DE102011016089A1 - Method for detecting spatial approximation or separation of movable objects and/or system components, involves utilizing base units that determine transponder functions, and utilizing combinations of passive components for forming markings - Google Patents

Abstract

The method involves providing movable objects and/or system components with markings. Some of the combinable markings are added to a complete component set of transponders and/or integrated transponder function when the markings are in close proximity. Base units determining the transponder functions are utilized. Combinations of passive components are utilized for forming the passive markings. Integration of components of the transponders is detected such that different operating frequencies (f1-f3) of transmission and receiving base units are adjusted. The passive components for forming the markings are overlay transponders such as resonators and non-linear elements. An independent claim is also included for an arrangement for detecting spatial approximation or separation of movable objects and/or system components.

Description

The invention relates to the provision of techniques by means of which an approach with contact potential or the removal of mutually movable, transportable or variable components or a collapsing and / or separating components can be detected by sensors even in more complex systems and environments.

A known problem with larger and / or (not only mechanically) complex systems whose individual components are portable and / or z. B. can move against each other or are used in different or in a changing environment, is that (desired or undesirable) removal and / or approach of components to each other can not be detected or avoided in all cases. The resulting consequences are then usually unavoidable. In this context, a sensory detection of rapprochement with each other or of the removal of components makes sense.

Such a task initially seems to be predestined for RFID applications or for the use of transponders or transponder-like sensors. Such transponders, which are used to identify products and objects are, for. B. of access control systems, auto-ID or RFID applications ago. Active (with own power supply), semi-active (power supply only for defined functions, not for the transmission) or passive transponders (without own supply) are used. These transponders can be recognized by reading devices in that these readers generate strong electromagnetic fields and with these fields both supply the transponder with energy, as well as transmit data to it. When such a transponder is detected, there is relative proximity between the transponder and the reading unit and, via this detour, information about the approach or removal of a component carrying such a transponder can be provided.

From the prior art, wireless switching functions are known from this environment, in which a reading station detects the presence of a transponder. In these techniques, the presence of a transponder placed in the detection field, which is reliably detected by the reading station, triggers a switching function via the reading unit, such as, for example, a reading device. B. in the DE 102 06 676 A1 or in the DE 44 35 894 in connection with the securing of a vehicle (immobilizer) shown.

Methods are still known in which switching functions are wirelessly transmitted by a reading station, the state of a - u. U. also permanently located in the detection field - detects switchable activatable or deactivatable transponders and then triggers the actual switching function, which is thus also mediated through the reading unit. For example from the US 2006/0267737 are switch activatable transponder for securing a there only explicitly allowed reading a card to a card reader and a list of applications for such switching transponder known. The US 6,285,295 describes a (passively designed) keypad, in which only one resonant circuit is used, via the keys a respective other transponder IC with distinguishable from reading units properties (essentially by the encoding of the transmitted data) activate.

Thus, in the prior art by means of RFID transponders (passive, semi-active or active), the presence of key elements (i.a the transponder itself) or even switching states can be detected wirelessly and made accessible to a reading unit. Thus, switching state changes associated with an approximation could also be detected wirelessly.

The necessarily necessary relative proximity of reading unit and transponder can theoretically also be used for an approximation detection. In connection with transponders, it is possible to deduce the distance between the reading station and the transponder because, due to the always limited field strength, only a transponder is supplied in the vicinity of the reader and therefore it can react.

For example from the DE19742686 For example, a method is known in which the penetration of a movable unit marked with a transponder into a detection area can be detected by means of an "anti-theft-type antenna arrangement". The content disclosed in this document does not go further than this z. B. of anti-theft devices (ie a penetrating into the reading area of a detection device, secured with transponder object) or access control systems (used as a key transponder in the - limited space - antenna range of a reader) is also known.

In this way, but at least in principle the possibility of approaching a component, the z. B. is connected to a transponder to detect another component, if it contains a reading unit. In these standard RFID applications, however, one of the radio partners (in general the reading station) is always designed actively; Only the other radio partner (the transponder) can be interpreted passively in the current concepts. The reason for this is that reading units must generate such a strong electromagnetic field that it is sufficient to supply a passive RFID transponder. The associated generator must therefore be designed accordingly strong and that can be provided ia only from active stations with appropriate energy reserves.

In connection with RFID transponders, it is also possible to deduce a small distance between a reading station and a transponder: due to the limited field strength, only in the close range of the reader can a transponder be supplied and thus it can even react; if a transponder responds, then the active system (reading station) concludes that the transponder is relatively close.

Passive transponders of RFID concepts have a whole series of very interesting properties and also have the charm of a very simple application, since these transponders - at least in the usual representations - can be easily applied to the surface of an object to be marked, operate without power supply and therefore no further activities (eg battery change) can be expected. But if you want to detect the mutual approach of moving components, so you fail in the usual RFID concept of this seemingly simple task. To mark the moving components of a system only by means of RFID transponders in order to detect an approach of the components is i. a. neither possible nor intended. Detecting an approximation of at least two components, both labeled with passive transponders only, is not achievable in this way.

The object of the invention under these conditions is to provide a suitable method and concept which makes it possible to develop sensory arrangements that can be easily and inexpensively integrated into existing systems and their control units or system controls and with which an approach (or a distance) of components to each other can be detected.

