DE102017108577A1 - Regenerable superhydrophobic coating - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a superhydrophobic coating and a process for producing a superhydrophobic coating. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for the regeneration of a superhydrophobic coating and the use of a crystallizable material in a superhydrophobic coating for the regeneration of the coating. In addition, the present invention relates to a composition for the superhydrophobic coating of a carrier material and carrier material comprising the coating according to the invention.

Description

The present invention relates to a superhydrophobic coating and a process for producing a superhydrophobic coating. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for the regeneration of a superhydrophobic coating and the use of a crystallizable material, in particular a wax in a superhydrophobic coating for the regeneration of the coating. In addition, the present invention relates to a composition for the superhydrophobic coating of a carrier material and carrier material comprising the coating according to the invention.

State of the art

The regeneration of superhydrophobic coatings is the subject of current research. Superhydrophobic properties may, for. B. be changed by mechanical, thermal or chemical influence, locally destroyed or replaced. Coatings modified by chemical or thermal effects have altered properties that can range until the loss of superhydrophobia. Often, in order to regenerate the superhydrophobic properties, removal of the original coating and application of a new coating are required. Renewed application of material has until now been inevitable even after mechanical destruction.

It is therefore of particular interest to provide coatings whose superhydrophobic properties can be regenerated with as little effort as possible, saving costs and energy. Ideally, the regeneration should be able to take place without additional material application.

Currently known is the regeneration of superhydrophobic surfaces by means of fluorinated organic compounds or the regeneration using apparatuses which are expensive in terms of apparatus (see, for example, US Pat. Li et al., Angew. Chem. 2010, 122, 6265-6269 ). These known methods are expensive and therefore uneconomic for many applications where low cost materials are used, such as coated paper. In some cases, the process conditions used are unsuitable for organic materials such as paper. In addition, in the known methods partly environmentally hazardous and / or toxic substances are used.

For example, non-toxic organic colloids or triglycerides capable of forming fractally textured surfaces are known in the art. These have superhydrophobic properties (see eg. Geissler et al., Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 4962-4964 and Fang et al, J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 564-571 ). However, the mentioned superhydrophobic surfaces can not be regenerated without renewed application of material.

Accordingly, there is a great need for cost-effective, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, superhydrophobic coatings which can be regenerated easily and without renewed application of material.

Object of the invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a regenerable superhydrophobic coating and a process for its production. The coating should be regenerated as possible without renewed application of material, in particular after mechanical damage and / or wear. In addition, the coating should be simple, inexpensive and be produced from renewable resources and as possible contain neither harmful nor environmentally harmful substances. It should be particularly suitable for the coating of fibrous carrier materials such as paper.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a composition which, when applied to a substrate, forms a regenerable superhydrophobic coating. It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for the regeneration of superhydrophobic coatings.

These objects are achieved by the coating according to the invention, the composition according to the invention, the production method according to the invention, the use and the inventive method for regeneration.

Description of the invention

Surprisingly, it has been found in the framework of scientific research that by combining a polymer with a crystallizable material, in particular a wax, a superhydrophobic coating with very good and easy to carry out regeneration can be obtained.

The superhydrophobic coating according to the invention comprises at least one polymer and at least one crystallisable material, in particular a wax, wherein the polymer has a viscosity of at most 10 ¹² mPa s at the melting temperature of the crystallisable material. Preferably, the polymer at the melting temperature of the crystallizable material has a viscosity of at most 10 ¹⁰ mPa s, more preferably a viscosity of at most 10 ⁹ mPa s.

Preferably, at the melting temperature of the crystallizable material, the polymer has a viscosity of at least 10 mPa s, more preferably at least 10 ² mPa s, and even more preferably a viscosity of at least 10 ³ mPa s, most preferably at least 10 ⁴ mPa s ,

Thus, upon cooling from an elevated temperature, the crystallizable material may first solidify and form crystals in the still-liquid polymer matrix. Preferably, it may then come to the phase separation during cooling. This may be due to the crystallization tendency and the high content of the crystallizable material. The molecules of the crystallizable material can leave the statistical state of the melt and collect in ordered crystals. Preferably, these crystals are homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix. The polymer solidifies only after the crystallizable material. Advantageously, suitable crystallizable materials in combination with the polymer can form fractally structured surfaces. Upon cooling, the polymer matrix advantageously contributes to the stabilization of the fractals of the crystallizable material and / or anchors them. This is surprising since suitable crystallizable materials without the combination with the polymer do not form such stabilized fractal structures. It is believed that the crystallization process of the crystallizable material in the polymeric environment is extended so that the fractals of the crystallizable material can reach the dimensions required for superhydrophobicity.

