DE102022001536B4 - ELECTRICAL MACHINE WITH A MATRIX CIRCUIT - Google Patents

Abstract

Electrical machine (1) with an excitation system (A), which can be designed as a rotary motor (2) and has a housing (10) for a stator (11) with a motor axis (x) and for a rotor (12) as well as for control electronics (RE) for multi-phase alternating current or direct current (AC,DC), which excitation system (A) has a stable layered body (142) which is impermeable to gases and liquids and which has a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b) which can be connected to one another by a binding agent for at least one spiral conductor track (e1-en) on at least one surface (a,a') of the support layer (b) and is designed as a honeycomb (14) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving a plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) of a soft iron package (13), in which electrical machine (1) the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the layered body (142) can be projected onto a surface and form a matrix (Q) with rows (m) and/or columns (n) for the arrangement of the elements of the matrix (Q) embodied by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), wherein the control electronics (RE) is designed with a matrix circuit (q) to excite the radial segments (s1-sn) in such a way that first ends (f) of the spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) can be supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) at an input (100) of the housing (10), while the second ends (f) are connected to one another with phase bridges (p) of the matrix circuit (q) and the individual conductor tracks (e1-en) are supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) via the rows (m) and/or via the columns (n) as well as via main or counter diagonals of the matrices (Q) can be supplied with current, so that a magnetic field caused by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) can be controlled by means of the control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q) formed by a plurality of transistors (t1-tn).

Description

The invention relates to an electrical machine with an excitation system, which can be designed as a rotary motor or as a linear motor or as a spherical layer motor and whose housing accommodates a stator with a motor axis and a rotor as well as control electronics for multi-phase alternating current or direct current. The excitation system has a stable laminated body which is impermeable to gases and liquids and which is formed by a plurality of layers of support layers which can be connected to one another by a binding agent for at least one spiral conductor track on at least one surface of the support layer and is designed as a honeycomb with a plurality of cells for accommodating a plurality of individual radial segments of a soft iron package. The individual layers of the laminated body can be projected onto a surface and form a matrix with rows and/or columns for the arrangement of the elements of the matrix embodied by the radial segments of the soft iron package in the cells of the honeycomb. The control electronics are designed with a matrix circuit to excite the radial segments of the soft iron package in such a way that the first ends of the spiral conductor tracks at an input of the housing can be supplied with multiphase alternating current, while the second ends are connected to one another with phase bridges of the matrix circuit and the individual conductor tracks can be supplied with multiphase alternating current via the rows and/or via the columns as well as via the main or counter diagonals of the matrices, so that a magnetic field caused by the radial segments of the soft iron package can be controlled by means of the control electronics of the matrix circuit formed by a plurality of transistors. In this way, the rotor of a combined rotary and linear motor can carry out a translational and rotary movement and a spherical rotor of the spherical layer motor can carry out a combined rotary and pivoting movement around the center of the spherical layer motor within a radial sector predetermined by an angle of inclination. The honeycomb, which is constructed as a layered body, can be designed either as a roll of film or as a stack of film or as a hollow spherical layered body. The elements of the matrix are embodied in the cells of the honeycomb either by sheet metal lamellas or soft iron pins or by soft iron screws and anchored in a common connecting element made of soft iron in such a way that at least one magnetic circuit is formed. The control electronics for the matrix circuit enable a rotating magnetic field in the case of the rotary motor, a traveling field in the case of the linear motor and a multidirectionally controllable magnetic field in the case of the spherical layer motor.

The generic term “electrical machine” in the context of the invention includes both generators that convert mechanical power into electricity and electric motors that convert electrical power into mechanical power in the form of a rotary or translational movement or in the form of a free movement. In a three-phase machine according to the invention, the number of cells in the honeycomb of the excitation system is divisible by three, with the frequency of a periodically changing voltage of the alternating current in the excitation fields offset by 120 degrees defining the speed of the electrical machine. Electrical machines are differentiated according to the type of rotor into asynchronous machines and synchronous machines, which can be designed either as solid-pole or salient-pole rotors or have a permanent-magnet machine or a brushless DC motor with a commutator, while asynchronous machines can be designed as slip ring or squirrel-cage rotors. In a linear motor, which can also be referred to as a traveling field machine, each layer of a film roll forms a complete excitation system for a rotor that is pulled and pushed over a distance by the magnetic field. The multi-layered honeycomb forms a self-supporting composite of support layers, conductor tracks and an adhesive, whereby the self-supporting honeycomb structure enables the implementation of thin-film technologies for coating the carrier films and/or for the conductor tracks. The invention also relates to a lightweight construction for the excitation system with a soft iron package that is freed from its support function and is designed as a plug-in system in which the individual radial segments are inserted into the cells of the honeycomb and anchored in a common connecting element. Electrical machines according to the invention can be manufactured in a power range from a fraction of a watt to several hundred kilowatts. The term matrix, borrowed from mathematics, describes a system for a plurality of elements that are arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns, so that different arithmetic operations can be carried out both vertically and horizontally as well as diagonally across the main and counter diagonals of the matrix. A matrix is particularly suitable for precisely recording the respective share or the respective function of an individual element within a system made up of a plurality of elements. Since each individual layer of a multi-layered honeycomb can be recorded and controlled by a matrix, the invention also relates to programmable control electronics with which the current supply of the excitation system can be better adapted to the respective requirements and operating conditions of an electrical machine. The elements of the matrix are embodied by the cells and the individual radial segments of the soft iron package of a multi-layer honeycomb. In a rotary motor and a linear motor, the honeycomb is designed as a foil roll or as a foil stack, while the honeycomb for a spherical layer motor has a multi-layer, hollow spherical layer body. According to the invention, only one layer of a support layer formed by three meandering bands, each with only one conductor track, is required in order to form a complete excitation system by means of the matrix circuit with phase bridges for alternating current. The excitation system can also be designed with several hundred layers of support layers for conductor tracks, whereby each individual layer can be projected onto a plane. With the matrix, the electromagnetic forces within the three-dimensional magnetic field of an electrical machine can be recorded very precisely, layer by layer, vectorially and thus also controlled. In the rotary motor, for example, the sum of all individual vectors from the number of elements in a vertical row or a horizontal column can be represented in a resulting row vector or in a column vector for each individual layer of a foil roll. In an electrical machine operated with three-phase alternating current as a rotary or linear motor, the matrix circuit is designed as a star connection and/or delta connection. In the case of the spherical layer motor, magnetic circuits can be activated by means of the matrix circuit both via the rows and columns and via the main and counter diagonals of a matrix, so that the rotor can perform different movements. The invention therefore also relates to novel applications in the field of robotics, where the controllability of the magnetic field can be used for both programmable and sensor-controlled movement sequences for tools and gripping devices. In particular, application examples of the spherical layer motor for an autonomous spherical vehicle with an integrated battery storage system and the paired arrangement of two spherical layer motors for drones and helicopters as well as for aircraft, in which at least one pair of the spherical layer motors is connected to a wing, are also part of the invention.

State of the art

Electric machines with a motor axis have a stator and a rotor arranged within a housing. In the case of a rotary motor, the excitation system of the stator causes a magnetic field rotating around the motor axis, so that the rotor rotates around the motor axis as a rotor. In the case of a linear motor, the excitation system of the stator causes a traveling field along the motor axis, so that the rotor moves in a translational motion along the motor axis. Analogously, a generator converts a rotary or translational motion into electrical power. Electric machines are characterized by very high efficiencies of up to 98% and will therefore be the preferred solution in the future for growing demand in the areas of driving, controlling and moving on land, water and in the air. In three-phase motors, the alternating current is conducted in three separate conductors with a periodically changing phase. The current in a first conductor is offset by 120° ahead or behind the current in the other two conductors. The rotational speed is determined by the frequency. A periodic alternating current at 50 Hz, for example, causes a rotating magnetic field at 3000 revolutions per minute. Depending on the design, electrical machines are divided into synchronous and asynchronous machines. In synchronous machines, which can also be excited by permanent magnets, for example, the rotor rotates synchronously with the rotating field. A special case here is the brushless DC motor with motor-integrated control electronics that convert direct current into alternating current. In generator mode, the rotor rotates faster than the magnetic field so that energy can be fed into the grid. Asynchronous three-phase generators can be designed as squirrel-cage rotors with slip rings or as doubly fed asynchronous machines or as cascade machines with two stators. In so-called squirrel-cage rotors, in which the current conductors are short-circuited in a so-called rotor cage, undesirable leakage currents can occur. In this respect, slip ring rotors have the advantage that slip rings connect the current conductors to external control electronics, so that additional resistances in the rotor circuit make it possible to influence the operating behavior. In both designs, the rotating field of the stator induces a current flow in the conductor loops of the rotor and a resulting magnetic field that is reciprocally effective to the excitation system. The radial distance of the rotor from the motor axis is a decisive factor for the torque of the rotor. The rotating excitation field of the stator attracts the induced magnetic field of the rotor, so that the rotor follows the rotating magnetic field of the stator. This effect, known as "slip", causes the torque of an electrical machine. If the direction of rotation of the excitation field on the stator is changed, the direction of rotation of the rotor also changes. The excitation system of an electric motor is assigned to the stator and consists of soft iron or of sheet metal packages with a current-carrying winding, which is usually made of copper wire with an insulating varnish applied using a dipping process. If the stator is on the outside and is connected to the housing, the electrical machine is called an internal rotor; if the stator with the excitation system is on the inside, it is called an internal rotor. The electrical machine has an external rotor. While the stator is connected to an external power source, the rotor is formed either by two-pole permanent magnets or an induction system, which also consists of soft iron or of laminated cores and copper wire. The disadvantages of this design are the complex winding of the copper wire with movements that can still sometimes only be carried out by hand, the tendency of the wire to warp, the complex dipping process for applying the protective varnish and the low temperature resistance, which carries the risk of the electrical machine burning out. Compared to a design made of solid material, so-called soft iron, laminated cores have the advantage that they prevent eddy currents and so improve efficiency. The individual sheets made of soft iron are coated with an insulator and are made from strip material. The production of the laminated cores requires several work steps, starting with cutting the sheets to size, arranging them in stacks, joining them by welding, gluing or screwing and the necessary welding. Suitable manufacturing processes include laser or water jet cutting and punching for series production. After punching, the individual sheets are coated with a varnish, stacked and heated in an oven to bond the layers together and at the same time insulate them from each other. The insulating of the components from each other and from each other, the winding of the excitation coils and the subsequent impregnation and processing of the winding are complex processes. Also complex are the installation of insulating paper between the sheet metal package and the windings to prevent voltage flashovers, the production of the wire used for the coils in a drawing process and its subsequent coating with an insulating layer of varnish, which also receives a sliding layer to make winding easier. The fully automatic production of the windings in series production requires expensive machines that are only worthwhile in the case of large-scale production, so that to this day the installation of the winding in a sheet metal package is done by hand and requires a high level of craftsmanship, as the wires tend to tangle. In the area of adhesives, two-phase polymers create a friction bond, while the hardener of the adhesive acts as a catalyst to polymerize the respective plastic. Plastic films that are coated with an acrylate adhesive can be made of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene with a temperature resistance of -40 to 150 degrees Celsius and can be manufactured as very thin, flexible and stretchable films with layer thicknesses of 0.05 mm and coated with an adhesive, as can polyimide films with a temperature resistance of -50 to 160 degrees Celsius and films made of polytetrafluoroethylene, so-called PTFE films with an exceptional temperature resistance of -200 to 300 degrees Celsius. Known adhesive tapes have up to two hundred layers, with the base layer having a separating layer on the outside to which the adhesive does not adhere. The adhesive forms an inseparable bond with the inside, which is roughened by an adhesion promoter. Depending on the material of the base layer, the following adhesives can be considered, each arranged according to their chemical or physical principle of action. Hardening of the adhesive by polymerization of instant adhesives such as cyanoacrylates, methyl methacrylates and unsaturated polyesters is particularly advantageous. Anaerobic-curing adhesives, radiation-curing adhesives or adhesives that harden by drying, solvent-based wet adhesives, diffusion adhesives, contact adhesives and water-based dispersion adhesives including colloidal systems can be used to bond carrier films made of plastic, paper or carbon fiber films. Glasses with a thickness of between 0.4 mm and 1.1 mm are referred to as thin glass. Glasses that are less than 0.2 mm thick are referred to as ultra-thin glasses. Depending on their chemical composition, areas of application for thin and ultra-thin glasses include optics, biotechnology, optoelectronics and sensor technology as well as display technology and the semiconductor industry. The Mainz-based company Schott produces an ultra-thin borosilicate glass with standard thicknesses of 30 µm under the product name D 263 T. The product name AF 32-eco refers to a rollable, ultra-thin and alkali-free aluminum borosilicate thin glass with a low thermal expansion coefficient, low micro-roughness < 1 nm, an application temperature of up to 650°C and excellent coating properties. Soda-lime thin glass is a cost-effective alternative to the high-end products mentioned above and can be manufactured as ultra-thin glass with a thickness of 0.2 mm. In the sputter coating of glass, a point target, e.g. made of a metal, is bombarded with ions so that the atoms knocked out of the metal form a high-purity layer on a thin glass lying next to it. It is known that so-called high-temperature superconductors (HTSC), whose transition temperature is above 23 degrees Kelvin, can be used for power lines. Ceramic HTSCs reach a transition temperature of 77 K, which corresponds to the boiling point of nitrogen. Yttrium-barium-copper oxide is a well-known example of this and has already been used as HTSC despite the brittleness of the ceramic material. In the literature (see A. Pawlak) a process for the production of a flexible conductor material is described in which the ceramic material is filled into silver tubes and then rolled out into flexible ribbons. In 2017, a team of researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Pablo Jarillo-Herrero demonstrated the ability of graphene to conduct electricity without loss by placing two honeycomb-shaped monolayers of carbon atoms on top of each other at an angle of 1.1 degrees and applying an electrical voltage to a very cool sample. It has also been shown that the transition temperature can be increased under transverse pressure. A kagome pattern is a lattice in which pentagonal stars with triangular tips form a regular grid, based on a Japanese weaving technique for bamboo strips. Current publications in the field of quantum physics describe kagome metals whose atomic lattices have kagome patterns and have novel electromagnetic properties. One such kagome metal is, for example, an iron-tin compound with a kagome structure, which, according to theoretical physicist Ronny Thomale, can enable a new type of superconductivity. At the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute, several extraordinary quantum phenomena were detected for the first time using the Kagome metal potassium vanadium antimony (KV3Sb5) at relatively high temperatures of around -190 degrees Celsius, which could ideally also function as so-called high-temperature superconductivity at room temperature. In the field of plastics, organic molecules in the form of monomers, oligomers and especially polymers can be applied to thin layers and form conductive paths. There is the possibility of charge transfer through so-called hopping. By migrating chemical bonds over the entire length of a polymer chain, it is possible to form an electronic system, with transmission gaps being closed by appropriate doping, so that a conductivity comparable to that of metals is created. The transfer of knowledge and developments from printing technology as well as from organic and polymer chemistry to electronics is fundamental for future manufacturing processes in electronics and electrical engineering. Dispersions and suspensions of electrically conductive materials are already available for printed electronics. This also includes inorganic materials that can be produced and processed in liquid form. So-called mass printing processes such as gravure, offset and flexographic printing are far superior to other printing processes such as inkjet printing and screen printing in terms of surface throughput of many 10,000 m ² /h and are particularly suitable for printing electrical conductors in thin layers. Offset and flexographic printing processes can be used for inorganic and organic conductors. Inkjet printing can also be used on a laboratory scale with little effort. Screen printing is suitable for pasty materials that can be applied to a base layer in thick layers, especially for conductors made of inorganic metals. Other possible processes related to printing are so-called microcontact printing and nano-imprint lithography. Transfer processes in which solid structured layers are transferred from a carrier to the substrate are also among the printing processes for electronics. Electrically conductive adhesives are also already available. From the area of coating technologies, powder coating or powder painting should also be mentioned here, with which an electrically conductive material is coated with powder paint. The powder coatings produced usually have layer thicknesses between 60 and 120 µm. Substrates made of steel or aluminum are suitable for powder coating. One coating process that is suitable for different substrates is so-called particle atomic layer deposition (PALD). This uses a vapor phase technique to deposit thin layers on a substrate. In the PALD process and the ALD process, the surface of a substrate is alternately irradiated with so-called precursors, which do not overlap but are fed in one after the other. The PALD process can be used to deposit a wide range of materials, including oxides, metals, sulfides and fluorides, and these coatings can have a wide range of properties depending on the application.

