DE19515669A1 - Generation of electrical energy from biomass fermentation - Google Patents
Generation of electrical energy from biomass fermentationInfo
- Publication number
- DE19515669A1 DE19515669A1 DE19515669A DE19515669A DE19515669A1 DE 19515669 A1 DE19515669 A1 DE 19515669A1 DE 19515669 A DE19515669 A DE 19515669A DE 19515669 A DE19515669 A DE 19515669A DE 19515669 A1 DE19515669 A1 DE 19515669A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- fermentation
- heat
- fermenter
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 5
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000035 biogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004056 waste incineration Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sind seit einigen Jahren neben traditionellen Faultürmen von Kläranlagen und landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen auch Biogasanlagen zur Vergärung von festen kommunalen Abfällen entstanden.In the Federal Republic of Germany, in addition to traditional Digestion towers from sewage treatment plants and agricultural biogas plants too Biogas plants for the fermentation of solid municipal waste were created.
Über die energetische Nutzung des anfallenden Biogases hat man sich bisher nur im konventionellen Rahmen Gedanken gemacht. Die Verbrennung und Verstromung des Biogases in Blockheizkraftwerken mithilfe von Gasmotoren oder Gasturbinen sind heute das Mittel der Wahl.So far, only the energy use of the resulting biogas has been discussed conventional framework thought. The combustion and power generation of the Biogases in combined heat and power plants using gas engines or gas turbines today the means of choice.
Im vorliegenden Konzept sollen der Wirkungsgrad der Verstromung erhöht und die Emissionen dieser Energiekonvertierung reduziert werden. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wird eine Brennstoffzelle zur elektrochemischen Energiewandlung eingesetzt.In the present concept, the efficiency of electricity generation should increase and the Emissions of this energy conversion can be reduced. To achieve these goals achieve a fuel cell for electrochemical energy conversion used.
Mittlerweile gibt es eine Vielzahl von Biogasanlagenanbietern, deren Ziel es ist, öffentliche Deponieflächen und Müllverbrennungsanlagen durch Vergärung von Müll zu entlasten (Scherer, P.A., Stand der Technik zur Vergärung fester Abfallstoffe, Umweltaspekte, Prinzipien Varianten. AbfallwirtschaftsJournal 6, S. 385-410, 1994).There are now a large number of biogas plant providers whose aim is to public landfill areas and waste incineration plants through fermentation of waste to relieve (Scherer, P.A., state of the art for fermentation of solid waste materials, environmental aspects, Principles variants. Waste Management Journal 6, pp. 385-410, 1994).
Stand der Entwicklung in den Kommunen ist jedoch meist die Müllreduzierung durch Kompostierung (Scherer, P.A., Abfallrecycling mittels Kompostierung - ein kurzer Überblick. AbfallwirtschaftsJournal 5, S. 909-916, 1993).The state of development in the municipalities, however, is mostly waste reduction Composting (Scherer, P.A., waste recycling using composting - a brief overview. Waste Management Journal 5, pp. 909-916, 1993).
Diese hat neben einer negativen energetischen Bilanz den Nachteil, daß sie durch die nur sehr aufwendig zu beseitigende Geruchsbelästigung sowie aus Hygienebedenken Akzeptanzprobleme in der Bevölkerung erzeugt.In addition to a negative energy balance, this has the disadvantage that it is affected by the odor nuisance that is very difficult to remove and from hygiene concerns Problems of acceptance created in the population.
Das Wertstoffpotential des Kompostes und das Energiepotential des entstehenden Biogases wird häufig unterbewertet.The potential value of the compost and the energy potential of the resulting Biogas is often undervalued.
Der elektrische Wirkungsgrad von Gasmotoren und Gasturbinen liegt derzeit zwischen 18 und 32%.The electrical efficiency of gas engines and gas turbines is currently between 18 and 32%.
Der elektrische Wirkungsgrad von Brennstoffzellen liegt zwischen 40% und 60% je nach Brennstoffzellensystem.The electrical efficiency of fuel cells is between 40% and 60% each according to the fuel cell system.