Preferably, the superhydrophobic coating according to the invention comprises at least one polymer and at least one crystallizable material, wherein the melting temperature of the crystallizable material is above the melting temperature of the polymer, if a melting temperature can be specified for the polymer. If no melting temperature can be given for the polymer, the melting temperature of the crystallizable material is above the glass transition temperature of the polymer.

Also, as a result, the crystallizable material may advantageously first solidify on cooling from an elevated temperature and form crystals in the still-liquid polymer matrix. The polymer solidifies after the crystallizable material on further cooling and can preferably fix the crystalline structures.

The inventive combination of the polymer and the crystallizable material, the advantageous film-forming properties of the polymer and the structuring properties of the crystallizable material can synergistically cooperate. The crystallizable material can not form suitable fractal structures without the polymer as shown above. Due to the lack of film-forming properties, the crystallizable material alone can not be used for the reliable super-hydrophobization of flexible and structured substrates. Without the crystallizable material, ie only by the polymer alone, the desired regeneration of the superhydrophobic coating can not be achieved. Only in combination can the regenerable superhydrophobic coating according to the invention be obtained.

The coating according to the invention is particularly suitable for fibrous and / or porous, sheet-like carrier materials, such as paper, paper-containing substrates such as cardboard and similar substrates, wallpapers, fiber casting elements, textile and regenerated fibers, fiber fabrics, fiber knitted fabrics and fiber fabrics, mineral fibers, ceramics, laminar building materials, such as plasterboard and prefabricated components, but also for building facades, house walls, solid wood and wood-based materials, particleboard and fiberboard and other fibrous and / or porous sheet substrates and mixed forms thereof suitable. However, the coating according to the invention can also be used for coating films, such as, for example, films of regenerated polysaccharides (eg cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, or mixtures thereof), polysaccharide derivatives (eg cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, methylcellulose, or mixtures thereof Polyolefins (eg polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylpentene, or mixtures thereof), polyamides (eg PA 6, PA 6.6, PA 6.12, PA 11 or PA 12, or mixtures thereof) or polyesters (polyethylene terephthalate , Polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polylactic acid, polyarylate, or mixtures thereof) and mixtures thereof. According to the invention, the said fibrous and / or porous, flat carrier materials are preferred.

"Regenerable" refers to superhydrophobic coatings and / or surfaces whose superhydrophobic properties can be recovered after loss, attenuation, and / or wear. Regenerable coatings and / or surfaces are advantageous because they extend the possible period of use.

Preferably, the coatings and / or surfaces according to the invention can be regenerated without re-application of material. Even more preferably, the coatings and / or surfaces according to the invention without repeated application of material are multiple times. at least three times, in particular up to 100 times or more, regenerable.

By "polymer matrix" is meant a continuous layer of the polymer into which the crystallizable material and / or the crystals of the material are embedded.

"Film-forming" refers to polymers which can form a polymer matrix on a surface of a carrier material. This polymer matrix is preferably contiguous and / or elastic within limits. In addition, the polymer matrix preferably forms a closed and / or porous-closed coating, even at a low surface application weight. By "low surface application weight", application rates of at most 50 g / m ² , preferably at most 30 g / m ² , more preferably at most 20 g / m ² , most preferably at most 10 g / m ² , most preferably at most 1 g / m ² understood. Higher order quantities no longer correspond to a low surface application weight and are disadvantageous due to the higher material costs.

With a "low surface application weight", the minimum application amount is still at least 0.01 g / m ² , preferably at least 0.05 g / m ² , more preferably at least 0.1 g / m ² . Lower application rates are disadvantageous because they do not ensure the formation of a closed and / or porous-closed coating on the substrate.

According to the invention, the term "melting temperature" (T _m ) is the temperature at which a substance melts, that is to say changes from the solid to the liquid state of matter. The melting temperature for polymers and crystallizable materials can be determined by differential scanning calorimetry DIN EN ISO 11357-3: 2013 be determined. Preferably, a heating or cooling rate of 10 K / min is used.

In the case of polymers which have no melting temperature, in the context of this invention, the glass transition temperature (T _G ) takes the place of the melting temperature. That is, for polymers without melting temperature, the melting temperature of the crystallizable material is preferably above the glass transition temperature of the polymer.

By "glass transition temperature" is meant the temperature at which the polymer has a viscosity of 10 ¹² mPa s or by definition falls below a viscosity of 10 ¹² mPa s. The glass transition temperatures can be, for example, by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) after DIN EN ISO 11357-2: 2014 determine.

The viscosity of the polymer can be determined, for example, by means of the melt mass flow rate (MFR) parameters, which are indirectly proportional to the viscosity. The size referred to as MFR can after DIN EN ISO 1133: 2011 "Plastics - Determination of Melt Mass Flow Rate (MFR) and Melt Volume Flow Rate (MVR) of Thermoplastics".

