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DE19538747A1 - Planar wavefront aberration measuring method for coherent light source in gitter shear interferometer - Google Patents

Planar wavefront aberration measuring method for coherent light source in gitter shear interferometer

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Publication number
DE19538747A1
DE19538747A1 DE1995138747 DE19538747A DE19538747A1 DE 19538747 A1 DE19538747 A1 DE 19538747A1 DE 1995138747 DE1995138747 DE 1995138747 DE 19538747 A DE19538747 A DE 19538747A DE 19538747 A1 DE19538747 A1 DE 19538747A1
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Germany
Prior art keywords
phase
grating
grid
light source
coherent light
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Pending
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DE1995138747
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German (de)
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Johannes Prof Dr Schwider
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Individual
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Priority to DE1995138747 priority Critical patent/DE19538747A1/en
Publication of DE19538747A1 publication Critical patent/DE19538747A1/en
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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/42Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
    • G02B27/4233Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive element [DOE] contributing to a non-imaging application
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01JMEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J9/00Measuring optical phase difference; Determining degree of coherence; Measuring optical wavelength
    • G01J9/02Measuring optical phase difference; Determining degree of coherence; Measuring optical wavelength by interferometric methods
    • G01J9/0215Measuring optical phase difference; Determining degree of coherence; Measuring optical wavelength by interferometric methods by shearing interferometric methods

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Testing Of Optical Devices Or Fibers (AREA)

Abstract

The method employs a pair of diffraction gratings (G1,G2) having identical line geometry. The emergent light wave is split into two divergent components by the grating (G1) which are subject to further diffraction at the grating (G2). This results in an overlapping region and a first interference image for presentation to the CCD camera (EP') via the lenses (L,L2) and zero/even order filter diaphragm. The assembly is then rotated through 90 deg. to provide a second interference image, having an orthogonal relationship, to enable complete reconstruction of the original wavefront aberration.

Description

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Bekannt sind Gitter-Shear-Interferometer in Form des sogenannten Ronchi-Tests.Grating shear interferometers in the form of the so-called Ronchi test are known.

Bei diesem Verfahren wird ein Gitter in der Fokusregion plaziert, d. h. es werden die sphärischen Wellen in der Fokalregion durch Beugung an dem Gitter vervielfältigt und richtungsmäßig aufgefächert (im Fernfeld also auch lateral gesheart). Um, ein Overlap zwischen mehr als zwei Ordnungen zu vermeiden, wählt man im allgemeinen die Gitterkonstante so klein oder den shear so groß, daß sich nur benachbarte Ordnungen überlagern können. Das bedeutet jedoch beträchtliche Shearbeträge (z. B. halbe Apertur). Eine andere Lösung beruht auf einer Phasenmodulation mit ω durch laetarle Translation des Gitters. Dabei läßt sich durch schmalbandiges Filtern das erwünschte Signal mit der Frequenz ω von allen anderen mit den Frequenzen mω (m<1) separieren.In this method, a grid is placed in the focus region, i. H. it will be the spherical waves in the focal region multiplied by diffraction at the grating and directional fanned out (in the far field also sheared laterally). Um, an overlap To avoid more than two orders, you generally choose the Lattice constant so small or the shear so big that there are only neighboring orders can overlay. However, this means considerable amounts of shear (e.g. half aperture). A another solution is based on a phase modulation with ω by means of laetarle translation of the grating. The desired signal with the frequency ω of can be obtained by narrowband filtering separate all others with the frequencies mω (m <1).

AusführungsbeispielEmbodiment

Erfindungsgemäß geht es jedoch um eine Anordnung, die beliebige Sheargrößen für Planwellen ermöglicht und gleichzeitig frei von signifikanten Störungen bleibt.According to the invention, however, it is an arrangement that has arbitrary shear sizes for plane shafts enables and at the same time remains free of significant disturbances.

Es werden zwei Phasengitter in einer Reihenschaltung benutzt, die derart gestaltet sind, daß die 0-te und alle geraden Beugungsordnungen weitestgehend unterdrückt werden.Two phase gratings are used in a series connection, which are designed such that the 0th and all even diffraction orders are largely suppressed.

Wie bekannt /1/ sind zur Rekonstruktion des Wellenfeldes wenigstens 2 (möglichst orthogonale) Shears erforderlich, d. h. man muß z. B. 2 Messungen mit Shears in x- bzw. y- Richtung ausführen. Im vorliegenden Fall kann das durch eine 90°-Drehung (im Prinzip sind aber auch andere Winkel möglich) der Gesamtanordnung geschehen.As is known / 1 /, at least 2 (if possible orthogonal) shears required, d. H. one must z. B. 2 measurements with shears in x- or y- Execute direction. In the present case, this can be done by turning 90 ° (in principle but other angles are also possible) of the overall arrangement.