From the DE 27 31 295 A1 discloses a laminated layer winding for electrical machines such as motors and generators. In the case of the linear motor, a straight air gap is disclosed and in the case of cylindrical motors and generators, an axially extending air gap is disclosed. A commutator inverter is provided for converting direct current into alternating current. Control electronics with a matrix and a matrix circuit are not disclosed in this publication.

From the US 10 840 785 B2 An electrical machine with an excitation system emerges, which is designed as a rotary motor and comprises a housing for a stator and for a rotor with a motor axis. The excitation system has PCB boards from which the conductor tracks are cut out or which are printed as flexible strips. A printed, rollable laminated body does not emerge from this publication.

From the US 2017 / 0 040 861 A1 A spherical wheel hub motor with a wheel suspension is designed to drive the wheel and perform a steering movement.

From the CN 1 11 262 380 A A ball motor is an internal rotor motor in which the pole shoes of the excitation system have a breakthrough in the air gap between the stator and the rotor, aligned with the center of the spherical motor. From the WO 2021/ 014 755 A1 A disc-shaped electric motor for aircraft is developed as a rotary wing in which the angle of attack of the rotor blades is mechanically adjustable.

From the EN 10 2008 035 091 A1 A drive device for independently driving at least two bodies arranged coaxially to one another is disclosed, which have at least one holder for securing the drive device in a rotationally secure manner. The stators of electric motors are coupled to the holder, while the counter-rotating, coaxially arranged rotors can be connected to the drive device, for example.

From the EN 10 2004 004 480 A1 An electric engine is used to drive two shafts arranged coaxially to each other. The counter-rotating shafts are connected to rotor blades whose angle of attack can be varied.

From the JP 2007 - 203 803 A A spherical motor is an internal rotor whose stator is connected to the body and whose rotor is connected to four wheels in such a way that the spherical motor enables both a steering movement and an inclination of the plane of rotation of the wheel.

From the EN 10 2012 009 268 A9 A permanently excited longitudinal flux linear motor is produced in which the stator surface of the laminated core is arranged parallel and radially to the rotor axis.

From the EN 41 05 999 A1 discloses a wire coil deposited on the surface of an insulating substrate, wherein a plurality of insulating substrates and a plurality of wire coils are alternately layered and interconnected by a wire material and can be rolled up into a film coil.

From the EP 2 228 890 A1 An electrodynamic machine emerges which can be designed as an electrical generator and comprises several conductor bars whose surfaces are formed with a non-wettable surface structure.

From the WO 2017 / 215 786 A1 A universally applicable inductance system for different types of electrical machines is created, in which the induction takes place by means of a ladder rung system.

The JP 2004 – 343 903 A The closest prior art shows a synchronous motor in which a moving element can perform a rotational movement, a linear movement and a spiral movement.

A.Pawlak: Superconductivity right into the city center. Physics Journal, Volume 13, 2014, Issue 6, p. 6 .

Mielke, C., Das, D., Yin, JX. et al.; “Time-reversal symmetry-breaking charge order in a kagome superconductor”; Nature; 602, pages 245-250 (2022 )

Task

Based on the prior art presented, the invention is based on the object of specifying an excitation system for an electrical machine with control electronics for extended functions. The control electronics of the excitation system can be applied to the rotating magnetic field of a rotary motor as well as to the traveling field of a linear motor and therefore enables combined linear and rotary movements of the rotor in the case of a combined linear and rotary motor, while in a spherical layer motor, for example, combined rotary and swivel movements of a rotor are possible. The functional expansion gives rise to the object of reorganizing the structural design of the electrical machine in a material composite formed by support layers, conductor tracks and a binding agent for a self-supporting, multi-layered and cavity-free honeycomb structure of the excitation system that is impermeable to gases and liquids. The object of the invention is also to reduce the construction weight of the soft iron package of the electrical machine and to provide a stable, lightweight construction for the excitation system. The specification of a honeycomb made up of several layers of support layers for flat, spiral-shaped conductor tracks with a layered body perforated by cells fulfils the task of generating a strong magnetic field for the excitation of the individual radial segments of the soft iron package with comparatively low current intensities. The specification of a layered body for the excitation system that is impermeable to gases and liquids serves to mutually insulate the conductor tracks and protect them from contamination and corrosion and forms a positioning system for the conductor tracks in relation to the radial segments of the soft iron package. Finally, the specification of a modular and elemented construction system suitable for series production serves to reduce manufacturing costs.

These objects are achieved with the features of the invention stated in claim 1, claim 11 and claim 16.

The electrical machine with an excitation system can be designed as a rotary motor or as a linear motor or as a spherical layer motor and has a housing for a stator with a motor axis and for a rotor as well as for control electronics for multi-phase alternating current or direct current. The excitation system consists of a stable laminated body that is impermeable to gases and liquids and has a plurality of layers of support layers that can be connected to one another by a binding agent for at least one spiral conductor track on at least one surface of the support layer and is designed as a honeycomb with a plurality of cells for receiving a plurality of individual radial segments of a soft iron package. The individual layers of the laminated body can be projected onto a surface and form a matrix with rows and/or columns for the arrangement of the elements of the matrix embodied by the radial segments of the soft iron package in the cells of the honeycomb. The control electronics are designed with a matrix circuit to excite the individual radial segments of the soft iron package in such a way that the first ends of the spiral conductor tracks at an input of the housing can be supplied with multiphase alternating current, while the second ends are connected to one another with phase bridges of the matrix circuit and the individual conductor tracks can be supplied with multiphase alternating current via the rows and/or via the columns as well as via the main or counter diagonals of the matrices, so that a magnetic field caused by the radial segments of the soft iron package can be controlled by means of the control electronics of the matrix circuit formed by a plurality of transistors. In this way, the rotor of a combined rotary and linear motor carries out a translational and rotary movement, whereas a spherical rotor of the spherical layer motor carries out, for example, a combined rotary and swivel movement around the center of the spherical layer motor within a radial sector predetermined by an angle of inclination.

Further advantageous features and embodiments of the invention emerge from the subclaims.

• - Angabe einer synchron oder asynchron erregten elektrischen Maschine als Innenläufer oder als Außenläufer, die als ein Rotations-, Linear- oder Kugelschichtmotor ausbildbar ist,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine mit einem Eingang für Wechselstrom oder Gleichstrom,
• - Angabe von elektrischen Maschinen mit einem bevorzugten Phasenwinkel der Wechselspannung von 120 Grad,
• - Angabe eines gedruckten Erregersystems für den Stator eines Elektromotors,
• - Angabe eines gedruckten Induktionssystems für den Läufer eines Elektromotors,
• - Angabe einer Matrixschaltung als eine Sternschaltung und/oder als eine Dreiecksschaltung für einen Rotationsmotor mit einem von einer Zeile oder einer Spalte gebildeten Vektor der Matrix,
• - Angabe einer Regelelektronik für die Steuerung des magnetischen Felds mittels einer Matrixschaltung der bestrombaren Zeilen und Spalten und Haupt- und Gegendiagonalen der Matrix mit einer von einer Mehrzahl von Transistoren (MOSFET, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) und Sensoren,
• - Angabe eines elementierten Weicheisenpakets mit Blechlamellen für den Rotations- und Linearmotor und mit Weicheisenstiften oder Weicheisenschrauben für den Kugelschichtmotor,
• - Angabe eines Verbindungselements für die einzelnen Radialsegmente des Weicheisenpakets als Längsabschnitt eines Hohlzylinders oder als Schicht einer Hohlkugel, jeweils aus Weicheisen,
• - Angabe eines Fluidlagers zwischen dem Stator und dem Läufer,
• - Angabe eines Kugelschichtmotors mit einer kardanischen Aufhängung des Läufers an dem Stator,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine als ein Innenläufer, bei dem die Tragschichten als Mäanderbänder vorgefertigt und in mehreren Lagen von jeweils drei einzelnen Mäanderbändern auf einem Haspel zu einer Folienrolle aufgerollt werden,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine als ein Axialflussmotor mit einer scheibenförmigen Wabe mit radialen Zellen,
• - Angabe eines Rotationsmotors mit einem Induktionssystem für einen Läufer mit einem Weicheisenpaket und Mäanderbändern mit den Leiterbahnen, die untereinander in Endlosschleifen kurzgeschlossen und gegenüber der Motorachse einen Neigungswinkel von fünf bis fünfzehn Grad aufweisen,
• - Angabe ausgestanzter, flacher Leiterbahnen aus Metall,
• - Angabe von Mäanderbändern aus Aluminium als Ersatz für Kupfer,
• - Angabe einer Tragschicht mit zwei haftenden Oberflächen als Substrat für Leiterbahnen und/oder für ein Bindemittel,
• - Angabe einer Klebefolie mit Klebestreifen an den Rändern und zwischen den Leiterbahnen für die Versiegelung der Leiterbahnen innerhalb der Wabe,
• - Angabe einer biegeweichen und dehnsteifen Tragschicht aus einem Kunststoff oder aus ultradünnem Glas,
• - Angabe einer temperaturbeständigen und beschichtbaren Trägerschicht aus Polyethylen, Polyimid, Plyamid oder PTFE,
• - Angabe eines Massendruckverfahrens für den Aufdruck der Leiterbahnen von der Rolle auf die Rolle,
• - Angabe eines Tintenstrahldrucks oder eines Siebdruckverfahrens für die Bedruckung einer ebenen Tragschicht oder einer von der Rolle abrollbaren Tragschicht,
• - Angabe eines Karbonfasergewebebands als Tragschicht mit einer streifenförmigen Klettverbindung als Bindemittel an den Rändern des Bands und mit dazwischenliegenden Leiterbahnen aus Metallblech und mit einem Zweiphasenpolymer als Klebstoff für den Schichtkörper,
• - Angabe einer elektrischen Maschine, bei der die Tragschichten elektrisch leitfähige Leiterbahnen mit mehreren voneinander unabhängigen parallelen Bahnen tragen,
• - Angabe eines abtragenden Verfahrens, bei dem die Leiterbahnen aus einer mindestens einseitig mit stromleitendem Material beschichteten Tragschicht z.B. in einem Ätzverfahren herausgelöst werden,
• - Angabe einer Tragschicht, die mit stromleitenden organischen Polymerketten beschichtbar ist,
• - Angabe einer Leiterbahn aus einem supraleitenden keramischen Material, insbesondere aus Yttrium-Barium-Kupferoxid, das in Silberröhrchen eingefüllt und zu einer bandförmigen Leiterbahn ausgewalzt wird, die mit einer Tragschicht verbindbar ist,
• - Angabe von flexiblen Bändern aus Aluminium oder Stahl für eine elektrostatische Pulverbeschichtung mit einem keramischen Hochtemperatursupraleiter,
• - Angabe eines PALD-Verfahrens (Particel Atomic Layer Deposition) für die Beschichtung der Klebefolien mit einer supraleitenden, atomaren Schicht eines Kagome-Metalls,
• - Angabe einer Klebefolie mit einer Schicht aus Grafen für die Ummantelung der Leiterbahnen,
• - Angabe eines 3D-Druckverfahrens mit drei Materialien für die Leiterbanen, die Tragschichten und die Radialsegmente,
• - Angabe eines Rollverfahrens für die Herstellung einer versiegelten Folienrolle aus Klebefolie auf einem Haspel,
• - Angabe beheizbarer Kalander für die Herstellung eines monolithischen Verbunds der Tragschichten der Folienrolle.