Furthermore, to determine the viscosity of polymer melts, for example, heated rotational viscometers and so-called cone-plate viscometers (also called rheometers) can be used, as described in DIN 53019-1: 2008.

"Hydrophobic" refers to substances that have a water-repellent effect. Preferably, a substance is referred to as hydrophobic, which can not be mixed with water. Particular preference is given to substances which are hydrophobic and which do not dissolve in water, do not wet with water and / or can not be dispersed in water. Hydrophobic surfaces have a water-repellent effect. Generally, surfaces having a contact (or wetting) angle of 90 ° or more to water are said to be hydrophobic. Hydrophobic surfaces typically consist of or are covered by hydrophobic substances.

According to the invention, "superhydrophobic" refers to surfaces having contact angles of 145 ° or more to water, preferably to 150 ° or more to water. At such high contact angles, only about 2 to 3% of the waterdrop surface is usually in contact with the superhydrophobic surface; This therefore has an extremely low wettability. In addition, superhydrophobic surfaces are characterized by a rolling angle, which is less than 10 °.

Crystallizable material

According to the invention, a crystallizable material is a substance or a composition which, when falling below a certain temperature, is in crystalline form, ie forms crystals. These include in particular the waxes. The crystallizable materials suitable according to the invention include fats, waxes and / or waxy substances of natural and synthetic origin.

Particularly suitable are natural waxes of animal or vegetable origin, such as carnauba wax, candelilla wax, Japan wax and beeswax; but also fossil waxes, such as montan wax; Polyethylene and polypropylene waxes of different degrees of polymerization; Fischer-Tropsch waxes; pure alkanes, eg. Paraffins, especially hard paraffin and microcrystalline waxes. Also particularly suitable are aliphatic, saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids, preferably fatty and oleic acids; cyclic, polycyclic and polybasic carboxylic acids, in particular resin acids; Amide waxes, e.g. Stearic acid amide, oleic amide, distearyl ethylene diamide; aliphatic alcohols esterified with fatty acids, in particular fatty and wax alcohols; cyclic alcohols esterified with fatty acids; cyclic esters, in particular lactones; Fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol or glucose esters; Esters of polybasic carboxylic acids (such as oxalic acid, adipic acid, citric acid) with fatty and wax alcohols; Ester mixtures and mixtures of esters and acids, esters and alcohols, as well as alcohols and acids. Particularly suitable substances also include cyclic and polycyclic alkanes such as steroids, terpenes and diamondoids; primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols, including saturated and unsaturated fatty and wax alcohols; branched, cyclic and polycyclic alcohols, such as. B. isostearoyl alcohol and sterols. Also, synthetic waxy compounds, especially acid anhydrides and diketenes such as ASA (alkenyl succinic anhydride), AKD (alkyl ketene dimer) and derivatives thereof; natural lacquers, in particular shellac, and natural resins, and partial constituents thereof, in particular rosin, resin acids and esters; Ethers of long-chain alcohols; long-chain aliphatic and cyclic aldehydes; long-chain aliphatic and cyclic ketones are according to the invention particularly suitable crystallizable materials.

Among the most suitable waxes are alkyl ketene dimers, paraffins, stearines, stearates, cetyl ester wax, carnauba wax, ceryl ester wax, myricyl ester wax, lauric acid esters, myristic acid esters, palmitic acid esters, lignoceric acid esters, cerotic acid esters, montanic acid esters, melissic acid esters, their derivatives and / or mixtures thereof.

Even more suitable are waxes selected from the group consisting of alkyl ketene dimers, paraffins, stearines, stearates, their derivatives such as octyl stearate or glycerol tristearate, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the crystallizable material does not contain an unsaturated compound because it is less suitable.

Stearates as waxes are advantageous because stearic acid has a suitable chain length to allow miscibility with polymers that are also esterified with stearic acid or with fatty acids of similar or equal chain length.

Preferably, the crystallizable material, in particular the wax, at room temperature, ie at 23 ° C, solid.

The said suitable waxes are advantageous since, in combination with the polymer, they can form fractally structured surfaces. This surface structure advantageously contributes to the super hydrophobicity of the coating.

Preferably, the crystallizable material has a melting temperature which is at least 1 ° C above the melting temperature of the polymer. More preferably, the melting temperature of the crystallizable material is at least 5 ° C above the melting temperature of the polymer. Preferably, the crystallizable material has a melting temperature of at least 41 ° C, more preferably at least 45 ° C, even more preferably at least 50 ° C, most preferably at least 60 ° C, most preferably at least 75 ° C. This has the advantage that the crystallizable material can first solidify and form crystals in the polymer matrix before the polymer itself solidifies. This can result in the desired fractal surface structure contributing to the superhydrophobic properties of the coating.

