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DE19756999A1 - Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms - Google Patents

Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms

Info

Publication number
DE19756999A1
DE19756999A1 DE19756999A DE19756999A DE19756999A1 DE 19756999 A1 DE19756999 A1 DE 19756999A1 DE 19756999 A DE19756999 A DE 19756999A DE 19756999 A DE19756999 A DE 19756999A DE 19756999 A1 DE19756999 A1 DE 19756999A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
layers
layer
microorganisms
denatured
precipitation electrode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
DE19756999A
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Heinz Prof Dr Hoelter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to DE19756999A priority Critical patent/DE19756999A1/en
Priority to US09/424,969 priority patent/US6375721B1/en
Priority to ES98936146T priority patent/ES2239397T3/en
Priority to PL98337280A priority patent/PL190125B1/en
Priority to PT98936146T priority patent/PT989901E/en
Priority to JP50132899A priority patent/JP2002510240A/en
Priority to CNB988060906A priority patent/CN1182909C/en
Priority to DE59812617T priority patent/DE59812617D1/en
Priority to PCT/DE1998/001599 priority patent/WO1998056489A1/en
Priority to BR9811268-6A priority patent/BR9811268A/en
Priority to DK98936146T priority patent/DK0989901T3/en
Priority to AT98936146T priority patent/ATE289857T1/en
Priority to EP98936146A priority patent/EP0989901B1/en
Priority to CA002286856A priority patent/CA2286856A1/en
Priority to AU85308/98A priority patent/AU739503B2/en
Publication of DE19756999A1 publication Critical patent/DE19756999A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/01—Pretreatment of the gases prior to electrostatic precipitation
    • B03C3/013—Conditioning by chemical additives, e.g. with SO3
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
    • B01D53/323—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00 by electrostatic effects or by high-voltage electric fields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/02—Plant or installations having external electricity supply
    • B03C3/04—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type
    • B03C3/14—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type characterised by the additional use of mechanical effects, e.g. gravity
    • B03C3/155—Filtration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/41—Ionising-electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/45—Collecting-electrodes
    • B03C3/53—Liquid, or liquid-film, electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/60—Use of special materials other than liquids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/88—Cleaning-out collected particles

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Disinfection, Sterilisation Or Deodorisation Of Air (AREA)

Abstract

The filter is used for the purification of environmental air, and particles are collected on denatured layer. A denatured layer is defined as one that not only contains no nutrients for microorganisms, but is treated with additives to destroy them. The denatured layers are applied to the collector electrode, here the inside of a tube along whose axis the discharge electrode, as wire with virtually radial spikes, is charged > 7000 kV. A tube is chosen as the simplest shape for integration in an air duct. Three layers, strongly acidic, strongly alkaline, placed on either side of a neutral layer, form collector. The layers are made electrically conducting by the addition of graphite or activated charcoal. Also, layers are impregnated with monoclonal antibodies or substances to counteract endotoxin or to kill fungi. Layer is best composed of individual cells, like a chessboard, with different properties in adjacent cells, so good kill rate is achieved as microorganisms pass across, and through, layers. To keep layers moist, material is impregnated with hygroscopic substance and fine aerosol is dispersed into airstream during operation. Collectors are run in series.

Description

In der Hauptanmeldung wird ein Elektrofilter mit denaturierender Niederschlagselektrode beschrieben. Diese Niederschlagselektrode wird mit denaturierenden Schichten versehen. Vorzugsweise sind diese denaturierenden Schichten mit pH-Wert z. B. 10-14, und/oder mit dem pH-Wert 1-3 ausgebildet.In the main application there is an electrostatic precipitator with a denaturing precipitation electrode described. This precipitation electrode is provided with denaturing layers. Preferably, these denaturing layers with pH z. B. 10-14, and / or with pH 1-3.

Hierbei muß berücksichtigt werden, daß die einzelnen Filterschichten gut leitend sein müssen, und die Niederschlagselektrode selbst nicht durch einen chemischen Angriff, der sauer oder alkalisch sein kann, beschädigt werden.It must be taken into account here that the individual filter layers must be highly conductive, and the precipitation electrode itself is not caused by a chemical attack that is acidic or alkaline can be damaged.

Aus diesem Grunde wird erfindungsgemäß vorgeschlagen, daß die Niederschlageselektrode aus einem preiswerten Kunststoff mit einer leitfähigen Beschichtung besteht, so daß das gesamte denaturierende Niederschlagselektrodenelement nach dem Ausbau und einer vorgesehenen Austauschzeit insgesamt einer Müllverbrennungsanlage zugeführt werden kann, ohne daß vorher eine Metallabscheidung vorgenommen werden muß.For this reason, it is proposed according to the invention that the precipitation electrode consists of an inexpensive plastic with a conductive coating, so that entire denaturing precipitation electrode element after removal and one scheduled exchange time can be fed to a waste incineration plant can, without having to do a metal deposition beforehand.

