DE19632679A1 - Electrostatic motor with at least one electrode and two stator electrodes for generating mechanical torque - Google Patents

Abstract

The electrostatic motor is provided with at least one rotor electrode (A) or a rotor electrode system. At least two stator electrodes (B,C) or stator electrode systems, with which the capacitances between the rotor electrode and the stator electrodes, or between the rotor electrode system and the stator electrode systems, cyclically change in an opposing sense, between a value near to zero and a maximum value depending on the rotor angle. Special facilities are provided, with which electrostatic energy between the stator and rotor elements can be recovered in the position of greatest proximity to the rotor dead points. At least one additional stator electrode is provided, not serving the drive directly, on which by the rotor charge according to the influence principle in selected rotor positions, a charge of an opposing polarity is connected.

Description

In the "Annals of Physics and Chemistry", volume 139, year In 1870 the author J.C. Poggendorff in the essay "About the Holtz rotation phenomenon" the experimental Observation described that certain Embodiments of an influence generator also as a motor operate if they come from a suitable High voltage source can be fed. Poggendorff examined this phenomenon on a specially made Experimental setup.

Later, more electrostatic motor designs were made like that of the Danish Christiansen, the American McVay or the "Electric Tourbillon" by W. Grüel known to only to give the basic examples.

With these motors, contact brushes or corona combs are used electrical charges on the rotor or certain Rotor segments applied, which are then related to the Charges of the stator arrangement "by the known electrical attractions and repulsions ", as Poggendorff writes in the annals of physics, a mechanical one Generate torque.

One misses in all historical works on this Subject a quantitative description of the energetic Relationships.

The aim of the present invention is that of all previously known (supplied with a DC voltage) Arrangements in the transhipment losses occurring at the rotor dead centers to avoid and by introducing additional Influence electrodes to get a universal machine the z. B. as a voltage converter for generating extremely high Potentials can be used.

Functional description of the invention

First, the basic relationships are shown with the help of the functional sketches Fig. 1 to Fig. 5:
In all examples, tasks such as speed control or the like are not dealt with, since they can be dealt with using conventional solutions.

In Fig. 1 B and C are fixed stator electrode in the form of a cylinder portion, each extending over a predetermined angular range (in this case 120 degrees) extend.

B and C are connected to the capacitor Cq. Cq is loaded and represents the in this simple model electrical drive energy available. On his Electrodes are the charges + Qq or -Qq. The The capacitor voltage Uq is therefore Qq / Cq.

The likewise cylindrical rotor element A is rotatably and electrically insulated on an axis via which the mechanical torque can be output (the usual second rotor element is omitted for reasons of clarity). This mechanical construction is not shown in FIG. 1 since it is irrelevant for the description of the function.

All elements A, B and C have the in the axial direction same dimension. The distance between the rotor and stator is the difference between the radii of the Stator and the rotor.

In the position shown (range 0 <α <π) A with B electrically connected. This is for illustrative purposes (also in the following figures) in the form of a flexible connecting wire between the positive Capacitor connection and the rotor electrode A shown. In real versions, contact brushes are used for this purpose, There are corona combs or similar that are not dealt with here should be.

The embodiment of the rotor and stator electrodes is not essential for the mode of operation. Cylindrical elements were selected in FIG. 1 (and also in the following figures) solely for the sake of clarity.

To larger capacitance values between the rotor and Obtaining stator elements are in real designs preferably interlocking plate packs used.

The capacitance between A and C or B and C in the rotor position shown (α = 0) is negligibly small compared to the capacitance Cq. With this simplification, the electrostatic energy content of the arrangement in Fig. 1 is:

If the function of the rotor stator capa is known cac (α) can be given with the given initial conditions all involved electrical and mechanical Quantities (torque) as a function of the rotor angle α represent.  

However, only the energetic conditions should be mentioned here be considered at certain discrete rotor angles.

In Fig. 2 the simple motor is shown in the rotor position α = π, ie the electrode A is now in the greatest attainable proximity (dead center) to the stator electrode C. The conductive connection between A and the positive connection of Cq has in the entire area 0 <α <π passed continuously.

A and C now form a capacitor with the capacitance Cm. The size of cm can be determined solely from the geome Determine trical dimensions, as in all relevant Textbooks can be read.

The capacitors Cm and Cq are initially considered ideal assumed, losses due to leakage currents are not taken into account. The charges on the rotor electrode and the stator surfaces be free and move practically without loss.

The capacity between B and A or B and C is in this Angular position is again negligibly small.

Under these boundary conditions, the electrostatic energy content of the arrangement in FIG. 2 is:

The energy difference W1 = E1-E2 corresponds to that in the area 0 <α <π mechanical energy (released Torque, overcoming bearing friction, acceleration of the rotor).

