DE102009033357B4 - coating system - Google Patents

Abstract

Coating system (1) for surfaces, in particular for walls and / or roof surfaces (2), which is used as a photovoltaic module or solar generator and exposed to light for generating energy, consisting of on the wall or roof surface (2) applied material consisting of at least a p-doped conductive semiconductor layer (9) having a barrier layer (11), an n-doped semiconductor layer (8) deposited thereon, in which conductive elements (5) are introduced, and an insulating layer applied to the n-type semiconductor layer (8) , characterized in that at least one semiconductor layer (9) is applied directly to the wall or roof surface (2) and is connected thereto, wherein both semiconductor layers (8, 9) are formed from a material in which semiconductor elements are introduced.

Description

The invention relates to a coating system for surfaces, in particular for walls and / or roof surfaces, which is used as photovoltaic module or solar generator and exposed to the production of energy light, consisting of applied to the wall or roof surface material, at least one p-doped conductive semiconductor layer with an interface layer, an n-doped semiconductor layer applied thereto, in which conducting elements are introduced, and an insulating layer applied to the n-doped semiconductor layer.

There are already known solar modules, photovoltaic modules or solar generators that convert the light of the sun directly into electrical energy. The most important components of the modules are several solar cells.

Solar modules are used singly or in groups interconnected in photovoltaic systems, small electricity independent consumers or for the power supply of spacecraft.

A solar module is characterized by its electrical connection values (eg open circuit voltage and short-circuit current). These depend on the properties of the individual solar cells and the interconnection of the solar cells within the module.

In order to meet the requirements of a plant for solar-generated electricity, solar cells are combined by means of several different materials to form a solar module. This composite fulfills the following purposes: transparent, radiation- and weather-resistant cover, robust electrical connections, protection of the brittle solar cell from mechanical influences, protection of the solar cells and electrical connections against moisture, adequate cooling of the solar cells, contact protection of the electrically conductive components and simple handling and mounting option.

There are different types of solar modules with different types of solar cells. In the following, the structure is mentioned based on the most commonly used module type worldwide.

The solar cell or photovoltaic cell is an electrical component that converts shortwave radiant energy, usually sunlight, directly into electrical energy. The physical basis of the transformation is the photovoltaic effect, which is a special case of the internal photoelectric effect.

As a result, solar cells fundamentally differ from other types of regenerative electricity generation in which only the drive energy for the generator is not conventionally generated.

The term photoelectric effect, also photoelectric effect or short photo effect, summarizes four closely related but different phenomena in physics. In all four cases, a photon of an electron, the z. B. is bound in an atom or in the conduction band of a metallic body, absorbed and thereby dissolved the electron from the bond. The energy of the photon must be at least as great as the binding energy of the electron.

Depending on the state of the electron before the transfer of energy, four types of photoelectric effect are distinguished:
As an external photoelectric effect also photoemission or Hall wax effect) refers to the elution of electrons from metal surfaces by irradiation with light of certain frequencies.

The internal photoelectric effect occurs in semiconductors. Based on this, the photovoltaic effect allows the conversion of light energy into electrical energy.

By photo-ionization also atomic or molecular photo effect) is meant the ionization of atoms by irradiation with light of sufficiently high frequencies.

Such a device and arrangement or the construction of such modules is complicated and expensive to manufacture. The invention aims to remedy this situation.

It is a coating system for surfaces, in particular for walls and / or roof surfaces, which is used as a photovoltaic module or solar generator, and is exposed to the production of energy from the light from the US 2009/0133340 A1 known, consisting of applied to the wall or roof surface material consisting of at least one p-doped conductive semiconductor layer having a boundary layer, an applied thereto n-doped semiconductor layer, are introduced in the guide elements, and an insulating layer applied to the n-doped semiconductor layer , In this arrangement, it is disadvantageous that the one semiconductor layer is applied indirectly to the wall or roof surface with the aid of an adhesion promoter system. As a result, the assembly of semiconductor systems or layers is complicated and expensive.