In der beiliegenden Zeichnung ist die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung dargestellt:The arrangement according to the invention is shown in the accompanying drawing:

Mit die saure Schicht mit pH-Wert 1-3 oder alkalische Schicht mit pH-Wert 10-14, die mit elektrisch leitenden Stoffen versehen ist.With the acidic layer with pH 1-3 or alkaline layer with pH 10-14, which is provided with electrically conductive substances.

Mit die pH-neutrale Trennschicht, die mit elektrisch leitenden Stoffen versehen ist. With the pH-neutral separating layer, which is provided with electrically conductive substances.  

Mit die alkalische Schicht mit pH-Wert 10-14 oder saure Schicht mit pH-Wert 1-3, die mit elektrisch leitenden Stoffen versehen ist.With the alkaline layer with pH 10-14 or acid layer with pH 1-3, which is provided with electrically conductive substances.

Mit die Niederschlagselektrode selbst, die aus Nichtmetallen besteht, aber mit elektrisch leitenden Stoffen versehen ist.With the precipitation electrode itself, which consists of non-metals, but with electrically conductive substances is provided.

Claims (2)

1. Denaturierende Niederschlagselektrode nach Hauptpatentanmeldung 197 25 030.0, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Basiskörper der Niederschlagselektrode aus säure- und/oder alkalisch-unempfindlichem Basismaterial besteht und z. B. aus ausgesteiftem Papier, Kartonage, Kunststoffvlies oder dergleichen gefertigt wird und somit unweltfreundlich in einer entsprechenden Feuerung energiespendend verbrannt werden kann.1. Denaturing precipitation electrode according to main patent application 197 25 030.0, characterized in that the base body of the precipitation electrode consists of acid and / or alkaline-insensitive base material and z. B. is made of stiffened paper, cardboard, plastic fleece or the like and can be environmentally friendly burned in a suitable furnace energy-saving. 2. Denaturierende Niederschlagselektrode nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die denaturierenden Teile der Niederschlagselektrode, die als Pufferteile und ausgebildet sind, mit dazwischen liegender neutraler Schicht zur Verbesserung der Leitfähigkeit für Schicht und mit graphithaltiger Masse armiert sind und gleichzeitig vorzugsweise der saure Teil und/oder der alkalische Teil mit entsprechendem pH-Wert gerechten, salzförmigen Körpern und gleitenden Graphitschichtungen versehen ist, und die neutralisierende Schicht pH-Wert neutral ist und eine leitfähige Armierung vorzugsweise aus Graphit besteht.2. Denaturing precipitation electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the denaturing parts of the precipitation electrode, which are designed as buffer parts and with a neutral layer in between to improve the conductivity for the layer and are reinforced with graphite-containing mass and at the same time preferably the acidic part and / or the alkaline part with a corresponding pH-appropriate, salt-like body and sliding graphite layers, and the neutralizing layer pH is neutral and a conductive reinforcement is preferably made of graphite.
DE19756999A 1997-06-13 1997-12-20 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms Withdrawn DE19756999A1 (en)

Priority Applications (15)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19756999A DE19756999A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-12-20 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
US09/424,969 US6375721B1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionization filter for purifying air
ES98936146T ES2239397T3 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 IONIZATION FILTER FOR AIR CLEANING.
PL98337280A PL190125B1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionisation-type filter for purification of air
PT98936146T PT989901E (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 IONIZATION FILTER FOR AIR PURIFICATION
JP50132899A JP2002510240A (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionizing filter for cleaning air
CNB988060906A CN1182909C (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionization filter for air purification
DE59812617T DE59812617D1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 IONIZATION FILTER FOR CLEANING AIR
PCT/DE1998/001599 WO1998056489A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionisation filter for purifying air
BR9811268-6A BR9811268A (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionization filter for air purification
DK98936146T DK0989901T3 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionization filter for air purification
AT98936146T ATE289857T1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 IONIZATION FILTER FOR PURIFYING AIR
EP98936146A EP0989901B1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionisation filter for purifying air
CA002286856A CA2286856A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionization filter for purifying air
AU85308/98A AU739503B2 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-12 Ionisation filter for purifying air

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19725030A DE19725030C2 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-06-13 Ionization filter with denaturing precipitation electrode
DE19756999A DE19756999A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-12-20 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE19756999A1 true DE19756999A1 (en) 1999-06-24