Der Unterschied zwischen den Systemen ist durch den unterschiedlichen Umwandlungsprozeß bedingt. Für Verbrennungsprozesse ist es der Carnot-Prozeß und für Brennstoffzellen ein elektrochemischer Prozeß. Der Unterschied wirkt sich besonders bei kleineren Leistungsgrößen aus, da dort eine aufwendige Energieumwandlung unter Ausnutzung der Abwärme bei Verbrennungsprozessen unwirtschaftlich ist.The difference between the systems is due to the different Conversion process conditional. For combustion processes, it is the Carnot process and an electrochemical process for fuel cells. The difference works especially with smaller power sizes, because there is a complex Energy conversion using waste heat in combustion processes is uneconomical.
Besonderes Augenmerk ist darauf zu richten, daß der elektrochemische Prozeß nahezu (ab einer bestimmten Mindestleistungsgröße, die von der Brennstoffzellenart abhängig ist) leistungsunabhängig einen hohen Wirkungsgrad liefert, sich also geradezu für eine Vergärungsanlage, d. h. für den mikrobiellen Abbau, von biogen organischen Stoffen mit kleiner und mittlerer Leistung anbietet. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the electrochemical process almost (from a certain minimum output size, which depends on the fuel cell type depends on performance) delivers a high degree of efficiency regardless of performance downright for a fermentation plant, d. H. for microbial degradation, from biogenic offers organic substances with small and medium performance.
Neben der günstigeren Energiebilanz, die ja auch ein Kohlendioxid-Einsparpotential mit sich bringt, lohnt es sich, auch die Emissionsseite zu betrachten. Wegen der hohen Anforderungen an die Reinheit des Brennstoffs und aufgrund der brennstoffzellenspezifischen Umsetzung in elektrische Energie liegen auch die NOx, SO₂ und CO-Emissionswerte um Größenordnungen (ca. Faktor 100) niedriger als bei den Verbrennungsprozessen (Leo J. M. J. Blomen & Michael N. Mugerwa, Fuel cell systems, 1993, S. 181ff.).In addition to the cheaper energy balance, which also has the potential to save carbon dioxide, it is also worth considering the emissions side. Due to the high demands on the purity of the fuel and due to the fuel cell-specific conversion into electrical energy, the NO x , SO₂ and CO emission values are orders of magnitude (approx. Factor 100) lower than in the combustion processes (Leo JMJ Blomen & Michael N. Mugerwa , Fuel cell systems, 1993, pp. 181ff.).
Da Brennstoffzellen außer Gebläsen und Pumpen keine bewegenden Teile enthalten und anders als bei Kolbenmaschinen keine Schwingungen und Explosionen auftreten, sind sie leiser als die herkömmliche Technik. Notwendige Lärmschutzmaßnahmen entfallen.Because fuel cells contain no moving parts apart from blowers and pumps and unlike piston machines, no vibrations and explosions occur, they are quieter than conventional technology. Necessary noise protection measures omitted.
Gerade diese Kriterien, gekoppelt mit der geruchs- und keimarmen Vergärung und ihrem geringeren Platzbedarf im Vergleich zur Kompostierung, sollten in der Lage sein, die Akzeptanz für eine dezentrale Bioabfallverwertung in der "Nachbarschaft" zu erhöhen.These criteria, coupled with low-odor and low-germ fermentation and Their smaller footprint compared to composting should be able to be the acceptance for decentralized bio-waste recycling in the "neighborhood" increase.
Der Wartungsaufwand und die Betriebskosten sind aufgrund des Fehlens bewegter Teile und der Modulbauweise der Anlage geringer.The maintenance effort and operating costs are more moving due to the lack Parts and the modular design of the system are lower.
