film processing unit using the sputtering method "close-space sublimation". The modified continuous thin-film processing unit includes cleaning, various deposition areas, activation sections, structuring areas, contact zones, insulation stages and final inline control. The complete structure of the cell is thus given and can be applied to the active surface of the cover element, which is intended for free radiation reception. *

The externally visible covering surface of the conventional covering element, i.e. the entire visible roof surface, » _e · " or the outer skin of the roof, can in principle be considered as the available module surface. ·

The principle diagram in Figure 38 provides the overall functionality of the photovoltaic system coating. ·*··*· The solar cells are thus applied to the conventional cover element, &iacgr; . * . J, with little energy and material expenditure.

which also serves as a carrier material, is deposited cost-effectively.

This modified coating technology does not constitute a main claim of the invention. ; * *»

The feature of the layer sequence in the described multi-layer structure on the carrier material of the _conventional , known material for conventional covering elements (for example bricks) is the main claim of the 2nd part of this invention.

Possible density influences of the material used to manufacture known and common cover elements are avoided by means of an optional sealing by impregnation, shown in Figure 34. This figure provides a schematic representation of the effectiveness of such a conditioning step.

This optional treatment step prepares the covering element for the subsequent coating if necessary. From the perspective of warm roof design, this feature of impregnation is a means of choice for conditioning conventional, known covering elements for further coating if necessary without compromising the quality of the covering.

According to the state of the art, impregnation is a method of pretreatment for stones and coarse ceramics before the actual coating steps.

The intermediate layer 24 in Figure 33 describes a further feature of the multilayer structure. The adhesion promoter component is necessary for producing the coherent adhesive bond of the multilayer layers.

"7·

Harald Dröschel

Voltamenti roof tiles/sheets

By means of Figure 35 and Figure 36, a basic relationship is prepared for the deliberately developed functionality of the adhesion promotion in this multi-layer system in mutual relation to the solid surface 25 of the cover element under consideration.

The aim of the adhesion promoter is to create an indissoluble bond with the solid body, namely the cover element.

The composite nature of such layer systems allows them to appear and act as an inseparable unit. The material composite of the base material (covering element) and the coating leads to the desired system characteristics via the system's own layer structure. The intermediate layer 24 in Figure 33 performs the adhesion-promoting function.

A highly cross-linked surface 24 made of silicates is formed on the silicate surface of the conventional cover element, for example by blasting technology or flame pyrolytic pretreatment.

The microporous surface structure thus obtained serves to further mechanically anchor the subsequent coating.

A chemical coupling with the subsequent coating occurs. This silicate intermediate layer also acts as a diffusion barrier to the solid body or the covering element. This technology for improving adhesion is state of the art and is used for ceramics with a very good improvement in adhesion.

Figure 35 shows the basic relationship with regard to the combination of preparation of the adhesion primer [cover element plus layer 24 of Figure 33] and the polymerization of the coating.

By means of vacuum technology or plasma technology, represented by the coating type of thin-film technology, the actually photovoltaically effective subsystem 23 is applied in the composite. *

These plasma-polymerized coating layers 23 have a high degree of cross-linking and thus a close-meshed molecular network, j' As a result, the layers produced by the so-called atomization technique, namely sputtering, have the highest levels of resistance and adhesion strength.

These features are significantly better compared to layers deposited using the PVD process. The adhesive strength of such sputtered layers is also significantly better than that of thermally generated layers. The adhesive bond is established by breaking covalent bonds. Additional polar groups are formed through the formation of radicals and monomer reactions under and through the formation of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the enriched substrate surface.

This considerably more polar character than the starting point, i.e. the increase in the concentration of polar groups in the surface 24, has an adhesion-promoting effect.

Plasma polymerization creates continuous transitions from one layer to the next.

In this way, property gradients can be achieved in a controlled manner across the thickness extension. The layers are characterized by a high degree of flexibility.
Figure 37 shows a schematic representation of the function-specific layer sequence.

Layer 25 in Figure 37 defines the functionality via the substrate properties, such as pure natural origin of the carrier material, resistance, stability, building physics properties, optimal ecological balance, active cooling, tightness, climate buffering effect, and so on.

Yoltathfrrh-DEfchziegel/Baschreibeijg

: &zgr; : &Iacgr;

Harald Dröschel Yoltathtrm-DEfchziegel/feaschreibeijg Page 10 of 12

Layer 28 in Figure 37 stands for the adhesion-promoting layer with the effect of a diffusion barrier. In Figure 37 / marking 28, the indissoluble adhesive bond is created by the formation of chemical bonds, i.e. the cohesion of atoms, as it exists primarily in molecules and crystal lattices. This silicatization (adhesion mediation), feature 24 with regard to feature 28, is logical from the point of view of the ecological balance and resource utilization, since the element silicon, as the second most common element in the earth's crust, provides the functionality here.

Layer 23 shows the position of the photosensitive system coating and layer 21 represents the transition to the self-cleaning surface; the intermediate layer 21 also provides the anti-reflective coating for the photovoltaic coating in the system on the cover element surface. The reducing transmission properties of conventional glass materials are eliminated with this multi-layer construction technology. Figure 38 shows the system with the photovoltaic sensitivity. The system thickness on the solid surface is approximately 10 μιη to 30 μm.

In Figure 38, the semiconductor layers 30 and 35 become electrically conductive when light 31 is applied. The n-semiconductor film 30 consists of cadmium sulfide. The layer 35 consists of a p-semiconductor material, namely cadmium telluride. The layer 34 marks the boundary layer (internal electric field) at which a so-called pn junction takes place.

The electrical voltage is then tapped via the contact fingers 32, so that the outer circuit is closed by connecting an electrical consumer.
Position 36 represents the rear contact. If the outer circuit is closed, direct current flows.

The modified continuous thin film processing unit includes cleaning, various deposition *

&bull; « areas, activation sections, structuring areas, contact zones, isolation levels and final » _{% m} · *

Inline control. The complete structure of the cell is thus given and can be applied to the active surface of the cover *

elements, which is intended for free radiation reception.

