DE102014011236A1 - Method and mold, in particular for use in cold-casting processes - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a casting mold, in particular for use in cold-casting processes, produced by means of a powder-based layer-building method, the final casting mold having a treated surface.

Description

The present invention relates to a mold made by means of a powder-based laminating method, a use of the mold, and a method for producing the same.

In the European patent specification EP 0 431 924 B1 A method of manufacturing three-dimensional objects from computer data will be described. In this case, a particulate material is applied in a thin layer on a platform and this selectively printed by means of a print head with a liquid. In the area printed with the fluid, the particles combine and the area solidifies under the influence of the liquid and optionally an additional hardener. Then we lowered the platform by one layer thickness into a construction cylinder and provided with a new layer of particulate material, which is also printed as described above. These steps are repeated until a certain desired height of the object is reached. The printed and solidified areas create a three-dimensional object.

This object made of solidified particulate material is embedded after its completion in loose particulate material and is subsequently freed from it. This is done for example by means of a nipple. Remain after the desired objects, which are then from powder deposits z. B. freed by manual brushing.

3D printing on the basis of powdery materials and introduction of liquids with a print head is the fastest method among the layering techniques.

This process can process various particulate materials including, but not limited to, natural biological raw materials, polymeric plastics, metals, ceramics and sands.

The strengths of the presented process are the high volume performance and the cost-effective production. However, the material properties often lag behind those known from conventional manufacturing.

For example, a material can be produced that uses sand particles as a base material and is bound by cement. This material is a kind of concrete. The strength of such a material, however, is much lower due to its porosity, as is known from conventionally created concrete.

Likewise, sand particles with other binding systems can be processed by powder-based 3D printing. These include cold-resin binding, which is used in the foundry industry as well as in 3D printing.

Also inorganic binders are state of the art in this area. These are the green alternative to the cold resin binder in the foundry industry.

These materials achieve directly no z. B. relevant to the building strength. Basically, only a few materials can be processed to dense and high-strength materials using the powder-based 3D printing process. In essence, these are polymers.

A way out of this limitation of 3D printing is the use of two-step processes. This makes casting into 3D printed shapes an option. This method represents the state of the art in the field of metal casting.

In the field of concrete materials or cold-castable polymers, processing using 3-D printed forms is not common in casting processes. On the one hand, this is due to the lack of demolding and decorability, which is due in particular to the lack of strength-reducing effect of heat during cold casting. On the other hand, in the case of a cold-forging process, an undesired connection of the casting material to the mold can build up, since a 3-D printed casting mold for cold-casting processes has a relatively high porosity into which the casting material can penetrate. It is known from the prior art that casting of concrete parts usually reusable forms are used.

When casting straight walls, wooden boards, for example, are used as formwork. These are further pretreated by a formwork oil and thus prevent adhesion of the concrete to the reusable boards.

For stripping, these boards are usually peeled with hammer blows from the concrete part after casting.

More complex forms of concrete are often produced by silicone molds. Here, the silicone mold is available as a negative model. In this case, the mold has to be elaborately manufactured using a model, which then serves as a positive for the silicone casting. Such a model can, for. B. over conventional techniques, such as milling in wood or plastic or additive processes are produced. To give the silicone casting the necessary strength? to an additional substructure is required, which makes the process even more complex. As with the formwork boards, a release agent is often applied to the silicone molds prior to casting.

The silicone mold can then be separated after solidification of the casting material by simply peeling off the mold. But first the substructure has to be removed.

These two methods are not applicable to molds made using powder-based 3D printing with cold resin binders.

Due to the porosity of the molds, conventional release agents are unable to prevent penetration of the casting material into the mold. The release agents rather infiltrate the molded part and pull into the inner area without being superficially effective.

In the following some terms of the invention will be explained in more detail.

For the purposes of the invention, "3D printing processes" are all processes known from the prior art which enable the construction of components as three-dimensional shapes and which are compatible with the described process components and devices.

For the purposes of the invention, "selective binder application" or "selective binder system application" can be carried out after each particle material application or, depending on the requirements of the molded article and for the optimization of the molding production, also take place irregularly, i. H. non-linear and parallel after each particle material application. "Selective binder application" or "Selective binder system application" can thus be adjusted individually and in the course of the production of moldings.

"Shaped body" or "component" in the sense of the invention are all three-dimensional objects produced by means of the method according to the invention and / or the device according to the invention, which have a dimensional stability.

As "particle materials", all materials known for powder-based 3D printing can be used, in particular sand, ceramic powder, metal powder, plastics, wood particles, fiber materials, celluloses or / and lactose powder. The particulate material is preferably a dry free flowing powder. However, a cohesive, cut-resistant powder can also be used.