The solution according to the invention is to use radio units ("base units"), between which, on the basis of technical design (eg, choice of operating frequencies), there is no connection between which, however, such can be produced with suitable "mediators", wherein these "Mediators" by "only partially complete sensor or transponder markings" are provided, but which can complement each other in relative proximity to complete transponders.

As a "transponder" is here any kind of unit to be seen, which is suitable for receiving or receiving one or more signals (wireless, but also wired) and at the same time to send or pass on one or more (other) signals.

These markings result from the fact that an only partially complete combination of defined demarcated components from a complete transponder arrangement are formed and summarized in a "marker". The provision of a complete (sensor or transponder) function always results if, for a first such "partially complete sensor or transponder marking", a second, likewise "partially complete sensor or transponder marking" by a Any action (eg by relative movements) is introduced.

If the existence of such a completed (transponder) function can be detected by a system control or a control device, then it also recognizes that somewhere in the area of the system the approach of components is approaching or a separation of the components takes place.

If the system control or control device can now also distinguish the components themselves, then they also "know" where this is happening.

• – mindestens einen ersten Resonator zum Sammeln von Energie auf einer ersten Frequenz f₁,
• – mindestens einen zweiten Resonator zum Sammeln von Energie auf einer zweiten Frequenz f₂,
• – mindestens eine Nichtlinearität, die aus dem Überlagerungssignal der ersten und zweiten Frequenz neue Frequenzen, z. B. die Differenzfrequenz aus der ersten und zweiten Frequenz entstehen lässt,
• – mindestens einen dritten Resonator, der Energie aus den so neu entstandenen Signalfrequenzen aufnimmt und sammelt und zur weiteren Nutzung bereitstellt bzw. dieses Signal mit der neu erzeugten Frequenz f₃ auch wieder abstrahlt.

From ours DE 10 2007 056 928 are z. B. Overlay transponder known, the active (with its own power supply), semi-passive (power only for defined functions, not for the signal transmission) or passive (without its own power supply) can be designed. The general structure of these overlay transponders is given by

• At least one first resonator for collecting energy at a first frequency f ₁ ,
• At least one second resonator for collecting energy at a second frequency f ₂ ,
• - At least one non-linearity, the new frequencies from the overlay signal of the first and second frequencies, z. B. the difference frequency from the first and second frequencies arise,
• - At least a third resonator, which absorbs energy from the newly created signal frequencies and collects and provides for further use or this signal with the newly generated frequency f ₃ also radiates again.

Such a superimposition transponder receives signals at a first frequency f ₁ , sends out a signal at another frequency f ₃ and uses another signal with a frequency f ₂ to generate this signal frequency f ₃ . The origin of the required second signal frequency with the frequency f ₂ is arbitrary and can, for. From a local oscillator associated with the transponder, or wired, or provided by any other source. This arbitrary other source may, for. B. also be a signal from another transmitting station can be mediated or transmitted by sound (ultrasound, vibration, vibrations), light or magnetic or electric fields, also by means of modulated signals.

The Indian DE 10 2007 056 928 As used herein, the term "overlay transponder" is intended to be retained because the formation of a blended signal or signal is a well-known technical process to provide a conceptual distinction from the prior art transponders and, with these terms, the most prominent Property of these transponders (forming of superpositions or mixing of signals, intermediate frequency generation and intermediate frequency use) is reproduced.

The resonators used in this case have i. a. only two functional components, namely an inductance and a capacitance (in the inventive concept but other types, eg., SAWs, quartz, piezo elements, etc. and other components are conceivable) and i. a. no further direct contact with other parts z. B. to a circuit. The fact that they are only there to vibrate and accumulate energy in these vibrations, without having a direct contact with the rest of the circuit, distinguishes their function from a normal resonant circuit. They are therefore called to distinguish them to other resonant circuits as "resonators", although of course they also represent one (even a "pure") resonant circuit; they are both parallel and series resonant circuits with the ability to increase the current or voltage.

A functionality of such overlay transponders which can be used according to the invention is the adaptation of operating frequencies. Thus, connections between the radio station or radio partners can be made even if they are not designed for the same operating frequencies and / or coordinated with each other, where - which is important - the respective modulations lying on the signals remain.

Important for the inventive use of such an arrangement is that said components (especially the resonators used in overlay transponders) with each other i. a. have no galvanic (i.e., made by wires, etc.) connections; In a sense, they are only adjacent to one another in order to fulfill the intended function.

Due to this fundamental structure, the components contained in the overlay transponder can all be individually isolated, recombined, designed for different frequencies, recomposed and combined in different forms and thus used as markers. In this case, the components of an overlay transponder are included in a marking only to the extent that a single marker does not represent a complete (overlay) transponder or a transponder function. In this respect, such a mark should also be referred to as a "subcomponent transponder", since the property "marking" is not to be seen here as a primary property, but the structure consisting of subcomponents of a complete transponder or a sensor.

Although these markers developed according to the invention thus consist of components which are also contained in overlay transponders, they only have a part of these components in each case, so that they are barely functional at the moment.

The basic elements required in this concept (eg radio units which are not adapted to one another in terms of frequency) generally do not need this in contrast to the usual RFID readers generate strong fields, as would be necessary for a supply of passive RFID transponder. A given at "normal performance" between the base elements or producible connection is sufficient.

Between these base units is z. B. due to incompatible operating frequencies (or other technical parameters) a data exchange or a wireless connection is not possible. A realization according to the invention provides "markings" (in the form of special, elongated-linear, dot-shaped, but also sheet-like elements in the form of (stickable) film strips, adhesive dots and / or adhesive labels) which are easily applied at the positions (edges, corners, surfaces ), where approximations are conceivable, are attached (arbitrarily attached, preferably glued, screwed, etc.).

