DE20014518U1 - Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system built from it - Google Patents

Description

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it

The invention relates to a heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity, such as in the form of a stone or marble slab, according to the preamble of claim 1, and to a direct heating system which can advantageously be operated with heating elements according to claim 1, according to claim 14.

Heating elements of the type described at the beginning are well known and are increasingly used when it comes to heating buildings economically with the highest degree of flexibility. In particular, when a marble slab is used as a flat radiator, an extremely advantageous combination of design and function results. This is because the natural material is not only available in a wide variety of colors and structures. It is also characterized by the fact that it is one of the most compact and stable types of stone and therefore has excellent heat storage potential. The stone or marble slab is heated using electrical energy, stores the heat and converts the energy into infrared rays, which are used to heat all solid objects in the room. The result is a pleasant and healthy living environment that can be individually adjusted using a room temperature controller. Another advantage of heating with a heating element according to the generic term of claim 1 is that only low investment and operating costs are incurred, with the further advantage of particularly low installation costs. The special features of the heating element are the high efficiency and the very low transmission losses. Heat is generated where it is needed. The so-called "marble heating technology" is therefore not only predestined as an advantageous solution for all-round heat supply, but it also represents the ideal form of selective heating in selected rooms. This type of heating element is therefore particularly suitable - for example in spring and autumn - as an additional heat source when the central heating system of a building does not yet provide the desired comfortable heat. Finally, a heating element of the type described above is particularly easy to maintain and the heating principle of heat radiation has the

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[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 .!.. .

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

Another advantageous effect is that - unlike with conventional convection heaters - there is little air circulation, so that accordingly little fine dust is carried up and the air we breathe is only slightly contaminated with germs or allergens.

Known designs of these heating elements are constructed in such a way that a heating register, i.e. a plastic plate with embedded heating conductors, is attached to the back of the stone or marble plate facing away from the room.

&iacgr;&ogr;, with the heating register being covered over its surface by an insulating plate. However, a disadvantage of these known designs has been found to be that - particularly during prolonged operation at higher power levels - local overheating of the heating register occurs, which in the worst case scenario means that the entire heating element has to be replaced. For this reason, with conventional heating elements of this type, care must be taken to reliably prevent heat build-up on the radiation side, for example by towels or the like being placed over the heating element. At the same time, with heating systems which use such conventional heating elements, care must be taken to ensure that the temperature of the heating element does not exceed a certain maximum temperature, which ultimately limits the efficiency of the heating system.

The invention is therefore based on the object of developing a heating element of the type described at the outset in such a way that damage to the heating element due to overheating no longer occurs even if the maximum temperature of the heating element is raised significantly and the heating element maintains this maximum temperature over a long period of time. A further object of the invention is to create a direct heating system that can be operated advantageously with heating elements according to the invention and that is characterized by a maximum degree of flexibility in

area of control.

This object is achieved with regard to the heating element by the features of claim 1 and with regard to the direct heating system by the features of claim 14.

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

According to the invention, the heating conductor arrangement is formed by a flat carbon fiber band that is sandwiched between the flat radiator with high storage capacity, such as a stone or marble slab, and a rear thermal insulation plate. Such a heating conductor arrangement is not only extremely heat-resistant. It is also characterized by the fact that it can be made extremely thin for a given heating output. This makes it possible to equip both the stone or marble slab with a completely flat rear side and the thermal insulation plate with a plane-parallel surface, which has a positive effect on reducing production costs. In addition, the measures according to the invention make it possible to significantly improve the heat transfer between the heating conductor arrangement and the flat radiator, because according to the invention an extremely thin electrically insulating plastic film is connected between the heating conductor arrangement and the radiator, the heat transfer coefficient of which can be kept relatively high. Because a flat strip is used as the heating conductor, a relatively large area of the radiator is covered - at a given current density - which means that the radiator is heated more evenly than before. The interposition of the electrically insulating plastic film results in additional uniformity of the heating. Finally, another advantage of the heating element design according to the invention is that the heating conductor arrangement can be laid out extremely flexibly, since the carbon fiber strip can be laid anywhere on the back of the radiator and thus optimally adapted to the shape.