Die beiden Phasengitter sollen gleiche Gitterkonstanten haben und für die +-ersten Ordnungen geblazt sein, d. h. konkret z. B. aus äquidistanten 0 und π-Zonen bestehen, die z. B. durch Mikrostrukturierung und reaktives Ionenätzen in Quarzglas erzeugt sein sollen.The two phase gratings should have the same grating constants and for the + first orders be blown, d. H. specifically z. B. consist of equidistant 0 and π zones z. B. by Microstructuring and reactive ion etching should be generated in quartz glass.

Man kommt also zu der folgenden Anordnung (Fig. 1):This leads to the following arrangement ( Fig. 1):

Das Licht von einer zu untersuchenden Planwelle fallt auf das Gitter G₁ und wird dort in 2 Wellen aufgespalten, die zum Gitter G₂ im Abstand z₀ propagieren und dabei eine örtliche Trennung durchmachen. Das Gitter G₂ erzeugt aus jeder der ankommenden Wellen jeweils 2 weitere von denen je eine parallel zur optischen Achse verlaufen und im Überlappungsgebiet zur Interferenz führen. Durch Abbildung der Austrittspupille EP auf eine CCD-Kamera mit einem teleskopischen System L₁, Blende, L₂ kann man die Intensität aufnehmen und einem Computer zur Auswertung zuführen. Die Blende in der gemeinsamen Brennebene von L₁, L₂ dient dazu alle störenden Wellen anderer Gitterordnungen auszufiltern. Als Störlicht verbleibt dann lediglich das Licht der jeweils ungebeugten Ordnungen, das naturgemäß sehr schwach ausfallt oder durch Sondermaßnahmen (s.w. unten) weitgehend unterdrückt werden kann. Zur Auswertung kann G₂ gegen G₁ lateral senkrecht zu den Gitterlinien bewegt werden, wobei eine Verschiebung um eine Gitterperiode einer Phasenverschiebung von 2π entspricht. Damit lassen sich alle Phasenauswertemethoden, wie etwa phase shitting Techniken /1/ heranziehen.The light from a plane wave to be examined falls on the grating G 1 and is there in 2 Waves split, which propagate to the grid G₂ at a distance z₀ and thereby a local Go through separation. The grid G₂ generates 2 from each of the incoming waves more of which are each parallel to the optical axis and in the overlap area lead to interference. By imaging the exit pupil EP on a CCD camera a telescopic system L₁, aperture, L₂ you can record the intensity and one Feed the computer for evaluation. The aperture in the common focal plane of L₁, L₂ is used to filter out all interfering waves of other grating orders. Remains as a stray light then only the light of the respective undiffracted orders, which is naturally very weak fails or can be largely suppressed by special measures (see below). For Evaluation can be moved G₂ against G₁ laterally perpendicular to the grid lines, one Shift by one grating period corresponds to a phase shift of 2π. Leave with it use all phase evaluation methods, such as phase shitting techniques / 1 /.

Die Größe des eingestellten Shears s hängt dabei vom Abstand z₀ ab wobei gilt:The size of the set shear s depends on the distance z₀ where:

s = 2z₀anθ, wobei θ = arc sin λ/ps = 2z₀anθ, where θ = arc sin λ / p

wobei p die Gitterkonstante der beiden Gitter, und X die Schwerpunktswellenlänge bedeuten. Nach Ausführen einer Messung in x-Richtung wird die Gitterkombination um 90° gedreht und die Auswertung in y-Richtung durchgeführt. Aus den so gewonnenen partiellen Ableitungen nach x, y werden danach durch Anfitten von geeigneten Polynomen die Wellenaberrationen berechnet.where p is the grating constant of the two grids, and X is the centroid wavelength. After performing a measurement in the x direction, the grating combination is rotated through 90 ° and the evaluation was carried out in the y direction. From the partial derivatives obtained in this way after x, y, by fitting suitable polynomials, the wave aberrations become calculated.

Besondere Aufmerksamkeit muß man dem Streulicht widmen, welches in einem solchen Interferometer generiert werden kann, da es keine perfekten Komponenten gibt. Hauptsächlich das Licht aus der nullten Ordnung ist dabei wesentlich, da es sich in die gleiche Richtung ausbreitet wie die Testwelle.Special attention must be paid to the stray light which is contained in such Interferometer can be generated because there are no perfect components. Mainly The zero order light is essential since it is in the same direction spreads out like the test wave.