The externally visible covering surface of the conventional covering element, i.e. the entire visible roof surface or the outer skin of the roof, can in principle be used as the available module surface. The schematic diagram in Figure 38 provides the overall functionality of the photovoltaic system coating. The solar cells are deposited cost-effectively on the conventional covering element, which also serves as a carrier material, using little energy and material.

Figures 39 and 40 deal with the functionality of the self-cleaning surface for keeping the photovoltaic sensitive module surface active.

Figure 39 and Figure 40 show the cleaning effect in a comparison. A drop of water 40 washes dirt particles 41 off the microstructured substrate 42, or from the microstructured surface. Only these rough surfaces can clean themselves. Smooth surfaces 44 are not capable of this.

In practice, this has the effect of the sensitive photovoltaic subsystem in the multi-layer composite of the coated cover element in such a way that a little moisture is enough to clean the dirty surface. Foreign particles 41 do not find a permanent hold; instead, they combine with the water drops 40 that form, which carry the dirt 41 away. This beading ability not only pushes these foreign particles (dirt particles) 41 further, but also carries them away from the surface 21!

This described final coating layer 21 also has sealing properties - this interface protects against the influences of the environment and the immediate surroundings in the effect of known topcoat systems or clear coat systems, for example used in automotive engineering.

Harald Dröschel

The surface condition in the interface of this last coating layer 21 in combination with the photovoltaic intermediate system layer 23 has to ensure permanent transparency (radiation permeability) due to its properties. The energy state, or the degree of the hydrophobic (water-repellent) / hydrophilic (water-loving) surface state, must be deliberately adjusted.

This condition can be used to control properties such as low soiling, easy self-cleaning, anti-fogging, anti-fouling and so on.

The conditioning of the interface to the environment and surroundings 21 is carried out by means of suitable coating processes, such as, for example, CVD processes, silanization of the surface or coating with fluorocarbon compounds.

Yet another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 41, Figure 42 and Figure 43 .

In Figure 41 and Figure 42 the collector hose 3 can be seen; this hose 3 is an essential part of the first main claim of the invention.

The roof truss construction, which is also made up of a selection of materials that are usually used in the construction of such structures (e.g. wood), is used according to the invention to close the current-carrying circuit. Common and well-known components of the construction, such as rafters and battens, are used as insulating support material.

The 2 cylindrical openings 46 of Fig. 41 to Fig. 45, as part of a cover element designed according to the invention, ensure the conductive connection and electrical coupling to the consumer. The 2nd inner

The length of the head rib must be changed to create sufficient flatness for the ?·***·

.· * Coating with the photovoltaic subsystem. Feature 11 identifies this change.

With feature 49 of Figure 45, preparation has been made for the tilt-free positioning and contacting of the Voltatherm roof tile. This feature 49 in the form of halving the dimensions of the ******

middle suspension lug, the functionality of feature 46 for one of the cylindrical holes through » · the brick is to be implemented. _#

The prism-shaped sub-battens, for example made of wood, accommodate 2 of the 4 support surfaces at right angles » * * * V

offset from each other, the respective collecting lines for plus and minus. These collecting lines can be differentiated by color and laid when the roof truss is opened. The positive and negative current paths can be led together via different rafters, which keep the different current polarities separate from each other for electrical isolation.

These embedded bus lines can, for example, consist of insulated copper strips 48. At least one or both power lines are inevitably determined by the weight of the cover element in question to form an electrical connection and thus to conduct current via the system. The system-related contact creation is shown in Figure 43 .

The connection and coupling between the cover element in question and the collecting line is achieved with suitable fastening means 47 (nails, screws, nuts, screw nails, spring clamp connection, etc.) made of conductive material. For example, a cutting fastening head, for example in a lens head design, takes on a supporting, conductive function towards the contact finger of the photovoltaically sensitive level (see Fig. 38).

According to the invention, the use of these fastening means involves closing the external conductive circuit. The electrical connection thus created is led to the junction box.

^oltatharm-Dathzieäel/BeechÄeibuog

Harald Dröschel Voltatharm-Dathzieäel/BelchiieibiHig Page 12 of 12

By using such common and known fastening means, according to the invention a further contribution is made to protecting the roof against storms and wind suction.

The fastening elements made contact with the conductive contact fingers (grid) of the cover elements made according to the invention using suitable, state-of-the-art modified processes, such as structuring, mechanical scratching, or laser use. The cover elements are connected in series. However, the option of parallel connection is also conceivable.

Claims (39)