Preferably, the crystallizable material has a melting temperature of at most 95 ° C, more preferably, the crystallizable material has a melting temperature of at most 85 ° C, more preferably, the crystallizable material has a melting temperature of at most 80 ° C. A lower melting temperature has the advantage that no high energy expenditure is necessary for the liquefaction of the crystallizable material.

Preferably, the crystallizable material and the polymer are miscible. By "miscible", in the context of the crystallizable material and the polymer, means that the polymer and the crystallizable material can completely mix to form a homogeneous phase. The crystallizable material is preferably present in molecular distribution in the polymer melt.

Preferably, the amount of crystallizable material is at least 55% by weight based on the total weight of the coating, more preferably at least 65% by weight based on the total weight of the coating, even more preferably at least 75% by weight based on the total weight of the coating , Preferably, the amount of crystallizable material is at most 99 wt .-% based on the total weight of the coating.

polymers

Preferably, the polymer is a film-forming polymer. Most preferably, the polymer is a thermoplastic polymer. Thermoplastic polymers are advantageous because they have good film-forming properties. In addition, the polymer is preferably hydrophobic. Yet more preferred are film-forming, hydrophobic polymers.

Polymers which are suitable according to the invention are, for example, polysaccharides and their derivatives, in particular aliphatic, cyclic and also aromatic esters (also mixed esters) and the esterified hydroxy ethers of the polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, dextran, pullulan and the like); also ethers and mixed derivatives of polysaccharides; inorganic esters of polysaccharides, e.g. B. cellulose nitrate; aromatic and aliphatic polyesters (PES).

Further suitable polymers are preferably polyethylene terephthalate (PET); Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT); Polycarbonate (PC); Polylactic acid (PLA); Polyolefins (PO), such as. For example: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polybutylene (PB), polyisobutylene (PIB), polystyrene (PS); Polyamides (PA), such as. B. Polymers of (PA 6) caprolactam, (PA 6.6) hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, (PA6.12) hexamethylenediamine and dodecanedioic acid, (PA 11) 11-aminoundecanoic acid, (PA 12) ω-aminododecanoic acid; as well as copolyamides.

Additionally suitable polymers are preferably polyurethanes (PU), in particular thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU); various polyether and polyester polyurethanes; Esters and ethers of polyvinyl alcohol, such as. As polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyvinyl stearate (PVS) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB).

Suitable polymers also include polyacrylates and copolymers having an acrylate moiety: polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid esters, e.g. As polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and other copolymers, for example with vinyl acetate such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) and vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymers.

Preferably, the polymer has a melting temperature of at most 80 ° C. More preferably, the polymer has a melting temperature of at most 75 ° C, more preferably of at most 65 ° C, even more preferably of at most 60 ° C, most preferably a melting temperature of at most 55 ° C. Preferably, the polymer has a melting temperature of at least 40 ° C, more preferably at least 45 ° C. A low melting temperature has the advantage that for liquefaction of the polymer a correspondingly low energy consumption is necessary. A disadvantage of too low melting temperatures is that melting already at high ambient temperatures, eg. B. in summer, can occur.

Preferably, no decomposition of the polymer takes place at temperatures corresponding to the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. Preferred is at a temperature of 75 ° C, more preferably at a temperature of 85 ° C, even more preferably at a temperature of 95 ° C, most preferably at a temperature of 105 ° C, most preferably at a temperature of 120 ° C no appreciable decomposition of the polymer takes place. This is advantageous because then heating to form the superhydrophobic surface and / or regeneration of the superhydrophobic surface can take place even at high temperatures without decomposition of the polymer.

Preferably, the polymer comprises a polymer esterified with a fatty acid; in particular those polymers which are esterified with a fatty acid having a chain length of at least 10 carbon atoms. More preferred are polymers esterified with a fatty acid having a chain length of at least 15 carbon atoms, even more preferred are fatty acids having a chain length of at least or exactly 18 carbon atoms. Preferably, the chain length of the fatty acid is at most 100 carbon atoms, more preferably at most 50 carbon atoms; most preferably at most 30 carbon atoms. Fatty acids of a particular chain length are advantageous because they facilitate miscibility of the polymer with a crystallizable material containing fatty acids of similar chain length. By suitable choice of the chain lengths of the fatty acids, the desired miscibility of polymer with crystallizable material can be achieved.

Particularly suitable hydrophobic polymers are i.a. fatty acid-substituted cellulose esters or polyvinyl esters. A particularly suitable cellulose ester is z. As a substituted with stearic acid cellulose ester, especially one with a high degree of substitution. Such substituted hydrophobic cellulose stearic acid esters with a degree of substitution of more than 2.9 are known, for example, from Geissler et al., Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 4962-4964 and particularly preferred according to the invention. A particularly suitable polyvinyl ester is, for example, polyvinyl stearate.