The installation of the arrangement according to the invention itself is thus quite simple: At least one, preferably two (or more) base units are arranged within the system or in its immediate vicinity, which need not be located at the position of the markings. They can be attached to a suitable location and have a (not shown here) connection to the respective control panel z. B. via direct or indirect (eg wireless) connection or z. B. via bus or fieldbus systems such as CAN, Profibus, Ethernet or other supply lines.

In a first embodiment of the invention, any component intended to form a defined function in an overlay transponder can be removed therefrom and used to identify an object (eg its edges, corners, surfaces). The remaining "residual transponder" is used for the comparable labeling of a second object. The moment the component taken out of the overlay transponder (which is attached as a mark on the first object) has approached the residual transponder (which is attached as a marker on the second object), the components add up in their entirety a complete overlay transponder represents.

In further embodiments of the invention, any combination of components can be removed from the overall structure of an overlay transponder and used as a marker for identification.

In a conceptual further development of the invention, the compilation of components for markings (marking transponder, Teilkomponententransponder) can then be generalized to a large extent: Essential to the concept is the (motion-related) meeting of components, which are each arranged in a marker and which consist of the components, which are needed for a defined transponder function. To form a defined function (the concept of the invention only a little more abstractly seen) then only the bringing together of a set of sub-components is necessary, which have been put together from a set of components of a complete functional unit.

This concept of "component distribution" to subcomponent compilations that are no longer functioning in this way, but which realize a complete function by merging at least two subcomponent compilations, can be applied to all system components, ie. H. to the overall system (transmitting and receiving stations, which are used as radio partners or as base units, together with the transponders or transponder functions whose components are used in the markings, local oscillators, etc.) related or extended. In addition, the inventive concept can be generalized on a very abstract level.

Due to the so rapidly growing complexity and the variety of possibilities already with only few units an analytical description of the procedure makes sense. This should be done by means of and provide a more detailed and general description of the procedure. (The terms used in these two figures are the same as far as the same is shown).

• – die Menge von Sendefunktionen (75),
• – die Menge von Empfangsfunktionen (76),
• – die Menge von Vermittlungsfunktionen (77) (in ) und
• – die Menge von Hilfsfunktionen (78), die von den Elementen der Vermittlungsmenge (77) genutzt werden und daher an sich auch als Teilmenge der Menge der Vermittlungsfunktionen (77) aufgefasst werden könnten.

Described are suitably definable amounts of components and functions that can be used in the inventive concept. That's here

• - the set of send functions ( 75 )
• - the set of receive functions ( 76 )
• The set of switching functions ( 77 ) (in ) and
• - the set of auxiliary functions ( 78 ), which depends on the elements of the transfer quantity ( 77 ) and therefore as a subset of the set of switching functions ( 77 ) could be understood.

(The set representation assumed here does not presuppose that the elements of these sets are to be seen as separate units in the same way as shown here.) On the contrary, transmit and receive elements can indeed be part of a unit and, for example, in one unit combined housing).

At least one, from the agency amount ( 77 ) with at least one received element contained therein signal ( 83 ) of at least one transmitter element of the transmitter set ( 75 ), but for at least one recipient in a recipient quantity ( 76 ) is not directly recordable, can be determined by at least one element of the transfer quantity ( 77 ) by at least one of the received signals ( 83 ), another signal ( 84 ). The thus derived, other signals ( 84 ) can now be used by receiving elements in the recipient quantity ( 76 ).

In the inventive concept, this represents the switching of a data stream between elements of the two basic function sets ( 75 ) and ( 76 ).

For the signal conversion of the one signal form of the signals ( 83 ) from the sender quantity ( 75 ) to signals ( 84 ) with waveforms received by receiving elements of the receiving quantity ( 76 ), the elements of the transfer quantity ( 77 ) Auxiliary functions, here in the and as a separate quantity ( 78 ) are to be seen with their own components and are therefore shown separately.

The feeder ( 85 ) of a respective auxiliary function from the set of auxiliary functions ( 78 ) to the elements of the transfer quantity ( 77 ) also plays a certain role in the overall concept and can be usefully used.

Basically, the concept according to the invention now consists in all, by way of signal generation (from the set ( 75 )) to the signal-using elements (in the set ( 76 ) functionally necessary components (of the quantity ( 77 )) on marking units so that these units are barely functional yet, but matching such functional units can complete a defined function.

shows for comparison to a modified representation in this regard: the placement amount ( 77 ) from the is here in the on two subsets ( 89 ) and ( 90 ) divided up. The separation interface ( 88 ) can be regarded as a spatial area resulting from movement or as an abstract (non-spatial) separation area and can also be used to circumscribe the distribution of components.

There is again at least one transmission unit in the set of transmission functions ( 75 ), the at least one signal ( 83 ) with at least one frequency f ₁ ( 79 ). Since several transmission functions can occur, this means that several signals ( 83 ) with such a first frequency f ₁ ( 82 ) can occur; the index designation f _1i ( 82 ). These signals ( 83 ) are determined by the elements of the switching subsets ( 89 ) and or ( 90 ) ( ).