Advantageous further training is the subject of the dependent claims.

0 In principle, it is possible to change the heating conductor arrangement as well as the

to fix the electrically insulating plastic foils by clamping the thermal insulation plate together with the radiator, i.e. with the stone or marble plate. The assembly is simplified by the development of claim 2.

[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 ·&iacgr;·. «&Idigr;..

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

Advantageously - according to claim 3 - the second electrically insulating plastic film is used to fix the heating conductor arrangement.

It has been found that a carbon fiber band with a thickness in the range between 0.1 and 0.3 mm is easily sufficient to heat, for example, a stone slab with a width of approx. 120 cm and a height of approx. 55 cm with a heating output of around 1.5 kW so that a surface temperature of around 95 ⁰ C can be regulated. In this case, the carbon fiber band preferably has a width between 20 and 30 mm.

Although the carbon fiber band is preferably designed to be relatively wide (see claim 7), the total cross-section of the band is relatively limited, so that the power supply can easily be established via a conventional crimp cable lug, the diameter of which is between about 1 and 2 mm. The passage openings required in the thermal insulation plate for the power supply of the heating conductor arrangement can thus be designed to be relatively small.

Preferably, the thermal insulation panel has a control unit on the back for adjusting the heating output, whereby a control board can be integrated into this control unit.

The direct heating system according to claim 14, which can advantageously be operated with heating elements according to claims 1 to 13, is characterized in that its control can be configured "upwards" in a particularly simple manner. Since such direct heating systems heat where the heating power is needed, taking into account the side effect that the room temperature remains lower than is the case, for example, when using convection heaters due to the relatively high radiation share of the heating power output, an important criterion of the direct heating system is that each heating element is constructed in such a way that it can function on its own. Only when a heating element is equipped with a room temperature sensor/transmitter does it become a room temperature controller, via which further heating elements, i.e.

[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 .;.. _t

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

so-called "slaves". The desired room temperature is set on the sensor, and the radiator also regulates this temperature. It is perfectly possible for the radiator equipped with a room temperature sensor/sensor to control up to twenty other radiators (slaves). These "slaves" are preferably assigned to the radiator with the room temperature sensor/sensor, i.e. the so-called "master", by logical installation, whereby the technology of the "Local Operating Network" LON is preferably used here. The system architecture of the direct heating system is preferably developed upwards so that up to

‘100 master radiators (with or without slaves) can be supplied with time-dependent setpoints from a so-called "sub-centre" after their logical installation, so that it is also possible to run time programs. The sub-centres can in turn be controlled by a preferably PC-based house control centre, which functions as a central operating and monitoring station.

Further advantageous embodiments are the subject of the remaining subclaims.

Below, several schematic drawings are presented

Embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail.

Show it:

Fig. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity, such as a stone or marble slab, according to a first embodiment of the invention;

0 Fig. 1A in a view similar to an exploded view the detail

"IA" in Fig. 1;

Fig. 2 shows an enlarged perspective view of a heating conductor arrangement used in the heating element according to Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a perspective view of an end portion of the heating conductor arrangement;

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

Fig. 4 is a partial perspective view showing the laying pattern of the heating conductor arrangement on the back of the stone or marble slab;

Fig. 5 shows, in a view similar to Fig. 4, the laying pattern of the heating conductor arrangement at another location on the heating element;

Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a portion of the heating element on the rear side on which a base for supporting a control part is arranged;

Fig. 7 is a schematic perspective view of a control part for the heating element according to Fig. 6 and

Fig. 8 shows a system architecture of a direct heating system using heating elements according to Figures 1 to 7.

In Fig. 1, reference number 10 designates a heating element in the form of a flat radiator with a high heat storage capacity, such as in the form of a stone or marble slab. In the illustration according to Fig. 1, the back of the heating element 10 is visible, which faces the wall of a living room when installed. The heating element consists of the following components:

The actual flat radiator with high heat storage capacity, which faces the living room, is designated with the reference number 12. Common dimensions of such a stone or marble slab are between 30 and 130 cm in width and between 50 and 125 cm in height. The thickness S12 is preferably in the order of magnitude between 35 and 40 mm.