In detail, the invention has the following advantageous properties for the following tasks:

• - Specification of a synchronously or asynchronously excited electrical machine as an internal rotor or as an external rotor, which can be designed as a rotary, linear or spherical layer motor,
• - specification of an electrical machine with an input for alternating current or direct current,
• - Specification of electrical machines with a preferred phase angle of the alternating voltage of 120 degrees,
• - Specification of a printed excitation system for the stator of an electric motor,
• - Specification of a printed induction system for the rotor of an electric motor,
• - specification of a matrix circuit as a star circuit and/or as a delta circuit for a rotary motor with a vector of the matrix formed by a row or a column,
• - Specification of a control electronics for controlling the magnetic field by means of a matrix circuit of the energizable rows and columns and main and counter diagonals of the matrix with one of a plurality of transistors (MOSFET, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) and sensors,
• - Specification of an elemented soft iron package with sheet metal laminations for the rotary and linear motor and with soft iron pins or soft iron screws for the spherical layer motor,
• - Specification of a connecting element for the individual radial segments of the soft iron package as a longitudinal section of a hollow cylinder or as a layer of a hollow sphere, each made of soft iron,
• - Specification of a fluid bearing between the stator and the rotor,
• - Specification of a spherical layer motor with a cardanic suspension of the rotor on the stator,
• - Specification of an electrical machine as an internal rotor in which the base layers are prefabricated as meander belts and rolled up in several layers of three individual meander belts on a reel to form a film roll,
• - Specification of an electrical machine as an axial flux motor with a disc-shaped honeycomb with radial cells,
• - specification of a rotary motor with an induction system for a rotor with a soft iron package and meandering strips with the conductor tracks which are short-circuited to one another in endless loops and have an angle of inclination of five to fifteen degrees with respect to the motor axis,
• - Specification of punched, flat metal conductor tracks,
• - Specification of aluminium meander bands as a replacement for copper,
• - Specification of a base layer with two adhesive surfaces as a substrate for conductor tracks and/or for a binding agent,
• - Specification of an adhesive film with adhesive strips on the edges and between the conductor tracks for sealing the conductor tracks within the honeycomb,
• - Specification of a flexible and rigid base layer made of plastic or ultra-thin glass,
• - Specification of a temperature-resistant and coatable carrier layer made of polyethylene, polyimide, polyamide or PTFE,
• - Specification of a mass printing process for printing the conductor tracks from roll to roll,
• - specification of an inkjet printing or a screen printing process for printing on a flat base layer or a base layer that can be unrolled from a roll,
• - specification of a carbon fibre fabric tape as a supporting layer with a strip-shaped Velcro connection as a binding agent on the edges of the tape and with conductor tracks made of sheet metal in between and with a two-phase polymer as an adhesive for the laminated body,
• - Specification of an electrical machine in which the supporting layers carry electrically conductive tracks with several independent parallel tracks,
• - specification of an abrasive process in which the conductor tracks are removed from a base layer coated on at least one side with electrically conductive material, e.g. in an etching process,
• - Specification of a base layer that can be coated with electrically conductive organic polymer chains,
• - specification of a conductor track made of a superconducting ceramic material, in particular yttrium barium copper oxide, which is filled into silver tubes and rolled out to form a strip-shaped conductor track that can be connected to a supporting layer,
• - Specification of flexible aluminium or steel strips for electrostatic powder coating with a ceramic high-temperature superconductor,
• - Specification of a PALD (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition) process for coating the adhesive films with a superconducting, atomic layer of a Kagome metal,
• - Specification of an adhesive film with a layer of graphene for the sheathing of the conductor tracks,
• - Specification of a 3D printing process with three materials for the conductor strips, the support layers and the radial segments,
• - Specification of a rolling process for the production of a sealed film roll from adhesive film on a reel,
• - Specification of heated calenders for the production of a monolithic composite of the supporting layers of the film roll.

Manufacturing process for a multilayer honeycomb

An advantageous manufacturing process for the honeycomb laminated body relates to a 3D printing process for three different materials, in which the laminated body is built up continuously and layer by layer from several layers of a plastic as a binding agent for the supporting layers and conductor tracks made of metal, including the matrix circuit between the first and second ends of the conductor tracks and including the individual cells of the honeycomb with the radial segments of the soft iron package and the connecting element. In the case of the rotary motor and the linear motor, the honeycomb laminated body can be designed as a film roll with at least one layer or up to several hundred layers of supporting layers for conductor tracks. The film roll is produced on a reel with adjustable gauges as place and dimension holders for the subsequent installation of the individual radial segments of the soft iron package in the cells of the honeycomb. The base layers are designed as one- or two-sided coated, stretch-resistant and flexible film tapes or as flexible carbon fiber tapes, each of which has a coating substrate for the conductor tracks and for an adhesive on at least one surface, so that the individual layers of the base layers form the self-supporting layer body that is impermeable to gases and liquids. For base layers that are already coated or printed with conductor tracks, both chemically curing or physically setting adhesives and adhesives with a combined effect are suitable as binders for the production of a one- or two-sided coated electrically conductive adhesive tape. Curing the adhesive by polymerization is particularly advantageous with instant adhesives such as cyanoacrylates, methyl methacrylates and unsaturated polyesters. Anaerobic-curing adhesives, radiation-curing adhesives or adhesives that harden by drying are suitable as binding agents for the mutual bonding of carrier films, which can consist of plastic, thin glass, paper or carbon fiber films. Solvent-based wet adhesives, diffusion adhesives and contact adhesives are also suitable for carrier films made of paper. as well as water-based dispersion adhesives including colloidal systems. For base layers made of ultra-thin glass, adhesives that cure under UV light and heat are particularly suitable, while for attaching metal conductor tracks to carbon fiber tapes, pressure-sensitive adhesives that can be designed as Velcro or plug-in snap connections are suitable, with epoxy adhesives, polyurethane adhesives and silicones being used to connect the carbon fiber tapes to one another. With a combined physical-chemical active principle of the binder, a high temperature resistance of the adhesive bond for the carrier films can be achieved through polycondensation of phenolic resins or polyimides or polysulfides or silane-modified polymers. If the base layer consists of a carbon fiber tape, a two-phase polymer is applied to the reel as a binder during winding. The individual layers of the base layer of the carbon fiber tape are bonded to one another using the two-phase polymer to form a self-supporting laminated body that is impermeable to gases and liquids and can be cured in an autoclave. A particularly advantageous option is a base layer printed with conductor tracks on both sides, the first surface of which is coated with the first component and the second surface with the second component of a two-component adhesive, so that a monolithic bond between the individual layers of the laminated body is created while it is being rolled up on the reel. If the base layer with the conductor tracks is passed over heated calenders immediately before being rolled up on the reel, the film composite can be produced using a hot-melt bonding process. In a rotary motor and a linear motor, the multi-layered honeycomb is designed as a foil roll with a large number of cells, which cells accommodate a corresponding number of individual radial segments connected to one another in a magnetic circuit of the soft iron package, whereby in each individual layer of the foil roll the radial segments can be represented as elements of a matrix in a row or column vector, while in the spherical layer motor the multi-layered honeycomb has a hollow spherical shell body and in a combined linear and rotary motor a multi-layered foil roll, each with a large number of cells for accommodating a corresponding number of radial segments of the soft iron package and each individual layer of the honeycomb that can be projected onto a surface forms a matrix with rows and columns, in which magnetic circuits in each individual layer can be switched across the rows or across the columns or across the main and counter diagonals of the matrix, so that the electromagnetic field forces can be directed in different directions by means of programmable or sensor-controlled control electronics for the matrix switching. The adhesive forms a binding agent for the individual layers of a gas- and liquid-tight laminated body with a plurality of matrices corresponding to the number of layers. At least one of the two surfaces of the support layer of the film roll or of the hollow spherical laminated body has a plurality of spiral-shaped, interconnected conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells in the laminated body, the conductor tracks in the individual layers of the laminated body being able to be supplied with multiphase alternating current in such a way that the magnetic field caused by the individual radial segments of the soft iron package can be controlled multidirectionally by means of control electronics of the matrix circuit formed by a plurality of transistors. The rotor of the combined linear and rotary motor can carry out a combined lifting and rotary movement, while the rotor of a spherical laminated motor can carry out a combined rotary and swivel movement within a radial sector around the center of the motor predetermined by an angle of inclination.

Support layers for conductor tracks

In an advantageous embodiment, the support layers form a casing for metal conductor tracks, the conductor tracks being flat, rectangular, polygonal or oval in cross-section and the electrical contacts at the first ends and at the second ends of the conductor tracks being produced by soldering, laser welding, screwing or by means of an electrically conductive adhesive. The support layer preferably consists of a stretch-resistant and flexible plastic film or of ultra-thin glass with a layer thickness of 0.05-0.2 mm and forms a coating substrate for the conductor tracks and for a binding agent as a filling between the conductor tracks and the support layers on at least one of the two surfaces, with a plurality of layers of the support layers forming the layered body which is impermeable to gases and liquids. The support layer can be printed with conductor tracks on at least one of the two surfaces, preferably in a mass printing process. Alternatively, the conductor tracks can be sputtered, sintered or glued onto the base layer, whereby conductor tracks arranged on the two surfaces of the base layer are separated from one another by a double-sided adhesive film. Adhesive strips between the conductor tracks and on the edges of an adhesive film create a force-fit connection between the individual layers of a honeycomb. The conductor tracks can be etched or cut out of the two surfaces of a base layer coated with metal on both sides using an abrasive process. Conductor tracks arranged on the two surfaces The conductors arranged on the surfaces of the supporting layer can be combined to form a two-wire conductor track, with both wires generating a common magnetic field and a plurality of transistors and sensors of the control electronics being designed to control the current flow of the excitation system. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the conductor tracks are coated with an electrically chargeable, ceramic high-temperature superconductor in powder form, which is designed as a hardened layer to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks formed by thin and flexible steel strips. Alternatively, the ceramic high-temperature superconductor is filled as a powder into hollow profiles, which are then rolled out flat and can be connected to the supporting layer as flat strips. In a further advantageous embodiment, atomic layers of a Kagome metal with a superconducting Kagome structure, which are applied to metal conductor tracks using a PALD process (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition), form a superconducting layer on the surface of the conductor tracks, so that the conductivity of the conductor tracks is increased even at ambient temperature. Support layers formed by adhesive films that have a layer of graphene on their surfaces facing the metal conductor tracks and form a casing for flat conductor tracks, e.g. made of aluminum or copper, also appear promising, whereby the conductivity of the conductor tracks is increased even at ambient temperature. The support layer preferably forms a coating substrate for a mass printing process on at least one surface. Furthermore, within the scope of the invention, it is provided that the conductor tracks are either sputtered, sintered or glued onto at least one of the surfaces of the base layer, with conductor tracks on the two surfaces of the base layer being separated from one another by an intermediate layer, or that adhesive strips are provided between the conductor tracks and on the edges of an adhesive film for connecting the individual layers of the honeycomb. The individual layers of the honeycomb can be fixed using pole shoes of the radial segments of the soft iron package. The base layers, rolled up into a roll of film or stacked into a stack of films, form a positioning system with the cells for the individual radial segments of the soft iron package and for the conductor tracks themselves. An electrically conductive adhesive is suitable for producing electrical connections between the conductor tracks. Within the scope of the invention, organic conductor tracks made of doped polymer chains are proposed for base layers made of cellulose triacetate, the conductivity of which is in no way inferior to metals. The associated weight and cost savings can be used for future drive and control systems. The installation of superconductors in electrical machines can establish itself as a new lightweight construction technology, particularly for vehicle and aircraft engines, since a conventional winding can be replaced with just one superconducting layer. Within the scope of the invention, a temperature control system with liquid nitrogen is therefore proposed for a vehicle in order to cool ceramic high-temperature superconductors down to the transition temperature.

The electric machine as an internal rotor

A first advantageous embodiment of the electrical machine relates to an internal rotor, in which the honeycomb is designed as a cylindrical film roll with a plurality of cells for receiving a corresponding number of individual radial segments of the soft iron package, which are introduced into the cells from the inside to the outside and anchored in grooves of an outer guide element formed by a tube. The conductor tracks are arranged on three meandering strips and are each supplied with three phases of alternating current at their first ends at three inputs of the housing, while the second ends are connected to phase bridges for a star connection in order to generate a rotating magnetic field for the rotor. The longitudinal sections of the three meandering strips are spaced apart in radial planes with a radius from the motor axis and have transverse sections aligned transversely to the motor axis, wherein the three meandering strips coated at least on one side with at least one conductor track are each supplied with one phase of alternating current. When producing the cylindrical film roll, the three meandering strips are placed on top of each other in a plane and rolled up on a reel to form the excitation system of the stator together with the soft iron package. The internal rotor is either designed as a squirrel cage rotor or is permanently excited by means of a plurality of alternately poled permanent magnets, the number of which is greater or smaller than the number of cells in the honeycomb. The rotor of an asynchronously excited three-phase machine can be designed as a squirrel cage rotor. In the advantageous design of an asynchronous electrical machine designed as an internal rotor, the rotor has an induction system in which a row or column of the matrix is inclined at an angle of 5 to 15 degrees relative to the motor axis, so that the honeycomb is designed with a plurality of inclined cells for receiving inclined radial segments of the soft iron package, which form an inductance by means of a plurality of conductor tracks short-circuited to one another in several layers of the support layer. The rotor is separated from the stator by a gap. While the conductor tracks are short-circuited in a cage rotor and in a slide ring rotor the operating behavior in motor mode of the electrical machine can be controlled by additional resistors that are introduced into the rotor via slip rings, in generator mode of the electrical machine alternating current is diverted from the electrical machine to the outside by means of the rotor's slip rings. In an advantageous design variant, three meander bands are printed with a plurality of conductor tracks and together with the soft iron package form the induction system of the rotor. Alternatively, the inner rotor can be designed as a permanent magnet machine in which the rotor has a plurality of alternately poled permanent magnets, the number of which is greater or smaller than the number of cells in the honeycomb in order to avoid blockages of the machine.

The electric machine as an external rotor

A second advantageous embodiment of an electrical machine relates to an external rotor in which the honeycomb has three meandering strips with longitudinal sections aligned parallel to the motor axis and with transverse sections aligned transversely to the motor axis, with at least one meandering strip coated on one side with conductor tracks being provided for each phase of the alternating current and three meandering strips placed one above the other in one plane forming the excitation system of the stator in such a way that the longitudinal sections of the three meandering strips are placed one above the other in one plane and rolled up on a reel to form a film roll. The longitudinal sections of the three meandering strips lie in radial planes and are spaced from the motor axis with radii for the individual layers of the film roll. The film roll is designed as a cylindrical honeycomb with a plurality of cells for receiving a corresponding plurality of individual radial segments with pole shoes, which are inserted from the outside inwards into the cells of the honeycomb and then anchored in grooves of a guide element formed by a tube made of soft iron. The conductor tracks of the three meandering strips are each supplied with three phases of alternating current at their first ends at three terminals of the housing, while the second ends are connected to phase bridges for a star connection in order to generate a rotating magnetic field for an external rotor. The electrical machine as an external rotor can be designed as a permanent magnet machine in which the rotor has a plurality of alternately polarized permanent magnets, the number of which is greater or smaller than the number of cells in the honeycomb in order to prevent blockages of the machine. Alternatively, an asynchronously excited electrical machine can be designed in which the rotor is designed either as a squirrel cage rotor or as a honeycomb with an induction system constructed analogously to the excitation system, the individual radial segments of the soft iron package being inclined relative to the motor axis at an angle of inclination of 5 to 15 degrees. Another advantageous embodiment of the electrical machine relates to a rotary motor which is designed as an axial flux motor as an external rotor. In this case, the honeycomb has a film roll with a plurality of layers of a support layer that are aligned tangentially to the motor axis and that are printed with a plurality of spiral conductor tracks. Cells of the honeycomb that are radially spaced from the motor axis are provided for the positive connection to a plurality of radial segments of the soft iron package that are arranged parallel to the motor axis. The first ends of the spiral conductor tracks are connected to the terminals of the housing for alternating current, while the second ends on the side of the conductor tracks facing the motor axis have a star connection with ring-segment-shaped phase bridges in order to generate a rotating magnetic field for an external rotor. The axial flux machine is either permanently excited, with the rotor being equipped with alternatingly poled permanent magnets, or the axial flux machine is designed as a full-pole rotor, with the rotor being equipped with an induction system. A particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to a wheel hub motor in which several layers of ring-shaped support layers are connected to form a foil stack and form a disk-shaped, bending, shear and torsion-resistant honeycomb with a plurality of cells for accommodating a corresponding number of individual radial segments of the soft iron package. The honeycomb has an excitation system for a permanently excited axial flux motor in which the number of spiral conductor tracks on at least one surface of the support layer of the foil stack corresponds to the number of cells of the disk-shaped honeycomb, which is supplied with current by a rigid and hollow wheel axle with connections for three-phase alternating current in such a way that the three phases of the alternating current on the side facing the motor axle take place via inner first ends of the spiral conductor tracks, while the second ends are connected to one another in a star connection by means of three ring-segment-shaped phase bridges guided in separate planes. The hub forms the rotor of the wheel hub motor, with a plurality of permanent magnets of the rotor arranged in a star shape on both sides of the stator, the number of which is greater than the number of cells of the excitation system, so that blockages of the three-phase motor are avoided and the rotating magnetic field of the stator causes a rotary movement of the hub.