1. Scale-shaped elements, in particular roof tiles for covering roofs in a conventional manner, which are characterized by overlapping areas, for example with head, foot and/or side folds. This element design, or its geometries, serve to seal against rain.
The subject of the invention are roof tiles (scale-shaped covering elements) for covering roofs. Coverings with these covering elements are among the most commonly used types of roofing. Such roof coverings are rainproof, weatherproof, hailproof and fireproof. Movements in the roof structure such as shrinkage, vibration or the effects of changing wind forces and temperature fluctuations are absorbed and compensated for by coverings with these covering elements without any loss of rainproofness.
Covers with these covering elements can be walked on without the risk of falling through.
In order to increase the rain resistance of the covering, deck elements are provided with folds at the edges, the head, foot and side folds, which can be designed in different ways.
A rainproof roof covering is equipped with appropriate geometries which ensure the drainage of rainwater.
Covering elements for covering flat surfaces, such as pitched roofs, are well known. The most diverse types of covering elements are the basis of the consideration and include all common roof tiles, pantiles and roof tile types, including the light pantiles made of glass or transparent plastic. In terms of the raw materials used to manufacture the covering elements, these include: loess clay, loam, brick clay, concrete, glass, plastics and the like.
With these deck elements, no in-depth distinction is made with regard to the deck joint that is open at the top as a type of side fold formation, as well as the deck joint that is open at the side.
The cover elements, which according to the current state of the art have double folds, expressly form the focus of the inventive design.
The modified roof covering element, i.e. "absorber element", according to Fig. 1 includes all common types of roof tiles and stones, including all light panes made of glass or transparent plastics. Coloring, as well as coloring in the same way as structuring, which is useful for supporting energy conversion, are also included.
This task is solved with regard to the solar thermal function, or rather the collectors, in that cover elements in the usual external shape accommodate a hose as a collector in the overlapping areas of the elements. This is achieved through factory measures in that the collector hose is prepared in the relevant overlapping area of the element during element manufacture. By means of this hose, the radiation energy is converted into heat energy through absorption, characterized in that the roof tile serves as an absorber element and is provided with grooves and/or recesses on its underside and on the coverings, which allow the insertion of a hose ( 3 ) filled with liquid. In the concealed introduction of a collector hose ( 3 ) in the cover element(s), the heat storage capacity and the climate-buffering effect of the cover element are used for additional heat release and transfer.
The specific "breathing" of the usual, conventional elements of roof covering is thus incorporated according to the invention as a partial contribution to solar thermal heat conversion. The specific climate buffering and heat storage effect of the conventional element in question makes a further contribution to heat generation as an advantageous development of this invention, according to the first main claim.
The specific heat storage capacity of the respective cover element used is included in the heat transfer balance.
The functionalities, or rather the properties, of the conventional, usual cover elements are made usable for the solar thermal function with regard to the collector.
Temperature, weather, UV resistance, shock resistance, suitability for changing climates, resistance to chemical atmospheric attack, purely natural origin of the material of the absorber elements, protection against extreme temperature fluctuations, frost resistance, impact resistance, and so on are among the properties of the system as the basis of the invention.
In the overlapping area of two elements of a modified covering element (for example roof tile, roof tile, roof pan, light pan made of transparent plastic or glass), a hollow strand ( 3 ), shown in ( Fig. 14), is guided. 2. Roof tiles for covering roofs in a known and conventional manner, which are provided with overlaps for sealing against rain, characterized in that the roof tile is permanently connected on its upper side to a photovoltaic, sensitive layer Fig. 33.
This task is solved by providing the roof tiles with a photovoltaic, sensitive partial coating on their upper side. This partial coating is integrated into a multi-layer structure applied in the system to the usual covering elements. This functional multi-layer system is also applied to the tiles in the factory in the final phase of the production of these elements. 3. Roof tile according to claim 1 and claim 2, characterized in that this roof tile combines a combination of the two functionalities, i.e. the solar thermal effect and the photovoltaic operation, on a modified covering element (absorber element).
According to claim 3, this combination results in an element in the overall construction which makes it possible to generate thermal energy as well as electrical energy by using the solar radiation on a modified covering element (roof tile) or the roof surface(s) covered with it.
The following measures advantageously ensure that a modified standard, relatively inexpensive roof tile can in principle be used both for heat generation and for simultaneous energy generation and extraction.
Only a few essential changes to the brick have to be made in order to make it suitable for solar thermal heat conversion by means of modified bricks (absorber element) and collectors (collector tubes) ( 3 ).
Preferably, this is characterized and realized as a subclaim in that the external, visible form and shape of the usual, known covering elements, or roof coverings, are not impaired despite the appropriate omission of hidden geometries that have previously been components of conventional, known covering elements.
This standard-sized and standard-sized absorber element is based on the respective double-fold, conventional design of known roof covering elements.
By omitting hidden geometries as a constructive requirement with regard to the cover element, the functionality is created during element production to accommodate the collector hose ( 3 ) in the cover system consisting of the modified cover elements (absorber element).
In Fig. 1, the absorber element [the starting point for this is, by way of example, the double-seam reform pan "Type Rheinland"] is designed according to claim 1 in terms of the features.
Claim 1 is characterized in that the omission of the inner cover fold rib ( 1 ) in Fig. 3 represents such a change.
Claim 1 is characterized by the omission of this second, internal cover fold rib ( 1 ) of Fig. 3 in combination with a maximum of 3 absorber elements; in this arrangement, the guide and laying channel for the collector hose ( 3 ) of Fig. 13 results as a further constructive claim and feature.
A further constructive claim, or change, influences the area of the head rabbet rib ( 7 ) of Fig. 1 to 3 and Fig. 10 in the form that a suitable recess is provided as a further characterization of claim 1.
A surface-related, rectangular material recess, corresponding to the geometry of the collector tube ( 3 ) (diameter) in Fig. 12, in the left area of the first head fold rib ( 6 ) in Fig. 1 - see view from above - prepares the conventional, known elements from the claim for use as absorber elements and characterizes claim 1 as a prepared feature.
With the feature ( 7 ) of Fig. 1, Fig. 3 and Fig. 16, a further constructive change is indicated in such a way that claim 1 is characterized by this. The modification of the element is carried out by omitting a coordinated rectangular piece.