The back of the marble slab facing away from the living area carries a preferably glued-on first electrically insulating plastic film 14, which preferably consists of a high-temperature-resistant plastic, such as Teflon, and has a very small thickness. The reference symbol

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

16 is a heating conductor in the form of a flat carbon fiber band, which is laid flat on the first plastic film 14 in a meandering manner. The carbon fiber band 16 is laid in such a way that the largest possible area of the marble slab 12 is covered, so that the latter is heated evenly and effectively by the current conducted through the heating conductor arrangement.

The heating conductor arrangement 16 is covered over its surface by a thermal insulation plate 18, which can simultaneously take on the function of electrical insulation.

To improve electrical insulation, a

A second electrically insulating plastic film 20 is connected between the heating conductor arrangement 16 and the heat insulation plate 18, which in turn consists of a heat-resistant plastic and is identical in consistency to

the plastic film 14.

Preferably, the first and second electrically insulating plastic films 14 and 20 have an adhesive layer on the side 0 facing the marble slab 12. The adhesive layer of the second plastic film 20 can simultaneously take on the task of fixing the carbon fiber tape 16 to the marble slab 12 or to the first plastic film 14. The reference numerals 22 designate clamping bolts which are anchored in the marble slab 12 and extend through corresponding recesses in the thermal insulation plate 18, so that the latter can be clamped against the marble slab 12, for example with the aid of clamping nuts (not shown). Additionally and/or alternatively, the thermal insulation plate can be glued to the second electrically insulating plastic film 14.

As will be described in detail later, the ends

of the carbon fiber heating conductor tape 16 through suitable openings in the thermal insulation board to its rear side, namely to the corresponding power connections of a control unit designated 24, to

35 which carries a supply power cable 26.

[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 .J..

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

The thermal insulation panel 18 is formed, for example, from a flat fiber cement panel, which is available from specialist retailers under the name "Glasal-NT". The fiber cement panels are made from a mixture of cellulose fibers, additives, cement and water. They are pressed and steam-hardened and can be provided with a silicate coating on the visible side of the panel, which is preferably pigmented. The bulk density of the fiber cement panels is in the range of 1.55 g/cm ³ and they are impermeable to water. The thermal conductivity λ is 0.35 W/mK and the long-term temperature resistance is around 12O ⁰ C. It has been shown that the thickness S18 of the thermal insulation panel 18 for heating outputs between 700 W and 1500 W can be between 5 and 10 mm, preferably 7.5 mm, in order to be able to reduce the temperature to the rear of the heating element far enough.

The reference number 28 designates an adjusting element with which the

Heating power of the heating element 10 is adjustable.

From the above description it is clear that in the construction according to the invention the heating conductor arrangement is sandwiched between the electrically insulating plastic films 14, 20 on the one hand and the plates 12 and 18 on the other. Since the carbon fiber band 16 is extremely flat, it does not add bulk to the surface 14 when laid, so that the facing flat surfaces of the marble plate 12 and the thermal insulation plate 18 can be pressed directly onto one another without having to fear excessive stress on the thermal insulation plate 18. This assembly technique benefits from the fact that the elastic modulus of the fiber cement plate is approximately 15500 MN/mm ² , with the permissible bending stress being approximately 5.5 MN/m ² . The thermal expansion coefficient of the material of the fiber cement plate 18 is approximately 6 × 10- ⁶ 1/K.

The structure of the carbon fiber band 16 is described below with reference to Figures 2 and 3:

In Fig. 2, the carbon fibers are designated with reference numerals 16-1, which extend in the warp direction and are stabilized by a wide-mesh plastic fabric, preferably made of a polyester yarn. The warp threads of the polyester fabric are designated with 16-2 and the weft threads with 16-3.

[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 .J.. .J

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

It has been found that a thread count of 4.5 x 4.5 provides sufficient stabilization of the carbon fibers 16-1, with the polyester thread preferably being doubled in the weft direction. For example, in a specific example, the yarn type (according to DIN 60850) was chosen so that 200 tex carbon fibers were used in the warp direction and 14 tex doubled polyester thread was used. The binding is preferably in the form of a warp-reinforced canvas and the tape is sized as an epoxy sizing.