The electric machine as a linear motor

A third advantageous embodiment relates to a linear motor in which the stator has a honeycomb formed by a foil roll with a plurality of cells, which are diametrically opposed to one another in radial planes with respect to the motor axis, for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron package, which are arranged in a row parallel and at a radial distance from the motor axis, and both surfaces of the support layer have a plurality of spiral conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron package, so that two radial segments of the soft iron package, which are opposite one another in a radial plane, together with the foil roll form a plurality of bipoles and a plurality of carrier layers, which are insulated from one another by means of separating layers and are rolled up on a reel to form the foil roll. The first ends of the conductor tracks of a plurality of support layers are then connected to one another with a parallel circuit and connected to the three phases of the alternating current at the terminals of the housing. The second ends of the conductor tracks are connected to one another with a phase bridge in a star connection in such a way that a plurality of excitation modules corresponding to the number of layers is formed. The rotor of the permanent magnet machine in the form of a synchronously excited linear motor is excited by an electromagnetic traveling field in such a way that it executes a translational movement parallel to the motor axis. The rotor or actuator therefore has a number of bipoles that is greater or smaller than the number of bipoles in the excitation system.

Electric machines for combined movements of the runner

A fourth particularly advantageous design variant relates to electrical machines in which the rotor can carry out combined movement sequences by controlling the electromagnetic field using an energizable matrix with rows and columns as well as main and counter diagonals. The elements of the matrix are embodied by a plurality of cells in a multi-layered composite body for accommodating the individual radial segments of the soft iron package. When projected onto a surface, a grid in tabular form is created which has a matrix and can be transferred to the individual layers of a cylindrical or spherical composite body. At least one of the two surfaces of the base layer has a plurality of spiral-shaped, interconnected conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells in the layered body, which can be supplied with multi-phase alternating current in the individual layers of the layered body either via the rows or via the columns as well as via the main and counter diagonals in such a way that the magnetic field caused by the radial segments of the soft iron package can be controlled by means of control electronics of the matrix circuit formed by a plurality of transistors. The rotor of a rotary and linear motor can therefore optionally carry out a translational or rotary movement or also a combined translational and rotary movement, while the spherical layer-shaped rotor of a spherical layer motor can carry out a rotational or swivel movement as well as a combined rotational and swivel movement within a radial sector predetermined by the angle of inclination around the center of the spherical layer motor. In a first advantageous embodiment of the spherical layer motor, the excitation system of the stator has a stepped connecting element for a plurality of film rolls with different radii and a constant number of cells for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron package, the rotor being designed as a hollow spherical layered body, the concave inner side of which faces the stator and carries alternately polarized permanent magnets that are separated from one another by gaps along longitude and latitude circles and whose number is greater than the number of cells in the honeycomb. The rotor is gimbal-mounted on the stator by means of a first equatorial ball bearing and a second meridional ball bearing so that the motor axis of the external rotor can be pivoted in any direction with an inclination angle of 20 to 30 degrees within a radial pivot range. The rotor is intended to be connected either to a tool or to a propeller or to a rigid helicopter rotor. In a second advantageous embodiment for the excitation system of the stator of a spherical layer motor, the cells of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb each accommodate a radial segment of the soft iron package formed by a soft iron screw, the head of the soft iron screw forming a pole shoe and the shaft of the soft iron screw being aligned with the center of the spherical layer motor and being anchored with a thread in the connecting element formed by a spherical soft iron body. Alternatively, bundles of hexagonal soft iron pins can be designed as radial segments of the soft iron package and radially aligned with the center of the spherical stator, so that the individual layers radially traverse the layer body in the cells of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb. The hexagonal soft iron pins are anchored in a connecting element formed by a soft iron ball in such a way that in each layer of the layer body Magnetic circles can be formed both over the rows and columns as well as over the main and counter diagonals of the matrix. At least one surface of a layer of the carrier layer carries a plurality of spiral conductor tracks corresponding to the number of cells, which circle a radial segment of the soft iron package several times, so that by means of the matrix circuit an internal or external, permanently excited and hollow spherical layer-shaped rotor rotates around the center of the spherical layer motor and can assume any inclined position within a swivel range limited by the angle of inclination. In a third particularly advantageous embodiment, the spherical layer motor has a temperature control system that can be pressurized with excess pressure and has a supply line and a return line for a heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer fluid, which can be pressurized, forms a fluid bearing between the stator and the rotor of the spherical layer motor, whereby either a pump for a liquid heat transfer fluid, e.g. a thermal oil, or a compressor for air traverses the spherical layer body of the honeycomb by means of several channels radially aligned to the center of the spherical layer motor and introduces the heat transfer fluid with an overpressure into the gap between the stator and the rotor, whereby the stator forms the heat source and the rotor forms the heat sink of the temperature control system. The outer shell of the rotor has an enlarged surface formed by indentations and recesses or by cooling fins, so that heat can be continuously transferred from the interior of the spherical layer motor to the surrounding air. The rotor can be connected either to different tools for gripping or for machining a workpiece or to propeller blades.

Two spherical layer engines as helicopter engines

A particularly advantageous design variant relates to an electric helicopter engine that has an upper and a lower spherical layer motor. The two spherical layer motors are arranged on a common motor axis of the hollow spherical layer stators with a vertical distance from each other in such a way that two counter-rotating hollow spherical layer runners are each rigidly connected to four rotor blades in an equatorial plane and are hinged to the two stators by means of a gimbal suspension formed by two ball bearings. The rotation planes of the helicopter rotors can be pivoted independently of each other into any position within a pivot range predetermined by the angle of inclination, so that the aerodynamic forces caused by the two helicopter rotors balance each other out in such a way that when the helicopter is hovering, the resulting lift force points vertically upwards and when flying straight is directed diagonally in the direction of flight. The fuselage of the helicopter maintains a horizontal position in every flight situation.

Spherical layer motor for an autonomous spherical vehicle

Another possible application of the invention relates to an autonomous spherical vehicle that is driven by a spherical layer motor. The stator of the spherical layer motor has a honeycomb with a large number of cells, with the multi-layered hollow spherical layer body being traversed in each cell by a hollow soft iron screw with a hexagon socket. The ends of the soft iron screws facing the permanent magnets of the rotor have plastic extensions that rest on the concavely curved inside of the rotor and form pressure chambers for compressed air, so that a fluid bearing is created between the stator and the rotor of the spherical vehicle, which is continuously supplied with compressed air in a circulation system with flow and return from a compressor arranged in the upper half of the stator. The lower part of the stator accommodates an energy storage device formed by a large number of accumulator cells. The weight of the energy storage device, in conjunction with an on-board computer, always oscillates the motor axis of the stator orthogonally to a drivable surface. The autonomous all-terrain vehicle can move on any surface and also on a water surface using a hollow spherical runner. Depending on the size of the vehicle, the matrix has any number of elements for rows and columns, which are embodied by the cells for receiving the radial segments of the soft iron package. While the matrix can be projected onto a surface, the profiling of the outer rubber tire follows a triangulated grid on the outer surface of the runner. The spherical vehicle can be manufactured in different sizes with a diameter of e.g. 10 cm up to several meters and can be designed, for example, as an autonomous courier vehicle. A cargo compartment in the upper half of the hollow spherical stator is accessible via openings on the equatorial vertices of the stator. Facilities for autonomous driving and a dimension of the spherical vehicle that is compatible with the road traffic regulations enable participation in road traffic. Further advantageous embodiments and properties of the invention can be seen from the figures.

Spherical layer engines for aircraft

Another particularly advantageous design variant relates to an electric propeller engine for aircraft that can be connected to the aircraft's wing. For example, two counter-rotating spherical layer motors arranged to the left and right of the aircraft's cockpit can be connected to an aircraft's wing. The rotors of the two spherical layer motors are connected to a plurality of propeller blades of a fixed or adjustable pitch propeller and are gimbal-mounted on the spherical stators in such a way that the rotor planes of the two propellers can be pivoted independently of one another into different positions around the centers of the two spherical layer motors within a pivoting range defined by an angle of inclination relative to the motor axes of the two stators. This makes it possible to build an aircraft that takes off and lands vertically with just two electric engines and can maintain its respective position precisely when hovering, with control being carried out both by the speed of the propellers and by the adjustable angle of inclination of the two counter-rotating propellers. Further advantageous embodiments and variants of the invention emerge from the figures.

• 1 die elektrische Maschine als Innenläufer, oben links mit einem Schaltschema für Gleichstrom und oben rechts im schematischen Querschnitt, in der Mitte als eine von drei Mäanderbändern gebildete Lage des Erregersystems des Stators in der isometrischen Ausschnittdarstellung und unten die drei Mäanderbänder in der Abwicklung,
• 2 fünf Lagen von Mäanderbändern des Erregersystems einer elektrischen Maschine als Innenläufer, die eine Wabe mit zwölf Zellen binden, in der isometrischen Übersicht und oben mit einem Detailschnitt der Tragschicht und einem Schaltschema für Wechselstrom,
• 3 den Einbau von zwölf Radialsegmenten des Weicheisenpakets in die Wabe nach 2, oben in einem Querschnitt und unten in einer Abwicklung der drei Mäanderbänder,
• 4 oben die Herstellung der Wabe nach 1-3 auf einem Haspel mit nachführbaren Lehren im schematischen Querschnitt und unten in der isometrischen Übersicht,
• 5 einen Läufer der elektrischen Maschine nach 1-4, oben als Abwicklung der drei Mäanderbänder mit Phasenbrücken für eine Sternschaltung und unten in Funktionseinheit mit den Radialsegmenten des Weicheisenpakets in der isometrischen Übersicht,
• 6 die elektrische Maschine als Außenläufer, oben mit einem Schaltschema für Gleichstrom und unten mit Darstellung eines permanent erregten Läufers im Querschnitt,
• 7 die elektrische Maschine nach 6, oben mit der Abwicklung der Tragschicht und unten mit dem Erregersystem des Stators in der isometrischen Übersicht,
• 8 die elektrische Maschine als Außenläufer und als Radnabenmotor in der isometrischen Ausschnittdarstellung,
• 9 den Radnabenmotor nach 8 in der isometrischen Explosionsdarstellung,
• 10 die elektrische Maschine als Linearmotor mit einem Wanderfeld, bei der die Wabe als eine Folienrolle mit 36 Zellen ausgebildet ist, in der Exlosionsisometrie,
• 11 das Schaltschema des Linearmotors nach 10 mit dem Anfang der Folienrolle in einer Abwicklung,
• 12 die elektrische Maschine als kombinierter Rotations- und Linearmotor in der Explosionsisometrie,
• 13 das Schaltschema der elektrischen Maschine nach 12 mit einer Abwicklung der ersten Lage der Folienrolle mit Zeilen und Spalten,
• 14 die elektrische Maschine nach 12-13 mit einem permanenterregten Läufer in einem schematischen Querschnitt,
• 15 die elektrische Maschine als ein Kugelschichtmotor, bei der die Wabe als eine zylindrische Folienrolle mit 36 Zellen für eine Matrixschaltung ausgebildet ist, in der Isometrie,
• 16 den Kugelschichtmotor nach 15, oben in einem schematischen Querschnitt und unten mit einem Schaltschema der Matrix im schematischen Querschnitt,
• 17 das Schaltschema des Kugelschichtmotors nach 15-16 mit dem Schaltschema der Matrixschaltung am Anfang der Folienrolle in einer Abwicklung,
• 18 die elektrische Maschine als Kugelschichtmotor und als Außenläufer mit einem Temperiersystem in einem schematischen Querschnitt,
• 19 die elektrische Maschine mit einem stufenförmigen Stator in einem schematischen Querschnitt,
• 20 die elektrische Maschine als Kugelschichtmotor und als Außenläufer mit einer kardanischen Aufhängung des Läufers am Stator in einer isometrischen Ausschnittdarstellung,
• 21 den Kugelschichtmotor nach 20 in einem Detailschnitt oben und in einem Übersichtsschnitt unten,
• 22 paarweise angeordnete Kugelschichtmotoren an einem Hubschrauber, oben und in der Mitte im Schwebeflug und unten im Geradeausflug, in einer perspektivischen Darstellung in der Mitte und in der Ansicht unten und oben,
• 23 einen Kugelschichtmotor für ein autonomes Kugelfahrzeug in einem äquatorialen Querschnitt,
• 24 das Kugelfahrzeug nach 23, oben in einer isometrischen Ansicht und unten in einer Ausschnittisometrie.
• 25 ein senkrechtstartendes Kleinflugzeug, dessen Tragfläche mit zwei Kugelschichtmotoren verbunden ist, oben in der Frontansicht, in der Mitte in der Isometrie des Geradeausflugs und unten in einer Startaufstellung in der Ansicht.