Furthermore, it is from the US 2009/0133340 A1 It is known that the guide elements are introduced into the surface of the light-energy-exposed, translucent layer and that of the light energy exposed layer is an n-doped layer of silicon or gallium arsenide or copper indium diselenide, wherein the light energy exposed, negatively charged layer is deposited on the p-doped layer, which is indirectly applied to a wall or roof surface. It is further known from this document that the positively-doped layer and the wall or the roof surface can be brought together by means of an adhesive process.

Furthermore, from the DE 44 35 376 A1 It is known to improve the dispersibility of the ITO powder before it is dispersed in a binder solution with a dispersant or by adding a dispersant to the binder solution. However, the use of a dispersant makes it difficult. reduce the resistance of the resulting film to a desired value. It is believed that the dispersion of the ITO particles with the aid of a dispersant causes the binder and the dispersant to be intimately adsorbed by the particles to form an insulating layer on the surface of each particle, thereby making it difficult to resist the resistance of an ITO powder containing conductive film.

The invention has for its object to produce the photovoltaic modules or solar generators and the coating system in a simple and cost-effective manner.

The object is achieved in that at least one semiconductor layer is applied directly to the wall or roof surface and connected thereto, wherein both semiconductor layers are formed of a material in which semiconductor elements are introduced. The solar modules are assembled by series and parallel connection to an electrically and mechanically larger unit, the solar generator (PV generator). In the present invention, it is no longer necessary to interconnect individual modules because the entire surface is a single module. For the preparation of such a surface therefore no preparatory work, such as the installation of substructures on roof surfaces for receiving solar modules, required, which can be saved considerable costs. The production is thereby considerably simplified and thus cheaper, since the photovoltaic module or the solar generator or the coating system can be applied directly to walls or roofs, without significantly changing the surface structure or the appearance of the surface. It can therefore be dispensed with a layer between the semiconductor layer and the roof surface or a wall, whereby a considerable cost saving is achieved. Since the material of the coating system consists of a flowable, free-flowing or flaky material, it can be easily applied to the surface of a substrate, eg. As a roof or applied to walls, painted, filled and fixed.

For this purpose, it is advantageous that the material is formed as a spread, pourable, flowable material, in which the semiconductor elements formed as chips are introduced in such a number that they are in contact with each other and form the semiconductor layer.

It is also advantageous that on or in the n-doped semiconductor layer guide elements are incorporated, which are formed of numerous, interconnected interconnects, Leitflächenteilen or a guide grid.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that the guide elements are introduced into the surface of a light-energy exposed, translucent layer.

It is also advantageous that the layer exposed to the light energy is an n-doped layer of silicon or gallium arsenide or copper indium diselenide and the negatively charged layer exposed to light energy is applied to the p-doped layer directly on a wall or roof surface is applied.

It is also advantageous that an adhesive connection is provided between the positively-doped layer and the wall or the roof surface.

Of particular importance for the present invention is that the semiconductor layers are a brushable colorant in which semiconductor elements are introduced and which are applied in layers to the wall or roof surface. The layered application of the manufacturing process is much faster. Moreover, it is advantageous that a spunbonded fabric or a ribbon fabric is used as the carrier layer.

It is also advantageous that the semiconductor layer is an electrically conductive paint, which is constructed in particular on the basis of a plastic dispersion paint with a binder. With the help of the plastic dispersion paint, the surface can be designed as desired and at the same time used for power generation.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that the semiconductor layers consist of a flowable, free-flowing or flaky material in which semiconductor elements such as silicon, gallium arsenide or copper indium diselenide are introduced as small particles, in particular by means of a tool and form a conductive mass, which are applied as p-doped and then n-doped layer on the wall or roof surface, in particular successively, wherein the upper semiconductor layer has a light-transmitting protective layer and the layer comprising the semiconductor elements is introduced into an adhesive bed.

