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DE19533927A1 - On-line measuring of water concn. - Google Patents

On-line measuring of water concn.

Info

Publication number
DE19533927A1
DE19533927A1 DE19533927A DE19533927A DE19533927A1 DE 19533927 A1 DE19533927 A1 DE 19533927A1 DE 19533927 A DE19533927 A DE 19533927A DE 19533927 A DE19533927 A DE 19533927A DE 19533927 A1 DE19533927 A1 DE 19533927A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
detergent
concentration
water
concn
sound
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
DE19533927A
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Michael Prof Dr Dr Gitis
Karl-Heinz Rupp
Karl Victor
Josef Dipl Ing Goeckler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RUPP KARL HEINZ
Original Assignee
RUPP KARL HEINZ
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by RUPP KARL HEINZ filed Critical RUPP KARL HEINZ
Priority to DE19533927A priority Critical patent/DE19533927A1/en
Publication of DE19533927A1 publication Critical patent/DE19533927A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance
    • G01N27/223—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance for determining moisture content, e.g. humidity
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F34/00—Details of control systems for washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F34/14—Arrangements for detecting or measuring specific parameters
    • D06F34/22—Condition of the washing liquid, e.g. turbidity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G01N29/024—Analysing fluids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D21/00—Control of chemical or physico-chemical variables, e.g. pH value
    • G05D21/02—Control of chemical or physico-chemical variables, e.g. pH value characterised by the use of electric means
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/20—Washing liquid condition, e.g. turbidity
    • D06F2103/22—Content of detergent or additives
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/02—Water supply
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/42—Detergent or additive supply
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/01—Indexing codes associated with the measuring variable
    • G01N2291/017—Doppler techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02809—Concentration of a compound, e.g. measured by a surface mass change
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02863—Electric or magnetic parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028—Material parameters
    • G01N2291/02881—Temperature

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)

Abstract

A process is for online measuring of detergent concn. in contaminated industrial washing solns., It involves determining the water concn. through capacity measurement. The detergent concn. is determined through determining the velocity of sound, and regulated subsequently.

Description

Anwendungsgebietfield of use

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Konzentrations-Meßvorrichtung die bei laufender Reinigungs-Maschine die Konzentration von Waschmittel in der Reinigungslauge bestimmt und nachregelt.The invention relates to a concentration measuring device which is running Cleaning machine the concentration of detergent in the detergent solution determined and adjusted.

Zweckpurpose

Bevor automatengefertigte Maschinenteile ihrer Verwendung zugeführt werden, müssen sie von groben Verschmutzungen wie Öl, Kühlmittel etc. gereinigt werden. Dies geschieht in automatischen Reinigungsmaschinen. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt bei diesem Vorgang ist die Konzentration des Waschmittelgehaltes. Durch Bindung der Waschmitteltenside mit Schmutz nimmt die Konzentration einerseits ständig ab. Durch Verdunsten von Wasser andererseits wächst die Waschmittelkonzentration. Da für eine Lösung des ölhaltigen Schmutzes eine Mindestkonzentration eingehalten werden muß, die Konzentration aber auch nicht zu hoch ausfallen darf, müssen die beiden beschriebenen Ursachen für eine Konzentrationsänderung ständig kontrolliert werden und ihnen kontinuierlich entgegengewirkt werden.Before machine parts made by machines are put to use, they must be cleaned of coarse dirt such as oil, coolant, etc. This is done in automatic cleaning machines. An essential aspect at this process is the concentration of the detergent content. By binding the On the one hand, detergent surfactants with dirt constantly decrease the concentration. By Evaporation of water on the other hand increases the detergent concentration. Therefore a solution of the oily dirt a minimum concentration must be observed must, but the concentration must not be too high, the two must causes described for a change in concentration are constantly checked and are continuously counteracted.

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Unbekannt, bzw. manuelle Untersuchungsmethoden.Unknown, or manual examination methods.

Aufgabetask

Die Erfindung hat die Aufgabe, die Waschmittelkonzentration in Reinigungslaugen online auf einem vorgegebenen Niveau zu halten und bei Abweichung vom Sollwert entweder Wasser oder Waschmittel nachzudosieren. The invention has the task of determining the detergent concentration in cleaning liquors to keep online at a predetermined level and in the event of a deviation from the setpoint either add water or detergent.  