According to a trivial calculation:

If, before reaching the rotor angle α = π, the electrical Connection between A and the positive terminal of Cq is interrupted, nothing changes qualitatively described procedure. You only get a lower one Torque, since the amount of charge Qm corresponds to the smaller rotor-stator capacity Cac at the time of Interruption did not reach its possible maximum value.  

The one described above can now be used in the rotor angle range π <α <2π Process with interchanged stator elements B and C again expire.

In any case, the connection of A with interrupted the positive connection of Cq and then one Contact between A and the negative terminal of Cq getting produced.

At rotor dead center, α = π is that between rotor element A. and stator element C stored amount of energy:

In the previously known, DC-powered electrostatic motors this energy goes as Charge loss (conversion to heat) lost because of the Rotor-stator capacitance Cm at the rotor dead center usually over a spark gap or through direct contact is short-circuited.

An aim of the present invention is to use this energy portion recover at the rotor dead centers before the Rotor and stator elements conductively connected to each other will.

This task can be done, for. B. solve by a circuit arrangement as shown in Fig. 3.

When the angular position π is reached in a very short time (compared to the orbital period of the rotor) the rotor-stator capacity Cm unloaded by closing the switch Sr. becomes. The function of Sr can e.g. B. as a mechanical Contact, as a spark gap or as a semiconductor switch be carried out.

The coil Lr and the diode Ds are - apart from inevitable ohmic losses- the total energy E3 transferred to the capacitor Cr.

The diode Dq takes over the decaying coil current when the voltage at Cm has dropped to 0. Diode Ds prevents energy from flowing back if Sr is too long remains closed.

The size of Lr is not critical as long as the period lasts the resulting resonant circuit (from Lr and Cr) very much remains small compared to the period of rotation of the rotor.  

Possibilities for recycling the now according to Cr reloaded energy E3 should not be discussed in detail here will. Of course, there is feedback in the driving voltage source. This is more appropriate To do circuitry in a conventional way.

Second embodiment

In Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 shows schematically a second example of an electrostatic motor arrangement sketched, are available at the 4 stator electrodes E1, E2, F1, F2 and two rotor electrodes D1, D2. F1 and F2 are connected to the common ground potential, the voltage supply to the stator electrodes E1 and E2 takes place symmetrically to the common ground potential with + Uq and -Uq from the two charged capacitors Cq.

FIG. 4 shows the rotor position α = 0, while FIG. 5 shows the rotor position α = π / 2.

If one designates the maximum capacitance between the rotor and stator element again with Cm, then the relationships already given above apply identically to each rotor element; because of the double number of electrodes compared to the first example, the mechanical one obtained in the range 0 <α <π / 2 Energy however 2 _* W1.

In all rotor dead centers (0, π / 2, π, 3π / 2) the between the respective rotor and stator element remaining electrostatic energy recovered, as before shown above.

Substantially on the second embodiment of FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 is the full charge voltage, and symmetry of the functional elements relative to the common ground potential.

Third embodiment

The third exemplary embodiment of an electrostatic motor is represented by FIGS. 6 to 11 in the different movement phases.

It can be done directly through appropriate extensions derive from the second motor. For this reason they wear functionally identical elements in both examples identical Designations.

A1, A2, A3, A4 and B1, B2, B3, B4 are additional introduced stator elements, on which by means of the loaded Rotor elements are generated by influencing charges, such as is described below. For the pure engine function they are irrelevant.  

For the sake of a better overview (with the exception of FIG. 11) only two (D1, D2) of the 6 existing rotor elements are shown and only the effects of these two rotor elements are examined.

For simplification and for the purpose more descriptive Representability is also in the third implementation example initially provided that the stray capacities between adjacent stator elements or a rotor element and a distant stator element are negligibly small compared to the rotor-stator capacitance at the dead center (Cm) and the two loaded capacities Cq, which in turn are the Provide drive energy.

In real engine designs, these lead to inevitable Stray capacities to reduce the maximum achieved performance data, shown on the following In principle, however, they do not change anything.

In the third implementation example, a total of 12 stator Elements available. This number can of course vary without affecting the principle of operation.

Fig. 6 shows the rotor in its starting position α = 0. The capacitors C3 and C3 + are discharged in this position.

The electrodes D1 and E1 or D2 and E2 are each in the Range of rotor angle 0 <α <π / 6 electrically conductive connected with each other.

If you have the maximum capacity between rotor and Stator element, again designated with Cm, are in the second rotor dead position α = π / 6 completely identical to the two previous examples the charge amounts + Qm or -Qm on the opposing pairs of electrodes D1 / A1 or D2 / A3, because of this via diodes D3- or D3 + Amounts of charge could flow onto the stator elements.

This is shown in Fig. 7.

Neglecting the diode forward voltage the rotor elements A1 and A3 in this rotor position Ground potential.