The amount of polymer is preferably at most 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating, more preferably at most 35% by weight, even more preferably at most 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating. Preferably, the amount of polymer is at least 1 wt%, more preferably at least 5 wt%, even more preferably at least 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the coating.

coating

A preferred coating comprises at least one polymer and at least one wax, wherein the polymer at the melting temperature of the wax has a viscosity of at most 10 ⁹ mPa s and the wax is selected from the group consisting of alkyl ketene dimers, paraffins, stearines, stearates , Cetyl ester wax, carnauba wax, ceryl ester wax, myricyl ester wax, lauric acid esters, myristic acid esters, palmitic acid esters, lignoceric acid esters, cerotic acid esters, montanic acid esters, melissic acid esters, their derivatives and mixtures thereof.

Another preferred coating comprises at least one polymer and at least one wax, wherein the polymer at the melting temperature of the wax has a viscosity of at most 10 ⁹ mPa s and the wax has a melting temperature of at least 41 ° C.

Another preferred coating comprises at least one polymer and at least one wax, wherein the polymer comprises a fatty acid esterified polymer and the wax is selected from the group consisting of alkyl ketene dimers, paraffins, stearines, stearates, cetyl ester wax, carnauba wax, ceryl ester wax , Myricyl ester wax, lauric acid esters, myristic acid esters, palmitic acid esters, lignoceric acid esters, cerotic acid esters, montanic acid esters, melissic acid esters, their derivatives and mixtures thereof.

Yet another preferred coating comprises at least one polymer and at least one wax, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer esterified with a fatty acid and the wax has a melting temperature of at least 41 ° C.

A particularly preferred coating comprises at least one polymer selected from stearic acid substituted cellulose esters and polyvinyl stearate, and mixtures thereof, and at least one wax selected from the group consisting of alkyl ketene dimers, octyl isearate, glycerol tristearate, and mixtures thereof.

In a particularly preferred coating, the suitable polymer is contained in a range of 50 to 99% by weight and the suitable wax in a range of 1 to 50% by weight.

Further, the present invention relates to a superhydrophobic coating composition of a carrier material comprising at least one polymer as defined above and at least one crystallizable material as defined above. In the composition according to the invention, the melting temperature of the crystallisable material is above the melting temperature of the polymer.

The coating or the composition according to the invention may be applied to a carrier material. Preferred support materials include paper, paper-containing substrates such as cardboard and similar substrates, wallpaper, fiber elements, textile and Regeneratfasern, fiber scrims, Fasergewirke and fiber fabrics, mineral fibers, ceramics, laminar building materials (such as gypsum and prefabricated) but also building facades, house walls, solid wood and wood-based materials , Particleboard and fiberboard and other fibrous and / or porous sheet substrates and mixed forms thereof. However, preferred support materials can also be used for coating films, such as, for example, films of regenerated polysaccharides (for example cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, or mixtures thereof), polysaccharide derivatives (for example cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, methylcellulose, or mixtures thereof). , Polyolefins (for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylpentene, or mixtures thereof), polyamides (for example PA 6, PA 6.6, PA 6.12, PA 11 or PA 12, or mixtures thereof) or polyesters (polyethylene terephthalate, Polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polylactic acid, polyarylate, or mixtures thereof) and mixtures thereof.

The layer thickness of the coating on a carrier material is preferably in a range of 0.5 to 500 μm, more preferably in a range of 1 to 100 μm.

method

1. (a) Aufbringen eines kristallisierbaren Materials, insbesondere Wachs, und eines Polymers auf ein Trägermaterial;
2. (b) optional Trocknen des Trägermaterials;
3. (c) Erhitzen des Trägermaterials auf Temperaturen, die über dem Schmelzpunkt des kristallisierbaren Materials liegen; und
4. (d) Abkühlen des Trägermaterials.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producing a superhydrophobic coating comprising the following steps:

1. (a) applying a crystallizable material, in particular wax, and a polymer to a support material;
2. (b) optionally drying the support material;
3. (c) heating the support material to temperatures above the melting point of the crystallizable material; and
4. (d) cooling the support material.

Preferably, the application of the crystallizable material and the polymer may take place simultaneously or sequentially. That is, either the crystallizable material or first the polymer may be applied first or both components may be applied simultaneously.

The crystallisable material and / or the polymer are preferably dissolved in a solvent or present as a dispersion. Further preferably, the wax may be present dissolved in the polymer melt. The crystallizable material and the polymer may preferably be present together in a dispersion or solution, or in various dispersions or solutions.