"Construction space" is the geometric location in which the particulate material bed grows during the construction process by repeated coating with particulate material. In general, the space is limited by a floor, the building platform, by walls and an open deck, the building level.

"Casting material" in the sense of these inventors is any castable material, in particular those in the processing of which no temperatures occur which could weaken a cold-resin bond and thus promote demoulding.

A "concrete material" in the sense of this invention is a mixture of an aggregate (eg sand and / or gravel or the like) and a hydraulic binder, the mixing water being consumed by the solidification reaction. A concrete material is also a possible casting material.

The "porosity" in the sense of the invention is a labyrinth structure of cavities which arises between the particles connected in the 3D printing process.

The "seal" acts on the geometric boundary between printed form and the cavity to be filled. It superficially closes the pores of the porous molding.

"Sizing" refers to a liquid that contains particles and does not close the porosity but merely reduces the pore diameter at the surface of the mold.

"Hydrostatic pressure" is used as a generic term for all pressures resulting from the action of the liquid column of the casting material.

"Low strength" with respect to the seal means that the seal does not oppose any forces during demoulding.

By "cold-casting" is meant, in particular, casting processes in which the temperature of the casting mold and of the core does not reach the decomposition or softening temperature of the molding material before, during and after the casting. The strength of the mold is not affected by the casting. In contrast, metal casting processes in which the mold is generally slowly destroyed by the hot casting compound.

The term "treated surface" refers to a surface of the mold that is treated after printing and cleaning the mold in a preferably separate step. This treatment is often a coating of a substance on the surface and thus in the near-surface areas of the mold or the core. For the application, all conceivable different methods come into consideration.

In particular, for more complex shapes, it is economically desirable to realize cold-forging molds over 3D printed shapes.

The gist of the present invention is to provide a mold, in particular for use in cold-casting processes, manufactured by means of a powder-based laminating method, the final mold having a treated surface.

The treated surface can prevent, for example, casting material from penetrating into the molding due to hydrostatic pressure or capillary effects.

In addition, it could also be that the forces in the removal of porous body by the treatment of the surface are low, since the seal can be pulled by the demolding from the pores of the porous molding material and then can flow through the porous mold air.

In the following preferred embodiments are shown.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the treated surface comprises a seal, a coating, a treatment and / or another treatment.

The treated surface should preferably have a lower porosity than the casting mold after the production by means of a layer-building method.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a use of the mold according to the invention for the production of cold-cast castings as a lost mold and / or as a permanent mold.

In particular, the molds of the invention may be used to make concrete castings and / or cold cast polymer components.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing molds, in particular for use in cold-casting processes, wherein the mold is constructed by means of a powder-based laminating method and the surface of the mold is treated.

Preferably, a powder bed-based 3D printing process is used for the layer construction process, and even more preferably a cold resin bond is used.

If the surface is optionally additionally sealed with a hydrophobic material, the penetration of the casting material into the pores of the casting mold can be restricted well.

Another possibility is to change the porosity of the surface of the mold by an infiltrate.

This can be done for example by an epoxy resin, a polyurethane, an unsaturated polyester, a phenol / resole resin, an acrylate and / or a polystyrene.

Furthermore, it is possible to change the porosity of the surface by a size and / or dispersion, in particular a zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, titanium oxide, chalk or silicic acid-based size and / or a plastic, cellulose, sugar , flour and / or salt-based solution.

In addition, the porosity of the surface can be changed or sealed by a grease, oil, wax and / or warm water-soluble substances.

Brief description of the figures representing preferred embodiments:

1 : Schematic representation of the components of a powder-based 3D printer as a cut oblique view.

2 : Representation of a simple casting without undercut

3 : Representation of a complex casting with undercuts

4 : Representation of a reusable set for the creation of the simple casting

5 : Sectional view of ejectors and assembly aids for reusable molds

6 : Representation of a one-off formula for creating the complex casting

7 : Section through a component treated according to the invention

8th : Illustration of the demolding process with a treatment according to the invention

embodiments

An exemplary apparatus for producing a molded article according to the present invention Invention has a powder coater ( 101 ) on. With this particulate material on a building platform ( 102 ) and smoothed ( 1 ). The applied particulate material may consist of various materials, but according to the invention preferred due to the low cost is sand. This is precoated, for example, with an activator component. The height of the powder layers ( 107 ) is determined by the build platform ( 102 ) certainly. It is lowered after applying a coat. During the next coating process, the resulting volume is filled and the supernatant smoothed. The result is a nearly perfectly parallel and smooth layer of defined height.