&iacgr;&ogr; Such a carbon fiber band preferably has a width B16 of

about 25 mm. With the structure described above, this results in a thickness of about 0.2 mm.

As can be seen from Fig. 3, the ends of the carbon fiber band 16 are gathered together by means of a crimp cable lug 30, which makes it possible to supply electricity.

As can best be seen from Fig. 4, the power supply is

by fixing the relevant crimp cable lugs 30-1 and 30-2 on a circuit board 32-1 or 32-2 shown in dashed lines. The circuit boards 32-1 or 32-2 are then preferably connected to the connecting cables

34-1 or 34-2 soldered.

It can be seen from the illustrations in Figures 4 and 5 that the carbon fiber tape 16 is laid in a meandering manner, with the changes in direction - in the example shown by 90° each - being caused by folding the tape. Because the carbon fiber tape 16 is extremely thin, it only adds a maximum of 0.4 mm in the overlap area 36, so that the thermal insulation panel 18 still

3 0 can fully rest on the heating element arrangement.

From Fig. 5 it can be seen that the inventive structure of the

Heating element and in particular the use of the carbon fiber tape 16 according to the invention allows a great flexibility with regard to the laying pattern. For example, the area of the marble slab 12 around the fastening bolt 22 is thereby

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

Heating area included that a U-shaped loop 38 is laid with the carbon fiber band 16.

Fig. 6 shows how the power supply cables are led from the heating conductor arrangement 16 into the area of the control unit 24. For this purpose, a through-opening 40 is formed in the thermal insulation plate 18 through which the connecting cables 34 can pass. The through-opening 40 is then sealed with insulating material. In this area, the thermal insulation plate 18 carries a frame base 42 onto which the

&iacgr;&ogr; control unit 24 (as shown in Fig. 7). The reference numeral 44 designates a disk which is in threaded engagement with the clamping bolt 22 and for which the thermal insulation plate 18 is pressed against the

Marble plate 12 can be tensioned.

As shown in Fig. 7, the control unit 24 has a housing 46 in which the required control electronics including a circuit board 48 are accommodated. The components of the control electronics are only schematic and largely indicated with dashed lines. It should be emphasized at this point that the components required for the control are in themselves

20 are known.

The following describes in more detail how the temperature control or regulation for a heating element described above is carried out:

According to a first variant, the plate temperature is limited to a maximum temperature by electronic temperature sensors. A bi-metal can be used for additional protection, i.e. in the unlikely event that the electronic protection does not work. A room thermostat can be connected via a control voltage of 12 V, for example, or can also be operated via the mains. Using a control voltage results in a longer service life for the room thermostat due to the lower load.

Another alternative for temperature control is to regulate the plate temperature internally using a potentiometer. This way, a room thermostat can be omitted.

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[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 .2.. ·&Sgr;·.

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

On the other hand, this variant requires a temperature sensor that is set to 84°C, for example. This means that temperatures of around 87 ^° C can be achieved on the back of the plate and around 82°C on the front. In contrast, the control system according to the first alternative described makes it possible to achieve surface temperatures of around 95°C on the front and around 85°C on the back.

From the above description it is clear that the heating element is able to function independently. This means that with this heating element a controlled

β surface temperature of the marble slab 12 can be achieved. The following describes how a direct heating system can be set up that can be used flexibly in a wide variety of applications by being set up in a hierarchical multi-stage manner so that the presence of the next higher stage is not absolutely necessary. A direct heating system of this type is shown in Fig. 8. The radiator control is characterized by the fact that both so-called "island operation" and networked operation are possible, whereby the operating and display elements should be designed to be economical on the one hand, but at the same time sufficient. In Fig. 8, SH designates the level of the so-called "slave" radiators and MH the level of the so-called "master" radiators. UZ designates the level of the sub-centres, while the reference number 50 designates a house central unit. The reference number 52 designates a load control module and the reference number 54 a telephone remote switching device.

The system can be configured step by step from the bottom up. Accordingly, communication is strictly hierarchical, as it cannot be assumed that devices at higher levels of the hierarchy are present. Communication between the hierarchy levels is only activated if what is commonly referred to as "installation" in LON (Local Operating Network) technology has previously taken place, which means that the devices are made "known" to one another. This installation should be able to take place without any special knowledge and without any tools.