Suitable solvents include, for example, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, but also acetone, benzene, toluene and other suitable solvents known in the art, and mixtures thereof. Suitable dispersants are, for example, water or alcohols, in particular ethanol, or other suitable dispersants known to the person skilled in the art, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the application may include printing, spray coating, spin coating, dip coating, painting, or a solvent casting process. Particularly preferred is an application by means of spray coating.

Preferably, the amount of crystallizable material applied is between 5 and 250 g / m ² , more preferably between 10 and 100 g / m ² , even more preferably between 10 and 50 g / m ² . Preferably, the amount of polymer applied is between 0.05 and 100 g / m ² , more preferably between 0.1 and 50 g / m ² , even more preferably between 0.5 and 5 g / m ² . Preferably, the total coating weight of the coating on the carrier material is in a range of 10 to 350 g / m ² , more preferably in a range of 15 to 200 g / m ² , even more preferably in a range of 20 to 55 g / m ² . The term "total application weight of the coating" is understood to mean the sum of the application quantity of the polymer and of the crystallisable material.

The coating preferably contains at least 85% by weight of polymer and crystallisable material and optionally at most 15% by weight of further constituents. More preferably, the coating contains at least 90% by weight of polymer and crystallizable material and optionally at most 10% by weight of other ingredients. Most preferably, the coating contains over 95% by weight of polymer and crystallizable material and no significant other ingredients. By "appreciable ingredients" is meant optional ingredients of at least 5% by weight. "Not significant constituents" are, for example, impurities of less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 3% by weight, more preferably less than 2% by weight.

Further optional constituents which can be present include, for example, dispersants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, for example UV or oxidation stabilizers, dyes, pigments and / or nucleation nuclei.

Preferably, the weight ratio of the crystallizable material to the polymer in the coating is in a range of from 200: 1 to 1: 1, more preferably in a range of from 100: 1 to 5: 1.

The ratios and amounts given are advantageous because crystals can form in the polymer matrix. If the amount of crystallizable material is too low, crystal formation is inhibited. No advantageous fractal structures can form. Without these structures, in turn, superhydrophobicity of the surface can not be achieved. If the proportion of crystallizable material is too high, no coherent polymer matrix can form. This is disadvantageous because a contiguous polymer matrix is important for the durability, flexibility and regenerability of the coating.

The drying of the carrier material can be carried out, for example, at room temperature.

The heating of the coating can be carried out by means of the suitable methods of temperature treatment known to the person skilled in the art. These include, for example, tempering in a heating cabinet or oven, heating by means of hot air blowers, IR radiators, hot plates, irradiation with microwaves, irradiation with sunlight, or similar measures.

Preferably, the coating is heated to a temperature which corresponds at least to the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. More preferably to a temperature which is at least 5 ° C above the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. Preferably, the coating is heated to a temperature which is at most 100 ° C above the melting temperature of the crystallizable material, more preferably heated to a temperature which is at most 70 ° C above the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. A suitable temperature for this example is between 100 ° C and 130 ° C. Heating to a suitable temperature is advantageous because then both components, the crystallizable material and the polymer can melt. Heating at too high a temperature is disadvantageous because then the polymer can decompose or the energy consumption is unnecessarily increased. Preferably, the heating is carried out until at least 50 wt .-%, preferably at least 60 wt .-%, more preferably at least 70 wt .-%, most preferably at least 80 wt .-% of the crystallizable material based on the total weight of the crystallizable Liquefied materials.

Preferably, the heating is for a maximum of 1 h. More preferably, the heating is for a maximum of 30 minutes. Preferably, the heating is for at least 1 min. More preferably for at least 5 minutes. The required Temperierungszeiten are highly dependent on the combination of the respective method with the carrier material. With regard to thin, sheeted substrates, such as (paper) web applications, heating may preferably be sufficient for at least 5 seconds, more preferably for at least 10 seconds. A suitable temperature treatment includes z. B. heating to a temperature between 100 ° C and 130 ° C for at least 5 min.

The process step of cooling the support material may include both cooling by means of active cooling, optionally using a suitable coolant known to those skilled in the art, and cooling at room temperature.

Process for the regeneration of the coating

1. (a) Erhitzen der Beschichtung;
2. (b) Abkühlen der Beschichtung.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for the regeneration of the superhydrophobic coating according to the invention comprising:

1. (a) heating the coating;
2. (b) cooling the coating.

The heating of the coating can be carried out by means of suitable methods of temperature treatment known to those skilled in the art. These include, for example, tempering in a heating cabinet or oven, heating by means of hot air blowers, IR radiators, hot plates, irradiation with microwaves, irradiation with sunlight, or similar measures.