It is also advantageous that at least the p-layer is formed as an electrically conductive plastic paint, in which the semiconductor elements such as silicon, or copper indium diselenide or gallium arsenide are introduced.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that between the two semiconductor layers, the non-conductive boundary layer is provided, which is also formed as a brushable mass.

An additional possibility is, according to an embodiment of the invention, that on the upper n-doped semiconductor layer applied conductor tracks, Leitflächenteile or a guide grid are fixed by means of an adhesive connector.

It is also advantageous that the individual layers consist of a flowable or pourable material and are applied successively to a surface.

Further advantages and details of the invention are explained in the patent claims and in the description and illustrated in the figures.

Showing:

1 a structure of a solar cell,

2 an adhesive bed of the solar cell, which is applied to the surface of a roof.

In 1 is a coating system 1 for surfaces, in particular for walls and / or roof surfaces 2 referred to as photovoltaic module or solar generators 3 , is formed, which are exposed to the production of energy to the light.

The generation of energy with solar cells and their development, production and use are called photovoltaics here. The conversion of the radiation into electrical energy in the solar cells is based on the internal photoelectric effect in the semiconductor material. The solar cells are explained in more detail below. Electrical contacts. are subsequently glued on, printed or vapor-deposited.

The solar cells consist of semiconductor materials z. As silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide or a similar operational substance that absorbs the sunlight and converts it into direct current. This direct conversion of light into electrical energy in a solid is called a photovoltaic effect. The light radiation releases negative and positive charge carriers in the semiconductor. An internal electric field separates these charge carriers. In this way creates an electrical voltage between the metal contacts, which are attached to the surface of the solar cell. Is the outer circle over a pipe 12 closed, a DC electric current flows to a consumer 6 can be supplied. The vast majority of solar cells produced today are made of silicon.

This in 1 partially illustrated module forms the basic unit of the photovoltaic system shown here only partially. If the solar cells are connected in series, a string is created. Several modules connected in series form a strand.

In the 1 illustrated solar cells are made of high purity silicon. They are made up of an n-type layer 8th and a p-type layer 9 together. At a boundary layer 11 both layers 8th . 9 an electric field builds up. If light falls on the cell, different charge carriers are released. The electric field separates the charge carriers, which creates voltage across the terminal contacts of the cell. Turning on a device, here the consumer 6 , over the line 12 between these contacts, electricity can flow. The terminal contacts consist of a full-surface metal layer on the bottom and finger-like metal contacts on the top, so that sunlight can be incident on the semiconductor layer. To reduce reflection losses, a bluish antireflective coating is applied on top.

The best efficiency is achieved by monocrystalline cells. However, the production of silicon monocrystals is complicated and expensive. A little cheaper polycrystalline cells (made of many crystals), but they are less efficient. It is possible with this system to convert 30% of the incident solar energy into electricity.

For example, amorphous silicon (the molecules are not regularly arranged as a crystal lattice) in the form of small platelets or baubles in a carrier material, in particular a spreadable, pourable, flowable material, a few mm thick are introduced, for. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) or copper indium diselenide (CIS) material.

For technical applications, several cells are connected in series, whereby the voltages accumulate. According to this embodiment, it is possible to provide a very large contiguous base and thus to achieve high wattage.

The material used here, as already mentioned, formed as a spreadable, pourable, flowable material. It may be, for example, plastic dispersion paint based on a suitable binder. The chip-shaped semiconductor elements such as silicon (SI), gallium arsenide (GaAs) or copper indium diselenide (CIS) are so numerous in the semiconductor layers 8th . 9 introduced that they are in contact with each other. The coating system 1 is for surfaces, especially as semiconductor layers 8th and 9 suitable, easy to apply to the surface, paint, pour or pour, and is used to generate energy from light.