They show:

• 1 the electric machine as an internal rotor, top left with a circuit diagram for direct current and top right in a schematic cross-section, in the middle as a layer of the excitation system of the stator formed by three meandering bands in the isometric cut-out representation and below the three meandering bands in the development,
• 2 five layers of meander bands of the excitation system of an electrical machine as an internal rotor, which bind a honeycomb with twelve cells, in the isometric overview and above with a detailed section of the supporting layer and a circuit diagram for alternating current,
• 3 the installation of twelve radial segments of the soft iron package into the honeycomb according to 2 , above in a cross-section and below in a development of the three meander bands,
• 4 above the production of the honeycomb according to 1-3 on a reel with adjustable gauges in the schematic cross-section and below in the isometric overview,
• 5 a rotor of the electrical machine after 1-4 , above as a development of the three meander bands with phase bridges for a star connection and below in functional unit with the radial segments of the soft iron package in the isometric overview,
• 6 the electrical machine as an external rotor, above with a circuit diagram for direct current and below with a cross-section of a permanently excited rotor,
• 7 the electrical machine after 6 , above with the development of the base layer and below with the excitation system of the stator in the isometric overview,
• 8 the electric machine as an external rotor and as a wheel hub motor in the isometric cut-out representation,
• 9 the wheel hub motor to 8 in the isometric exploded view,
• 10 the electric machine as a linear motor with a travelling field, in which the honeycomb is designed as a film roll with 36 cells, in explosion isometry,
• 11 the circuit diagram of the linear motor according to 10 with the beginning of the film roll in a unwinding,
• 12 the electric machine as a combined rotary and linear motor in exploded isometry,
• 13 the circuit diagram of the electrical machine according to 12 with a development of the first layer of the film roll with rows and columns,
• 14 the electrical machine after 12-13 with a permanent magnet rotor in a schematic cross-section,
• 15 the electric machine as a spherical layer motor, in which the honeycomb is designed as a cylindrical film roll with 36 cells for a matrix circuit, in isometry,
• 16 the spherical layer engine 15 , above in a schematic cross-section and below with a circuit diagram of the matrix in schematic cross-section,
• 17 the circuit diagram of the spherical layer motor according to 15-16 with the circuit diagram of the matrix circuit at the beginning of the film roll in a development,
• 18 the electric machine as a spherical layer motor and as an external rotor with a temperature control system in a schematic cross-section,
• 19 the electrical machine with a stepped stator in a schematic cross section,
• 20 the electric machine as a spherical layer motor and as an external rotor with a cardanic suspension of the rotor on the stator in an isometric cut-out view,
• 21 the spherical layer engine 20 in a detailed section above and in an overview section below,
• 22 paired spherical layer engines on a helicopter, top and middle in hovering flight and bottom in straight flight, in a perspective view in the middle and in the view below and above,
• 23 a spherical layer engine for an autonomous spherical vehicle in an equatorial cross-section,
• 24 the ball vehicle after 23 , above in an isometric view and below in a cut-out isometric view.
• 25 a vertical take-off small aircraft, the wing of which is connected to two spherical layer engines, above in the front view, in the middle in the isometric view of straight flight and below in a take-off formation in the view.

1 shows an electrical machine 1 as a rotary motor 2 with control electronics RE for a radial flux motor top left. The excitation system A of the stator 11 for the rotor 12, formed by three meandering bands k1-k3, is shown in the schematic cross section top right, while the cut-out isometry in the middle shows the excitation system A of the stator 11 and a development of the three meandering bands k1-k3 is shown below. The matrix Q of the excitation system A formed by the honeycomb 14 consists of a row m with twelve elements formed by twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13, which are connected in a magnetic circuit 110, which can be represented in the development as a rotationally effective row vector and can be controlled by means of a matrix circuit q formed by a star connection for three phases u,v,w of alternating current AC. The individual radial segments s1-s12 of the elemented soft iron package 13 are introduced from the outside to the inside into the twelve cells c1-c12, with dovetail joints in a connecting element 133 formed by a tube with grooves 111 made of soft iron serving to anchor the radial segments s1-s12, each made up of a large number of sheet metal lamellas 130 and spaced from the motor axis x by a constant radius r1. As shown in the schematic cross section at the top right, a gap y is provided between the stator 11 and the rotor 12. Rectangular conductor tracks e1 made of aluminum are coated with a kagome metal, so that the conductivity of the conductor tracks e1 arranged on three meandering bands k1-k3 is significantly increased even at ambient temperature. The support layers b formed by adhesive foils 143 insulate the three meander bands k1-k3 from each other and form a shell for the three meander bands k1-k3, which are designed to be rigid in the current direction and flexible in the field direction, as shown in 4 shown, can be rolled up on a reel 15. The conductor tracks e1 are insulated from one another by the film jacket formed by the adhesive films 143 and, with one of several possible layers L1-Ln of the three meandering strips k1-k3, form a complete excitation system A in which the first ends f of the conductor tracks e1 are connected to the housing 10 of the electrical machine 1 with three connections 100. The upstream control electronics RE requires six transistors t1-t6 in order to produce three phases u,v,w of alternating current AC from the direct current DC. The second ends f of the three meandering strips k1-k3 are connected to one another in a matrix circuit q formed by a star connection with phase bridges p. The film roll 140 can, as in 2 shown, can be formed with any number of layers L1-Ln, whereby, as shown, each layer L1 forms a self-contained magnetic circuit 110. The individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 are introduced in a radial movement from the outside to the inside into the twelve cells c1-c12 of the honeycomb 14 and then anchored in a translational movement in undercut grooves 111 of an outer connecting element 133 formed by a tube made of soft iron.

2 shows a honeycomb 14 with five layers L1-L5 of three meandering bands k1-k3, each of which carries a conductor track e1, as a film roll 140 with twelve cells c1-c12 for accommodating twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the elemented soft iron package 13. The circuit diagram at the top right shows the rotary motor 2 designed as a three-phase machine with a housing 10 and three inputs 100 for alternating current AC in three phases u,v,w with a phase angle of 120°. As shown at the top left, the support layers b are designed as adhesive films 143 and consist, for example, of polyethylene with adhesive layers on both sides for adhesive strips on the edges of the adhesive films 143 and for conductor tracks e1 made of aluminum, so that the film roll 140 forms a stable airtight and watertight layered body 142. The adhesive forms a filling between the conductor tracks e1 and the support layers b. As in 4 shown, the film roll 140 is wound on a reel 15 with twelve adjustable gauges 150. In contrast to the 1 In the embodiment described, the first ends f of the conductor track e1 at the input 100 of the housing 10, as shown at the top right, are directly connected to three phases u,v,w of the alternating current AC, while the second Ends f of the conductor tracks e1 are connected to each other by means of a star connection with phase bridges p. In contrast to the 1 In contrast to the example shown, in which the excitation system A has only one layer L1 of the meander bands k1-k3, in this example there are five layers L1-L5 between the first ends f and the second ends f'. The advantage of this arrangement is that a strong rotating magnetic field for the 3 shown runner 12 can be generated.

3 shows a cross section through an electrical machine 1 designed as a rotary motor 2, in which the film roll 140, as in 2 shown, has five layers L1-L5 of support layers b as adhesive films 143 for conductor tracks e1, wherein, as in 2 shown, the adhesive forms a filling between the five layers L1-L5 and the conductor tracks e1. The twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 are introduced from the outside to the inside into the twelve cells c1-c12 of the honeycomb 14, whereby a row vector with twelve elements in a row m of the matrix Q is embodied by twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 in twelve radial planes j1-j12 and the radial segments s1-s12 are anchored in an outer tube made of soft iron with grooves 111 for dovetail joints. The film roll 140 has five layers L1-L5 of a support layer b formed by an adhesive film 143, which are spaced from the motor axis x by the radii r1-r5. The twelve radial segments s1-s12 formed by sheet metal lamellas 130 are introduced into the twelve cells c1-c12 of the foil roll 140 and then anchored in an external connecting element 133 formed by a pipe section made of soft iron, so that a magnetic circuit is formed. The development of the three meander bands k1-k3 below shows how the three meander bands k1-k3 are placed on top of each other in order to then, as in 4 shown to be rolled up onto the reel 15.

4 shows schematically a rolling process for the production of a film roll 140 with a plurality of layers L1-Ln of the support layers b, which are designed as meandering bands k1-k3 and each carry three conductor tracks e1-e3 and, as shown top left, are rolled up on a reel 15. Twelve adjustable gauges 150 serve as placeholders and representatives for the subsequent installation of the individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 in the twelve cells c1-c12 of the film roll 140. Three or more conductor tracks e1-e3 on a carrier layer b offer the possibility of generating a strong rotating magnetic field for the 5 shown rotor 12 of the electrical machine 1. The cross section at the top right through the reel 15 shows twelve gauges 150 which can be adjusted from the inside to the outside and which are successively adjusted to the increasing layer thickness of a film roll 140 which can be formed with more than one hundred layers L1-Ln.

5 shows an induction system I for the rotor 12 of a rotary motor 2 according to 1-4 , which is formed by five layers L1-L5 of supporting layers b, each with three conductor tracks e1-e3. In contrast to the 1 and 4 In the embodiments shown for an excitation system A of the stator 11, in the induction system I of the rotor 12, the three meander bands k1-k3 are each short-circuited at their first and second ends f,f'. In this case, five layers L1-L5 of carrier foils b printed on both sides with three conductor tracks e1-e3 are designed as double-sided coated adhesive foil 143 and are, as in 4 shown as a film roll 140 rolled up on a reel 15. Twelve cells c1-c12 of a honeycomb 14 receive twelve individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13 and form with a row m twelve elements of a row vector of the matrix Q of the induction system I. The radial segments s1-s12 are introduced from the outside to the inside into the cells c1-c12 and then anchored with a soft iron core in grooves 111 of the rotor 12 and short-circuited with each other in a magnetic circuit 110. While in the case of the 1-4 While in the excitation system A shown, the cells c1-c12 with the length h are arranged parallel to the motor axis x, the cells c1-c12 with the length h in the induction system I have an inclination angle α', so that standstill of the rotor 12 is avoided. The development of the meander bands k1-k3 above shows this inclination angle α', which can take on a value of five to fifteen degrees. At their ends f,f', the three conductor tracks e1-e3 of the three meander bands k1-k3 are short-circuited in such a way that the current induced by the excitation system A of the stator 11 is conducted in five layers L1-L5 of the induction system I through three conductor tracks e1-e3, so that a high torque of the rotor 12 on the motor axis x is caused with a comparatively low current intensity.

6 shows the electric machine 1 as a rotary motor 2, which is designed as an external rotor. The excitation system A of the stator 11 has, as shown above, a control electronics RE with six transistors t1-t6, which are designed to convert the input-side direct current DC into alternating current AC with three phases u,v,w. The soft iron package 13 of the stator 11 has twelve radial segments s1-s12 that can be anchored by means of a dovetail connection in an internal soft iron tube with grooves 111. Between the radial segments s1-s12, each of which has pole shoes 132, there are eight layers L1-L8 of the carrier layer b which, as shown in 4 shown, previously on a reel 15 with adjustable gauges 150 to a film roll 140 were rolled up. As the magnetic field strength increases, the film roll 140 expands towards the pole shoes 132. A gap y is provided between the outer rotor 12 and the stator 11. The induction system I of the rotor has fourteen permanent magnets 120, each with alternating poles, which are anchored to an outer connecting element 133 of the rotor 12, formed by a guide tube. The number of permanent magnets 120 is greater than the number of radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13, so that it is ensured that the radial flux motor can start automatically.

7 shows the rotary motor 2 after 6 , above in a section of the base layer b printed with a plurality of spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1. In the print template for the film roll 140, the increasing width of the conductor tracks e1 for seven layers L1-L7 is taken into account. The base layer b consists, for example, of polyethylene or of ultra-thin glass, which is applied to the film roll 140 formed from ultra-thin glass in a sputtering process. Ultra-thin glass is highly temperature-resistant and is ideally suited for a pure coating with aluminum, copper or silver. Such layers have better conductivity than rolled or drawn metal. The illustration below shows the stator 11 of the external rotor 3 after 6 with twelve cells c1-c12 for the inclusion of twelve radial segments s1-s12 in an isometric overview. The matrix Q has twelve rows m and a matrix circuit q for twelve elements formed by the radial segments s1-s12. While the first ends f, as in the circuit diagram in 6 shown, are directly connected to the three phases u,v,w of the alternating current, the second ends f of the spiral conductor tracks e1-e12 are connected in parallel and connected to one another with phase bridges p of a star connection. The external rotor 3 is also particularly suitable as a wheel hub motor for different vehicles and its performance can be adapted to different performance ranges by means of the number of layers L1-Ln and the radius r1 of the film roll 140.

8 shows the electric machine 1 as an axial flux motor, which is designed as a wheel hub motor, in which the stator 11 has a flat foil stack 141, which forms a honeycomb 14 with twelve cells c1-c12 for receiving twelve individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13, each of which consists of a plurality of sheet metal laminations 130. The foil stack 141 is supplied with current via inputs 100 on a hollow and rigid wheel axle 101. The three phases u, v, w of the alternating current AC are connected to one another on the side facing the motor axis x by means of three phase bridges p, each arranged in separate planes. In the wheel hub motor, the hub 102 and the housing 10 form the rotor 12. Permanent magnets 120 of the rotor 12 are arranged on both sides of the soft iron package 13 and are set in rotation by the rotating magnetic field of the stator 11. A connecting element 133 made of plastic holds the ring-shaped flat honeycomb 14 together, including the twelve individual radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13, and is permeable to the rotating magnetic field.

9 shows the excitation system A of the wheel hub motor after 8 in an exploded isometry. By means of an inner ring, alternating current AC with the phases u,v,w is introduced into the foil stack 141 at the first ends f of the conductor tracks e1, which are spirally guided around the twelve cells c1-c12 with twelve radial segments s1-s12 of the soft iron package 13, on the side facing the motor axis x. As in 8 As shown, the power supply is provided by the hollow and rigid wheel axle 101. The second ends f' of the spiral conductor tracks e1 are connected phase by phase to ring segment-shaped phase bridges p. In this way, as shown in 8 shown, a two-sided magnetic field is generated for the permanent magnet rotor 12 formed by the hub 102. The support layers b consist of flat, disk-shaped support layers b which are coated with the twelve spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1.

10 shows the electric machine 1 as a linear motor 4, in which the honeycomb 14 has a cylindrical layered body 142 with thirty-six cells c1-c36 and the excitation system A of the stator 11 generates an electromagnetic traveling field. The film roll 140 consists of nine layers L1-L9 of a support layer b printed on both surfaces a, a' with 36 spiral conductor tracks e1-e36 and forms, with six rows m and six columns n arranged parallel to the motor axis x with the length h, a matrix Q with 36 cells c1-c36 for the installation of thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of a soft iron package 13, which is subdivided into six individual connected modules. The spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 are supplied with the three phases u,v,w of the alternating current AC on the rear surface a' of the supporting layer b, whereby the individual spirals are connected in series and both surfaces a,a' are contacted at the upper edge with the conductor tracks e1-e3 in phases. Adhesive films 143 coated on both sides are provided between the individual layers L1-L9 of the supporting layer b in order to form the stable layer body 142. As in 14 shown, the 36 radial segments s1-s36 are installed in the 36 cells c1-c36 in a tube made of soft sen with grooves 111 anchored connecting element 133.

