DE102023004618A1

DE102023004618A1 - Compression refrigeration machine with switchable heat exchangers and optional filling level control

Info

Publication number: DE102023004618A1
Application number: DE102023004618.3A
Authority: DE
Inventors: gleich Anmelder Erfinder
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2023-11-15
Filing date: 2023-11-15
Publication date: 2025-05-15

Abstract

Kompressionskältemaschinen für die Klimatisierung von Gebäuden erfordern eine stabile Wärmequelle oder Kältequelle für den Kältemittelkreislauf. Zur Reduzierung des Verbrauchs elektrischer Energie für den Kompressor muss die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Verdampfer und Kondensator niedrig sein. Beim Heizen mit einer Wärmepumpe mit Luftwärme steigt der Energieverbrauch für den Kompressor mit sinkenden Lufttemperaturen, da die Leistungszahl der Wärmepumpe sinkt und gleichzeitig der Wärmebedarf ansteigt. Sole-Wärmepumpen arbeiten bei kalten Außentemperaturen effizienter, sind aber nicht für jedes Gebäude realisierbar. Zur Verbesserung der Effizienz von Wärmepumpensystemen sind die Nutzung von mehreren Wärmequellen und die Speicherung von Umweltwärme in Langzeitspeichern auf niedrigem Temperaturniveau ein Lösungsansatz für dieses Problem. Die hier vorgestellte Kompressionskältemaschine mit umschaltbaren Wärmetauschern und optionaler Füllmengenregulierung ermöglicht es, mehrere Wärme- oder Kältequellen mit einem Aggregat zu nutzen. Durch die Umschaltung der Wärmetauscher von Kondensator zu Verdampfer und umgekehrt, sind Funkionen wie zum Beispiel Heizen und Kühlen, Speicherung von Kühlwärme oder Luftwärme im Fundament- oder Erdspeicher, Nutzung von Wärme aus der Abluft zum Heizen realisierbar, ohne den Bau komplizierter Hydraulikstationen.

Compression chillers for air conditioning buildings require a stable heat or cold source for the refrigerant circuit. To reduce the electrical energy consumption of the compressor, the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser must be low. When heating with an air-source heat pump, the energy consumption for the compressor increases with falling air temperatures, as the heat pump's coefficient of performance decreases and the heat demand increases. Brine heat pumps operate more efficiently at cold outside temperatures, but are not feasible for every building. To improve the efficiency of heat pump systems, the use of multiple heat sources and the storage of environmental heat in long-term storage tanks at low temperatures is one approach to solving this problem. The compression chiller presented here, with switchable heat exchangers and optional charge control, enables the use of multiple heat or cold sources with a single unit. By switching the heat exchangers from condenser to evaporator and vice versa, functions such as heating and cooling, storage of cooling heat or air heat in the foundation or underground storage, and use of heat from the exhaust air for heating can be realized without the construction of complicated hydraulic stations.