Apply completely identical to the previous examples relationships again:

For that in the range of the rotor angle 0 <α <π / 6 under the mechanical elements obtained in the two rotor elements shown Energy share also applies:

The contacting of the rotor elements is now canceled, D1 and D2 move in the entire rotor angle range π / 6 <α <5π / 6 with the constant amount of charge + Qm or -Qm, as shown in FIGS . 8 and 9.

On average, there is no mechanical in this angular range Torque generated because in this phase from the no energy is taken from the supplying capacitors Cq and the electrostatic energy level E4 of the rotor in the Positions α = π / 6 and α = 5π / 6 are completely identical:

After reaching the angular position α = 5π / 6, this electrostatic energy is recovered in the manner already described above. In order to clarify this, the components required for this from FIG. 3 are drawn in again for both polarities in FIG. 9.

In the angular range 5π / 6 <α <π, the rotor elements D1 and D2 are connected to the ground potential, as indicated in FIG. 10.

In this angular range there is again a mechanical one Torque generated. When the angular position π is reached apply to the rotor charge Qn and the new charge Qs the capacitors Cq the relationships:

For that in the range of the rotor angle 5π / 6 <α <π under the mechanical elements obtained in the two rotor elements shown The proportion of energy again applies accordingly:

Before the entire process with reversed rotor elements D1, D2 can take place again, the turn in the stored rotor-stator capacitances Cm share of E5 recovered:

Fig. 11 shows all 6 rotor elements which pass through all the above-described movement phases in succession with an angular offset of π / 3.

The mechanical engine power delivered triples correspondingly compared to the rotor with only 2 elements.

The energy of the two drive capacitors Cq would be largely used up after a few rotations of the rotor. For this reason, these capacitors must either be recharged cyclically or replaced by a fixed voltage source for continuous operation. Fixed voltage sources Uv are shown in FIG .

This is the description of the pure engine functions of the third embodiment completed.

The additional function of the engine

In European patent application EP 0 722 213 A2 with the Title "Electrostatic Generator" is a Influence generator with at least one rotor and two Stator electrodes described, in which the switched Energy is only drawn in the angular positions which are the electrostatic energy level of the rotor is at its minimum.

The rotor element with a specific charge generated alternately on the first and second Stator electrode with an equally large charge due to influence opposite sign, which then move on of the rotor in a respective condenser is collected.

The essential electrical ones in that patent application and mechanical quantities are a function of the Rotor angle α explicitly specified.

The aim of the present invention is that in the o.a. Patent application described generator principle with the Fundamentals of a detailed above electrostatic motor in an advantageous manner constructive connect to.  

This gives z. B. the possibility of a moderate high voltage for driving the electrostatic motor a very high voltage potential or very tense impulses for z. B. ignition purposes etc. to win.

This is described in more detail below. As with the representation of the motor functions should also here again for reasons of clarity the energetic Conditions only in some defined positions of the Rotors are described.

Since the processes for both charge polarities completely are identical, the consideration of a single one is sufficient two loaded rotor elements. It will be easier Comparison with the patent application EP 0 722 213 A2 for the Functional elements involved are largely identical Designations used.

The starting point is the rotor position α = π / 6 shown in FIG. 7, the contacting of the rotor electrode D2 is already canceled, the two switches S3 + and S4 + are open.

The charge quantity -Qm is on D2, on which associated stator element A3 an equally large positive Amount of charge + sqm.

As the rotor moves to position α = π / 3, these charges on A3 free. You can because of Blocking effect of the diode D3 +, however, not to ground drain off and collect on the capacitor C3 +.

The capacities C3 +, C5 +, C3- and C5- do not have to be be present as concrete components, but can also by the constructively defined capacity between the stator electrodes and a conductive outer Housing wall are formed.

The diode D5 + flows during this rotor movement according to the principle of influence, positive at the same time Charges to the stator electrode B3.

When the rotor position α = π / 3 is reached total amount of charge + Qm of stator electrode A3 on C3 +, on B3 the charge is also + Qm due to influence bound.

The voltage across capacitor C3 + is therefore Qm / C3 +. It can therefore be determined by the level of the (motor) supply voltage and the capacity ratio Cm / C3 + exactly establish.  

By briefly closing switch S3 + the Energy E6 present in capacitor C3 + by means of a circuit already described in detail above arrangement (D1 +, D2 +, L1 +) on the capacitor C6 + and the Transfer consumer RL +:

Then the rotor moves from the position α = π / 3 to Position α = π / 2 moves, this process runs again completely identical to the then involved stator elements B3 and A4 off. In the rotor position α = π / 2 the turn Energy quantity E6 of the capacitor C5 + due to short-term Close switch S4 + on the consumer circuit transfer.

Depending on the number of influent electrodes An, Bn this process is repeated until the rotor element D2 Position of the stator electrode F2 has reached.