There is again at least one receiving unit in the set of receiving functions ( 76 ), the at least one signal ( 84 ) with at least one frequency f ₃ ( 81 ) (but can not receive directly at the frequency f ₁ ). Because several signals ( 84 ), this also means that several signals ( 84 ) with such a third frequency f ₃ ( 81 ) (see. ) can occur; the index f _3k ( 86 ). These signals ( 84 ) come from elements of the mediation subsets ( 89 ) and or ( 90 ) ( ).

Analogously, the same applies to the sets of switching functions ( 77 ) (in ) or for the subsets ( 89 ) and ( 90 ) (in ) and also for the set of auxiliary functions ( 78 ), to which suppliers of signals ( 85 ) for the at least one second frequency f ₂ ( 80 ) belong. Since several auxiliary functions can also occur here, this means that several auxiliary functions, eg. B. signals ( 85 ) with such a second frequency f ₂ ( 80 ) can occur; for distinction, the index f _2j ( 87 ). These signals ( 85 ) are determined by the elements of the switching subsets ( 89 ) and or ( 90 ) ( ) used.

The principle of the concept can be interpreted very generally according to these definitions:
So z. If, for example, a simple switch function already represents such a function distribution: If the elements of the set of transmission functions ( 75 ) z. B. be regarded as energy supply units, then the elements of the set of receiving functions could be interpreted as a consumer, the signal lines ( 83 ) and ( 84 ) can then z. B. as wire leads and the subsets ( 90 ) and ( 89 ) as metal contacts a switch. The separation area ( 88 ) (in ) would then be regarded as the contact gap of the switch contacts.

Thus, the inventive concept provides somewhat generalized switch functions for establishing data transport paths between the base units. So z. B. Overlay transponder provide one of the above switch function comparable functional division: Different combinations of components composed of overlay transponders z. As elements of the mediation quantity ( 77 ), the elements of the set ( 78 ) of the auxiliary functions can z. B. local oscillators or reference transmitter.

The separation interface ( 88 ) would be a division boundary between the subsets that consist of these component combinations, but can also be represented as a spatially defined separation function (in a sense, for the production or separation of the switching function).

With the subsets ( 89 ) and ( 90 ) alone there is no overlay transponder and thus no switching function. Is the spatial distance between the subsets ( 89 ) and ( 90 ) large, then there is no switching function (the switch is in a sense open); if the distance becomes sufficiently small, then the subsets complement each other ( 89 ) and ( 90 ) of the to at least one, then complete mediation function in the set ( 77 ) of the ,

Such a fully assembled unit thus results from the functions of the union of all present at the location marker components. If the average amount of this union set and the set of components of any (whole) functional unit is equal to the set of components of that complete functional unit, then that function is provided at the meeting location.

This relationship is particularly useful in the design and interpretation of multiple protection functions and especially in very complex systems, because in addition to the feasibility and the uniqueness of a realization is thus detectable.

In a further development of the invention, additional expansions are possible on this basis; Namely, each tag may contain additional components such that a single tag, along with various other tags, may also form other or multiple transponder functions:
An overlay transponder intended to be used for a particular application may e.g. B. three resonators for the frequencies f ₁ , f ₂ and f ₃ and have a non-linearity; the formation of such a superimposition transponder with these parameters is therefore exemplary here for an application according to the invention.

Now, if a first marker resonators for the frequencies f ₁ and f ₃ has, then at least one further resonator for the second frequency f _{2 is} required to form a complete overlay transponder, which can reach the location of the first mark with a second marker , However, it is harmless for the primary target, if with the components of this second mark in addition to the resonator for the frequency f ₂ also a resonator for the frequency f ₃ would be introduced, so that there are two resonators for the frequency f ₃ at the place of the meeting would. Likewise, it would be harmless if the second mark as a further component in addition a resonator for z. B. would introduce a frequency f ₄ , f ₅ , f ₆ , or if the first marker would have such resonators. In any case, the function of a three-resonator superimposition transponder for the frequencies f ₁ , f ₂ and f ₃ and a non-linearity can always be realized with the additional resonators, if both markers are close to each other.

Thus, in this sense, at the point where two marks meet, the union of all the components present in the markings results. If this union contains all the components needed for a defined full function, then the union of components will do just that.

Irrespective of this, a second function of another corresponding overlay transponder may simultaneously be possible, or a respective other function and / or for other frequencies at z. B. the pairing can be formed from n marks.

• – es unschädlich ist, wenn eine Markierung zusätzliche Resonatoren enthält, die z. B.
• – für mehr als nur eine einzige Funktion und/oder
• – für andere Frequenzbereiche vorgesehen sind,
• – sich Auswahl und Zuordnung der in einer Markierung zusammengefassten Komponenten sich auf mehrere und unterschiedliche Funktionen beziehen können, und
• – in einer Markierung auch Komponenten für mehrere und/oder unterscheidbare Anwendungen zusammengestellt werden können.

For composing component combinations that are embedded in markers, this means that components can be used for more than just a transponder function, so that

• - It is harmless if a marker contains additional resonators, the z. B.
• - for more than a single function and / or
• - are intended for other frequency ranges,
• The selection and assignment of the components combined in one marking can refer to several and different functions, and
• - In a marker and components for multiple and / or distinguishable applications can be put together.

The basic elements provided in this concept need (in contrast to the usual RFID readers) i. a. not to produce very strong fields with high performance, as would be necessary for a supply of passive RFID transponders. A given at "normal performance" between the base elements or producible connection is sufficient. (This is to be understood here as the effort that would normally only be required to bridge a given radio distance).