For example, this measure can be achieved by forming a phase in the side fold part along the right longitudinal boundary of the inner side fold rib.
This modification in the foot area of the side fold part ( 7 ) of Fig. 1 in a coordinated rectangular shape up to the second inner side fold rib characterizes and identifies the absorber element in the sense of the preparation of claim 1.
With the measure ( 9 ) of Fig. 1, Fig. 3 and Fig. 16, i.e. a recess in the head rebate part, a further change in a constructive manner is indicated as a characterization in the sense of claim 1.
By creating a suitable passage in the area of the head fold ( 9 ) such that the element receives a semicircular recess corresponding to the geometry of the hollow strand ( 3 ) (diameter), the feature ( 9 ) in the formulation of claim 1 characterizes.
With this design, or these modifications, by constructive omission, a suitable collector hose ( 3 ) in Fig. 12 can be guided and laid from element to element in the "four-element corner" of Fig. 16. This feature characterizes claim 1 and is part of the invention!
In the roof and, as shown accordingly in the figures, a collector hose ( 3 ) defined by the dimensions of the system is laid and guided in such a way that, according to Fig. 19, the usual, structurally desired impression of the roof landscapes is not impaired, and in claim 1 the same content component of the invention.
The modified element "absorber element" ensures that, characterized by the feature ( 6 ) in Fig. 1 and the feature ( 7 ) in Fig. 1, the guidance and laying of the collector hose ( 3 ) is structurally enabled, and is the content of claim 1.
Fig. 17 shows that the collector hose ( 3 ) can preferably be laid continuously and endlessly in the existing guide channel as a characterized part and constructive feature of claim 1, related to the elements.
Fig. 15 shows the absorber element in a cross-sectional view.
The feature ( 3 ) represents the laid hollow strand, as a constructive feature and characterized part of claim 1 of the invention, in the overlapping area of the absorber elements.
The guide channel required for this purpose has been structurally created by forming a cavity while omitting the inner cover rib ( 1 ) in Fig. 3 in the overlapping area of two absorber elements as a characterized component of claim 1 in its formulation.
For the purpose of good irradiation conversion, the surface of a suitable, flexible, black collector hose ( 3 ) is laid and guided endlessly and continuously through the overlapping area of two modified cover elements (absorber element) in a way that is concealed from the outside. In terms of content, this marked feature is a core reference of claim 2 in its preparation.
Only a suitable clamping tool ( 5 ), for example realized by flexible clips, which are attached to the side of the element in a U-shaped enclosure, hold the collector hose ( 3 ) in its running direction, as a further characterized detail of the formulated claim 1.
The loose laying of the collector hose ( 3 ), guided by a coordinated clamping tool ( 5 ), takes place in the course of the roof covering process, as shown in Fig. 18 as a characterized feature of claim 1.
The clamping, clip-shaped loose fixation of the collector hose ( 3 ) by means of device ( 5 ) is shown in Fig. 18 and characterizes claim 1 as a feature; advantageously, the loose laying of the collector hose ( 3 ) is also structurally supported by this feature.
When the collector hose ( 3 ) is installed according to Fig. 18, the features ( 6 ) and ( 7 ) on the absorber element, according to Fig. 1 and Fig. 3, ensure that the hollow strand runs from element to element in accordance with the claim and as a marked feature in the sense of claim 1.
By a further feature of claim 1, characterized in Fig. 17, it is visible that the collector hose ( 3 ) runs in a meandering shape ( 14 ) in the roof surface.
This design, or rather the feature of the meandering installation, refers to the warm roof.
These roof tiles are laid in a conventional manner on the roof truss on roof battens and a pipe (hollow strand) ( 3 ) is laid in the grooves and/or recesses provided for this purpose, the preferred form of which is an elastic hose ( 3 ) which runs in a meandering shape ( 14 ) as the characterized feature of claim 1.
This meandering preferred laying direction ( 14 ), i.e. coming from one direction (first direction) going into a second direction (for example from bottom to top) and then back down (first direction) and so on in an alternating manner, is a further characterized feature of claim 1 of this invention.
In this context, the warm roof is to be regarded as a characterized component of the invention, or rather of claim 1.
Features shown in Fig. 17 show the concealed meandering installation ( 14 ) of the collector hose ( 3 ) in the cover image and identify this feature as part of claim 1 of the invention.
The outlet of the hose ( 3 ) from the absorber elements of Fig. 14 runs in the concealed foot or head area of these elements, which overlap each other virtually without a hose.
The absorber elements are enclosed on all sides by elements laid "without a tube", as shown in feature ( 16 ) as a characteristic of Fig. 19 (hatched area) and are part of the content of claim 1. The familiar roof landscape ( Fig. 19), characterized by conventional, known elements of the roof covering, thus experiences no change in its external appearance and is and remains retained as a characterized feature of claim 1.
Tubeless absorber elements of the roof covering conceal visible exits of the collector tube ( 3 ) from the absorber elements in Fig. 18. The exit of the tube is made possible by the identified feature ( 6 ) as well as the feature ( 7 ) identified in Fig. 1, as a further aspect of claim 1 of the invention.
Claim 1, characterized in that the feature ( 17 ) of Fig. 20 illustrates how in the rear area of the absorber elements the collector hose ( 3 ) also runs concealed through the absorber elements of the roof. According to the partial section of the flexible collector hose ( 3 ) shown in Fig. 11, the corrugated pipe design is described as the characterized feature ( 12 ) of claim 1.
The colour of the collector hose ( 3 ) is black as per the design.
The color black is a preferred and advantageous development of the invention and is to be regarded as a characterized part of claim 1 of this invention.
The method of installing the corrugated pipe in a meandering parallel arrangement ( 14 ) on the roof is an embodiment feature in a characterizing manner of claim 1.
This enables the compensation of different expansion coefficients of the absorber element and the collector hose ( 3 ).
The loose, free and guided hose laying in the designated overlap area of the absorber elements is a second guarantee for the suitability of the system and belongs to the characterized part of the invention with regard to claim 1. The conditions of the thermal expansion of the hose material are met by the quasi "floating" laying of the collector hose ( 3 ).
There are no fixed points in the installation area of the roof, which, in their omission and effects, are to be considered as part of the characterized part of the invention.
The required expansion possibilities are met by expansion bends, the flexible corrugated pipe design ( 12 ) of Fig. 12, and a loose clamping guide ( 5 ) of the hose ( Fig. 18). These aforementioned, characterized features are part of claim 1 of the invention.
The tube or hose design, in corrugated ( 12 ) or ribbed form ( 12 ), as shown in Fig. 11, ensures hose stability even in critical areas of the 180° hose guide.
The material question of the hose is defined according to the embodiment by the material polyamide, which in this sense is also to be counted as part of the characterized part of claim 1 of the invention.
Claim 1 is characterized by the enlarged surface of the hose ( 3 ) over the given corrugated structure (rib shape) ( 12 ) of Fig. 11 as a further feature; this functionality supports the absorption capacity. This surface enlargement relates to the inner diameter of the collector hose ( 3 ).