Eine Alternative zu den rein eindimensionalen Gittern wäre eine Kombination aus einem Kreuzphasengitter mit einem Linearphasengitter. Das Kreuzphasengitter hat den enormen Vorteil, daß im Falle von 0 und π phaseschiebenden Bereichen die nullte Ordnung von zweiter Ordnung klein wird, da das Beugungsproblem aufgrund der Orthogonalität separierbar beschrieben werden kann, oder in anderen Worten die Beugungsverteilungen für x, y multiplizieren sich, wodurch die nullte Ordnung quadratisch unterdrückt wird.An alternative to the purely one-dimensional grids would be a combination of one Cross phase grating with a linear phase grating. The cross phase grating has the enormous Advantage that in the case of 0 and π phase shifting areas the zeroth order of second Order becomes small because the diffraction problem can be separated due to the orthogonality can be described, or in other words the diffraction distributions for x, y multiply, which suppresses the zeroth order squared.

Zur Auswertung in x bzw. in y-Richtung wäre dann das lineare Phasengitter G₂ um 90° zu drehen und durch laterale Bewegung die Phase verstellbar.The linear phase grating G₂ would then be 90 ° away for evaluation in the x or y direction turn and the phase can be adjusted by lateral movement.

Eine solche Anordnung hat einen weit größeren Störabstand als die Anordnung mit zwei linearen Gittern.Such an arrangement has a much larger signal-to-noise ratio than the arrangement with two linear grids.

Literatur:Literature:

/1/ D. Malacara "Optical Shop Testing", sec. ed. 1972, John Wiley & Sons New York/ 1 / D. Malacara "Optical Shop Testing", sec. Ed. 1972, John Wiley & Sons New York

Claims (5)

1. Verfahren und Anordnung zur Vermessung von Wellenaberrationen von Wellenfronten dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die von einer kohärenten Lichtquelle und durch Abbildung mittels geeigneter optischer Systeme oder Prüflinge herrührende nahezu plane Wellenfront eine Kombination von zwei in Reihe geschaltete Phasengifter gleicher Ortsfrequenz, die in einem geeignet gewählten Abstand voneinander angeordnet sind, durchsetzt wird und dabei durch Wahl des Phasenprofils hauptsächlich Wellen der zwei ersten Beugungsordnungen generiert werden, die bei Verlassen des zweiten Gitters kolinear zur Achse verlaufende Wellen ergeben, deren Interferenzerscheinung eine Aussage über die partielle Ableitung der Wellenaberrationen der Ausgangswelle in Richtung des lateralen Versatzes ergibt.1. The method and arrangement for measuring wave aberrations of wave fronts, characterized in that the almost flat wavefront originating from a coherent light source and by imaging by means of suitable optical systems or test objects is a combination of two phase poisoners of the same spatial frequency connected in series, which are at a suitably chosen distance are arranged from each other, is interspersed and mainly waves of the two first diffraction orders are generated by the choice of the phase profile, which when leaving the second grating result in waves co-linear to the axis, the interference phenomenon of which provides information about the partial derivation of the wave aberrations of the output wave in the direction of the lateral one Offset results. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Gitterkombination relativ zum Bündelschwerpunkt um 90 Grad oder einen anderen geeigneten Winkel gedreht wird, um auch orthogonale Informationen für weitere partielle Ableitungen zu erhalten, die eine Rekonstruktion der Wellenfront erlauben.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the lattice combination rotated 90 degrees or another suitable angle relative to the bundle center of gravity in order to obtain orthogonal information for further partial derivatives that allow reconstruction of the wavefront. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, 2 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das zweite Gitter zur Phasenauswertung lateral um eine oder ein Vielfaches einer Gitterkonstanten bewegt wird und die dabei gewonnenen Intensitäten zur Bestimmung der Phasenverteilung im Interferogramm von einem Bildaufnahmesystem verarbeitet werden.3. The method according to claim 1, 2 characterized in that the second grid for Phase evaluation is moved laterally by one or a multiple of a lattice constant and the intensities obtained in this way for determining the phase distribution in the interferogram processed by an image acquisition system. 4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-3 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das erste Gitter als Kreuzphasengitter ausgebildet ist und daß die partielle Ableitung nach der jeweils orthogonalen Koordinatenrichtung durch eine 90Grad-Drehung des zweiten Gitters und durch räumliche Filterung gewonnen wird.4. The method according to claim 1-3, characterized in that the first grid as Cross-phase grating is formed and that the partial derivative according to the respective orthogonal Coordinate direction by a 90 degree rotation of the second grid and by spatial Filtering is obtained. 5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-3 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Phasenverschiebung der phaseschiebenden Bereiche der verwendeten Phasengitter gerade gleich π ist und das Verhältnis der lateralen Strukturbereiche gleich eins ist, wodurch die geraden Beugungsordnungen und insbesondere die nullte Beugungsordnung unterdrückt werden.5. The method according to claim 1-3, characterized in that the phase shift the phase shifting areas of the phase gratings used is just π and that The ratio of the lateral structural areas is equal to one, which makes the straight Diffraction orders and in particular the zeroth diffraction order can be suppressed.
DE1995138747 1995-10-18 1995-10-18 Planar wavefront aberration measuring method for coherent light source in gitter shear interferometer Pending DE19538747A1 (en)