Lösungsolution

Um die oben geschilderte Aufgabe zu realisieren, wird eine Kombination von Kapazitätsmessung und Bestimmung der Schallgeschwindigkeit eingesetzt. Diese beiden Messungen können nicht unabhängig voneinander durchgeführt werden. Um die Schallgeschwindigkeit zu messen, muß die Konzentration des Wassers konstant sein, d. h. die gemessene Kapazität. Erst dann kann die 2. Messung durchgeführt und ausgewertet werden, um die Waschmittelkonzentration ebenfalls konstant zu halten. Es wird Ultraschall im Frequenzbereich 100 KHz - 1 MHz verwendet.In order to achieve the task described above, a combination of Capacity measurement and determination of the speed of sound used. This the two measurements cannot be carried out independently of one another. Around To measure the speed of sound, the concentration of water must be constant be d. H. the measured capacity. Only then can the 2nd measurement be carried out and be evaluated to keep the detergent concentration constant as well. Ultrasound in the frequency range 100 KHz - 1 MHz is used.

1. Kapazitätsmessung1. Capacity measurement

Um die Kapazität der Lauge zu messen, wird eine zylindrische Meßkammer entsprechend Abb. 1 aufgebaut. Sie besteht aus zwei Rohren der Länge l mit den Radien r1 und r2. Die Formel zur Bestimmung der Kapazität dieser Anordnung lautet:In order to measure the caustic capacity, a cylindrical measuring chamber according to Fig. 1 is set up. It consists of two tubes of length l with the radii r1 and r2. The formula for determining the capacity of this arrangement is:

Die Dielektrizitätskonstante ε von Wasser hat bei der erwähnten Frequenz eine Größenordnung von etwa 80. Die Dielektrizitätskonstante ε von Waschmittel beträgt circa 3-5.The dielectric constant ε of water has one at the frequency mentioned Order of magnitude of about 80. The dielectric constant ε of detergent is about 3-5.

In erster Näherung gilt für εG:In a first approximation, the following applies to ε G :

εG = c₁ε₁ + c₂ε₂ + c₃ε₃ε G = c₁ε₁ + c₂ε₂ + c₃ε₃

mit
ε₁ ≈ 80 Dielektrizitätskonstante von Wasser
ε₂ = 3 . . . 5 Dielektrizitätskonstante von Waschmittel
ε₃ = 3 . . . 5 Dielektrizitätskonstante der Verschmutzung
c₁ = Konzentration von Wasser
c₂ = Konzentration Waschmittel
c₃ = Konzentration Verschmutzung.With
ε₁ ≈ 80 dielectric constant of water
ε₂ = 3. . . 5 dielectric constant of detergent
ε₃ = 3. . . 5 Contamination dielectric constant
c₁ = concentration of water
c₂ = concentration of detergent
c₃ = concentration of pollution.

Bei zunehmender Verschmutzung des Waschmittels bleibt εG praktisch konstant, weil die Konzentration des Wassers viel höher als die Anteile von Waschmittel und Verschmutzungen ist. Aus diesem Grund gibt die Änderung der Gesamtkapazität nur Änderungen der Wasseranteile durch Verdunstung oder Zugabe von Frischwasser wieder.As the detergent becomes increasingly dirty, ε G remains practically constant because the concentration of the water is much higher than the proportion of detergent and soiling. For this reason, the change in total capacity only reflects changes in the water content due to evaporation or addition of fresh water.

2. Messung der Schallgeschwindigkeit2. Measurement of the speed of sound

Als erste Näherung für die Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit erhalten wir:
sG = c₁s₁ + c₂s₂ + c₃s₃.As a first approximation for the ultrasound speed we get:
s G = c₁s₁ + c₂s₂ + c₃s₃.

Am Anfang wird bei unverschmutzter Reinigungslauge die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit des Ultraschalles bestimmt. Während des Reinigungsvorganges ändert sich durch Verdunstung von Wasser und Wechselwirkung zwischen Waschmittel und Verschmutzung die Schallgeschwindigkeit in der Lauge, c₂ sinkt, wogegen c₃ steigt. Da die Wasserkonzentration durch die Kapazitätsmessung bestimmt und konstant gehalten wird, kann eine über eine festgestellte Änderung der Schallgeschwindigkeit die Waschmittelkonzentration bestimmt und nachgeregelt werden.In the beginning, when the cleaning solution is not contaminated, the Ultrasound propagation speed determined. During the Cleaning process changes due to evaporation of water and Interaction between detergent and pollution the speed of sound in the alkali, c₂ drops, whereas c₃ increases. Because the water concentration by the Capacitance measurement is determined and kept constant, one over a detected change in the speed of sound the detergent concentration be determined and adjusted.

Wichtig für beide Messungen ist, daß die Temperatur der Reinigungsflüssigkeit konstant gehalten wird, da beide Meßgrößen, die Kapazität wie auch die Schallgeschwindigkeit von der Temperatur abhängig sind.It is important for both measurements that the temperature of the cleaning liquid is kept constant, since both measured variables, the capacity as well as the The speed of sound depends on the temperature.