The mixing of the heat transfer fluid, due to turbulent flow characteristics in the wall area, caused by the corrugated or ribbed shape ( 12 ) of Fig. 11, is a further characteristic feature of claim 1.
The absorption effect of the conventional roof covering element is optimally achieved, also in terms of color, by the inventive use of the classic, strong natural red without further surface treatment (engobe, etc.) in a known manner. Claim 1 is characterized by the feature of the immediate, direct contact of the hose ( 3 ) of Fig. 13 and Fig. 15 on all sides with 2 absorber elements each. The entire jacket surface of the collector hose ( 3 ) of Fig. 15 can absorb the heat directly from all sides of the cover element enclosure and dissipate it to the heat transfer fluid flowing through the hose ( 3 ) without major loss rates. The partially absorbed solar radiation energy is transferred to the hose ( 3 ) of Fig. 15 via the all-round enclosure by the absorber elements, as well as, among other things, by the indirectly emitted heat from the warm roof or the roof structure.
The intended low-flow system design of the pumping system as a characterizing part of claim 1 in itself represents a contribution to reducing the circulation quantities and power consumption of the pump.
This results in lower heat loss due to thinner risers in relation to the diameter of the collector hose ( 3 ) used and the resulting lower filling contents. In the case of the use of heat pumps, the same basic design applies in the sense of a characterizing part of claim 1.
Roof tile for covering roofs in a known and conventional manner, which are provided with overlaps for sealing against rain, according to claim 2, characterized in that the roof tile is permanently connected on its upper side to a photovoltaic, sensitive layer ( Fig. 33).
The figures show the multi-layer structure in a basic preparation.
This multi-layer system satisfies the principle of functional division, in the sense that each layer in the system has special properties and characteristics depending on its position.
The composite system in the permanent, adhesive connection with the carrier (modified cover element) characterizes the second main claim of the invention in the described combinations.
Fig. 33 shows the plane ( 25 ) as a solid surface as a characterized feature of claim 2. This solid surface undergoes different changes to the surface than previously known surface modifications, such as glazing, damping, engobe, fluating, ocratizing or coloring; these modifications are eliminated.
The material of the substrate consists essentially of oxides of silicon, the silicate in the form of SiOx.
The cover element as coarse ceramic provides the solid surface, which provides desired functionalities by means of an adhesive multi-layer structure, as a characterizing feature of claim 2.
In Fig. 33 of the patent, the position ( 25 ) as a characterized feature of claim 2 is identical thereto. With regard to Fig. 37, the characterizing feature in connection with claim 2 is identified by this position in the lowest level ( 25 ).
Claim 2 is characterized in that in Fig. 33 this subsystem with the property of photovoltaic sensitivity is indicated by the layer ( 23 ), and in Fig. 37 the layer ( 23 ) provides this functionality in the same way.
The vacuum coating technology processes that can be used for this purpose are based on the state of the art. From the range of thin film technology processes, the sputtering process variant is chosen as the basis for the example to be carried out.
The characterized feature of claim 2, i.e. the layer sequence in the described multi-layer structure on the carrier material of the conventional, known material for conventional covering elements (for example roof tiles) is the 2nd main claim of this invention.
The intermediate layer ( 24 ) in Fig. 33 describes a further characterized feature of the multilayer structure as a component of claim 2.
The functionality of the adhesion promoter is necessary for producing the coherent adhesive bond for the multi-layer structure and is a characterized component of claim 2.
By means of Fig. 35 and Fig. 36, a basic relationship is prepared for the deliberately developed functionality of the adhesion promotion in this multilayer system in mutual relation to the substrate surface ( 25 ) of the cover element under consideration.
The characterized feature of the adhesion promoter in connection with claim 2 aims to produce an inseparable bond with the solid body, namely the cover element.
The composite nature of such layer systems makes this structure appear and function as an inseparable unit.
The material composite of base material (covering element) and the coating leads via the system's own layer structure to the desired and characterized system feature according to claim 2.
The intermediate layer ( 24 ) in Fig. 33 performs the adhesion-promoting function and characterizes claim 2 as a feature.
According to claim 2, a highly cross-linked surface ( 24 ) made of silicates is preferably formed on the silicate surface of the conventional cover element by means of the flampyrolytic pretreatment as a characterized feature.
The microporous surface structure ( 24 ) thus obtained is a characterized feature as part of claim 2 and serves for further mechanical anchoring of the subsequent coating.
A chemical coupling occurs in preparation for subsequent coating.
With the characterizing feature according to claim 2, namely this silicate intermediate layer ( 24 ), the additional function as a diffusion barrier ( 28 ) to the solid body, or to the cover element, is also provided.
The adhesive bond between the carrier surface ( 25 ) and the layer ( 24 ) is established by breaking covalent bonds. Further polar groups are formed through the formation of radicals, monomer reactions and the formation of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the enriched substrate surface.
This significantly more polar character than the starting point, i.e. the increase in the concentration of polar groups in the surface ( 24 ), has an adhesion-promoting effect. This technology for improving adhesion is state of the art and is used in ceramics with very good improvement in adhesion.
Fig. 35 shows the fundamental connection with regard to the combination of preparation of the adhesive base [cover element, or plane ( 25 ), plus layer ( 24 ) of Fig. 33] and the polymerization of the coating as a characterized feature of claim 2.
The adhesive effect is achieved through cohesive and adhesive forces.
By means of vacuum technology or plasma technology, represented by the coating type of thin-film technology, the actually photovoltaically effective subsystem ( 23 ) is applied in the composite.
These plasma-polymerized coating layers ( 23 ) have a high degree of cross-linking and thus a close-meshed molecular network.
This results in the highest levels of resistance and adhesion strength, which are achieved through the so-called atomization technique, namely sputtering.
In connection with a coherent adhesive bond, plasma polymerization characterizes a feature of claim 2 for creating continuous transitions from one layer to the next subsequent layer.
In this way, property gradients can be achieved in a controlled manner across the thickness extension.
Claim 2 contains the layer feature of Fig. 33 characterized below, which is characterized by a high flexibility.
Fig. 37 shows a schematic representation of the function-specific layer sequence.
Layer ( 25 ) in Fig. 37 defines the functionality via the substrate properties, such as pure natural origin of the carrier material, resistance, stability, building physics properties, optimal ecological balance, active cooling, tightness, climate buffering effect, and so on.
As part of claim 2, the layer ( 24 ) is the feature which characterizes the beginning of the zone in which the bonding by means of silicatization begins.
The layer ( 28 ) in Fig. 37 denotes a characterized feature of claim 2, which represents the adhesion-promoting layer with the effect of a diffusion barrier.