Description

Kompressionskältemaschinen für die Klimatisierung von Gebäuden erfordern eine stabile Wärmequelle oder Kältequelle für den Kältemittelkreislauf. Zur Reduzierung des Verbrauchs elektrischer Energie für den Kompressor muss die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Verdampfer und Kondensator niedrig sein. Beim Heizen mit einer Wärmepumpe mit Luftwärme steigt der Energieverbrauch für den Kompressor mit sinkenden Lufttemperaturen, da die Leistungszahl der Wärmepumpe sinkt und gleichzeitig der Wärmebedarf ansteigt. Sole-Wärmepumpen arbeiten bei kalten Außentemperaturen effizienter, sind aber nicht für jedes Gebäude realisierbar. Zur Verbesserung der Effizienz von Wärmepumpensystemen sind die Nutzung von mehreren Wärmequellen und die Speicherung von Umweltwärme in Langzeitspeichern auf niedrigem Temperaturniveau ein Lösungsansatz für dieses Problem. Die hier vorgestellte Kompressionskältemaschine mit umschaltbaren Wärmetauschern und optionaler Füllmengenregulierung ermöglicht es, mehrere Wärme- oder Kältequellen mit einem Aggregat zu nutzen. Durch die Umschaltung der Wärmetauscher von Kondensator zu Verdampfer und umgekehrt, sind Funkionen wie zum Beispiel Heizen und Kühlen, Speicherung von Kühlwärme oder Luftwärme im Fundament- oder Erdspeicher, Nutzung von Wärme aus der Abluft zum Heizen realisierbar, ohne den Bau komplizierter Hydraulikstationen.Compression chillers for air conditioning buildings require a stable heat or cold source for the refrigerant circuit. To reduce the electrical energy consumption of the compressor, the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser must be low. When heating with an air-source heat pump, the energy consumption for the compressor increases with falling air temperatures, as the heat pump's coefficient of performance decreases and the heat demand increases. Brine heat pumps operate more efficiently at cold outside temperatures, but are not feasible for every building. To improve the efficiency of heat pump systems, the use of multiple heat sources and the storage of environmental heat in long-term storage tanks at low temperatures is one approach to solving this problem. The compression chiller presented here, with switchable heat exchangers and optional charge control, enables the use of multiple heat or cold sources with a single unit. By switching the heat exchangers from condenser to evaporator and vice versa, functions such as heating and cooling, storage of cooling heat or air heat in the foundation or underground storage, and use of heat from the exhaust air for heating can be realized without the construction of complicated hydraulic stations.

Beispiel 1Example 1

3-heat exchanger air system for heating and cooling and ground/foundation storage
Heat exchanger 1 - heating and cooling surfaces (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - air heat (medium air)
Heat exchanger 3 - ground/foundation storage (medium brine)
Operating mode 1 - Heating with air heat
Operating mode 2 - Heating with ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 3 - Cooling with ground/foundation storage (storage of cooling waste heat)
Operating mode 4 - Store air heat in the ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 5 - Cooling with air cooling

Beispiel 2Example 2

3-heat exchanger air absorber system for heating and cooling and ground/foundation storage
Heat exchanger 1 - heating and cooling surfaces (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - air absorber heat (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 3 - ground/foundation storage (medium brine)
Operating mode 1 - Heating with air absorber heat
Operating mode 2 - Heating with ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 3 - Cooling with ground/foundation storage (storage of cooling waste heat)
Operating mode 4 - Store air absorber heat in the ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 5 - Cooling with air absorber cooling

Beispiel 3Example 3

3-heat exchanger 50°C to 65°C district heating booster for old buildings
Heat exchanger 1 - heating and cooling surfaces (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - district heating 50°C (medium water)
Heat exchanger 3 - domestic water (medium water)
Operating mode 1 - 65°C heating with district heating
Operating mode 2 - 65°C domestic water heating with district heating return
Operating mode 3 - Cooling with district heating

Beispiel 4Example 4

3-heat exchanger 50°C air-heat district heating network underground storage, heating and cooling
Heat exchanger 1 - district heating (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - underground storage (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 3 - air heat (medium air)
Operating mode 1 - Heating district heating 50°C with underground storage
Operating mode 2 - Heating district heating 50°C with air heat
Operating mode 3 - Cooling district heating with underground storage
Operating mode 4 - Storing air heat in underground storage

Beispiel 5Example 5

3-heat exchanger 50°C geothermal district heating network underground storage, heating and cooling
Heat exchanger 1 - district heating (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - underground storage (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 3 - ground collector (medium brine)
Operating mode 1 - Heating district heating 50°C with underground storage
Operating mode 2 - Heating district heating 50°C with geothermal energy
Operating mode 3 - Cooling district heating with underground storage
Operating mode 4 - Storing ground collector heat in ground storage

Beispiel 6Example 6

3-heat exchanger 50°C geothermal district heating network photovoltaic cooling, heating and cooling
Heat exchanger 1 - district heating (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - underground storage (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 3 - Air absorber/photovoltaic cooling (medium brine)
Operating mode 1 - Heating district heating 50°C with underground storage
Operating mode 2 - Heating district heating 50°C with air heat
Operating mode 3 - Cooling district heating with underground storage
Operating mode 4 - Storage Photovoltaic cooling in underground storage with refrigerant circuit
Operating mode 5 - Photovoltaic cooling heats the underground storage without a refrigerant circuit