• – eine Nutzung von mehreren Basiseinheiten möglich ist,
• – einzelne Basiseinheiten für mehr als eine Sendefrequenz und für mehr als eine Empfangsfrequenz ausgelegt werden können,
• – Basiseinheiten paarweise für unterschiedliche Sendefrequenzen und unterschiedliche Empfangsfrequenzen ausgelegt werden können,
• – zu je zwei Basiseinheiten auch mehrere Transponderfunktionen definiert werden können, deren Komponenten dann die Menge der verwendeten Komponenten für die Auslegung von Markierungen definieren.

It is advantageous that

• - a use of several base units is possible,
• Individual base units can be designed for more than one transmission frequency and for more than one reception frequency,
• - base units can be designed in pairs for different transmission frequencies and different reception frequencies,
• - Two transponder functions can also be defined for every two basic units, whose components then define the quantity of components used for the design of markings.

Due to the number of base units, the combinatorial compilation of the subcomponents embedded in the markers, the frequency selection options (by the resonators used), a very large number of detection or guard points (eg at corners, edges and / or surfaces), be easily defined even in more complex systems.

At this point, it should also be noted that the concept of "component distribution" on such just not working "sub-component assemblies", but by merging at least two "sub-component assemblies" realize a complete function, of course, on all system components, d. H. to the overall system (transmitting and receiving stations, which are used as radio partners or as base units, together with the transponder whose components are used in the markings) can be obtained or extended.

The invention will be further explained with reference to the figures:

illustrates the placement of a superimposed transponder in a radio link between frequency incompatible stations for establishing a prior art connection.

represents the combinatorial possibilities for the compilation of components for the construction of markings, which are derived from the components of a simple (eg only the difference frequency forming) overlay transponder.

represents on an abstract level the already described inventive concept.

shows arrangement and function of a superimposition transponder as an example for producing a non-superimposed transponder not given radio connection between two stations.

shows this in an overview: a station transmitting at a first frequency f ₁ ( 1 ) to a station (on a frequency f ₃₎ ( 3 ) can not connect, because these two operating frequencies f ₁ and f _{3 are} not adapted to each other. The so not possible direct connection should be interrupted by the radio symbol ( 2 ).

With the help of an overlay transponder ( 6 ), however, the frequencies f ₁ and f ₃ can be adapted to each other: The superposition transponder ( 6 ) uses u. U. a local oscillator ( 5 ), which generates a signal with a frequency f ₂ or receives this second signal frequency from another Source. From the signal with the carrier frequency f ₁ and the signal of the local oscillator with the frequency f ₂ is determined by a mixing stage ( 4 ) a mixed signal is formed in the new signal frequencies are present. If one of these new signal frequencies is brought to the radiation and with the receiving frequency f _{3 of} the receiving station ( 3 ), then there is a connection from the transmitting station ( 1 ) via the overlay transponder ( 6 ) to the receiving stations ( 3 ).

shows the (almost) same scenario, but with a more detailed representation of a now passive overlay transponder: Between the two base units, here on a first frequency f ₁ signals ( 7 ) transmitting station ( 10 ) and one on another frequency f ₃ signals ( 14 ) receiving stations ( 11 ), there is no, at least no direct radio connection possibility ( 12 ). This example of the is also opposite in this respect been extended, than that both stations ( 10 ) and ( 11 ) should be able to receive signals ( 13 ) ( 14 ) on the (third) frequency f ₃ . The first stations ( 10 ) thus transmits signals at a first frequency f ₁ ( 7 ) and receives signals at a (third) frequency f ₃ ( 13 ); the second stations ( 11 ) transmits signals at a second frequency f ₂ ( 8th ), and also receives signals at the frequency f ₃ ( 14 ).

The one in this dashed bordered area ( 9 ) represents the components of a simple, passive overlapping transponder: it consists of only three (not directly connected to each other) resonators ( 15 ) ( 16 ) and ( 17 ) and a nonlinearity ( 18 ), which in this document always use a diode ( 18 ) is indicated.

The function of such a non-linearity (diode, transistor, other semiconductors, materials, etc.) for mixing signals is from the theory of signals z. B. in connection with receiving arrangements known. As a non-linearity or as a mixing function, a large number of techniques which can also be used in this context are available. The associated theory is not shown here.

The diode symbol used in the figures stands in this sense as a symbol for a large number of ways to mix signals and to form new signal frequencies from the overlay mixture; The respective nonlinearity must therefore not only be seen as a diode, but can also be introduced into the event by a transistor function or another non-linear component. Also, the material on which the components of an overlay transponder are built or embedded may have nonlinear functions (eg, by its permeability) and thus indirectly introduce nonlinearity as well.

The fact that this nonlinearity can of course also be brought into play only by a movement of the mechanical components and so nonlinearities can also represent a marking component, may be mentioned here.

Also, the necessity and / or possibility to specifically isolate and extract specific components (ie signal components with a difference frequency or a sum frequency) from the mixed signals formed is to be assumed to be known. This is also relevant only marginally for the inventive concept.

The overlay transponder ( 9 ) receives from the first station ( 10 ) a signal having a frequency f ₁ ( 7 ); a first resonator ( 15 ) collects energy from the electromagnetic environment at this first frequency f ₁ . The overlay transponder ( 9 ) also receives from the second station ( 11 ) a signal having a second frequency f ₂ ( 8th ); a second resonator ( 16 ) collects energy from the electromagnetic environment at this frequency f ₂ .