Basically:

[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 .J..

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high
Heat storage capacity and resulting direct heating system
Schleicher Franz Dr.

A radiator 10 that does not have its own room temperature sensor/transmitter can function on its own. The internal temperature of the radiator can be set using a rotary knob 28.

A radiator 10*, which is equipped with a room temperature sensor/sensor 56, implements a room temperature controller. The desired room temperature is set on the sensor and the radiator 10* regulates this temperature.

&iacgr;&ogr; The radiator 10* can also control up to 20 additional radiators,

control the so-called "slaves" 10. These are assigned to the radiator 10* with room temperature sensor/transmitter through logical installation, which thus functions as the so-called "master". The heating output of a radiator 10 can be individually varied using the rotary knob 28 on the radiator electronics.

Up to 100 "master" radiators 10* - with or without slaves - can, after each logical installation, be supplied with time-dependent setpoints from a sub-centre 58-1 or 58-2, so that time programs can be run.

Up to 253 sub-control centers can be connected to a preferably PC-based house control center 50 as a central operating and monitoring station.

The radiator control is designed in such a way that both isolated operation and networked operation are possible and the operating and display elements must be designed economically but sufficiently. The operating elements are a switch with a middle position (radiator on), a button function in one direction (0) (installation button) and a locking position (radiator off) in the other direction and a rotary potentiometer for setting the temperature of the radiators. A three-color LED shows the operating states. In addition to the operating and display elements, each radiator control consists of a LON node with 3150 neuron and 32K OTP ROM, FTT1 O transceiver, two bus connectors, 5 A/D converters, connector for window contact, connector for the external room temperature sensor/sensor, triac with control and power supply. The

[File:ANM\SC3404B2.doc] Description, 21.08.00 .J

Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

Three-color LED makes it possible to display a number of error conditions and thus assist the service technician:

- A/D converter defective,

- Temperature sensor defective (internal and external),

- external sensor defective,

&iacgr;&ogr; - Triac no longer switches off,

- Wire break in the heating wire and

- Communication error

The master radiator can also trigger a fire alarm to

Support a fire alarm control center and trigger a frost alarm. The alarms are sent to the PC control center and evaluated there. The detected error states are also reported to the PC control center.

If several radiators are in operation in a room, they can be operated in a network. The radiator 10* with room temperature sensor/transmitter 56 takes on the master function (individual room control), all other radiators 10 are slaves. Master radiators and slave radiators recognise each other automatically. The installation is carried out in such a way that the master is first put into the "installation state". This is done by pressing the switch into the touch position for a few seconds until the three-colour LED flashes yellow-green. The master now expects telegrams with γ address information of its slaves. This is triggered by briefly pressing the switch on the slaves. The correct installation sequence is indicated on each slave 10 by a short red flashing of the LED. After all slaves 10 in a room have been installed, the master 10* is brought back from the 5 installation state by another short press of the switch into the touch position. The slaves 10 in the next room can now be installed.

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

The user can connect the room temperature sensor/transmitter 56 from a

Remove radiator 10* and connect it to another radiator in the same room. The communication processes required for this master change are preferably triggered automatically, which applies equally to operation with or without a sub-control center.

The procedure for installing the "slaves" 10 to the respective master 10* is also used for installing the rooms to the sub-centre 58. The "master", in this case the

&iacgr;&ogr; Sub-centre 58-1 or 58-2 is put into the installation state by selecting the corresponding menu. The room identifier is then entered. A six-key keypad on the sub-centre 58 or a PC keyboard can be used for this. After pressing the Enter key, the sub-centre expects a telegram with address information.

This is triggered by pressing the installation button on the master radiator to be installed. Successful completion of the entire process can be seen when the sub-control unit returns from the installation menu.