11 shows a layer L1 of the film roll 140 of the 10 shown excitation system A of the linear motor 3 in the developed view and the circuit diagram of the linear motor 4 designed as a longitudinal flux motor. For the translational movement of the rotor 12 of the linear motor 3, a row or column vector is sufficient for 36 elements of the soft iron package 13 formed by the radial segments s1-s36, which in the developed view have six rows m and six columns n of a square matrix Q in each layer L1. The power supply of the column vector is provided by a control electronics RE with only six transistors t1-t6, while, as in 13 shown, eighteen transistors t1-t18 are required to energize the matrix Q across the rows m, the columns n and the main and counter diagonals in order to enable a combined rotary and linear movement. With three conductor tracks e1-e3 on the surface a' of the nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140, the matrix circuit q of the linear motor 3 can be energized in such a way that the 36 radial segments s1-s36 of the soft iron package 13 are excited by means of the spiral conductor tracks e1-36 on both surfaces a, a' of the base layer b. The phase bridges p at the upper end of the base layer b can be controlled by the control electronics RE with six transistors t1-t6 in such a way that a traveling field parallel to the motor axis x is generated via the phases u, v, w. The film roll 140 can be supplied with alternating current AC in three phases u, v, w by means of the six transistors t1-t6 in three independent circuits, with 36 spiral conductor tracks e1-e36 being arranged on both surfaces a, a' of the nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140 in order to generate a magnetic traveling field parallel to the motor axis x. At the points marked as black dots, the 36 spiral conductor tracks e1-e36 on both surfaces a, a' of the carrier films b are connected in series with one another, so that the first and second ends f, f' of the conductor tracks e1-e36 are connected via the control electronics RE.

12 shows the electric machine 1 as a rotary and linear motor 2,3, in which the matrix circuit q of the excitation system A enables a combined rotary and translational movement of the rotor 12. The matrix Q is embodied by the honeycomb 14 of the stator 11 and has, in the development, as in 13 shown, in each of the nine layers L1-L9 there is a square matrix Q with six rows m and six columns n as well as with main and counter diagonals. The electromagnetic field can be controlled by means of this matrix Q. The surfaces a, a' of the support layer b each carry a plurality of spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 connected in series corresponding to the number of cells c1-c36 and are separated from one another by adhesive films 143 coated on both sides. The spiral-shaped conductor tracks in the nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140 are energized as in 13 shown, with eighteen star circuits and transistors t1-t18, in order to excite the individual elements of the matrix Q embodied by the radial segments s1-s36 with the matrix circuit q optionally via the rows m and the columns n or via the main and counter diagonals, so that the 14 The runner 12 shown can perform a combined translational and rotational movement.

13 shows the circuit diagram for the combined rotary and linear motor 2,3 according to 12 with a control electronics RE formed by eighteen transistors t1-t18 of the excitation system A which can be supplied with direct current DC at the first ends f. The development of the innermost layer L1 of the film roll 140 shows the surface a of the base layer b at its beginning. As in 14 The nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140 are shown spaced apart from the motor axis x by the radii r1-r9, whereby the film roll 140 can be constructed from any number of layers L1-Ln. Each of the 12 The nine layers L1-L9 shown have six rows m and six columns n, which form a matrix Q with main and counter diagonals, whereby the elements in the rows and columns m,n have thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of the elemented soft iron package 13 and are formed by sheet metal lamellas 130. While in each layer L1-L9 of the nine matrices Q thirty-six spiral conductor tracks e1-e36 encircle the cells c1-c36 and are connected in series with one another, the back of the base layer b with the surface a' has a matrix circuit q shown in dashed lines with nine parallel conductor tracks e1-e9 formed at the upper edge of the base layer b for the phase bridges p. With the control electronics RE, each of the nine matrices Q can be controlled in such a way that, in the simplest case, either the row vector caused by the rows m causes a rotation of the rotor 12 or the column vector caused by the columns n enables a traveling field for a translational movement of the rotor 12. With the square matrix Q, alternating current with the phases u, v, w can also be conducted via the main and counter diagonals of the matrix Q, so that the rotor 12 can perform a combined rotational and rotary movement. Since the matrix Q can be designed with any number of rows m and columns n, different applications are possible in the field of robotic tool and gripper guidance but also in the field of drive technology.

14 shows the electrical machine 1 after 10 to 13 in a schematic cross-section of the stator 11 and a permanently excited rotor 12. The honeycomb 14 of the stator 11 formed by the foil roll 140 has thirty-six cells c1-c36 for receiving thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of the soft iron package 13, each of which is spaced apart by a radius from the motor axis x. The surfaces a, a' of the support layer b carry in each individual layer L1-L9 of the foil roll 140, as in 13 shown in the development, a plurality of spiral conductor tracks e1-e36 corresponding to the number of cells c1-c36. In order to carry out a combined translational and rotary movement of the rotor 12, the radial segments s1-s6 of the soft iron package 13 in the six columns n of the matrix Q and 36 radial segments of the soft iron package 13 in the rows m of the matrix are alternately excited with the matrix circuit q in the radial planes j1-j6 in such a way that in the columns n diametrically opposed bipoles generate an electromagnetic traveling field for the linear movement component of the rotor 12 and that in the rows m with the phases u,v,w of the alternating current AC a rotating magnetic field is generated for the rotary movement component of the rotor 12. The rotor 12 itself carries eight alternately polarized permanent magnets 120. Double-sided adhesive films 143 insulate the nine layers L1-L9 of the supporting layer b with the spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36 from each other and connect the supporting layers b to each other to form the inherently stable film roll 140.

15 shows a spherical layer motor 4, which is designed as an internal rotor. The excitation system A of the stator 12 has a cylindrical foil roll 140 with thirty-six cells c1-c36 for receiving thirty-six radial segments s1-s36 of the soft iron package 13. The radial segments s1-s36 are combined in twelve modules formed by sheet metal laminations 130. The 16 The rotor 12 shown is spherical. The honeycomb 14 formed by the cylindrical film roll 140 embodies a matrix Q with three rows m and twelve columns n as well as with main and counter diagonals and can, as in 17 shown using the example of one of nine layers L1-L9, are unrolled in one area. Both surfaces a, a' of the support layer b rolled up in nine layers L1-L9 carry 36 spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1-e36, which are insulated from one another by adhesive films 143 coated on both sides and are connected to one another to form the layered body 142 which is impermeable to liquids and gases.

16 above shows the spherical rotor 12 of the spherical layer motor 4 15 in a meridional cross-section and below in an equatorial cross-section, each showing the excitation system A formed by the cylindrical film roll 140 for the external stator 11 of the inner rotor, which is operated with direct current DC and control electronics RE with three phases u,v,w. The spherical and permanently excited rotor 12 has on its convexly curved outer side eighty-four alternately poled permanent magnets 120 arranged in circles of latitude and longitude, which are separated from the stator 11 by the gap y. The sheet metal laminations 130 of the radial segments s1-s36 of the stator 11 facing the spherical rotor 12 each have concavely curved pole shoes 132 for bundling the magnetic field at their ends facing the convex spherical surface of the rotor 12.

17 shows the matrix circuit q of the spherical layer motor 4 according to 15-16 using the example of the first of nine matrices Q as the beginning of a development of the first of a total of nine layers L1-L9 of the film roll 140. With the help of thirty-six transistors t1-t36 of the control electronics RE, the matrix Q can be energized both via the rows m and columns n and via the main and counter diagonals, so that a rotating magnetic field can be controlled in such a way that, for example, a spherical rotor 12 connected to a propeller can rotate in variable rotation planes within a radial sector defined by an angle of inclination α with respect to the motor axis x, as in 19 until 22 shown. The rear surface a' of the support layer b has eighteen parallel conductor tracks e1-e18 for supplying current to the three rows m and twelve columns n of the nine layers L1-L9 of the matrix Q. The embodiment shows that each individual matrix Q can be controlled individually.

18 shows a spherical layer motor 4 in a meridional cross-section. The spherical layer motor 4 has a temperature control system T with a flow z and a return z' for a heat transfer fluid, wherein several channels arranged between the cells c1-cn and radially aligned with the center M of the spherical layer motor 4 pass through the layer body 142 and form the flow z of the temperature control system T and are connected to a pump for the heat transfer fluid. The gap y between the stator 11 and the rotor 12 is designed as a fluid bearing 104 that can be subjected to excess pressure and serves as the return z' of the temperature control system T, in which the stator 11 is the heat source and the rotor 12 is the heat sink, so that heat is continuously transferred from the inner stator 11 to the outer rotor 12. The outer shell of the rotor 12 has an enlarged surface formed by indentations and recesses (not shown in detail) or by cooling fins, so that the heat is transferred to the surrounding air. In the embodiment shown here, the heat transfer fluid consists of a thermal oil, for example, which is pumped under pressure in the feed line z by means of an oil pump. is introduced evenly distributed into the gap y between the stator 11 and the rotor 12 and collects in the return line z' in an oil sump at the lower apex of the spherical layer motor 4 in order to return to the feed line in a circuit by means of the oil pump. A shaft seal is provided on the upper cap of the stator, which seals the gap y between the stator and the rotor. The rotor 12 has on its concave inner side a connecting element made of soft iron 133 for the alternately polarized permanent magnets 120 of the rotor 12 and can be connected on its convex outer side to a tool or to the propeller blades of a fixed propeller or a variable pitch propeller.

19 shows at the top right a rotary wing aircraft as a drone with a propeller engine formed by two spherical layer motors 4, which has two counter-rotating propellers, in an overview, below in a meridional cross section of the lower of the two spherical layer motors 4 of the drone and at the top left with a representation of a soft iron pin 131 with pole shoe 132, which crosses a film roll 140 of the excitation system A perpendicular to the motor axis x and is anchored by means of a soft iron screw 134 in a step-shaped connecting element 133 of the stator 11. In contrast to the in 15 to 17 In contrast to the spherical layer motor 4 shown, which is designed as an internal rotor, an external rotor is shown here, in which the excitation system A of the stator 11 is formed by a total of six film rolls 140 with the radii r1-r3, which are interconnected by the matrix circuit q. A total of 72 radial segments s1-s72 of the elemented soft iron package 13, which are formed by soft iron pins 131, are aligned perpendicularly and radially to the motor axis x and pass through a total of six film rolls 140 and are connected to one another via the step-shaped connecting element 133 made of soft iron, so that meridional, equatorial and diagonal magnetic circuits 110 can be activated by means of the matrix circuit q. Accordingly, the excitation system A of the stator 11 has twelve meridional columns n and six equatorial rows m for a matrix Q with 72 elements, which are formed by 72 soft iron pins 131 with flat pole shoes 132 inclined relative to the shaft. A gap y is provided between the stator 11 and the rotor 12, whereby the concave inner side of the outer hollow sphere has more than 72 alternately polarized permanent magnets 120. The pivoting range of the rotors 12, which are defined by the angle of inclination α and rotate in opposite directions around the center M of the upper and lower spherical layer motors 4, enables the two six-blade propellers to be adjusted independently.

20 shows the upper of the two spherical layer motors 4 for the rotary wing aircraft shown at the top right as a drone and at the top left a bundle of hexagonal soft iron pins 131 of the soft iron package 13 using the example of a cell c1 of the excitation system A of the stator 11 of the drone, which is formed by a hollow spherical layer body 142. The detail isometry below shows the gimbal suspension with an equatorial ball bearing 103 of the rotor 12 on the stator 11 with a meridional ball bearing 103 and with a swivel joint connecting the two ball bearings 103 to one another. Within a swivel range specified by the angle of inclination α, the rotor 12 can be freely swiveled around the center M of the spherical layer motor 4 relative to the stator 11 with the motor axis x. The motor axis x of the stator 11 is tubular as part of the housing 10 and forms the input 100 for the first and second ends f,f' of the alternating current-carrying conductor tracks e1-e192 of the excitation system A, so that the variable mobility of the rotor 12 is made possible by means of the matrix circuit g for 192 elements, the matrix Q with eight rows m and twenty-four columns n. The matrix Q has 192 cells c1-c192 for each of which can accommodate a bundle of hexagonal soft iron pins 131, as shown at the top left.

21 shows the lower of the two spherical layer motors 4 for the 22 Helicopter engine shown in overviews, above in a detailed section of the excitation system A of the stator 11 formed by eight layers L1-L8 of carrier layers b for spiral-shaped conductor tracks e1 on the surfaces a of the carrier layers b as a section of a honeycomb 14 with three exemplary cells c1-c3 of a layered body 142 for receiving the soft iron screws 134, which are designed as hexagon socket screws with heads formed by pole shoes 132 and threaded shafts aligned radially to the center M of the spherical layer motor 4 and are anchored in a connecting element 133 formed by a soft iron ball. The meridional overview section of stator 11 and rotor 12 of the spherical layer motor 4 below shows several layers L1-Ln of spherical support layers b of a hollow spherical layer body 142, which, as shown in the detailed section above, are coated on both surfaces a, a' with spiral conductor tracks e1-e192 in order to connect the soft iron screws 134 by means of a matrix circuit q, as in 17 The hollow spherical rotor 12 carries on its concave inner side facing the center M of the sphere a plurality of alternately polarized permanent magnets 120, the number of which exceeds the number of cells c1-c192 of the honeycomb 14 and is separated from the stator 11 by a gap y. The electrical connection of the upper and lower The rotation of the first half of the honeycomb 14, which has two hollow spherical layered bodies 142 of the excitation system A, takes place within the stator 11 with a matrix circuit q for 192 elements of the matrix Q, which are arranged in eight rows m and twenty-four columns n. With the equatorial and meridional ball bearings 103, the rotating rotor 12 has a swivel range defined by the angle of inclination α of 20 to 40 degrees around the center M of the spherical layered motor 4. The outer surface of the rotor 12 is provided with various tools or with four rigid radial rotor blades of the 22 The two halves of the two-part honeycomb 14 of the stator 11, including the spiral conductor tracks e1 and the 192 radial segments s1-s192 of the soft iron package 13, can be produced in a continuous 3D printing process for three different materials.