After a coating process, the layer is dried by means of an inkjet printhead ( 100 ) printed with a liquid. The printed image corresponds to the section through the component in the current height of the device. The fluid hits the particulate material and slowly diffuses into it.

Together with the activator in the particulate material, the liquid reacts to form a polymer. This connects the particles with each other.

In the next step, the build platform ( 102 ) lowered by one layer thickness. The steps layering, printing, and lowering are now repeated until the desired component ( 103 ) is completely created.

The component ( 103 ) is now completely in the powder cake ( 602 ) in front. In the final step, the component is freed from loose particulate material and cleaned with compressed air.

A component thus produced is the basis for the present invention. The use of these forms can be divided into two areas: disposable and reusable. These may find use in cold-casting processes according to the present invention.

The 2 shows a simple casting ( 200 ). It is economical to achieve several casts with one mold. A larger and more complex component z. B. a sink ( 300 ) in 3 The basin has a shell-like shape in the middle ( 301 ) on. In its center sits an opening ( 303 ) for the later water drainage. At the rectangular shaped part of the basin there is another opening ( 302 ) for the tap.

As a disposable form ( 600 ) the demolding is achieved by a destruction of the mold. The mold is expediently produced as a thin shell. The construction is additionally reinforced by ribbing to withstand the hydrostatic pressures. Such a form shows 6 , The shape is in two parts ( 600 . 601 ).

A reusable form shows the 4 , It consists of two halves ( 400 . 401 ) which are each thick-walled and in which the cavity ( 402 ) is incorporated for the casting material. In addition, a pouring funnel ( 403 ) intended.

Form ( 400 . 401 ; 600 . 601 ) can be produced, for example, from a sand with a mean particle size of 140 microns, which was premixed with a hardener for a so-called cold resin in the amount of 0.3 wt .-%. The binding is preferably carried out with a proportion of the cold resin in the range of 1.0-2.5 wt .-%.

After the printing process, the mold can be removed from the loose sand and cleaned.

To change the pore size, various measures can be used. For example, infiltration with a two-component polymer is possible. However, the material must be used in such a way that, according to the invention, there are still pores on the surface after the treatment which allow easy removal from the mold. For this purpose, for example, the mold is treated with a customized seal that is processable at room temperature and does not develop high strengths.

It is also possible to additionally use a size from the metal casting area. In this case, smaller particles are applied to the surface. This changes the effective pore cross section. This can z. As can be prevented that the invention mechanically weak seal is pressed by high hydrostatic pressures in the mold.

As a simple seal according to the invention fat can be used. The fat can be applied to the mold by brushing or spraying. The grease must be selected appropriately for the task. A too stiff fat is difficult to process. Too thin fat or oil infiltrates into the mold and thus no longer provides a sealing function.

After painting or brushing, the fat can be smoothed. For this purpose, a superficial temperature application is suitable. This can be done for example with a Heißluftfön or a gas burner. A warming of the shape is not desirable here, otherwise leaks in the seal are to be feared.

Likewise, the use of wax is possible according to the invention. Appropriately, that will Wax liquefied for processing by heating. The low viscosity must be increased by a thickener, for example, polystyrene microgranules can be used for this purpose. It is also possible to use hydrophobic solvents such as alkanes or gasoline to create a wax solution whose viscosity can be well adjusted.

Also, a seal can be made of hot water soluble polyvinyl alcohol. This material is dissolved in hot water and applied to the previously heated mold. The mixing water of a concrete can not attack the seal.

7 gives the conditions on a microscopic level. The shaped body is characterized by particles ( 700 ) which are interconnected. At the geometric component boundary ( 701 ) in the case of a sized component fine particles ( 702 ). The sealant ( 703 ) completes the surface waterproof.

The molds prepared in this way are subsequently equipped with additional functional components.

For example, in reusable forms ejectors ( 500 . 501 ) are inserted for easier demoulding. Depending on the expected Entformkräften the seat of the ejector in the printed form before z. B. reinforced by a Epoxidharzinfiltration. The ejectors can be used as screws ( 501 ), which can be lowered into a nut which can be lowered into the pressure part ( 500 ) to grab. By applying a torque to the screw, a force is then generated between the mold and the casting.

Likewise, the mold can be provided with centering pins. These ensure the smallest possible offset of the mold halves and thus for a precise casting.

Some structures known from metal casting molds can be provided directly on the pressure part. So centerings ( 301 ) and labyrinths ( 502 ) are designed for a better sealing effect between the mold halves.