The two resonators ( 15 ) ( 16 So swing by the excitation of the energies of the received signals at their respective resonant frequencies and thereby form by their inductances magnetic fields, which overlap with sufficient proximity of the coils. From this signal overlay mixture, the nonlinearity ( 18 ) in a known manner from new signal frequencies (which are in the first approximation difference and sum frequencies). On the newly formed signal frequency f ₃ is another resonator ( 17 ) (which could also be several resonators for eg more than one frequency), which is excited to oscillate at this frequency. This vibrating resonator ( 17 ) derives its energy from the superposition signal mixture of the electromagnetic fields of the first ( 15 ) and second resonator ( 16 ) and thus also causes an emission of electromagnetic energy at this frequency f ₃ , in the direction of the first station ( 13 ) and also in the direction of the second station ( 14 ).

For this purpose, it can be shown under very general conditions that a modulation which corresponds to one of the signals ( 7 ) or ( 8th ) from the stations ( 10 ) respectively. ( 11 ) can also be contained in the re-radiated signal with the frequency f ₃ and is. So if one of the stations, z. B. ( 10 ), any identifier on the signal generated by it ( 7 ) has modulated, then in this example the both you and the partner stations ( 11 ) now receive this identifier on the frequency f ₃ . So although the first station ( 10 ) no direct connection to the second station ( 11 ) and vice versa, the second station ( 11 ) but now the signal with the identifier from the first station ( 10 ).

It is noteworthy that in this event the resonators have no direct connection to each other and / or to other circuit components. The nonlinearity may u. May well represent a more complex circuit (eg, three inductors and a FET), but this may also be isolated, that is, operate without a direct connection to the other components. This also includes this component in the amount of components that can be used in tags.

It is easy to see that if only one of the components of the overlay transponder ( 9 ) should be missing (ie either one of the resonators ( 15 ) ( 16 ) ( 17 ) or the nonlinearity ( 18 )), the function of the connection switching by the superimposition transponder ( 9 ) would not work anymore. With a removal of only one or more components, the connection between the stations ( 10 ) and ( 11 ) interrupted.

In the simplest embodiment of the invention, the two base units are radio partners, ie a first (eg transmitting) station ( 10 ) and a second (eg receiving) stations ( 11 ) associated with the system controller or a control unit of a system. This control unit, not shown here so that it can generate a generated data stream z. B. over the first station ( 10 ) and via the second station ( 11 ) received again.

Alternatively, the first station ( 10 ) Generate and send the data stream itself, ie independent of the control device.

However, as long as there is no overlay transponder (consisting of four components, three resonators and one non-linearity), the signal thus emitted can be transmitted by the second station (due to the incompatible working frequencies). 11 ) are not received. Only when this transponder is present can the second station ( 11 ) from the first station ( 10 ) and transmit the data stream (which may also be a 1-bit size) to the controller.

Following the inventive concept, at least two partial component transponders (ie markers) are selected from the quantity of superimposed transponders ( 9 ) to form existing components.

Adds to this (only by way of example) the possibilities of deriving the components for markings (subcomponent transponder) from the set of components of a (complete) superimposition transponder function.

In general, with n components that have a complete transponder function, 2 ⁿ - 2 subcomponent transponders can be formed (2 ⁿ , because n equiv, can be assumed (0 = component not present, 1 = component present) and -2 because a compilation is off "All components" would form the complete overlay transponder and a compilation of "no components" would be inoperative and thus these two possibilities are indeed possible but not come for a Markierungsausprägung in question).

Each two of these conceivable or mathematically possible combinations are required for use as a marker (or as a subcomponent transponder) for a pairing, of which only those are useful, which form at their meeting the amount of components of a complete overlay transponder function.

With the four components of the overlay transponder ( 9 ) (see. For the construction of subcomponent transponders, a total of 2 ⁴ - 2 = 14 possibilities are available: Four subcomponent transponders can be assembled, each of which lacks one of the components of the complete overlay transponder function; six with two missing components each and four with three missing components each.

If you decide from the outset, one of the components, eg. As the non-linearity, not to include in the selection of compilation, then there would be only 3 components for splitting, so 2 ³ - 2 = 6 options. In this case, only one suitable choice of resonators is affected:
The following table and the show the possible combinations for this very simple example: (In the table "nl" stands for the nonlinearity, which could also be present in all markings, for example, or in a pair formation at least in one of the two markers then involved The f _i stands in the table for the resonance frequency of one resonator each, which can collect and oscillate energy at this, its resonance frequency f _i . In this sense, this "f _i " also denotes the component "resonator" itself. since the only property of the resonators is practically their resonance frequency).

The complete superposition transponder has with these designations the components f ₁ , f ₂ , nl and f ₃ (cf. ); this is the set of all existing components and from this the following combinations can be formed for markers or subcomponent transponders: 1. - f ₂ nl f ₃ matches the marking combination of lines 2, 3, 6 Second f ₁ - nl f ₃ matches the marking combination of line 1, 3, 5 Third f ₁ f ₂ nl - matches the marking combination of lines 1, 2, 4 4th - - nl f ₃ matches the marking combination of line 3 5th - f2 nl - matches the marking combination of line 2 6th f ₁ - nl - matches the marking combination of line 1

These six combinations provide subcomponent transponders consisting of components of the overlay transponder ( 9 ) (from the ) and can be used as a tag or subcomponent transponder. Two matching markers can ensure the formation of a complete overlay transponder when lying together, because then all the components for a complete overlay transponder are present at the location. So if two matching markers come together in one place, then there is a radio link between the base stations ( 10 ) and ( 11 ) just as if a complete overlay transponder ( 9 ) in front.