22 shows a helicopter with two spherical layer engines 4 on a common motor axis x, in which the two rotors 12 can be moved independently of one another within a pivoting range defined by the inclination angle α such that the resulting lift force is inclined vertically upwards in hovering flight, as shown above and in the middle, and in straight flight, as shown below, in the direction of flight, wherein the fuselage of the helicopter is designed as a gliding missile which assumes an unchanged horizontal position in all flight positions of the helicopter. The rotation plane of each of the four rotor blades of the two spherical layer motors 4, which are rigidly connected to the rotor 12, is arranged perpendicular to the motor axis x in the basic position and can be rotated independently of one another into any position within the swivel range defined by the angle of inclination α, so that the aerodynamic forces caused by the rotor balance each other out in such a way that the fuselage of the helicopter, which is formed by a gliding aircraft, assumes a horizontal position in all flight situations, whereby the aerodynamic forces resulting from the rotors can be directed either vertically upwards or in the respective flight direction. The mobility of the rotor, which is rigidly connected to the stator 12, is determined by the, for example, 17 shown matrix circuit q for each layer L1-Ln of a laminated body 142 with the spiral conductor tracks e1-en for each radial segment s1-sn of the soft iron package 13, as in 19-21 shown, is made possible by the fact that magnetic circuits can be activated in the rows m and columns n as well as in the main and counter diagonals of the matrix Q by means of the matrix circuit q.

23 shows an autonomous spherical vehicle that is driven by a spherical layer motor 4 in a meridional cross section. The stator 11 of the spherical layer motor 4 has a multi-layered, hollow spherical honeycomb 14 with 216 cells c1-c216 that are arranged in nine rows m and twenty-four columns n. The cells c1-c216 of the excitation system A each accommodate a hollow soft iron screw 134 with a hexagon socket, as shown in the detailed section above. The ends of the soft iron screws 134 facing the permanent magnets 120 of the rotor 12 each have a pressure chamber for compressed air, so that a fluid bearing 104 is formed between the stator 11 and the rotor 12 of the spherical vehicle, which is continuously supplied with compressed air in a circulation system with flow z and return z' from a compressor arranged in the upper half of the stator 11. The hatched lower part of the stator 11 accommodates an energy storage device formed by a large number of accumulator cells. The weight of the energy storage device in conjunction with an on-board computer always aligns the motor axis x of the stator 11 orthogonally to a drivable surface.

24 Above, the autonomous ball vehicle is pointing 23 as an autonomous all-terrain vehicle, above in an isometric view on a drivable surface and below in a detail isometric view showing the hollow spherical stator 11 and the hollow spherical rotor 12. While the radial segments s1-s216 arranged in nine rows m and twenty-four columns n each have the same number of elements in each row m and each column n and form a matrix Q with a matrix circuit q, the profiling of the outer rubber tire follows a triangulated grid on the outer surface of the rotor 12. The spherical vehicle can be manufactured in different sizes with a diameter of ten centimeters up to several meters and can be designed, for example, as an autonomous courier vehicle, with access to a cargo compartment in the upper half of the hollow spherical stator 11 via openings at the equatorial vertices of the stator 11.

25 above shows an arrangement of two spherical layer motors 4, which are connected to the wing of the aircraft to the left and right of the cockpit of an aircraft. The housing 10 and the stator 11 of the two spherical layer motors 4 are rigidly connected to the wing of the aircraft, while the rotors 12 of the two spherical layer motors 4 are connected to six propeller blades of a variable pitch propeller and are each suspended gimbal-like from the two spherical stators 11, so that the rotor planes of the two propellers can be swiveled within a range defined by an angle of inclination α relative to the motor axis x. each of which can be pivoted into different positions independently of one another around the center point M of the two spherical layer engines 4. The aircraft, which takes off and lands vertically, assumes a horizontal position during flight. In straight flight, the lift is generated by the wing, so that the aircraft is far superior to a helicopter in terms of range. A special feature of the aircraft is the rotating cockpit, which allows passengers to get in and out easily during takeoff and landing. The tail unit is connected to a landing gear and is connected to the wing by means of two telescopic spring legs.

Claims (25)