The coating system 1 consists of two semiconductor elements having layers, hereinafter as a semiconductor layer 8th and 9 referred to, as already mentioned by a boundary layer 11 are separated. The semiconductor elements or the baubles can be introduced into the mass with the aid of a spray gun. The individual layers z. B. an adhesive layer 10 , the semiconductor layers 8th and 9 as well as a boundary layer 11 Can successively on the wall or roof surface 2 be applied, which connect with each other due to the material properties. At the end, the tracks, the guideways or the guidings 5 applied, z. B. glued, then with a translucent protective layer 13 be coated. The upper n-doped layer 8th and the under p-doped layer 9 be to the consumer 6 connected.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

coating system

2

Wall, roof surface

3

Photovoltaic module, solar generator

5

Guide element, conductor track, guide element, guide grid

6

consumer

8th

n-doped layer, semiconductor layer

9

p-doped layer, semiconductor layer

10

Adhesive bond, adhesive layer

11

interface

12

management

13

protective layer

Claims (14)

Coating system ( 1 ) for surfaces, in particular for walls and / or roof surfaces ( 2 ), which is used as a photovoltaic module or solar generator and exposed to the light for generating energy, consisting of on the wall or roof surface ( 2 ) applied material, consisting of at least one p-doped conductive semiconductor layer ( 9 ) with a boundary layer ( 11 ), an applied on this n-doped semiconductor layer ( 8th ), in the guiding elements ( 5 ) and one on the n-doped semiconductor layer ( 8th ) applied insulating layer, characterized in that at least one semiconductor layer ( 9 ) directly on the wall or roof surface ( 2 ) and is connected to this, wherein both semiconductor layers ( 8th . 9 ) are formed of a material, are incorporated in the semiconductor elements. Coating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the material is formed as a spreadable, pourable, flowable material, in which the semiconductor elements formed as chips are introduced in such a large number that they are in contact with each other and the semiconductor layer ( 8th . 9 ) form. Coating system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that on or in the n-doped semiconductor layer ( 8th ) Guiding elements ( 5 ) are introduced, which are formed of numerous, interconnected interconnects, Leitflächenteilen or a guide grid. Coating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the guide elements ( 5 ) into the surface of a light energy ( 7 ), translucent layer ( 8th ) are introduced. Coating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the light energy ( 7 ) layer ( 8th ) is an n-doped layer of silicon or gallium arsenide or copper indium diselenide and that of the light energy ( 7 ), negatively charged layer ( 8th ) on the p-doped layer ( 9 ) is applied directly on a wall or roof surface ( 2 ) is applied. Coating system according to claim 1, characterized in that between the positively-doped layer ( 9 ) and the wall or roof surface ( 2 ) an adhesive bond ( 10 ) is provided. Coating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the semiconductor layers ( 8th . 9 ) are paintable colorant in which semiconductor elements are introduced and the layers on the wall or roof surface ( 2 ) are applied. Coating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the semiconductor layer ( 8th . 9 ) is an electrically conductive paint, which is constructed in particular on the basis of a plastic dispersion paint with binder. Coating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the semiconductor layers ( 8th . 9 ) consist of a flowable, free-flowing or flaky material, are introduced into the semiconductor elements such as silicon, gallium arsenide or copper indium diselenide as small particles, in particular by means of a tool injected and form a conductive mass, which is referred to as p-doped and then as n -doped layer on the wall or roof surface ( 2 ) are applied in particular successively, wherein the upper semiconductor layer ( 8th ) a translucent protective layer ( 13 ) having. Coating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the layers comprising the semiconductor elements ( 8th . 9 ) consist of a flowable, free-flowing or flaky material, which is introduced into an adhesive bed. Coating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least the p-layer is formed as an electrically conductive plastic paint, in which the semiconductor elements such as silicon, or copper indium diselenide or gallium arsenide are introduced. Coating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that between the two semiconductor layers ( 8th . 9 ) the non-conductive boundary layer ( 11 ) is provided, which is also designed as a brushable mass. Coating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that on the upper n-doped semiconductor layer ( 8th ) applied conductor tracks, Leitflächenteile or a guide grid ( 5 ) are fixed by means of an adhesive connector. Coating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the individual layers ( 8th . 9 . 11 . 14 ) consist of a flowable or pourable material and are applied successively to a surface.

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