By bringing together the subcomponent transponders (simply by a local proximity), a connection between the two base units can arise and by this circumstance can be detected whether the second marker is located directly at the first or is still far away from it.

shows the already shown in the above table, here possible sub-component combinations for the formation of markers (in this the numbers in brackets refer to the line number in the table above; for easier comprehension, the resonators are additionally characterized by their frequency f ₁ , f ₂ and f ₃ , respectively).

The two basic units are always necessarily present: the first base unit ( 100 ) transmits on the frequency f ₁ ( 104 ) and receives on the frequency f ₃ ( 125 ); the second base unit ( 101 ) transmits on the frequency f ₂ ( 105 ) and receives on the frequency f ₃ ( 106 ).

This is a reception of the signal from the first base unit ( 100 ) on the frequency f ₁ for the second base unit ( 101 ), which can only receive on the frequency f ₃ , not possible.

So if there are no marker pairs and thus no overlay transponder, then no connection between the base units can be made. In order to establish a connection between these basic units, an overlay transponder with the already mentioned four components would therefore have to be used.

Between the two base units ( 100 ) ( 101 ) are now assumed to be two moving objects, each carrying a marker. In the presentation of the it is assumed that the one object on the left ( 103 ) of an imaginary, here dashed line ( 120 ) and the other object to the right ( 102 ) is located.

In this the possible combinations of pairing are shown. For example only:
If the (imaginary) object on the left side ( 103 ) z. For example, a mark ( 107 ) with the components f ₁ and f ₃ , and carries a non-linearity and is (still) alone (no other marked object is in the vicinity), then by the transmission signal ( 104 ) from the first base unit ( 100 ) the resonator for the frequency f ₁ in this mark ( 107 ) to vibrate. That of the second base unit ( 101 ) incoming signal ( 105 ) is found in this mark ( 107 ) no resonance point. At the place of this first mark ( 107 ) Thus, there is no signal superposition, from which the nonlinearity could form another frequency f ₃ , which in turn could excite the resonator to the frequency f ₃ . This avoids radiation on the frequency f ₃ . A radio connection between the two base units ( 100 ) ( 101 ) can not arise so.

(However, with very high intensity transmission signals ( 105 ) from the base unit ( 101 ) also in the standalone marking ( 107 ) arise a non-resonator-based, small signal superposition, which can then slightly excite the resonator for the frequency f ₃ to vibrate. I. a. this poses no problem due to the low energy reserve, but should be considered when using additional RFID readers).

If another (imaginary) object on the left side ( 102 ) z. For example, a mark ( 109 ) carries with the components f ₁ and f ₂ , and (still) stands alone, then stimulates the transmission signal ( 104 ) from the first base unit ( 100 ) in this mark ( 109 ) resonator to the frequency f ₁ to vibrations and the transmission signal ( 105 ) from the second base unit ( 101 ) in this mark ( 109 ) existing resonator to the frequency f ₂ also.

In this case, both resonators in the marker ( 109 ) are excited to oscillate and thereby also form a signal overlay. However, this remains without effect, because although both resonators will vibrate excited, but only the two, in the signals ( 104 ) and ( 105 ) already present frequencies f ₁ and f _{2 will} be present; other frequencies are not formed by the lack of non-linearity, but especially by the missing resonator to the frequency f ₃ and thus not radiated. A connection between the two base units ( 100 ) ( 101 ) can not arise so.

Now get these two (imaginary) objects with the two markings ( 107 ) and ( 109 ) spatially close to each other, then the components contained in these two markings can bring together all the components of a complete overlay transponder.

Although in this example one of the resonators at frequency f _{2 is} redundant, this does not disturb the function of the overlay transponder: the on-site non-linearity in the first marker (FIG. 107 ) generates from the signal mixture at least one new frequency, z. B. the difference frequency, which now also the resonator to the frequency f ₃ in the mark ( 107 ) is excited to vibrate and thus can radiate a signal on the frequency f ₃ also.

This will replace the first base unit ( 100 ) emitted signal ( 104 ) with the frequency f ₁ from the complete overlay transponder arrangement using the signal ( 105 ) with the signal frequency f ₂ , which here from the second base unit ( 101 ), is converted to another frequency f ₃ , which is both the base unit ( 100 ) as well as the base unit ( 101 ) reached.

Through the now established connection between the two base units ( 100 ) and ( 101 ) (The base unit ( 101 ) now receives the data stream that the other base unit ( 100 ), only just on the frequency f ₃ ), a control unit can now determine that the two (imaginary) objects with their markings ( 107 ) and ( 109 ) have come very close.

• – eine Basiseinheit an sich ausreichend ist, um einen bewegungsbedingt vervollständigten Überlagerungstransponder erkennen zu können, wenn zugleich Sende- und Empfangsmöglichkeiten in einer Basiseinheit enthalten sind und die beiden Frequenzen f₁ und f₂ vorliegen, und dass
• – dies auch aus Sicherheitsgründen sinnvoll sein kann, weil der Ausfall von einer der beiden Basiseinheiten nicht zugleich die Funktionsfähigkeit der gesamten Anordnung in Frage stellt, sofern f₂ auf anderem Wege zugeführt wird.