Die beigefügte Skizze zeigt den schematischen Aufbau der Meßvorrichtung mit folgenden Komponenten:The attached sketch shows the schematic structure of the measuring device following components:

  • 1. Vorratsbehälter1. Storage container
  • 2. Auswertung Kapazitätsmeßgerät2. Evaluation of capacitance measuring device
  • 3. Endschalter3. Limit switch
  • 4. Kapazitätsmeßkammer4. capacitance measuring chamber
  • 5. Temperaturregelung5. Temperature control
  • 6. Absperrhahn6. Stop valve
  • 7. Ultraschallmeßkopf7. Ultrasonic measuring head
  • 8. Absperrhahn8. Stopcock
  • 9. Ultraschallmeßkammer9. Ultrasonic measuring chamber
  • 10. Auswertung Ultraschallsensor10. Evaluation of ultrasonic sensor
Erzielbare VorteileAchievable advantages

Der mit der Erfindung erzielbare Vorteil liegt darin, daß mit dem vorgestellten Meßsystem die aufwendige manuelle Bestimmung der Waschmittelkonzentration automatisiert und online in den Reinigungsprozeß integriert wird. Abweichungen vom Sollkonzentrationswert werden sofort erkannt und ausgeglichen. Damit bleiben die Reinigungseigenschaften der verwendeten Waschlauge langfristig konstant.The advantage achievable with the invention is that with the presented Measuring system the elaborate manual determination of the detergent concentration automated and integrated online in the cleaning process. Deviations from The target concentration value is recognized and compensated immediately. That leaves them The cleaning properties of the wash liquor used are constant over the long term.

Claims (1)

Online-Messung der Waschmittelkonzentration in verschmutzten Industrie- Waschlaugen,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
  • 1. durch Kapazitätsmessung die Wasserkonzentration bestimmt und konstant gehalten wird und
  • 2. durch Bestimmung der Schallgeschwindigkeit die Waschmittelkonzentration in der Lauge bestimmt und nachgeregelt wird.
Online measurement of the detergent concentration in dirty industrial washing liquors,
characterized in that
  • 1. the water concentration is determined and kept constant by measuring the capacity, and
  • 2. the detergent concentration in the alkali is determined and readjusted by determining the speed of sound.
DE19533927A 1995-09-13 1995-09-13 On-line measuring of water concn. Withdrawn DE19533927A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19533927A DE19533927A1 (en) 1995-09-13 1995-09-13 On-line measuring of water concn.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19533927A DE19533927A1 (en) 1995-09-13 1995-09-13 On-line measuring of water concn.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE19533927A1 true DE19533927A1 (en) 1997-03-27

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
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Country Status (1)

Country Link
DE (1) DE19533927A1 (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19814500A1 (en) * 1998-04-01 1999-10-14 Henkel Kgaa Automatic control and regulation of the surfactant content in aqueous process solutions
WO2001018537A3 (en) * 1999-09-02 2001-08-02 Willem Gerlof Haanstra Process for determining the acidity of a washing solution for fibres
WO2011078692A1 (en) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-30 Wema System As Quality sensor apparatus
WO2012065276A1 (en) 2010-11-18 2012-05-24 Belimo Holding Ag Determining the heat flow emanating from a heat transporting fluid
US11225746B2 (en) 2018-08-27 2022-01-18 Ecolab Usa Inc. System and technique for extracting particulate-containing liquid samples without filtration

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1130622B (en) * 1958-07-02 1962-05-30 Gann App Und Maschb Ges M B H Measuring capacitor for determining the water content of bulk material
DE2155568A1 (en) * 1971-11-09 1973-05-17 Varta Ag Concentration determination device - using dielectric constant of water swelling foil
DE2462095A1 (en) * 1973-06-22 1976-02-05 Nippon Kokan Kk MEASURING AND CONTROL DEVICE FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF AN EMULSION
DE2122834B2 (en) * 1970-05-25 1976-06-16 Economics Laboratory Inc., St. Paul, Minn. (V.St.A.) DEVICE FOR REGULATING THE MIXING RATIO WITH A MEASURING SENSOR
DE2702004A1 (en) * 1976-01-20 1977-07-21 Malcom Ellis Liverpool DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF FOAMING IN A FLUID OR EMULSION
US4306581A (en) * 1980-07-25 1981-12-22 Alandt George A Chemical concentration control system for fluid circulators
DE3420794A1 (en) * 1983-06-10 1984-12-13 Helmut Dr. Heimel Device for investigating liquid properties
DE3706776A1 (en) * 1987-03-03 1988-09-15 Ralf Schaefer Method of determining the amount of a substance in a fluid and device for carrying out the method
DE3921707A1 (en) * 1989-07-01 1991-01-10 Fev Motorentech Gmbh & Co Kg METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE ALCOHOL CONTENT AND / OR THE HEATING VALUE OF FUELS
DE4105139A1 (en) * 1991-02-20 1992-01-23 Sopura Chemie Gmbh METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CLEANING BOTTLES
US5269175A (en) * 1984-04-06 1993-12-14 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Sensor for investigating liquids
DE4408767A1 (en) * 1993-03-15 1994-09-22 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Device for ascertaining an alcohol concentration in a fluid
DE4318477A1 (en) * 1993-06-03 1995-01-05 Claas Ohg Device for measuring a mass flow
EP0667520A1 (en) * 1993-12-20 1995-08-16 Premark Feg Corporation Liquid sensing circuit