In heating mode, the "slaves" 10 operating in island mode regulate their internal temperature between 20 and 99°C according to the position of the rotary knob 28. An installed slave, on the other hand, receives its setpoint temperature from the "master" 10*, but can vary this by ±20% using the rotary knob 28, so that an individual heating output distribution is achieved. The master 10*, unless it is installed next to a sub-central unit 58-1 or 58-2, receives its setpoint from the sensor, with which the default temperature of 21 ⁰ C can be varied by ±5°C. If the master is installed, the sub-central unit determines the setpoint for the room temperature. A variation of ±30°C is then possible using the rotary knob on the room setpoint sensor.

To reduce ventilation losses, each radiator,

Regardless of whether master or slave, a window contact must be connected.

When one or more windows are opened, the room temperature setpoint is set to 8°C (frost protection) until all windows are

35 are closed.

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

The sub-control unit 58-1 or 58-2 is preferably a neuron-based LON node and is equipped with the 3150 chip, 644 flash memory, 8K RAM, PC keyboard controller, real-time clock and power supply and is housed in a hand-held housing (Figure 3) so that the installer can take the sub-control unit from room to room during installation in larger buildings and use it to enter the room identifier on site. During actual operation, the sub-control unit is attached to the wall. The display is a 420-character alphanumeric LCD display with backlighting, which switches on automatically when a button is pressed. The entries are made using six buttons ("Escape" to scroll through the main menu, "Enter" for input, "up", "down" to scroll through the submenus of the operating modes or to select alphanumeric characters for entering the room name, date and time, and "right", "left" for positioning the cursor). Additionally, a standard PC keyboard can be connected.

The sub-centre 58-1 or 58-2 determines the current target temperature of all the rooms assigned to it. Each room has three target temperatures that are only valid for it and can be set by the user, namely: comfort temperature, night-time reduction temperature, day-time reduction temperature, 0 whose period is also set individually for each room and the fixed temperature of KC for frost protection. The validity of these temperatures is determined by the operating mode and date/time information and entered via the sub-centre menus. Some menu items that are not (should not) be used in normal operation can only be accessed with a connected PC keyboard. These are:

a) Language selection; this is normally set at the factory and can be selected between German, English, French, Italian and Spanish.

0 b) Access type; only important when using the PC home control center;

a distinction is made between "private" and "public". With the "private" setting, the PC home control center can only recognize the existence of this sub-control center (and assign an identifier), receive alarms and error messages, but cannot read actual values, output target values or set times and operating modes.

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Dr.

C)

become.

Naming; the sub-centre can be assigned a name

The marble heating system offers two options for externally influencing the room temperature. A telephone remote control device 54 can be used to switch back and forth between the current operating mode and frost protection. This makes it possible, for example, to turn up the heating after a long absence before you get home or to turn off the heating in the holiday apartment if you have forgotten to do so.

Another special feature is the possibility of load management by the producer, which is becoming increasingly interesting following the liberalization of the electricity market and has already been implemented abroad, for example in France by Electricite de France (EdF) in the form of tariff days. In addition to the days with a normal electricity tariff (blue tariff day), there are also white and red tariff days, which provide for a higher electricity tariff. The user can provide a reaction for each room for the various tariff days, which can range from lowering the temperature to

20 frost protection modes are sufficient

In large buildings with mixed use such as offices, apartments, shops, it can be useful to have a single central operating and monitoring station 50 from which the time programs are loaded into the substations 58-1 and 58-2, which receives error and alarm messages and alerts the user, which allows convenient editing of the room identifiers, setpoints and time programs and carries out evaluations that the sub-centre cannot do, such as displaying the temperature curve in a room or the minimum and maximum values of the room temperature. The PC house centre runs under MS-Windows-NT 4.0 and is equipped with a PCLTA-10 FTI O card for connection to the LON network.

The user interface can be designed according to the Windows philosophy 5, whereby the representation of the sub-centres and rooms can take place in a tree structure corresponding to the Explorer.

Three protocols are used for further observation of the marble heating system.

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Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity and the direct heating system constructed from it Schleicher Franz Or.

- Protocol Room:

In this protocol, all changes in temperature are recorded simultaneously with all other parameters, specifying the sub-center and room.

- Protocol sub-centre:

&iacgr;&ogr; Any change in access type, language or operating mode will be

recorded at the time.