Die Modulbauweise hat den Vorteil, daß für eine Wartung die Anlage nicht stillgelegt werden muß, sondern die defekten Teile (z. B. verbrauchte Elektroden) sukzessive ausgetauscht werden können. Für die sichere Energieversorgung erübrigt sich damit eine redundante Auslegung.The modular design has the advantage that the system is not shut down for maintenance must, but the defective parts (e.g. used electrodes) successively can be exchanged. This eliminates the need for a secure energy supply a redundant design.
Die Verfügbarkeit liegt über 98%.The availability is over 98%.
Vergärbare Biomasse in Form von Reststoffen verschiedenster Art (z. B. Klärschlamm, Gülle, landwirtschaftliche, industrielle, kommunale Abfälle) wird in einer Vergärungsanlage unter anaeroben, meso- oder thermophilen Bedingungen mikrobiell umgesetzt.Fermentable biomass in the form of various types of residues (e.g. Sewage sludge, liquid manure, agricultural, industrial, municipal waste) is in one Fermentation plant under anaerobic, meso- or thermophilic conditions microbial implemented.
Das dabei anfallende Biogas wird einer Gaskonditionierung zugeführt, die die notwendigen Voraussetzungen für die nachfolgende interne oder externe Reformierung (je nach Brennstoffzellentyp) schafft.The resulting biogas is fed to a gas conditioning system that necessary requirements for the subsequent internal or external Reforming (depending on the fuel cell type) creates.
Die Gaskonditionierung kann die Abtrennung von Störstoffen, die Entfernung von Störgasen, eine Reduzierung der Feuchte sowie eine Anreicherung des Methangehalts umfassen.Gas conditioning can remove contaminants, remove them Interfering gases, a reduction in moisture and an enrichment of the Include methane content.
Eine eventuelle Speicherung des Biogases mit Pufferfunktion kann je nach Verfahrensart des Biogasreaktors vorgesehen werden.A possible storage of the biogas with buffer function can depend on Process type of the biogas reactor can be provided.
Das in einem endothermen Prozeß (Steam-Reforming) zu Wasserstoff umgewandelte Biogas wird in der Brennstoffzelle elektrochemisch verstromt. Die dafür notwendige Energie wird unter anderem einem Teilstrom des Biogases entnommen.That converted to hydrogen in an endothermic process (steam reforming) Biogas is converted into electricity in the fuel cell. The necessary Energy is taken from a partial stream of the biogas, among other things.
Die im Brennstoffzellenprozeß entstehende Wärme wird über einen Sekundärkreislauf oder auch direkt der Biogasanlage zur Erhaltung ihrer Arbeitstemperatur zugeführt.The heat generated in the fuel cell process is generated via a secondary circuit or also fed directly to the biogas plant to maintain its working temperature.
Je nach Brennstoffzellentyp dient die Abwärme der Brennstoffzelle auch der Vorheizung des zu reformierenden Biogases. Depending on the fuel cell type, the waste heat from the fuel cell also serves Preheat the biogas to be reformed.
Die Abwärme aus Brennstoffzelle oder Reformer kann sowohl in der Biogasanlage als auch zur Trocknung des Kompostes eingesetzt werden.The waste heat from the fuel cell or reformer can be used both in the biogas plant can also be used to dry the compost.
Das Prozeßabwasser der Brennstoffzelle kann als Prozeßwasser für den Reformierprozeß oder den Bioprozeß eingesetzt werden.The process waste water from the fuel cell can be used as process water for the Reforming process or the bioprocess can be used.
Die den Biogasreaktor verlassende Restbiomasse gelangt zur Stabilisierung in eine Nachrotte und steht danach als hochwertiger Kompost zur Verfügung.The residual biomass leaving the biogas reactor arrives in a for stabilization Post-rotting and is then available as high-quality compost.
Wird der Bioprozeß derart gefahren, daß ein flüssiger Brennstoff z. B. ein Alkohol produziert wird, schließt die Konditionierung eine Flüssigbrennstoffkonditionierung für eine direkte elektrochemische Oxidation in einer entsprechenden Brennstoffzelle ein. Die Prozeßabwärme kann z. B. zur Destillation des Flüssigbrennstoffs verwandt werden.The bioprocess is operated in such a way that a liquid fuel, for. B. an alcohol is produced, the conditioning includes a liquid fuel conditioning for a direct electrochemical oxidation in a corresponding fuel cell. The process waste heat can, for. B. used for distillation of the liquid fuel will.