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1130622B (en) * 1958-07-02 1962-05-30 Gann App Und Maschb Ges M B H Measuring capacitor for determining the water content of bulk material
DE2122834B2 (en) * 1970-05-25 1976-06-16 Economics Laboratory Inc., St. Paul, Minn. (V.St.A.) DEVICE FOR REGULATING THE MIXING RATIO WITH A MEASURING SENSOR
DE2155568A1 (en) * 1971-11-09 1973-05-17 Varta Ag Concentration determination device - using dielectric constant of water swelling foil
DE2462095A1 (en) * 1973-06-22 1976-02-05 Nippon Kokan Kk MEASURING AND CONTROL DEVICE FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF AN EMULSION
DE2702004A1 (en) * 1976-01-20 1977-07-21 Malcom Ellis Liverpool DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF FOAMING IN A FLUID OR EMULSION
US4306581A (en) * 1980-07-25 1981-12-22 Alandt George A Chemical concentration control system for fluid circulators
DE3420794A1 (en) * 1983-06-10 1984-12-13 Helmut Dr. Heimel Device for investigating liquid properties
US5269175A (en) * 1984-04-06 1993-12-14 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Sensor for investigating liquids
DE3706776A1 (en) * 1987-03-03 1988-09-15 Ralf Schaefer Method of determining the amount of a substance in a fluid and device for carrying out the method
DE3921707A1 (en) * 1989-07-01 1991-01-10 Fev Motorentech Gmbh & Co Kg METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE ALCOHOL CONTENT AND / OR THE HEATING VALUE OF FUELS
DE4105139A1 (en) * 1991-02-20 1992-01-23 Sopura Chemie Gmbh METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CLEANING BOTTLES
DE4408767A1 (en) * 1993-03-15 1994-09-22 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Device for ascertaining an alcohol concentration in a fluid
DE4318477A1 (en) * 1993-06-03 1995-01-05 Claas Ohg Device for measuring a mass flow
EP0667520A1 (en) * 1993-12-20 1995-08-16 Premark Feg Corporation Liquid sensing circuit

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BERGMANN,Ludwig: Der Ultraschall und seine Anwendung in Wissenschaft und Technik, S.Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart, 1954, S.427-435 *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19814500A1 (en) * 1998-04-01 1999-10-14 Henkel Kgaa Automatic control and regulation of the surfactant content in aqueous process solutions
WO2001018537A3 (en) * 1999-09-02 2001-08-02 Willem Gerlof Haanstra Process for determining the acidity of a washing solution for fibres
GB2367893A (en) * 1999-09-02 2002-04-17 Teijin Twaron Bv Process for determining the acidity of a washing solution for fibres
US6606901B1 (en) 1999-09-02 2003-08-19 Teijin Twaron B.V. Process for determining the acidity of a washing solution for fibers
GB2367893B (en) * 1999-09-02 2003-11-12 Teijin Twaron Bv Process for determining the acidity of a washing solution for fibres
WO2011078692A1 (en) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-30 Wema System As Quality sensor apparatus
EA027335B1 (en) * 2009-12-21 2017-07-31 Вема Систем Ас Apparatus and method for measuring quality of urea
WO2012065276A1 (en) 2010-11-18 2012-05-24 Belimo Holding Ag Determining the heat flow emanating from a heat transporting fluid
US11225746B2 (en) 2018-08-27 2022-01-18 Ecolab Usa Inc. System and technique for extracting particulate-containing liquid samples without filtration
US11739460B2 (en) 2018-08-27 2023-08-29 Ecolab Usa Inc. System and technique for extracting particulate-containing liquid samples without filtration

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