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19650325A1 (en) * 1996-12-04 1998-06-10 Ettemeyer Gmbh & Co Mes Und Pr Method and device for determining deformations and strains on curved bodies
US6188483B1 (en) 1997-12-03 2001-02-13 Dr. Ettemeyer Gmbh & Co. Method and apparatus for determining deformation and elongation on curved bodies
US7075633B2 (en) 2001-10-25 2006-07-11 Carl Zeiss Smt Ag Method and system for measuring the imaging quality of an optical imaging system
US7333216B2 (en) 2000-02-23 2008-02-19 Carl Zeiss Smt Ag Apparatus for wavefront detection
CN102879111A (en) * 2012-10-10 2013-01-16 北京理工大学 Device and method for detecting wave-front aberrations of beam expanding and collimating system
US9141004B2 (en) 2011-03-30 2015-09-22 Asml Netherlands B.V. Lithographic apparatus and method
CN108955905A (en) * 2018-03-23 2018-12-07 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 Wavefront sensor and detection method based on modified Hartmann's mask
CN111256582A (en) * 2020-01-22 2020-06-09 中国计量大学 Transient phase-shifting lateral shearing interferometer and measurement method
DE102022208320A1 (en) 2022-08-10 2024-02-15 Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh Method for operating a measuring system
DE102023206874A1 (en) * 2023-07-20 2025-01-23 Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh Interferometric measuring device
DE102023123085A1 (en) * 2023-08-28 2025-03-06 Institut Für Nanophotonik Göttingen E.V. Device for producing a periodic structure in a substrate surface of a substrate and method for its operation

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19650325A1 (en) * 1996-12-04 1998-06-10 Ettemeyer Gmbh & Co Mes Und Pr Method and device for determining deformations and strains on curved bodies
US6188483B1 (en) 1997-12-03 2001-02-13 Dr. Ettemeyer Gmbh & Co. Method and apparatus for determining deformation and elongation on curved bodies
US7333216B2 (en) 2000-02-23 2008-02-19 Carl Zeiss Smt Ag Apparatus for wavefront detection
US7075633B2 (en) 2001-10-25 2006-07-11 Carl Zeiss Smt Ag Method and system for measuring the imaging quality of an optical imaging system
US7307707B2 (en) 2001-10-25 2007-12-11 Carl Zeiss Smt Ag Method and system for measuring the imaging quality of an optical imaging system
US9141004B2 (en) 2011-03-30 2015-09-22 Asml Netherlands B.V. Lithographic apparatus and method
CN102879111A (en) * 2012-10-10 2013-01-16 北京理工大学 Device and method for detecting wave-front aberrations of beam expanding and collimating system
CN108955905A (en) * 2018-03-23 2018-12-07 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 Wavefront sensor and detection method based on modified Hartmann's mask
CN108955905B (en) * 2018-03-23 2020-10-16 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 Wavefront sensor and detection method based on improved Hartmann mask
CN111256582A (en) * 2020-01-22 2020-06-09 中国计量大学 Transient phase-shifting lateral shearing interferometer and measurement method
DE102022208320A1 (en) 2022-08-10 2024-02-15 Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh Method for operating a measuring system
DE102023206874A1 (en) * 2023-07-20 2025-01-23 Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh Interferometric measuring device
DE102023123085A1 (en) * 2023-08-28 2025-03-06 Institut Für Nanophotonik Göttingen E.V. Device for producing a periodic structure in a substrate surface of a substrate and method for its operation
WO2025045517A1 (en) 2023-08-28 2025-03-06 Institut Für Nanophotonik Göttingen E.V. Apparatus for generating a periodic structure in a substrate surface of a substrate and method for the operation thereof

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