The possibility that in this example both base units ( 100 ) ( 101 ) can receive this frequency f ₃ , demonstrating that

• A base unit per se is sufficient to be able to detect a movement-related overlay transponder when transmit and receive possibilities are simultaneously contained in a base unit and the two frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ are present, and
• - This may also be useful for security reasons, because the failure of one of the two base units not at the same time the functioning of the entire arrangement in question, if f _{2 is} supplied by other means.

What is remarkable about this arrangement is that the markings applied to the objects are completely passive and the two base units only need to ensure the establishment of the connection within the scope of their normal transmit power. The otherwise required when using passive transponders high energy consumption of the reading stations is therefore not necessary in this arrangement according to the invention.

Of the Other possible combinations can be found: To each of the three here on the left ( 103 ) indicated markings ( 107 ) 111 ) 115 ) can each be right-sided ( 102 ) three matching markers are provided which, in the event of a coincidence, would form a complete overlay transponder. (To mark ( 107 ) match the three marks ( 108 ) 109 ) and ( 110 ). To mark ( 111 ) match the three marks ( 112 ) 113 ) and ( 114 ). To mark ( 115 ) match the three marks ( 116 ) 117 ) and ( 118 ))

Noteworthy about this arrangement is also that three different objects (in the left side ( 103 ) lying horizontally) can be marked so that an approximation of three other objects (on the right ( 102 ) lying) each can be detected, so u. U. nine approach or separation positions using only two base units ( 100 ) ( 101 ) are monitored by sensors.

It should also be pointed out that a plurality of base units can be used, which may differ in frequency selection or in a separable or temporally separable manner (eg in a time-division multiplex method in which base units can work together with other base units at different time periods, the more Forming base arrangements that can recognize transponders completed by movement).

Finally, it should be pointed out once again that the base units described, with which the radio connections mediated by a complete transponder function can be recognized, are not necessarily to be seen as separate units, but in one unit, eg. B. a housing both transmitter for the transmission of signals, even on multiple frequencies, eg. B. for f ₁ and f ₂ , and at the same time receiver for at least one frequency f ₃ may be included.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 10206676 A1 [0004]
• DE 4435894 [0004]
• US 2006/0267737 [0005]
• US 6285295 [0005]
• DE 19742686 [0008]
• DE 102007056928 [0018, 0020]

Claims (9)

A method for detecting a spatial approach with risk of contact or a separation of moving objects or system components, characterized in that the objects or system components are provided with at least one mark, which does not require a complete compilation of components from the amount of required for a complete transponder function Have components of which two or more matched markers but can complement each other to at least a complete set of components of transponders or complete transponder function, if these marks are close to each other, with base units are used, which can detect such a completed transponder function. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the design of markings combinations of components are used, which are also components of overlay transponders, in particular resonators and non-linear elements, wherein for the design of markings passive components can be used, whereby the markings themselves passively , so without their own power supply can be present. Method according to at least one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that a completion of the components of a transponder is detected by the fact that this causes an adaptation of differently designed operating frequencies of a transmitting base unit and a receiving base unit, whereby a non existing without this transponder connections between the base units is produced. Method according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the combinatorial compilation of the sub-components embedded in markings takes place in such a way that when approaching different markings - more than one transponder function and / or - Can form different transponder functions, these transponder functions - by the matching markings and / or - by the frequencies used can distinguish. Method according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the number of base units or reading units used in more complex systems using - spatially separated arrangements, - time-separated modes of operation, in which a base unit with several other base units work together at different times in time division multiplex and - different frequencies can be increased. Method according to at least one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the base units simultaneously contain transmitting devices for transmitting signals on at least one frequency, also for two frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ , and at the same time for receiving signals receiving means for receiving at least one frequency, even for a frequency f ₃ , which is derived from the two frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ and this in a unit (in a housing) is summarized. Marking for marking objects and / or system components for detecting a spatial approach or separation of these objects and / or system components by detecting the approach or separation of these markings, characterized in that a mark - only one resonator for a frequency f ₁ or f ₂ or f ₃ alone, or - a resonator for a frequency f ₁ or f ₂ or f ₃ and a nonlinear element, or - only two resonators for two frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ or for f ₁ and f ₃ or for f ₂ and f ₃ , or - two resonators for two frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ or for f ₁ and f ₃ or for f ₂ and f ₃ , and also a nonlinear element, or - only three resonators for the frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ and f ₃ , or - just a non-linear element (as circuit or material) wherein these resonators and the non-linear element collectively can result in a complete overlay transponder having - at least one first resonator for collecting energy at a first frequency f ₁ , - at least one second resonator for collecting energy at a second frequency f ₂ , - at least a non-linearity, which from the beat signal of the first and second frequency new frequencies, for. B. the difference frequency from the first and second frequencies arise, and z. B. from inductors and a FET can - at least a third resonator, which absorbs energy from the newly created signal frequencies and collects and provides for further use or this signal with the newly generated frequency f ₃ also radiates again. Mark according to claim 7, characterized in that the tag has more components than the assembly of components requires to form a superimposition transponder function, wherein - Additional resonators and / or - additional nonlinearities, or - additional other components can occur in the mark. Arrangement according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that to detect complete transponder functions multiple base units can be used, wherein A base unit for more than one transmission frequency and / or also - Can be designed for more than one reception frequency.

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