Family

ID=7832391

Family Applications (13)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19725030A Expired - Fee Related DE19725030C2 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-06-13 Ionization filter with denaturing precipitation electrode
DE19730040A Withdrawn DE19730040A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-07-14 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19732335A Withdrawn DE19732335A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-07-28 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19735192A Withdrawn DE19735192A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-08-14 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19744594A Ceased DE19744594A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-10-09 Improving the performance of electrofilters with denaturing deposition electrodes for air purification
DE19756999A Withdrawn DE19756999A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-12-20 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19809068A Expired - Fee Related DE19809068C2 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-03-04 Ionization filter with denaturing precipitation electrode
DE19810449A Ceased DE19810449A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-03-11 Ionization device for improving room air quality
DE19819939A Withdrawn DE19819939A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-05 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19821184A Ceased DE19821184A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-12 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19822055A Ceased DE19822055A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-16 Ionization filter, e.g. for denaturing microorganisms
DE19822054A Ceased DE19822054A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-16 Denaturing electrofilter unit, e.g. for treating air
DE19825241A Withdrawn DE19825241A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-05 Electric filter ioniser, e.g. for air cleansing systems

Family Applications Before (5)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19725030A Expired - Fee Related DE19725030C2 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-06-13 Ionization filter with denaturing precipitation electrode
DE19730040A Withdrawn DE19730040A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-07-14 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19732335A Withdrawn DE19732335A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-07-28 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19735192A Withdrawn DE19735192A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-08-14 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19744594A Ceased DE19744594A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1997-10-09 Improving the performance of electrofilters with denaturing deposition electrodes for air purification

Family Applications After (7)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19809068A Expired - Fee Related DE19809068C2 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-03-04 Ionization filter with denaturing precipitation electrode
DE19810449A Ceased DE19810449A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-03-11 Ionization device for improving room air quality
DE19819939A Withdrawn DE19819939A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-05 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19821184A Ceased DE19821184A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-12 Electrostatic air filter for removal of microorganisms
DE19822055A Ceased DE19822055A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-16 Ionization filter, e.g. for denaturing microorganisms
DE19822054A Ceased DE19822054A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-05-16 Denaturing electrofilter unit, e.g. for treating air
DE19825241A Withdrawn DE19825241A1 (en) 1997-06-13 1998-06-05 Electric filter ioniser, e.g. for air cleansing systems

Country Status (2)

Country Link
KR (1) KR20010012181A (en)
DE (13) DE19725030C2 (en)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19904606C1 (en) * 1999-02-05 2000-07-20 Heinz Hoelter Denaturizing precipitation electrode used in air purification system, has face divided into adjacent pyramids by inclined surface grooves
DE19904607C1 (en) * 1999-02-05 2000-04-06 Heinz Hoelter Electrostatic filter comprises cascade of ionizing electrodes and earthing plates
DE19915221C1 (en) * 1999-04-03 2000-10-12 Heinz Hoelter Air cleaning device using ion wind conditioning wall uses spray electrodes for providing ion wind at air intake and electrodes with high pH value within vertical flow conduit for air
AU2001219955A1 (en) * 2000-08-09 2002-02-18 Heinz Holter Dust filter for purifying air
US7033668B2 (en) * 2001-08-23 2006-04-25 Tesa Ag Electrically conductive, preferably unbacked adhesive tape with permanent full-area pressure sensitive adhesion, composed of a film of a pressure sensitive adhesive which is preferably coated onto an antiadhesive medium and has an alkaline surface
DE10346826B4 (en) * 2003-10-06 2013-09-26 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Filter system for motor vehicles
WO2006072235A1 (en) * 2005-01-07 2006-07-13 Efs Schermbeck Gmbh Method and device for the purification and conditioning of air
DE102008056072B4 (en) * 2008-11-05 2016-09-29 Paragon Ag Apparatus and method for charging indoors with fragrances, odors and / or flavorings
AU2020469631A1 (en) * 2020-09-23 2023-05-11 Hibocare Technologies South Africa (Pty) Ltd A panel for an air circulation system

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2854716A1 (en) * 1978-12-18 1980-06-19 Philips Patentverwaltung Electrostatic appts. for agitating or treating air - has cascade of anodes and cathodes at field strength below ozone generation threshold
DE2920813A1 (en) * 1979-05-23 1980-12-04 Rolf Fichtlscherer ELECTRONIC AIR PURIFIER AND IONIZER
DE19523048C1 (en) * 1995-06-24 1996-12-05 Hoelter Heinz Removal of allergenic substances e.g. spores, pollen etc.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE19735192A1 (en) 1999-03-04
DE19825241A1 (en) 1999-12-09
DE19732335A1 (en) 1999-03-04
DE19822055A1 (en) 1999-11-18
DE19819939A1 (en) 1999-11-11
DE19725030C2 (en) 2000-04-27
DE19725030A1 (en) 1998-12-17
DE19821184A1 (en) 1999-11-18
DE19822054A1 (en) 1999-11-18
DE19809068A1 (en) 1999-09-09
DE19809068C2 (en) 2000-08-31
DE19810449A1 (en) 1999-09-16
DE19730040A1 (en) 1999-03-04
KR20010012181A (en) 2001-02-15
DE19744594A1 (en) 1999-04-15

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