DE102008030983B4 - Method and device for carrying out a pyrolysis and its use for smoldering waste tires and biomass - Google Patents

Abstract

Device for performing a medium temperature pyrolysis with a cylindrical pyrolysis furnace (1), the inner surfaces (14) of which are provided with an insulating layer (15) made of an inorganic thermal insulation material, with heating elements (9) being arranged on or on the inner surfaces (14) of the insulating layers (15) are, with a reaction container (2) of cylindrical shape which can be introduced into the pyrolysis furnace (1) and which is open at the top and can be closed with a lid (5) in the form of a curved bottom, the lid (5) at least one having a gas discharge line (3 ) has a gas outlet opening (4) that can be connected from the pyrolysis furnace (1) and a sieve body (17) surrounding the gas outlet opening (4) is arranged in the cover (5), the outer edge of which is flush with the inner surface of the cover (5), in the reaction container ( 2) a device (19) for separating high-purity fine soot, which is designed as a circular perforated plate (19.1), is also arranged above the material to be carbonized et is, on the vertically upward-pointing perforated sheets of perforated, spaced apart, centric and nested ...

Description

The invention relates to an environmentally friendly and clean industrial plant for bleaching of hydrocarbonaceous substances of any kind for the recovery of, for example, carbon granules, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas and metallic constituents.

Pyrolysis processes for the treatment of organic matter and mixtures are well known.

For example, describes the DE 695 11 626 T2 the pyrolysis of waste in an internally heated rotary kiln.

In the DE 199 30 071 C2 is reported on a method and apparatus for pyrolysis and gasification of organic substances and mixtures. Here, the organic material is brought into contact with the fluidized bed material of the combustion fluidized bed. Pyrolysis products are formed in the form of gases with condensable substances and carbonaceous residues.

With the DE 44 41 423 A1 For example, a pyrolysis process and apparatus are described which results in the recovery of recoverable gas from waste. In this case, a pyrolysis drum is used.

In the DE 41 26 319 A1 is reported on a method for pyrolysis of silicone rubber vulcanizates in which the vulcanizates heated to 350 ° C to 700 ° C and the resulting volatile siloxanes are condensed. In particular, siloxanes and fillers are formed as products.

The patent DE 40 11 945 C1 describes a low-temperature pyrolysis for degassing of organic material in a heated pyrolysis chamber in which the pyrolysis is compressed and in this state passes through the chamber. The gaseous pyrolysis products are removed.

In the DE 39 32 803 A describes a pyrolytic process that causes organic materials to react with boric acid / boron oxide and organic nitrogen compounds in non-oxidizing atmosphere to coal and graphite.

The patent DE 28 34 475 C2 describes a process for treating a pyrolysis fuel oil. As a result of this process, the use of a promoter fluid gives rise to a special carbon (needle coke).

The previously known methods work with rotary kiln, pyrolysis drums, in the fluidized bed, under pressure, with compression of the material or under an inert atmosphere. Here are increased expenses for devices, materials, energy and logistics necessary.

Through the use of shielding gases (non-oxidizing atmosphere), the throughput of comparable units is lower. The generation of a fluidized bed requires an increased expenditure of energy, since once the fluidized bed must be "maintained", on the other hand, the materials to be pyrolyzed must be mechanically worked up so that they can effectively contact the fluidized bed.

Specifically, the pyrolysis of scrap tires without pretreatment or with a pre-shredding deal with the following publications. In this case, it can be assumed that there is a basic construction which essentially has the following features: a cylindrical pyrolysis furnace, the inner surfaces of which are provided with an insulating layer, heating elements being arranged on or on the inner surfaces of the insulating layers, a reaction vessel of cylindrical shape which can be introduced into the pyrolysis furnace open at the top or with a cover in the form of a curved bottom, can be closed, at least one gas discharge line from the pyrolysis furnace and the reaction vessel, wherein the gas outlet opening is enclosed by a strainer body, at least one connected to the gas discharge line cooling coil for condensing the pyrolysis oil and a pyrolysis oil collection and a Gas collector for the remaining gas.

In addition, special designs and modes of operation are proposed.

In the DE 100 15 721 A1 a device and a method is proposed in which used tires without pretreatment of a pyrolysis at a maximum of 500 ° C should be subjected. An electric heater is used, which heats up continuously and when between the outer and inner container reaches a maximum of 500 ° C, the temperature is maintained at 500 ° C until completion of the gasification. In detail, as a possible alternative to electrical heating elements, an inner wall coating of the outer container with technical ceramics is described, which is electrically heatable. Instead of coating, rod elements made of SiC or coated therewith can also be used.