- Event log:

Events are errors or alarms. These are logged when they occur, with the time, sub-control center, room, type (error or alarm) and name of the event (e.g. wire break, fire alarm). Received alarms also trigger an acoustic signal. The signal tone is switched off by acknowledging it on the screen; it sounds again after 30 seconds if the

20 Cause of alarm has not been eliminated.

The system described is therefore a visually attractive, extremely flexible direct heating system that can be installed by laypeople. The individual room control with time program for each room, the connection option for window contacts, the remote control and the generator-side load management all exploit energy saving potential, with the use of LON technology being an essential prerequisite for the implementation of all these functions.

0 Of course, deviations from the previously described

embodiments without departing from the basic idea of the invention. For example, it is also possible for the second electrically insulating plastic film 20 to be omitted if the thermal insulation element 18 has a sufficiently high electrical insulation capacity.

It is also possible to design the first electrically insulating plastic film 14 with double-sided adhesive, so that the heating conductor arrangement can be fixed at the same time via this plastic film.

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Claims (17)

1. Heating element in the form of a flat radiator with high heat storage capacity, such as in the form of a stone or marble slab ( 12 ), which can be heated preferably in a controlled manner by means of a heating conductor arrangement, characterized in that the heating conductor arrangement is formed by a flat carbon fiber band ( 16 ) which is fixed to the radiator ( 12 ) in surface contact with the interposition of a first electrically insulating plastic film ( 14 ) and is also covered flatly by means of a thermal insulation plate ( 18 ). 2. Heating element according to claim 1, characterized in that the first electrically insulating plastic film ( 14 ) is glued to the radiator ( 12 ). 3. Heating element according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the second electrically insulating plastic film ( 20 ) is glued to the first electrically insulating plastic film ( 14 ) and thereby fixes the heating conductor arrangement ( 16 ). 4. Heating element according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the thermal insulation plate ( 18 ) is formed by an electrically insulating fiber cement panel. 5. Heating element according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the carbon fibers ( 16-1 ) are stabilized by means of a fabric ( 16-2 , 16-3 ) which consists of temperature-resistant fibers, preferably plastic fibers. 6. Heating element according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the carbon fiber band ( 16 ) has a thickness in the range between 0.1 and 0.3 mm. 7. Heating element according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the carbon fiber band ( 16 ) has a width (B16) in the range between 10 and 40 mm, preferably between 20 and 30 mm. 8. Heating element according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the power supply of the carbon fiber band ( 16 ) takes place via a crimp cable lug ( 30 ) with which the respective end of the carbon fiber band ( 16 ) is crimped together to form a substantially cylindrical connection part. 9. Heating element according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the carbon fiber band ( 16 ) is laid in a meandering manner on the radiator ( 12 ), the changes in direction being effected by folding the carbon fiber band ( 16 ). 10. Heating element according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the thermal insulation plate ( 18 ) carries a control unit ( 24 ) for adjusting the heating power. 11. Heating element according to claim 10, characterized in that the control unit has a control board ( 48 ). 12. Heating element according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the heating power and/or the internal temperature of the heating element can be adjusted by means of an adjusting device ( 28 ). 13. Heating element according to one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the heating power is regulated by means of a room thermostat. 14. Direct heating system, in particular using heating elements according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that each heating element ( 10 ) is constructed in such a way that it is capable of functioning on its own, the temperature being adjustable via an adjusting device ( 28 ), and that at least one heating element (master 10*) interacts with a room temperature sensor/transmitter ( 56 ) to form a room temperature controller, via which further heating elements (so-called slaves 10 ) can be controlled. 15. Direct heating system according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one heating element ( 10 *) equipped with a room temperature sensor/transmitter ( 56 ) is controlled by a sub-centre ( 58-1 , 58-2 ) with which the target value of the room temperature is specified. 16. Direct heating system according to claim 15, characterized in that several heating elements ( 10 *) equipped with a room temperature sensor/transmitter ( 56 ) are controlled by a sub-centre ( 58-1 , 58-2 ). 17. Direct heating system according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the heating elements are part of a LON (local operating network), wherein the sub-center ( 58-1 , 58-2 ) is designed as a neuron-based LON node.