Electrical machine (1) with an excitation system (A), which can be designed as a rotary motor (2) and has a housing (10) for a stator (11) with a motor axis (x) and for a rotor (12) as well as for control electronics (RE) for multi-phase alternating current or direct current (AC,DC), which excitation system (A) has a stable layered body (142) which is impermeable to gases and liquids and which has a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b) which can be connected to one another by a binding agent for at least one spiral conductor track (e1-en) on at least one surface (a,a') of the support layer (b) and is designed as a honeycomb (14) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving a plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) of a soft iron package (13), in which electrical machine (1) the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the layered body (142) can be projected onto a surface and form a matrix (Q) with rows (m) and/or columns (n) for the arrangement of the elements of the matrix (Q) embodied by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), wherein the control electronics (RE) is designed with a matrix circuit (q) to excite the radial segments (s1-sn) in such a way that first ends (f) of the spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) can be supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) at an input (100) of the housing (10), while the second ends (f) are connected to one another with phase bridges (p) of the matrix circuit (q) and the individual conductor tracks (e1-en) are supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) via the rows (m) and/or via the columns (n) as well as via main or counter diagonals of the matrices (Q) can be supplied with current, so that a magnetic field caused by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) can be controlled by means of the control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q) formed by a plurality of transistors (t1-tn). Electrical machine (1) according to Claim 1 , in which the laminated body (142) can be formed as a film roll (140) or as a film stack (141), the elements of the matrix (Q) being embodied by sheet metal lamellas (130) or soft iron pins (131) or soft iron screws (134) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) and being anchored in a common connecting element (133) made of soft iron, so that at least one magnetic circuit (110) is formed and a rotating magnetic field can be generated by means of the control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q) in the case of the rotary motor (2). Electrical machine (1) according to Claim 1 or 2 , in which the layered body (142) of the honeycomb (14) is constructed in a 3D printing process for different materials continuously and layer by layer from several layers (L1-Ln) of a plastic as a support layer (b) and as a binding agent for conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal including the matrix circuit (q) between the first and second ends (f,f) of the conductor tracks (e1-en) and including the individual cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) with the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) and the connecting element (133) and the layered body of the rotary motor (2) can be formed with a honeycomb (14) formed by a film roll (140) with at least one layer (L1) or up to several hundred layers (L1-Ln) of band-shaped support layers (b) for conductor tracks (e1-en), wherein the film roll (140) is wound on a reel (15) is produced with adjustable gauges (150) as place and dimension holders for the subsequent installation of the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), and wherein the support layers (b) are designed as one- or two-sidedly coated, stretch-resistant and flexible adhesive films (143) or as fabric tapes and have on at least one surface (a, a') a coating substrate for the conductor tracks (e1-en) and for a binding agent as a filling between the conductor tracks (e1-en) and the support layers (b), so that a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of the support layers (b) form the layered body (142) which is impermeable to gases and liquids. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which the support layer (b) has a stretch-resistant and flexible carrier film made of acrylate, polyethylene or PTFE film or a paper layer or an ultra-thin glass with a layer thickness of 0.05-0.2 mm and forms a coating substrate for the conductor tracks (e1-en) made of a metal, wherein the conductor tracks (e1-en) are preferably printed in a mass printing process on at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') of the support layer (b) and at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') of the Support layer (b) is subsequently coated with adhesive as a binding agent, or in which the support layer (b) is designed as a one-sided coated adhesive film (143) and the binding agent between the conductor tracks (e1-en) and at the edges of the adhesive film (143) creates a force-fitting connection between the individual layers (L1-Ln) of a honeycomb (14), or in which the support layer (b) is coated on both surfaces (a, a') with a conductor track (e1) and a double-sided coated adhesive film (143) is designed as a connecting intermediate layer, or in which the support layer (b) consists of cellulose triacetate and the conductor tracks (e1-en) consist of organic polymer chains which are applied and sealed to the support layer (b) in a special coating process, or in which the support layer (b) is coated on both sides with metal and the conductor tracks (e1-en) are removed from the surfaces (a, a') in an abrasive process are etched or cut out and conductor tracks (e1-en) on both surfaces (a,a') of the support layer (b) form a two-wire conductor track (e1-en) and both wires generate a common magnetic field, wherein a plurality of transistors (t1-tn) and sensors of the control electronics (RE) are designed to control the current flow of the excitation system (A). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, in which conductor tracks (e1-en) have a coating and are either coated with an electrically chargeable ceramic high-temperature superconductor in powder form, the fired ceramic layer being designed to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) formed by flexible steel strips, or in which the ceramic high-temperature superconductor is filled into hollow profiles, which are then rolled out flat and can be connected to the supporting layers (b) of the honeycomb (14) as flat strips with an inner coating, or in which conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are coated in a PALD process (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition) in such a way that the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) is increased even at ambient temperature with an atomic layer of a Kagome metal with a superconducting Kagome structure, or in which conductor tracks (e1-en) made of Metal is coated with adhesive films (143) which carry a layer of graphene on their adhesive sides facing the conductor tracks (e1-en) in order to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) even at ambient temperature, wherein the conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are flat, rectangular, polygonal or oval in cross section and the electrical contacts at the first ends (f) and at the second ends (f) of the conductor track (e1-en) are produced by soldering, laser welding, screwing or by means of electrically conductive adhesive and a sheath formed by a supporting layer (b) mutually insulates the conductor tracks (e1-en) and the electrical contacts. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which has an internal rotor as a rotary motor (2) and a plurality of matrices (Q) as a radial flux motor, each with a row (m) or a column (n) with a plurality of elements that can be represented in a row or column vector, wherein the matrix circuit (q) is designed as a star circuit and/or as a delta circuit and the rotary motor (2) has a honeycomb (14) formed by a cylindrical film roll (140) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13), which are introduced into the cells (c1-cn) from the outside to the inside in the inner rotor and anchored in grooves (111) of an outer guide element (133) formed by a tube and form a magnetic circuit (110), wherein the conductor tracks (e1-en) are arranged on three meandering strips (k1-k3). which can each be supplied with three phases (u,v,w) of alternating current (AC) at their first ends (f) at three inputs (100) of the housing (10), while the second ends (f) are connected to phase bridges (p) of the matrix circuit (q) and generate a rotating magnetic field for the rotor (12) by means of the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) arranged in radial planes (j1-jn). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a rotary motor (2) and as an asynchronous internal rotor, in which the rotor (12) separated from the stator (11) by a gap (y) has an induction system (I) formed by rows (m) or columns (n) of the matrix (Q), wherein a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the rows (m) or columns (n) of a plurality of matrices (Q) are inclined at an angle of inclination (α') of 5-15 degrees relative to the motor axis (x) and the radial segments (s1-sn) are inductively excited by means of three meander bands (k1-k3) with conductor tracks (e1-en) in a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of the carrier layers (b), wherein the first and second ends (f,f) of the conductor tracks (e1-en) are short-circuited, so that in the case of a slip ring rotor, the operating behavior of the electrical machine (1) can be controlled in such a way that additional resistances are introduced into the rotor (11) via slip rings and in generator operation of the electrical machine (1) by means of the slip rings of the rotor (12) alternating current (AC) from the electrical machine (1) can be discharged to the outside. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as an external rotor and the rotary motor (2) as a radial flux motor has a honeycomb (14) formed by a film roll (140) with a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of a support layer (b) aligned tangentially to the motor axis (x), which is printed with a plurality of spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) and the film roll (140) forms a cylindrical honeycomb (14) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving a corresponding plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) with pole shoes (132) which are introduced from the outside to the inside into the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) and then anchored in grooves (111) of a guide element (133) formed by an inner tube made of soft iron, wherein the first ends (f) of spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) are connected to the terminals (100) of the housing (10) for alternating current (AC) in three phases (u,v,w) and the second ends (f) on the side of the support layer (b) facing the motor axis (x) have a star connection with ring-segment-shaped phase bridges (p) in order to generate a rotating magnetic field for an outer rotor (12) which is either permanently excited and has alternately poled permanent magnets (120) or is designed as a full-pole rotor. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a wheel hub motor, wherein the rotary motor (2) has a permanently excited axial flux motor with an excitation system (A) which has several layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b) which are connected to one another by means of a binding agent to form a foil stack (141) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) of a disk-shaped honeycomb (14) and which accommodate the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13), so that in each layer (L1-Ln) of the foil stack (141) the number of spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) on at least one surface (a, a') of the support layer (b) corresponds to the number of cells (c1-cn) of the disk-shaped honeycomb (14) which are connected by a rigid and hollow wheel axle (101) with connections (100) for three-phase alternating current (AC) in such a way that is supplied with current in such a way that the three phases (u,v,w) of the alternating current (AC) on the side facing the motor axis (x) are via inner first ends (f) of the spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) and the second ends (f') are connected to one another in a star connection by means of three ring-segment-shaped phase bridges (p) guided in separate planes and the hub (102) forms the rotor (12) of the wheel hub motor, in which a plurality of permanent magnets (120) of the rotor (12) are arranged in a star shape on both sides of the stator (11), the number of which is greater than the number of cells (c1-cn) of the excitation system (A). Electric machine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, which is designed as a combined rotary and linear motor, and in which the rotor (12) executes a translational and rotary movement. Electrical machine (1) with an excitation system (A), which can be designed as a linear motor (3) and has a housing (10) for a stator (11) with a motor axis (x) and for a rotor (12) as well as for control electronics (RE) for multi-phase alternating current or direct current (AC,DC), which excitation system (A) has a stable laminated body (142) which is impermeable to gases and liquids and which has a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b) which can be connected to one another by a binding agent for at least one spiral conductor track (e1-en) on at least one surface (a,a') of the support layer (b) and is designed as a honeycomb (14) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving a plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) of a soft iron package (13), in which electrical machine (1) the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the laminated body (142) can be projected onto a surface and form a matrix (Q) with rows (m) and/or columns (n) for the arrangement of the elements of the matrix (Q) embodied by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), wherein the control electronics (RE) is designed with a matrix circuit (q) to excite the radial segments (s1-sn) in such a way that first ends (f) of the spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) can be supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) at an input (100) of the housing (10), while the second ends (f) are connected to one another with phase bridges (p) of the matrix circuit (q) and the individual conductor tracks (e1-en) are supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) via the rows (m) and/or via the columns (n) as well as via main or counter diagonals of the matrices (Q) can be supplied with current, so that a magnetic field caused by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) can be controlled by means of the control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q) formed by a plurality of transistors (t1-tn). Electrical machine (1) according to Claim 11 , in which the laminated body (142) can be formed as a foil roll (140) or as a foil stack (141), wherein the elements of the matrix (Q) are embodied by sheet metal lamellas (130) or soft iron pins (131) or soft iron screws (134) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) and in a common connecting element (133) made of soft iron are anchored so that at least one magnetic circuit (110) is formed and a traveling field can be generated by means of the control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q) in the case of the linear motor (3). Electrical machine (1) according to Claim 11 or 12 , in which the layered body (142) of the honeycomb (14) is constructed in a 3D printing process for different materials continuously and layer by layer from several layers (L1-Ln) of a plastic as a support layer (b) and as a binding agent for conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal including the matrix circuit (q) between the first and second ends (f,f) of the conductor tracks (e1-en) and including the individual cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) with the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) and the connecting element (133) and the layered body of the linear motor (3) can be formed with a honeycomb (14) formed by a film roll (140) with at least one layer (L1) or up to several hundred layers (L1-Ln) of band-shaped support layers (b) for conductor tracks (e1-en), wherein the film roll (140) is wound on a reel (15) is produced with adjustable gauges (150) as place and dimension holders for the subsequent installation of the individual radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), and wherein the support layers (b) are designed as one- or two-sidedly coated, stretch-resistant and flexible adhesive films (143) or as fabric tapes and have on at least one surface (a, a') a coating substrate for the conductor tracks (e1-en) and for a binding agent as a filling between the conductor tracks (e1-en) and the support layers (b), so that a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of the support layers (b) form the layered body (142) which is impermeable to gases and liquids. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 11 until 13 , in which the support layer (b) has a stretch-resistant and flexible carrier film made of acrylate, polyethylene or PTFE film or a paper layer or an ultra-thin glass with a layer thickness of 0.05-0.2 mm and each forms a coating substrate for the conductor tracks (e1-en) made of a metal, wherein the conductor tracks (e1-en) are preferably printed in a mass printing process on at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') of the support layer (b) and at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') of the support layer (b) is then coated with adhesive as a binding agent, or in which the support layer (b) is designed as an adhesive film (143) coated on one side and the binding agent between the conductor tracks (e1-en) and at the edges of the adhesive film (143) produces a force-fitting connection between the individual layers (L1-Ln) of a honeycomb (14), or in which the support layer (b) is coated on both surfaces (a, a') with a conductor track (e1) and a double-sided coated adhesive film (143) is designed as a connecting intermediate layer, or in which the support layer (b) consists of cellulose triacetate and the conductor tracks (e1-en) consist of organic polymer chains which are applied to the support layer (b) and sealed in a special coating process, or in which the support layer (b) is coated on both sides with metal and the conductor tracks (e1-en) are etched or cut out of the surfaces (a, a') in an abrasive process and conductor tracks (e1-en) on both surfaces (a, a') of the support layer (b) form a two-wire conductor track (e1-en) and both wires generate a common magnetic field, wherein a plurality of transistors (t1-tn) and sensors of the control electronics (RE) are designed to control the current flow of the excitation system (A). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 11 until 14 , in which conductor tracks (e1-en) have a coating and are either coated with an electrically chargeable ceramic high-temperature superconductor in powder form, the fired ceramic layer being designed to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) formed by flexible steel strips, or in which the ceramic high-temperature superconductor is filled into hollow profiles which are then rolled out flat and can be connected to the supporting layers (b) of the honeycomb (14) as flat strips with an inner coating, or in which conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are coated in a PALD process (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition) in such a way that the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) is increased even at ambient temperature with an atomic layer of a Kagome metal with a superconducting Kagome structure, or in which conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are coated with adhesive films (143) which carry a layer of graphene on their adhesive sides facing the conductor tracks (e1-en) in order to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) even at ambient temperature, wherein the conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are flat, rectangular, polygonal or oval in cross-section and the electrical contacts at the first ends (f) and at the second ends (f) of the conductor track (e1-en) are produced by soldering, laser welding, screwing or by means of electrically conductive adhesive and a sheath formed by a supporting layer (b) mutually insulates the conductor tracks (e1-en) and the electrical contacts. Electrical machine (1) with an excitation system (A), which can be designed as a spherical layer motor (4) and has a housing (10) for a stator (11) with a motor axis (x) and for a rotor (12) as well as for control electronics (RE) for multi-phase alternating current or direct current (AC,DC), which excitation system (A) has a stable layered body (142) which is impermeable to gases and liquids and which has a plurality of layers (L1-Ln) of support layers (b) which can be connected to one another by a binding agent for at least one spiral conductor track (e1-en) on at least one surface (a,a') of the support layer (b) and is designed as a honeycomb (14) with a plurality of cells (c1-cn) for receiving a plurality of individual radial segments (s1-sn) of a soft iron package (13), in which electrical machine (1) the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the layered body (142) can be projected onto a surface and form a matrix (Q) with rows (m) and/or columns (n) for the arrangement of the elements of the matrix (Q) embodied by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), wherein the control electronics (RE) is designed with a matrix circuit (q) to excite the radial segments (s1-sn) in such a way that first ends (f) of the spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) can be supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) at an input (100) of the housing (10), while the second ends (f) are connected to one another with phase bridges (p) of the matrix circuit (q) and the individual conductor tracks (e1-en) are supplied with multiphase alternating current (AC) via the rows (m) and/or via the columns (n) as well as via main or counter diagonals of the matrices (Q) can be supplied with current, so that a magnetic field caused by the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13) can be controlled by means of the control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q) formed by a plurality of transistors (t1-tn), and a spherically designed rotor (12) of the spherical layer motor (4) carries out a combined rotation and pivoting movement about the center point (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) within a radial sector predetermined by an angle of inclination (α). Electrical machine (1) according to Claim 16 , in which the laminated body (142) can be formed as a film roll (140) or as a hollow spherical laminated body (142), wherein the elements of the matrix (Q) are embodied by sheet metal lamellas (130) or soft iron pins (131) or soft iron screws (134) in the cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14) and are anchored in a common connecting element (133) made of soft iron, so that at least one magnetic circuit (110) is formed and a multidirectionally controllable magnetic field can be generated by means of the control electronics (RE) of the matrix circuit (q). Electrical machine (1) according to Claim 16 or 17 , in which the support layer (b) has a stretch-resistant and flexible carrier film made of acrylate, polyethylene or PTFE film or a paper layer or an ultra-thin glass with a layer thickness of 0.05-0.2 mm and each forms a coating substrate for the conductor tracks (e1-en) made of a metal, wherein the conductor tracks (e1-en) are preferably printed in a mass printing process on at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') of the support layer (b) and at least one of the two surfaces (a, a') of the support layer (b) is then coated with adhesive as a binding agent, or in which the support layer (b) is designed as an adhesive film (143) coated on one side and the binding agent between the conductor tracks (e1-en) and at the edges of the adhesive film (143) produces a force-fitting connection between the individual layers (L1-Ln) of a honeycomb (14), or in which the support layer (b) is coated on both surfaces (a, a') with a conductor track (e1) and a double-sided coated adhesive film (143) is designed as a connecting intermediate layer, or in which the support layer (b) consists of cellulose triacetate and the conductor tracks (e1-en) consist of organic polymer chains which are applied to the support layer (b) and sealed in a special coating process, or in which the support layer (b) is coated on both sides with metal and the conductor tracks (e1-en) are etched or cut out of the surfaces (a, a') in an abrasive process and conductor tracks (e1-en) on both surfaces (a, a') of the support layer (b) form a two-wire conductor track (e1-en) and both wires generate a common magnetic field, wherein a plurality of transistors (t1-tn) and sensors of the control electronics (RE) are designed to control the current flow of the excitation system (A). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 16 until 18 , in which conductor tracks (e1-en) have a coating and are either coated with an electrically chargeable ceramic high-temperature superconductor in powder form, wherein the fired ceramic layer is designed to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) formed by flexible steel strips, or in which the ceramic high-temperature superconductor is filled into hollow profiles, which are then rolled out flat and can be connected as flat strips with an inner coating to the supporting layers (b) of the honeycomb (14), or in which conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are coated in a PALD process (Particle Atomic Layer Deposition) in such a way that the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) is increased even at ambient temperatures by means of an atomic layer of a Kagome metal with a superconducting Kagome structure. ambient temperature, or in which conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are coated with adhesive films (143) which carry a layer of graphene on their adhesive sides facing the conductor tracks (e1-en) in order to increase the conductivity of the conductor tracks (e1-en) even at ambient temperature, wherein the conductor tracks (e1-en) made of metal are flat, rectangular, polygonal or oval in cross-section and the electrical contacts at the first ends (f) and at the second ends (f) of the conductor track (e1-en) are produced by soldering, laser welding, screwing or by means of electrically conductive adhesive and a sheath formed by a supporting layer (b) mutually insulates the conductor tracks (e1-en) and the electrical contacts. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 16 until 19 which is designed as a spherical layer motor (4), in which the excitation system (A) of the stator (11) has a staircase formed by a plurality of film rolls (140) with different radii (r1-rn) and with an equal number of cells (c1-cn) for receiving the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13), and the rotor (12) is designed as a hollow spherical layer body (142), the concave inner side of which faces the stator (11) and carries alternately poled permanent magnets (120) which are separated from one another by joints along longitude and latitude circles and whose number is greater than the number of cells (c1-cn) of the honeycomb (14), wherein a larger equatorial ball bearing (103) of the rotor (12) is connected to a smaller meridional ball bearing (103) of the stator (11) by a rotary bearing and forms a cardanic suspension of the rotor (12) on the stator (11) such that, within a radial pivoting range defined by the angle of inclination (α), the rotor (12) can be pivoted about the motor axis (x) of the stator (11) in any direction and can be connected either to a tool or a gripping device or an aircraft propeller or to a rigid helicopter rotor. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 16 until 20 which is designed as a spherical layer motor (4), in which the cells (c1-cn) of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb (14) either each accommodate a soft iron screw (131), the shaft of which is aligned with the center (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) and the screw head of which forms a pole shoe (132) and the thread of which is anchored in the connecting element (133) formed by a soft iron body, or in which the individual layers (L1-Ln) in the cells (c1-cn) of a spherical layer-shaped honeycomb (14) are each traversed by a bundle of hexagonal soft iron pins (131) aligned radially with the center of the sphere, and the hexagonal soft iron pins (131) are anchored in a connecting element (133) formed by a hollow soft iron ball in such a way that in each layer (L1-Ln) of the layer body (142) magnetic circuits (110) are formed both over the rows (m) and the Columns (n) as well as over the main and counter diagonals of the matrix (Q), wherein at least one surface (a, a') of a layer (L1) of the support layer (b) carries a plurality of spiral conductor tracks (e1-en) corresponding to the number of cells (c1-cn) for exciting the radial segments (s1-sn) of the soft iron package (13), so that by means of the matrix circuit (q) an internal or external, in each case permanently excited and hollow spherical layer-shaped rotor (12) rotates around the center point (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) and in the process assumes any inclined position within a pivoting range limited by the angle of inclination (α). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 16 until 21 which is designed as a spherical layer motor (4), in which a temperature control system (T) which can be subjected to excess pressure is designed with a flow (z) and a return (z') for a heat transfer fluid, wherein the temperature control system (T) forms a fluid bearing (104) between the stator (11) and the rotor (12) of the spherical layer motor (4) and either a pump for a heat transfer fluid or a compressor for air to several channels aligned radially to the center (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) form the flow (z) of the temperature control system (T) and traverse the spherical layer body (142) of the honeycomb (14) between the cells (c1-cn) or in channels of hollow soft iron screws (134), so that the heat transfer fluid reaches the gap (y) between the stator (11) and rotor (12) with excess pressure, wherein the stator (11) serves as a heat source and the rotor (12) as a heat sink, heat is continuously transferred from the interior of the spherical layer motor (4) to an outer rotor (12), the outer shell of which has an enlarged surface formed by indentations and recesses or by cooling fins in order to transfer the heat to the surrounding air, and wherein the rotor (12) is connected either to different tools for gripping or for machining a workpiece or to propeller blades and the rotor plane can be freely pivoted about the center (M) of the spherical layer motor (4) by means of the matrix circuit (q) of the spherical layer motor (4) within a pivoting range limited by the angle of inclination (α). Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 16 until 22 which forms an engine for a helicopter, wherein two spherical layer engines (4) arranged on a common motor axis (x) with a vertical distance from each other have two spherical layer-shaped rotors of the helicopter, each of which is rigidly connected to four rotor blades in an equatorial plane of the rotor (12) and is articulated to the two spherical layer-shaped stators (12) by means of a cardanic suspension formed by ball bearings (103) in such a way that the planes of rotation of the helicopter rotors can assume any position independently of one another within a pivoting range predetermined by the angle of inclination (α) and the aerodynamic forces caused by the two helicopter rotors balance one another out in such a way that the resulting lift force points vertically upwards in hovering flight and is directed obliquely in the direction of flight in straight flight, the fuselage of the helicopter maintaining a horizontal position in every flight situation. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 16 until 22 which has a spherical layer motor (4) which is designed as an autonomous spherical vehicle, in which a hollow spherical stator (11) in the lower half accommodates an energy storage device formed by a plurality of accumulator cells and the hollow spherical rotor (12) has on its outside a pneumatic tire with a rubber profile which surrounds it on all sides, wherein the individual layers (L1-Ln) of the hollow spherical layer body (142) of the stator (11), which is made up of a plurality of support layers (b) for conductor tracks (e1-en), have a plurality of cells (c1-cn) which are traversed by hollow soft iron screws (134) which are aligned with the center point (M) of the spherical vehicle and which have shell-shaped extensions at their ends facing the rotor (12) and are continuously supplied with compressed air from a compressor of the stator (11), so that the shell-shaped extensions in the gap (y) between the stator (11) and the rotor (12) form a fluid bearing (104) for the rotor (12) formed by a plurality of pressure chambers, and wherein the rotor (12) consists of permanent magnets (120) and a connecting element made of soft iron (133) and the excitation system (A) of the stator (12) has a matrix (Q) with a plurality of elements in rows (m) and columns (n) which are formed by the hollow soft iron screws (134) and can be excited by means of the matrix circuit (q) such that the rotor (12) of the ball vehicle can be steered in any direction of travel. Electrical machine (1) according to one of the Claims 16 until 22 , which is designed as a propeller engine for an aircraft, in which two counter-rotating spherical layer motors (4) arranged to the left and right of a cockpit of the aircraft are connected to a wing of the aircraft and the rotors (12) of the two spherical layer motors (4) are connected to a plurality of propeller blades of a fixed or adjustable pitch propeller and are gimbal-mounted on the spherical stators (11), so that the rotor planes of the two propellers can each be pivoted independently of one another into different positions within a pivot range defined by the angle of inclination (α) with respect to the motor axis (x) about the centers (M) of the two spherical layer motors (4), the aircraft taking off and landing vertically and assuming a horizontal position during flight.

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