Preferably, the coating is heated to a temperature which corresponds at least to the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. More preferably to a temperature which is at least 5 ° C above the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. Preferably, the coating is heated to a temperature which is at most 100 ° C above the melting temperature of the crystallizable material, more preferably heated to a temperature which is at most 70 ° C above the melting temperature of the crystallizable material. A suitable temperature for this example is between 100 ° C and 130 ° C. Heating to a suitable temperature is advantageous since then both components, the crystallizable material and the polymer can melt and the fractal surface structure can regenerate. Heating at too high a temperature is disadvantageous because then the polymer can decompose or the energy consumption is unnecessarily increased. Preferably, the heating is carried out until the crystallizable material has liquefied.

Preferably, the heating is for a maximum of 1 h. More preferably, the heating is for a maximum of 30 minutes. Preferably, the heating is for at least 1 min. More preferably for at least 5 minutes. The required Temperierungszeiten are highly dependent on the combination of the respective method with the carrier material. With regard to thin, sheeted substrates, such as (paper) web applications, heating may preferably be sufficient for at least 5 seconds, more preferably for at least 10 seconds. Too long a heating is disadvantageous, since with porous substrates a certain penetration into the pore system is to be feared. A suitable temperature treatment includes z. B. heating to a temperature between 100 ° C and 130 ° C for at least 5 min.

The process step of cooling the support material may comprise both cooling by means of active cooling, that is to say using a suitable coolant known to the person skilled in the art, and cooling at room temperature.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of crystallizable material in a superhydrophobic coating for coating regeneration. In particular, the present invention is concerned with the regeneration of the coating after mechanical damage, for example by compression, and / or wear. "Wear" is understood to mean all changes in the superhydrophobic properties of the coating which may be due to mechanical, thermal or chemical influences or aging.

Examples

Example 1:

A satinized testliner was sprayed with an aqueous alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) dispersion (Basoplast 2030 LC, BASF). The basis weight of this order was 25 g / m ² .

Subsequently, the substrate was coated with 2.5 g / m ^{2 of} a colloidal dispersion of the polymer CSE ₃ . The polymer CSE ₃ was a fully substituted cellulose ester (DS: 3) of stearic acid. Through the nano-precipitation process step, the polymer was previously converted to colloidal form. The spherical polymer nanoparticles with diameters of about 100 nm were dispersed in ethanol for application.

After complete drying, the substrate was heated in the drying oven for 5 minutes at 120 ° C and then cooled under laboratory conditions (22 ± 3 ° C / 35% relative humidity, RF).

The melting point of AKD determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was -60 ° C, that of polymer CSE ₃ was -55 ° C.

Upon complete cooling of the coated liner, fractured, superhydrophobic surfaces were obtained due to crystallization of the wax. The contact and rolling angles (for water) were 153 ± 2 ° and 4 ± 1 °, respectively.

After mechanical destruction of the wax structures (significant compression) could be regenerated by repetition of the temperature treatment, the effect of superhydrophobia.

Example 2:

A machine-smoothed medical packaging paper (grammage: ~ 49 g / m ² , Billerud-Korsnäs, Sweden) was hydrophobicized with a thin film (2 g / m ² ) of CSE ₃ . The substrate was sprayed for this purpose with a polymer solution of concentration 5 mg / ml (CSE ₃ in toluene). The polymer used corresponded to the material used in Case 1.

Subsequently, the paper was coated with a solution of the ester octyl stearate. The solvent toluene was also used for this purpose, with a concentration of 10 mg / ml was used. The basis weight of the application was 15 g / m ² .

The substrate, after complete drying, was subjected to a 5 minute temperature treatment at 105 ° C and then cooled at laboratory conditions (22 ± 3 ° C / 35% RH).

The melting temperature of the polymer was -55 ° C, that of the wax at -60 ° C. Again, the melting temperatures were determined by DSC (see Example 1). Upon solidification of the low molecular weight ester crystallization and thus superficial structuring of the substrate occurred.

The treatment achieved static contact angles (for water) of 143 ± 4 ° and roll angles of 7 ± 3 °. Even after repeated repetition of Temperierungsprozedur identical effects were found. By varying the cooling scenario, it was also possible to influence the wetting behavior. If the substrate is continuously cooled from 105 ° C to room temperature over a period of 30 minutes, it may coarsen the superficial structures. As a result, the static contact angles (for water) increased to 152 ± 5 ° and the rolling angles dropped to 5 ± 1 °.

Example 3:

A cardboard box (grammage: -165 g / m ² ) with backside coating (Mayr-Melnhof Karton AG) was sprayed on the mineral pigmented side with a solution consisting of polyvinyl stearate (PVS) and glycerol tristearate (tristearin). The hydrophobing solution in toluene was applied at a concentration of 10 mg / ml, with the proportions by weight of the dissolved components tristearin / PVS being 95/5. The coating weight of the coating was 30 g / m ² .