In Fig. 37/marking ( 28 ), the adhesive effect between the boundary layers is thus produced by the formation of chemical bonds, i.e. the cohesion of atoms, as it exists mainly in molecules and crystal lattices, among other things the indissoluble adhesive bond.
Intermolecular attractive forces and mechanical interlocking provide further contributions to the coherent adhesive bond as a characterized feature of claim 2.
This silicatization in the plane ( 24 ), including feature ( 28 ), is conclusive from the point of view of ecological balance and resource utilization, since the element silicon, as the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, provides the functionality here.
In Fig. 38, the subsystem in the multilayer structure with the photovoltaic sensitivity, as a characterized feature of claim 2, is shown.
The system thickness on the substrate surface is approximately 10 µm to 30 µm.
In Fig. 38, as a characterizing feature of claim 2, the semiconductor layers ( 30 ) and ( 35 ) become electrically conductive under the supply of light ( 31 ).
The n-semiconductor film ( 30 ) consists of cadmium sulfide. The layer ( 35 ) consists of a p-semiconductor material, namely cadmium telluride. The layer ( 34 ) marks the boundary layer (internal electric field) at which a so-called pn junction takes place.
The electrical voltage is then tapped via the contact fingers ( 32 ), so that the outer circuit is closed by connecting an electrical consumer.
The position ( 36 ) represents the rear contact. If the outer circuit is closed, direct current can flow under circuit control.
The schematic diagram in Fig. 38 provides a summary of the functionalities of the photovoltaic system coating.
The designated, final coating layer ( 21 ) is a further characterized feature of claim 2 and has sealing properties - this interface protects against the influences of the environment and the immediate surroundings in the effect of known topcoat systems or clearcoat systems, for example from the automotive industry.
This interface with the environment and surroundings is defined by a contact angle which is neither particularly hydrophobic (approx. greater than or equal to 60°) nor particularly hydrophilic (approx. greater than or equal to 30°) in terms of the surface condition.
Yet another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in Fig. 41, Fig. 42 and Fig. 43.
In Fig. 41 and Fig. 42 the collector hose ( 3 ) can be seen; this hose ( 3 ) is an essential part of the first main claim of the invention.
The roof truss construction, which is also made up of a selection of materials that are usually used in the construction of such structures (e.g. wood), is used according to the invention to close the current-carrying circuit. Common and well-known components of the construction, such as rafters and sub-battens (roof battens), are used as insulating support material.
The identifier ( 11 ) of Fig. 44 shows a further change to the conventional covering element, namely the omission of parts of the interrupted inner head rib of the tile. The flat surface thus obtained is a condition, a characterized feature of the 2nd invention claim, in order to realize a conductive connection.
The two cylindrical openings ( 46 ) of Fig. 41 to Fig. 45, as part of a cover element designed according to the invention as a characterized feature of claim 2, are necessary to effect the conductive connection and coupling to the consumer circuit.
Known, prism-shaped sub-battens (roof battens), for example made of wood, preferably undergo a modification as a characterized feature of claim 2 in such a way that the respective collecting line ( 48 ) for plus and minus is laid on 2 of the 4 support surfaces offset at right angles to one another.
These collecting lines can be differentiated by color and laid when the roof truss is opened. The positive and negative current paths can be led together via different rafters, which keep the two current polarities separate from each other for electrical isolation.
These embedded bus lines can preferably consist of insulated copper strips ( 48 ) of Fig. 43. At least one or both power lines Fig. 43 are inevitably determined by the dead weight, as a further feature of claim 2, of the cover element in question also for electrical connection and thus inevitably for current conduction via the system.
According to claim 2, a further feature is characterized by this forced contact, which is caused by the gravity-dependent pressing of one of the two fastening means ( 47 ) onto the directly, parallel attached copper strip ( 48 ).
The system-related contact creation as a characterized feature of claim 2 is shown in Fig. 42 and in Fig. 43.
According to claim 2, a further feature is characterized in that the connection and coupling between the cover element in question and the collecting line is achieved with suitable fastening means ( 47 ) (nails, screws, nuts, screw nails, spring clamp connection, etc.) made of conductive material. For example, a cutting fastening head, preferably in lens head design, takes on a supporting, conductive function towards the contact finger of the photovoltaically sensitive level (see Fig. 38).
In claim 2 of the invention, a further feature is characterized by the use of the fastening means ( 47 ) which, according to the invention, closes the external conductive circuit. This electrical connection thus created is led to the junction box.
By using such conventional and known fastening means ( 47 ), according to the invention a further contribution is made to protecting the roof against storms and wind suction.
By means of suitable methods modified in accordance with the state of the art, such as structuring, mechanical scratching, laser use, the contact of the fastening elements designed with the conductive contact fingers (grid) of the cover elements designed according to the invention is achieved.
The connection of the cover elements is preferably done in series. 4. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the change ( 10 ) described in Fig. 3, i.e. the chamfering and partial reduction in thickness of the tile in the cover rebate part, is a further optional feature of the omission of hidden geometries. The omission is carried out in the form of a preferred longitudinal alignment to a part of the projection line, the no longer present inner cover rebate rib on previously known tiles. 5. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that a recess, corresponding to the geometry of the collector tube ( 3 ) (diameter) of Fig. 11, in the left area of the first head rib ( 13 ) in Fig. 24 - see view from above - prepares the conventional, known elements for use as an absorber element. 6. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that couplings of hose sections can generally be used for laying the collector hose ( 3 ). A suitable collector hose ( 3 ) or pipe can optionally also be connected by coupling pieces in order to be able to be laid on all available roof surfaces as far as possible. It is also possible to lay only parts of the entire roof surface with adapted hose lengths with or without couplings. 7. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that, in principle, with the roof type of the cold roof, combined with water-repellent, diffusion-open underlayment membranes, a similar synergistic effect of the heat balance, related to the solar thermal function, can be realized. 8. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the exit of the hose ( 3 ) from the absorber elements in Fig. 19 and Fig. 20 can take place in the concealed foot or head area of conventional, known elements. 9. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that other dark colors can be used with respect to the collector hose ( 3 ). 10. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the permeation behavior of plastic material can be specifically influenced by the additional creation of a polar surface, for example by means of fluorination. 11. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the alternative material for the hose can be, for example, aluminum, copper, stainless steel, polypropylene, Hostalen PPH 4122 , polyethylene, also in the color black and the like. 12. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that all other surface, structure and color-imparting influences can be part of the invention. For example, all dark and black colors are preferably included, as well as engobing, glazing, solar paint application and color-technical dampening of the surfaces of these elements. 13. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the collector hose ( 3 ) can be used in a similar functionality if the hose surface is other than ribbed. A smooth surface would be a conceivable alternative. 14. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the circulation system for the heat transfer fluid can take place in a natural manner (convection, radiation and heat conduction), for example in the form of a design as a passive system; it would also be conceivable to operate the system as an active system, as preferably designed according to the invention, but equipped with known, usually used pumping systems, for example in the form of a heating pump. 15. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the claim of the patent is based on the fact that the photovoltaically sensitive surface is closed with an anti-reflective layer. Layer ( 23 ) clarifies the position of the photosensitive system coating and layer ( 21 ) represents the transition to the self-cleaning surface; the intermediate layer ( 21 ) can also receive an anti-reflective coating for the photovoltaic coating in the system on the cover element surface. 16. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the layer ( 21 ) in Fig. 33, or the layer ( 21 ) in Fig. 37, marks this boundary layer which delimits the underlying module surface from the environment. This layer has, among other things, the function of keeping the photovoltaically sensitive layer of the coated cover element free of dirt by means of a water-repellent, microstructured surface and thus permanently active (capable of generating electricity). Figs. 39 and 40 deal with the functionality of the self-cleaning surface for keeping the photovoltaically sensitive module surface active. In Fig. 39 and Fig. 40, the cleaning effect is illustrated in a comparison. A drop of water ( 40 ) washes dirt particles ( 41 ) off the microstructured substrate ( 21 ), or from the microstructured surface. Only this rough surface can clean itself. Smooth surfaces ( 44 ) are not capable of this. In practice, these properties have an effect on the sensitive, photovoltaic subsystem in the multi-layer composite of the coated cover element in such a way that a little moisture is enough to clean the dirty surface. Foreign particles ( 41 ) do not find a permanent hold; rather, they combine with the water drops ( 40 ) that form, which carry the dirt ( 41 ) away. This beading ability not only pushes these foreign particles ( 41 ) (dirt particles) further, but also transports the particle ( 41 ) away from the surface ( 21 )! This optional surface design, as a secondary claim of the patent, relates to the structure of the multi-layer system and the protection of the photovoltaically sensitive subsystem, which is located on the externally visible surface of a conventional cover element.
The claim does not primarily refer to the processes that are on the market. Terms such as sol-gel technology, organic metal coating, electroceramic coating, anti-graffiti coating, solar paint and lotus effect are not included in the protection claim in the sense of the application processes in the present patent. 17. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the thin-film photovoltaic coating is preferably applied in a modified continuous thin-film processing unit by means of the "close-space sublimation" sputtering method. 18. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that possible density influences ( 51 ) of the material, with regard to the known uxid usual covering elements, are avoided by means of an optional sealing by impregnation ( 52 ) shown in Fig. 34. This figure provides a schematic representation of the effectiveness of such conditioning steps. This optional treatment step prepares the covering element for the subsequent coating if required. From the point of view of warm roof design, this feature of the impregnation ( 52 ) is a means of choice for conditioning conventional, known covering elements for further coating if necessary, without loss of the quality of the covering. According to the state of the art, the impregnation ( 52 ) is a method of pretreatment for stones and coarse ceramics before the actual coating steps. 19. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the option of parallel connection of the cells or the cover elements is also conceivable. 20. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion-promoting conditioning of the element surface with silicate sinter in combination with other bonding techniques ensures the bond of the coating system. A highly cross-linked layer is formed on the surface through the silicatization for the firm adhesion of, for example, adhesives and printing inks, or laminated material. Among other things, the mechanical anchoring of the organic components is achieved through the microporous surface structure and a chemical coupling of the organic components to this silicate surface takes place. The use of this technology to improve adhesion can be achieved in combination with, for example, acrylates, epoxies, polyurethanes, silicones and reactive adhesives.
The adhesion achieved in this combination has nothing in common with conventional, state-of-the-art fastening methods
In the combination of silicate sinter and non-metallic substances (e.g. adhesive), the materials are bonded by surface adhesion (adhesion) and internal strength (cohesion). 21. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the silicatization (silicate sinter), i.e. feature ( 24 ) including feature ( 28 ), can also be realized by blasting technology or flame coating.
The basis consists in the application, or coating, of a thin silicate layer [feature ( 24 ) and feature ( 28 )] in the dimension of approximately 100 nm on the substrate surface, for example with a flame.
The production of this described silicate layer can be achieved, for example, by flame pyrolytic deposition. This means that an organosilicon compound is mixed into a fuel gas flame. During and during combustion, these form the silicate layer structure shown in feature ( 24 ) and feature ( 28 ) through brief contact of the flame with the surface. 22. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the reflection-controlled design of the surface ( 21 ) in the boundary transition to the environment ( 20 ) can be carried out by influencing the microstructure of the surface ( 21 ).
The design of this microstructure of the surface ( 21 ) can include a radiation-relevant function in the form of the effect as an interference filter, semiconductor filter or structural filter.
The combination of this filter effect in the system of multi-layer construction is the distinctive feature here. 23. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the disturbing organic growth on the surface of the covering elements which is freely accessible to light can be prevented by the surface design in the boundary layer ( 21 ).
The feature of the formation of a self-cleaning surface in combination with the photovoltaic functionality of the externally visible cover element surface forms this requirement.
The provision of a missing adhesive base, preferably realized by creating a microstructured surface, is the basis of the claim to keep the active surface of the photovoltaic coating layers Fig. 38 of the cover elements modified in this way "radiation-open".
Implementation is possible using processes such as suitable lotus effect coatings or anti-graffiti surfaces.
The combination of this property with the properties or functions claimed according to the invention of the surface of a cover element designed in this way prepares the claim.