If the rotor with 6 electrodes (at an angular distance π / 3) populated, increases accordingly per angular step transferred amount of charge and energy because of the involved Stator elements An and Bn are connected in parallel.

If the entire arrangement, but at least the rotor and the stator elements, in a hermetically sealed, evacuated Enclosures included become uncontrolled Sparks and corona discharges avoided. It In this case, it is recommended that the torque be exceeded suitable magnetic coupling through the housing wall transfer.  

Electrostatic motor Description of the drawings

The attached 11 sketches illustrate the technical Facts of the invention. The labeling follows of the figures:

Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation (section) of the basic shape of an electrostatic motor in the first movement phase (rotor angle = 0).

Fig. 2 shows the schematic basic form of the electrostatic motor in the second movement phase (rotor angle = π).

FIG. 3 shows a circuit example for the recovery of the electrostatic field energy remaining in the dead centers between the rotor and stator electrodes.

Fig. 4 shows the bipolar variant of an electrostatic motor having a positively and a negatively charged rotor member in the first movement phase (rotor angle = 0).

FIG. 5 shows the motor variant from FIG. 4 in the second movement phase (rotor angle = π / 2).

FIG. 6 shows the bipolar motor variant expanded by 8 influence electrodes in the first movement phase (rotor angle = 0). For a better overview, only 2 of the six existing rotor elements are shown at first.

FIG. 7 shows the motor from FIG. 6 in the second movement phase (rotor angle = π / 6).

FIG. 8 shows the motor from FIG. 6 in the third movement phase (rotor angle = π / 3).

FIG. 9 shows the motor from FIG. 6 in the sixth movement phase (rotor angle = 5π / 6), in which the electrostatic field energy remaining between the rotor and stator electrodes is recovered.

FIG. 10 shows the motor from FIG. 6 in the seventh movement phase (rotor angle = π).

FIG. 11 shows the motor from FIG. 6 with all six rotor electrodes. The charging capacitors are now replaced by fixed voltage sources.

Claims (10)

1. Electrostatic motor with at least one rotor electrode (A) or a rotor electrode system and at least two stator electrodes (B, C) or stator electrode systems serving to generate torque, in which the capacities between the rotor electrode and the stator electrodes or between the rotor electrode system and the stator electrode systems, depending on the rotor angle, change cyclically between a value close to 0 and a maximum value, characterized in that special means are available with which the electrostatic energy between the rotor and stator elements in the Positions of the closest approach, the rotor dead centers, can be recovered. 2. Electrostatic motor according to claim 1, characterized by that at least one additional, not immediately the Drive serving stator electrode is present on the through the rotor charge according to the principle of influence defined rotor positions a charge of opposite Polarity is bound. 3. Electrostatic motor according to claim 2, characterized in that

• a) that the again released charges of the additional influence electrode (s) are first collected by means of suitable switching means in a stator capacitor (C3x, C5x)
• b) and that by means of suitable switching elements, this capacitor is electrically conductively bridged over defined areas of the rotor position for the influenced charges
• c) and that energy is drawn from this stator capacitor (C3x, C5x) only when the capacitance between the influence electrode (s) and rotor element (s) has reached its minimum.

4. Electrostatic motor according to claim 2 and 3, characterized in that for conductive bridging the stator capacitors (C3x, C5x) during defined Areas of rotor position for the affected Charges diodes (D3x, D5x) can be used.   5. Electrostatic motor according to claim 2 and 3, characterized in that for conductive bridging the stator capacitors (C3x, C5x) during defined Areas of rotor position for the affected Charges mechanical commutator contacts are used. 6. Electrostatic motor according to claim 2 and 3, characterized in that for conductive bridging the stator capacitors (C3x, C5x) during defined Areas of rotor position for the affected Charges semiconductor switches, preferably field-effect transistors be used. 7. Electrostatic motor according to claim 2 and 3, characterized in that the switched Power consumption at the stator capacitors (C3x, C5x) at defined rotor positions for the Switch functions (S3x, S4x) mechanical commutator contacts be used. 8. Electrostatic motor according to claim 2 and 3, characterized in that the switched Power consumption at the stator capacitors (C3x, C5x) at defined rotor positions for the Switch functions (S3x, S4x) semiconductor switches, field-effect transistors are preferably used. 9. Electrostatic motor according to claim 2 and 3, characterized in that the switched Power consumption at the stator capacitors (C3x, C5x) with fixed rotor positions for the switches functions (S3x, S4x) spark gaps in air or be used under protective gas. 10. Electrostatic motor after all the previous ones Claims, characterized in that all Functional units, but at least the rotor and the Stator elements, in a hermetically sealed, evacuated housing and that Torque by means of a suitable magnetic coupling the housing is transferred.