Before closing the molds, the reinforcement is inserted into the mold cavity ( 402 ). This is conveniently kept at a distance relative to the mold with plastic or concrete supports. In this state, conduits can also be inserted into the mold for later insertion of electrical lines or other media.

The mounting of the molds can be done by drilling ( 502 ) are facilitated in the forms. As a result, screws can be guided, which exert pressure forces targeted to critical mold areas. Likewise, additional plates can be screwed on, which stiffen the mold against the casting forces.

The casting takes place through anconstructed funnel ( 402 ) or material shafts. Depending on the technology and casting material used, additional ventilation holes ( 602 ) brought in. If a vibrating bottle is to be introduced to compact the cast material after casting, an access is provided in the mold. Molded parts, (eg 601 ) which can float through the pressure of the casting material, z. B. be secured by complaining against a change in position.

After casting, the part rests for up to several days, depending on the setting time of the casting material. Then the molding process takes place.

Due to the low strength of the seal, it is easily pulled out of the pores of the mold during removal (see 8th ). This process can be assisted by heating the mold with the casting. As a result of the low separation forces, even filigree castings can be safely demoulded.

If a disposable mold is used, the shape can be pre-damaged with a hammer and targeted blows. Depending on the wall thickness of the mold, the actual cutting process is carried out with a spatula or another flat tool. The mold can also be separated by sandblasting from the cast body. The choice of blasting material and pressure must be adjusted according to the hardness of the casting material, so that the casting material is not damaged.

The reusable mold is preferably placed in an oven before demolding and heated, for example, at 60 ° C overnight. At the same time, air circulation should be avoided in order to prevent it from drying out in the case of concrete as a casting material.

After the oven process, the connection between the mold and the casting is put under tension by tightening the screws on the ejectors. Usually, the shape then opens by slight vibrations or hammer blows.

Following the casting, the casting ( 800 ) from the sealing medium ( 801 ) are freed. In the case of grease, soaps and washing pastes are helpful for cleaning oils and fats. Particularly preferred here is hand washing paste with cleaning particles.

After casting, the parts are processed as in conventional production. Here, the usual methods such as grinding or sandblasting are used for surface modification.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

100

printhead

101

coaters

102

building platform

103

component

104

building container

105

Printhead Bahn

106

Beschichterbahn

107

powder coatings

108

Direction of construction platform movement

109

Dosed drops

110

powder roll

111

Construction site boundary

112

Beschichterspalt

113

Beschichtervorrat

200

Simple casting

300

Complex cast sink

301

Peel-like washbasin area

302

Hole for faucet

303

Hole for drain

400

Casting top box

401

Casting mold sub-case

402

Cavity for casting material

403

sprue

500

nut

501

screw

502

sealing labyrinth

503

Bore for mounting screws

600

Sink shape lower case

601

Sink shape top box

602

ventilation holes

603

Form centering and support point

604

Mold core for drain

605

Molded core for faucet

606

Molded cores for wall mounting

700

particle

701

Geometric shape border

702

Particles of the sizing

703

sealing

800

casting

801

Pulled out seal

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• EP 0431924 B1 [0002]

Claims (10)

Mold, in particular for use in cold-casting processes, produced by means of a powder-based layer-building method, the final casting having a treated surface. A mold according to claim 1, wherein the treated surface comprises a seal, a coating, a treatment and / or other treatment. A mold according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the treated surface has a lower porosity than the mold after manufacture by a sandwiching process. Use of the casting mold according to one of the preceding claims for the production of cold-cast castings as a lost casting mold and / or as a permanent casting mold. Use of the mold according to claim 4 for the production of concrete castings and / or cold cast polymer components. Method for the production of molds, in particular for use in cold-casting processes, wherein the casting mold is constructed by means of a powder-based layering method and the surface of the casting mold is treated. The method of claim 6, wherein the layering process is a powder bed based 3D printing process, preferably wherein a cold resin bond is used in the layering process, preferably wherein the surface is optionally additionally sealed with a hydrophobic material, preferably wherein the porosity of the surface is changed by an infiltrant. Method according to one of claims 6 to 7, wherein the surface porosity is changed by an epoxy resin, a polyurethane, an unsaturated polyester, a phenol / resole resin, an acrylate and / or a polystyrene. Method according to one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the porosity of the surface is changed by a size and / or dispersion, in particular zirconia, alumina, calcium oxide, titanium oxide, chalk or silicic acid-based sizing and / or plastic , cellulose, sugar, flour and / or salt-based solution. Method according to one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the porosity of the surface is changed or sealed by a grease, oil, wax and / or warm water-soluble substances.

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