The procedural implementation or the provision of these procedures is not a direct part of this claim. 24. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the combination of solar thermal effect (heat generation) and photovoltaic operation (electricity generation) on modified covering elements (roof tiles, roof tiles, pans also made of glass and plastics and the like) is basically possible if these elements are characterized by overlapping areas. These overlapping areas cover partial areas of the elements in their projection. The one-sided total area of the tile minus the covering width of this tile represents this area. In these partial areas there are suitable, concealed geometries for realizing the above combination. 25. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that a hydrophobic (water-repellent) surface condition is deliberately maintained in the interface with the environment and surroundings by coordinated conditioning of the last coating layer ( 21 ) surface.
In the combination of these surfaces with large edge angles (greater than 60°) and the underlying photovoltaic, sensitive interlayer system, a distinctive feature is to indirectly secure the activity of the photovoltaically operating interlayer.
This security function is fulfilled by properties which are directly linked to the hydrophobic surface condition of the last coating layer ( 21 ); terms such as low-soiling, self-cleaning, anti-fouling are among others synonyms for the feature-related combination in the multi-layer system. 26. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that a hydrophilic surface (water-loving) in combination with the photovoltaically acting intermediate layer is the basis of the invention as a feature.
The surface condition of the last coating layer ( 21 ), which is referred to as hydrophilic, is characterized by contact angles that begin at approximately less than 30°. This magnitude of the contact angle results in the adhesion work being increased!
The surface condition, characterized by small contact angles, which characterizes the last coating layer ( 21 ) can prepare the photovoltaic functionality of the intermediate layer ( 23 ) by ensuring permanent transparency.
The combination creates a synergy with the result that such conditioned interfaces can be characterized without fogging as a feature-related property.
In the hydrophilic surface condition, dirt deposits can be detected, although they may be more evenly distributed and probably present in smaller quantities. 27. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrically conductive coupling and connection to the consumer circuit can be made by means of the fastening means using suitable washers.
According to the design, this includes the "fan disk" type. 28. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrical coupling can be carried out by coordinated plug-and-play devices. 29. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the view R, or Fig. 21, shows the installation of the collector hose ( 3 ) in a "self-healing" manner. This design creates a slight negative pressure in the collector hose ( 3 ). If the hose ( 3 ) is leaky, the total volume of the circulating heat transfer fluid cannot escape. Fig. 22 mainly shows 2 closed fluid containers, the level of which is below the hose system. Due to the difference in height between them, these containers also cause the flow of the heat transfer fluid through the prevailing negative pressure in the collector hose ( 3 ). The containers shown in Fig. 23 correspond to one another via exchanger air line "L" and are designed for fixed minimum and maximum fluid levels via level control systems. 30. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that Fig. 25 is structurally modified with the feature ( 5 ) in the form of a further two-part water-deflecting rib. The increased rain protection is met by this optional measure, since running-off rainwater streams are prevented by this raised deflector rib (divided into two) ( 5 ) with a dam-like effect from seeping through or penetrating the substructure, for example in the form of a warm roof. The structural change, conveyed by the feature ( 9 ), therefore also satisfies the requirement of an increased need for protection against the possibility of rainwater penetrating the substructure. 31. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the drainage of the running-off rainwater can be achieved by omitting the raised material elevation in its triangular shape ( 4 ) and the extension of the inner side rib ( 8 ) of Fig. 26. 32. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the feature ( 15 ) of a three-dimensionally designed material elevation in triangular shape from the base area in Fig. 27 provides a structural change in such a way that the known water-draining nose (raised material triangle) is designed to be steeper. This measure creates a deep channel between the feature ( 8 ), i.e. the inner side rib, and the modified raised material triangle ( 15 ) for the directed drainage of rainwater. 33. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that with the feature ( 2 ) of several rectangular material elevations integrally incorporated into the respective side fold ribs in this structural change of a locally limited thickening is brought about, shown in Fig. 28 and Fig. 29. The collector hose ( 3 ) is subsequently clamped, fixed and guided by a modified outer side fold groove in its laying channel, due to the point-wise minimization of the distance between the two side fold ribs. 34. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the double-fold tile with a view to the collector hose ( 3 ) is structurally provided with a further third fold for receiving it, as shown in Fig. 30. 35. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the tile element, according to feature ( 12 ) of Fig. 31, is structurally modified at the right edge of the 2nd inner head rebate rib.
By omitting a portion of the rib ( 12 ), increased rain resistance or rain protection can optionally be achieved. 36. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that view R with the "self-healing" installation undergoes an optional modification according to Fig. 32. This structural modification provides for the installation of the separate partial circuits, characterized by separate risers and fall pipes. Each hose circuit separated in this way only fulfills its function in the tile area with the flow running out, i.e. by building up negative pressure. 37. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the 2nd inner head rebate rib is to be changed in the longitudinal extent to create sufficiently pronounced flatness for the coating with the photovoltaic subsystem. The structural feature ( 11 ) in Fig. 44 characterizes this change in such a way that this flatness is achieved by partially and deliberately omitting part of the inner (second) head rebate rib ( 11 ). The interruption of the continuous expression of this inner, second head rebate rib ( 11 ) requires the photovoltaic sub-functionality from a preparatory claim. 38. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the middle suspension lug is structurally modified with the feature ( 49 ) of Fig. 45. This structural intervention and change achieves the tilt-free positioning and contacting of the preparation of the Voltatherm roof tile. This is achieved by this structural change in the form of halving the dimensions of the middle suspension lug feature ( 49 ). 39. Roof tile according to claim 1, characterized in that other geometric designs, for example in triangular or round shape, can be combined with one another. The exemplary shapes of a rectangle, a triangle or the round shape refer to the specific base areas of the aforementioned structural features ( 49 ).
The change by influencing the geometric shape does not have a significant impact on the fundamentally desired fulfillment of the function. The functions achieved remain unaffected by and in view of the case-by-case changes in the geometric shape implementation.