Beispiel 7Example 7

4-heat exchanger air absorber system for heating, cooling and domestic hot water
Heat exchanger 1 - heating and cooling surfaces (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - air absorber (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 3 - ground/foundation storage (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 4 - domestic water (medium water)
Operating mode 1 - Heating with air absorber
Operating mode 2 - Heating with ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 3 - Cooling with ground/foundation storage (storage of cooling waste heat)
Operating mode 4 - Store air absorber heat in the ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 5 - Cooling with air absorber
Operating mode 6 - Heating domestic hot water - Cooling building
Operating mode 7 - Heating domestic hot water with ground/foundation storage tank
Operating mode 8 - Heating domestic hot water with air absorber heat

Beispiel 8Example 8

4-heat exchanger air absorber system for heating, cooling and domestic hot water
Heat exchanger 1 - heating and cooling surfaces (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - air heat (medium air)
Heat exchanger 3 - ground/foundation storage (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 4 - domestic water (medium water)
Operating mode 1 - Heating with air heat
Operating mode 2 - Heating with ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 3 - Cooling with ground/foundation storage (storage of cooling waste heat)
Operating mode 4 - Store air heat in the ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 5 - Cooling by air heating
Operating mode 6 - Heating domestic hot water - Cooling building
Operating mode 7 - Heating domestic hot water with ground/foundation storage tank
Operating mode 8 - Heating domestic hot water with air heat

Beispiel 9Example 9

4-heat exchanger ground collector system for heating, cooling and domestic hot water
Heat exchanger 1 - heating and cooling surfaces (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - ground collector (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 3 - ground/foundation storage (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 4 - domestic water (medium water)
Operating mode 1 - Heating with ground collector
Operating mode 2 - Heating with ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 3 - Cooling with ground/foundation storage (storage of cooling waste heat)
Operating mode 4 - Store ground collector heat in the ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 5 - Cooling with ground collector
Operating mode 6 - Heating domestic hot water - Cooling building
Operating mode 7 - Heating domestic hot water with ground/foundation storage tank
Operating mode 8 - Heating domestic hot water with ground collector

Beispiel 10Example 10

S-heat exchanger district heating network with air heat, ground/foundation storage, exhaust air utilization
Heat exchanger 1 - heating and cooling surfaces (medium water)
Heat exchanger 2 - air heat (medium air)
Heat exchanger 3 - ground/foundation storage (medium brine)
Heat exchanger 4 - exhaust air (medium air)
Heat exchanger 5 - domestic water (medium water)
Operating mode 1 - Heating with air heat
Operating mode 2 - Heating with ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 3 - Cooling with ground/foundation storage (storage of cooling waste heat)
Operating mode 4 - Store ground collector heat in the ground/foundation storage
Operating mode 5 - Cooling with air heat
Operating mode 6 - Heating domestic hot water - Cooling building
Operating mode 7 - Heating domestic hot water with ground/foundation storage tank
Operating mode 8 - Heating domestic hot water with air heat
Operating mode 9 - Heating domestic water with exhaust air
Operating mode 10 - Heating the ground/foundation storage tank with exhaust air