Auch hier kann z. B. ein Teil der im Brennstoffzellenprozeß entstehende Abwärme über einen Sekundärkreislauf oder auch direkt dem Fermenter zur Erhaltung seiner Betriebstemperatur zugeführt werden.Again, z. B. part of the waste heat generated in the fuel cell process via a secondary circuit or directly to the fermenter to maintain its Operating temperature are supplied.
Die Abwärme aus der Brennstoffzelle kann zudem z. B. zur Trocknung des Kompostes eingesetzt werden.The waste heat from the fuel cell can also, for. B. to dry the Compost can be used.
Ebenso kann das Prozeßabwasser der Brennstoffzelle als Prozeßwasser für den Bioprozeß eingesetzt werden.The process waste water from the fuel cell can also be used as process water for the Bioprocess can be used.
Ebenfalls gelangt die den Fermenter verlassende Restbiomasse zur Stabilisierung in eine Nachrotte und steht als Kompost zur Verfügung.The residual biomass leaving the fermenter also comes in for stabilization post-rotting and is available as compost.
Claims (14)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19515669A DE19515669C2 (en) | 1995-04-28 | 1995-04-28 | Process for regenerative energy generation by linking a fermentation plant for biogenic organic substances with a fuel cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19515669A DE19515669C2 (en) | 1995-04-28 | 1995-04-28 | Process for regenerative energy generation by linking a fermentation plant for biogenic organic substances with a fuel cell |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE19515669A1 true DE19515669A1 (en) | 1996-10-31 |
| DE19515669C2 DE19515669C2 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
Family
ID=7760611
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19515669A Expired - Fee Related DE19515669C2 (en) | 1995-04-28 | 1995-04-28 | Process for regenerative energy generation by linking a fermentation plant for biogenic organic substances with a fuel cell |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE19515669C2 (en) |
Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19921816C1 (en) * | 1999-05-11 | 2000-10-26 | Andre Peine | Fuel cell system has fuel dell device combined with fuel reservoir and device for receiving waste product in form of filter or ion exchanger |
| DE10162071A1 (en) * | 2001-08-16 | 2003-02-27 | Hans-Joachim Boltersdorf | Process for depleting carbon dioxide, process for energy generation, energy or electricity, COdukt, process for trading carbon, carbon equivalents and COducts |
| WO2014151215A3 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2015-03-05 | Exxonmobile Research And Engineering Company | Integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with fermentation processes |
| US9077008B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-07-07 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Integrated power generation and chemical production using fuel cells |
| US9556753B2 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2017-01-31 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Power generation and CO2 capture with turbines in series |
| US9755258B2 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2017-09-05 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Integrated power generation and chemical production using solid oxide fuel cells |
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Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3840517A1 (en) * | 1988-12-01 | 1990-06-07 | Hoefer Erika | Process and apparatus for the production of energy from biomass |
| JPH04306569A (en) * | 1991-04-02 | 1992-10-29 | Meidensha Corp | Distributed type regenerable power generation system |
| JPH07169495A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-07-04 | Toshiba Corp | Waste fermentation gas chemical power generation system |
| DE19511734A1 (en) * | 1995-03-31 | 1996-10-02 | Horst Prof Dr Bannwarth | Processing waste organic materials for fuel cells and for mfg. bio:gas |
-
1995
- 1995-04-28 DE DE19515669A patent/DE19515669C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (45)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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| DE10162071A1 (en) * | 2001-08-16 | 2003-02-27 | Hans-Joachim Boltersdorf | Process for depleting carbon dioxide, process for energy generation, energy or electricity, COdukt, process for trading carbon, carbon equivalents and COducts |
| US9774053B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-09-26 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Integrated power generation and carbon capture using fuel cells |
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| DE19515669C2 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
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