In the WO 00/11110 A1 pretreated dismembered scrap tires are used as starting material. The heating is carried out with a gas heated in the pyrolysis and passed through openings in the reactor, discharged again through a gas discharge line and recycled at least partially recycled as heating gas in the pyrolysis furnace. The process begins with the admission of heated nitrogen, which is mixed with pyrolysis gas at the beginning of the pyrolysis. The pyrolysis plant has measuring devices for the analysis of the composition of the pyrolysis gas and its temperature measurement, wherein the measured values are used to control the heating of the circulating gas.

With the WO 2007/006280 A2 It is proposed to increase the temperature in a thermo-oven not explained in detail in 3 time-defined stages to 480-600 ° C, wherein within the stages, the temperature should be constant. The temperatures in the reactor should be controllable and the maintenance of the temperature in the reactor should be done via thermostats. A reflector arranged on the reactor cover ensures good circulation of rising particles of the pyrolysis product.

The reactor cover has a similar construction in the DE 20 2007 014 636 U1 ,

Here, a baffle plate is used as a "chicane" to delay the pyrolysis gas stream and to keep substantially contained in the gas stream of solid particles from the expander.

These methods and devices have significant disadvantages. On the one hand, the quality of the pyrolysis products is not only insufficient, but also not stable. The technical cause is likely to be primarily due to non-control of an optimum pyrolysis temperature over the pyrolysis period. On the other hand, especially in the WO 00/11110 A1 added that a large amount of equipment is necessary.

The object of the invention is to propose a novel energetically and economically advantageous technology for carbonization of different hydrocarbon-containing substances, which guarantees a high and stable quality of the carbon through an optimized control of the pyrolysis, in particular old tires without pretreatment of the technology should be accessible.

This object is achieved with the features of the device claim 1, a working method describes claim 21 and a preferred uses are claim 27 at.

For carrying out a medium-temperature pyrolysis, a device is provided with a cylindrical pyrolysis furnace whose inner surfaces are provided with an insulating layer of an inorganic heat insulating material, wherein heating elements are arranged on or on the inner surfaces of the insulating layers.

In the pyrolysis furnace, a reaction container of cylindrical shape can be introduced, which is open at the top and with a lid in the form of a curved bottom, preferably a dished bottom, the lid has at least one connectable to a gas discharge line from the pyrolysis gas outlet and in the lid a gas outlet opening surrounding sieve body is arranged, which closes with its outer edges with the inner surface of the lid.

It is essential to the invention that a device for separating high-purity fine carbon black is arranged in the reaction vessel above the material to be blended, which consists of a perforated plate which is laterally supported on the reaction vessel wall and on the vertically and upwardly facing perforated plates from each other at a distance from each other centrically and into each other inserted perforated pipe sections are arranged.

This perforated plate causes a turbulence of the pyrolysis gas and the particles contained therein.

At the same time due to the flow conditions on the perforated plate or when flowing through the holes in the perforated plate zones of different flow rate or areas are formed with high shear rate in which on the one hand comminution of larger conglomerates of Rußteilchen takes place, on the other hand zones are present, which settling Feinrußpartikeln due to low Flow rates favored.

A cooling coil for condensing the pyrolysis oil is connected to the at least one gas withdrawal line of the pyrolysis furnace. The pyrolysis oil is collected in a pyrolysis oil receiver, while the remaining pyrolysis gas is fed to a gas collector.

Of essential importance for the functioning of the pyrolysis furnace is a control unit for controlling and regulating the heating elements, wherein the control unit in a known manner with at least one temperature sensor for determining the pyrolysis gas temperature and according to the invention with means for detecting the pyrolysis gas development in the form of a sensor for determining the flammability and / or ignition capability of the pyrolysis gas is coupled, such that depending on the detected pyrolysis gas development and / or predetermined pyrolysis gas temperatures and / or a predetermined time, a gradual reduction of the heating power of heating elements to turn off all heating elements is controlled or regulated.

On the method side, in the proposed medium-temperature pyrolysis, preferably after the pyrolysis furnace has been charged with a reaction vessel filled with fusible material, individual or all heating elements of the pyrolysis furnace are heated to a predetermined first heating temperature, a pyrolysis gas development being detected by means of a sensor for detecting the pyrolysis gas evolution.