Claims

Compression refrigeration machine ( 1 )( 2 ) with more than two switchable heat exchangers (10), characterized in that each heat exchanger (10) in the refrigerant circuit can be switched as an evaporator or as a condenser or without any function. The compression refrigeration machine presented allows, with one condenser and one evaporator in the refrigeration circuit, 6 combinations for a system with 3 heat exchangers (10), 12 combinations for a system with 4 heat exchangers (10), 20 combinations for a system with 5 heat exchangers (10), etc. Combinations with more than 2 active heat exchangers (10) are also switchable. If more than one expansion valve (73) is activated, several processes can run simultaneously in the refrigerant circuit. The supply and return lines of the heat exchangers (10) are connected to one another by the ring line (70). To reduce flow losses in the refrigerant circuit when flowing through heat exchangers (10) that are switched off, the supply and return lines of the heat exchangers (10) are connected by heat exchanger bypasses (71). If the heat exchanger is switched as a condenser, the associated heat exchanger bypass valve (72) in the heat exchanger bypass (71) is electrically closed, the refrigerant flows 100% through the heat exchanger, the expansion valve (73) located on the right and the expansion valve bypass control valve (75) located on the right are electrically closed, the high-pressure control valve (32) located on the right in the high-pressure branch line (31) is electrically opened, and the low-pressure control valve (42) located on the left in the low-pressure branch line (41) is electrically closed. If the heat exchanger is switched as an evaporator, the associated heat exchanger bypass valve (72) in the heat exchanger bypass (71) is electrically closed, the refrigerant flows 100% through the heat exchanger, the expansion valve (73) located on the right is activated and the expansion valve bypass control valve (75) located on the right is electrically closed, the low-pressure control valve (42) located on the left in the low-pressure branch line (41) is electrically opened, and the high-pressure control valve (32) located on the right in the high-pressure branch line (31) is electrically closed. If the heat exchanger is switched without function, the associated heat exchanger bypass valve (72) is electrically opened, the refrigerant flows parallel through the heat exchanger and the heat exchanger bypasses (71), the low-pressure control valve (42) located on the left in the low-pressure branch line (41) is electrically closed, and the arranged high-pressure control valve (32) in the high-pressure branch line (31) is closed electrically.

Compression refrigeration machine with more than two switchable heat exchangers (10), characterized in that at least one heat exchanger (10) in the refrigerant circuit can be switched as an evaporator or as a condenser or without function. For practical application, not all technically possible circuits of the heat exchangers (10) as a condenser, evaporator or without function are generally required; only the branch lines, bypasses, control valves and expansion valves (73) required for this application are installed. If one or more of the heat exchangers (10) are used exclusively as a condenser, the respective associated low-pressure branch lines (41), the respective associated low-pressure control valves (42), the respective associated expansion valve bypasses (74), the respective associated expansion valve bypass control valves (75) and the respective associated expansion valves (73) are omitted. If one or more of the heat exchangers (10) are used exclusively as evaporators, the corresponding high-pressure branch lines (31) and the corresponding high-pressure control valves (32) are omitted. If one or more of the heat exchangers are never switched off, the corresponding heat exchanger bypass valves (72) and the corresponding heat exchanger bypasses (71) are omitted.

Compression refrigeration machine according to Patent claim 1 and Patent claim 2 with filling level regulation ( 3 )( 4 ). A charge level regulator is provided to optimize the various switchable operating modes and the associated change in charge quantity. During operation, the expansion tank inlet valve (91) and the expansion tank outlet valve (92) are closed electrically. After the compression refrigeration machine is switched on, all control valves for the selected operating mode are switched, the required expansion valves (73) are activated, the pumps and fans outside the refrigerant circuit are switched on, and the current media temperatures are recorded. Before the compressor (20) is switched on, the current pressure in the refrigerant circuit is determined and compared with the optimal pressure for the selected operating mode depending on the recorded media temperatures. If the measured pressure is lower than the target pressure, the expansion tank outlet valve (92) is opened electrically until the optimal pressure is reached. If the measured pressure is higher than the target pressure, the expansion tank (90) must be filled. To fill the expansion tank (90) with condensate, the evaporator-condenser combination required for this process is set. The expansion tank inlet valve (91) and the expansion tank outlet valve (92) are opened electrically. The compressor (20) is switched on until the expansion tank is completely filled with condensate. After that, the expansion tank inlet valve (91) and the expansion tank outlet valve (92) are closed electrically. The switch-on procedure is repeated. The measured pressure in the refrigerant circuit is now equal to or lower than the target pressure and can be increased, if necessary, by opening the expansion tank outlet valve (92) until the target pressure is reached.

Compression refrigeration machine ( 5 ) with two switchable heat exchangers (10) and optional filling level regulation according to Patent claim 3 characterized in that each heat exchanger (10) in the refrigerant circuit can be switched as an evaporator or as a condenser.