The polyvinyl stearate used was synthesized by esterification of a commercially available polyvinyl alcohol (Poval 20-98, Kuraray). The degree of esterification of the final polymer was 1, with 98% of the substituents present as stearoyl and 2% as acetyl groups.

After complete drying, the substrate was heated in the oven for 3 minutes at 105 ° C and then cooled under laboratory conditions (22 ± 3 ° C / 35% RH). The melting temperatures of the components PVS and tristearin were -49 ° C and 72 ° C, respectively, so that both coating components liquefied during tempering. Again, the melting temperatures were determined by DSC (see Example 1).

During cooling, fine fractal structures formed due to the crystallization of tristearin. The structuring of the surface caused a significant increase of the static contact angles (146 ± 3 °) and a reduction of the rolling angles (8 ± 2 °). By contrast, a PVS coating equivalent weight per unit area gave contact angles of 112 ± 2 ° and roll off angles of 28 ± 4 ° for identical treatment.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited non-patent literature

• Li et al., Angew. Chem. 2010, 122, 6265-6269 [0004]
• Geissler et al., Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 4962-4964. [0005]
• Fang et al, J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 564-571 [0005]
• DIN EN ISO 11357-3: 2013 [0023]
• DIN EN ISO 11357-2: 2014 [0025]
• DIN EN ISO 1133: 2011 [0026]

Claims (15)

Superhydrophobic coating comprising at least one polymer and at least one crystallizable material, wherein the polymer at the melting temperature of the crystallizable material has a viscosity of at most 10 ¹² mPa s. Coating according to Claim 1 wherein the polymer is a film-forming polymer. Coating according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer is a thermoplastic polymer. Coating according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the crystallisable material is a wax, in particular with a melting temperature of at most 95 ° C. Coating according to one of the preceding claims on a carrier material, wherein the carrier material is in particular selected from the group consisting of paper, paper-containing substrates, cardboard, wallpaper, fiber casting elements, textile and Regeneratfasern, fiber fabrics, fiber fabrics and fiber fabrics, mineral fibers, ceramics, laminar building materials , Gypsum boards, prefabricated building facades, house walls, solid wood and wood-based panels, particleboard and fiberboard, fibrous and / or porous sheet substrates, regenerated polysaccharide sheets, polysaccharide derivatives, polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, and mixed forms thereof. A coating according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the crystallizable material is selected from the group consisting of natural waxes of animal and vegetable origin; fossil waxes; Polyethylene and polypropylene waxes of different degrees of polymerization; Fischer-Tropsch waxes; pure alkanes; cyclic or polycyclic alkanes; primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols; branched, cyclic and polycyclic alcohols; aliphatic, saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids; cyclic, polycyclic and polybasic carboxylic acids; amide waxes; aliphatic alcohols esterified with fatty acids; cyclic esters; Fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols; Esters of polybasic carboxylic acids with fatty and wax alcohols; Ester mixtures and mixtures of esters and acids, esters and alcohols, as well as alcohols and acids; synthetic waxy compounds; natural lacquers and resins, as well as partial components thereof; Ethers of long-chain alcohols; long-chain aliphatic and cyclic aldehydes; long-chain aliphatic and cyclic ketones and mixtures thereof. Coating according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the melting temperature of the crystallisable material is at least 1 ° C above the melting temperature of the polymer. A coating according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polysaccharide derivatives; Esters and ethers of polysaccharides and mixtures thereof; polyethylene terephthalate; polybutylene terephthalate; polycarbonate; polylactic acid; polyolefins; Polyamides and copolyamides; Polyurethanes and polyether and polyester polyurethanes; Esters and ethers of polyvinyl alcohol; Acrylates and copolymers containing acrylate, copolymers containing vinyl acetate and mixtures thereof. Coating according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of polymer is at most 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating. Coating according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of crystallisable material is at least 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the coating. A composition for the superhydrophobic coating of a carrier material comprising at least one polymer and at least one crystallisable material, wherein the melting temperature of the crystallisable material is above the melting temperature of the polymer. Process for the preparation of a superhydrophobic coating comprising the following steps: (a) applying a crystallizable material, in particular a wax, and a polymer to a support material; (c) heating the support material to temperatures above the melting point of the crystallizable material; and (d) cooling the support material. Method according to Claim 12 wherein the application of the crystallizable material and the polymer may take place simultaneously or sequentially. A process for the regeneration of a superhydrophobic coating according to any one of Claims 1 to 10 comprising: (a) heating the coating; (b) cooling the coating, wherein the heating comprises treating the coating at a temperature at least equal to the temperature of the melting point of the crystallizable material. Use of crystallizable material, in particular wax, in a superhydrophobic coating for the regeneration of the coating, in particular after mechanical damage and / or wear.