In other words: In a first phase of the pyrolysis, individual or preferably all heating elements in the pyrolysis furnace are heated to a first heating temperature. The heating temperature is between 650 ° C and 820 ° C. The first phase is maintained until the pyrolysis process in the reactor has progressed so far that pyrolysis gas of specific quality or composition or with specific properties is formed. Preferably, the combustibility or ignitability of the pyrolysis gas is determined, which is used as a quality standard for the resulting gas.

The combustibility or ignitability of the gas can be effected by means of corresponding sensors, which, according to the corresponding safety requirements, are arranged in or on the gas discharge line. Alternatively, a firing test can also be carried out manually.

Insofar as other properties or compositions of the pyrolysis gas are used as a characteristic for the progress of the pyrolysis, appropriate analysis sensors such as sensors for certain gas components or their concentrations can be used. The enumeration is not limiting, but covers all detection methods.

Upon detection of a pyrolysis gas development, for example by detecting the combustibility of the pyrolysis gas, the heating elements are controlled by the control unit according to the adjustment to a second phase of the pyrolysis given second heating temperature, which is below the first heating temperature, and / or in accordance with the setting of individual groups of Heating elements to the operating state "off".

Again, in other words, the second pyrolysis phase begins with detection of a pyrolysis gas of appropriate grade or composition or property. With the detection, the heating temperature of individual or even all heating elements is set to a much lower compared to the first phase heating temperature. In the second phase of pyrolysis, the second heating temperature which can be generated by means of radiators is in particular between 450 ° C and 520 ° C.

It can also be switched off completely individual heating elements, so that a heating of the reactor vessel takes place only over part of the heating elements. Preferably, in the second phase, the heating elements are switched off on the ceiling of the pyrolysis furnace and the heating takes place only on the remaining heating elements. Also, the heating temperature of individual heating elements can be set to different heights.

By means of a temperature sensor, a predetermined pyrolysis gas temperature is then detected, and upon detection of a predetermined pyrolysis gas temperature, the heating elements are controlled again via the control unit in accordance with the setting of all heating elements to the operating state "off".

Due to the exothermic pyrolysis, the actual reaction temperature is higher than the temperature that can be generated by the radiators.

The predetermined pyrolysis gas temperature determinable by means of a temperature sensor is preferably a temperature below 140 ° C., preferably a temperature between 100 ° C. and 110 ° C.

Operated according to the method according to the proposed plant, for example, from scrap tires, rubber or rapeseed cake, in addition to pyrolysis gas, synthesis gas or fuel gas can produce three further main components.

First of all, this is carbon, which consists of more than 90% pure carbon in this technology and can be used in a variety of ways as a soft fine-grained activated carbon.

In experiments, yields of 350 kg of carbon were achieved by smelting one tonne of rapeseed cake. For one tonne of used tires, the results were 400 kg of carbon.

This is secondly pyrolysis oil, usable as a medium oil or fuel oil but also in aqueous fraction as flavors, in binders or solvents, resins or perfumes, etc. One ton of rape cake resulted in the test phase 600 liters of BTL oil (BTL = biomass to liquid). A ton of scrap tires supplied 330 liters of oil.

Thirdly, this is the case with scrap tires as a source material spring steel, which essentially retains its structure and properties due to the procedure. The pyrolysis of one tonne of used tires can produce around 200 kg of steel.

In order to achieve optimum results, a series of constructive measures are provided, which relate primarily to both the pyrolysis furnace and the reaction vessel.

Thus, it is provided that the arrangement of the inner surfaces, the insulating layers and the introduced reaction vessel are provided centrally to each other and preferably the pyrolysis furnace and the reaction vessel have a circular cross-section. This has an advantageous effect on the internal heat distribution.

The outer jacket of the pyrolysis furnace is preferably made of steel with a jacket thickness, preferably <5 mm, in order to ensure a high container stability.

The insulating layers arranged on the inner surfaces of the jacket and / or the ceiling and / or the bottom of the pyrolysis furnace are preferably each a silicatically bonded aluminum-iron-magnesium silicate with aluminum fillers. These can be constructed from individual components and are preferably arranged overlapping. An advantage of this design is that defective components are individually interchangeable. At the same time expansions of the material due to the effect of heat can be compensated without causing stress in the insulating layer.

The heating elements are preferably arranged in the pyrolysis furnace on or on the inner surfaces of the insulating layer of the jacket and / or on the insulating layer of the floor and / or on the inner surface of the insulating layer of the ceiling.

By means of the control unit, in each case the group of heating elements on or on the inner surface of the insulating layer of the shell and / or on or on the inner surface of the insulating layer of the bottom and / or on or on the inner surface of the insulating layer of the ceiling can be controlled separately. This measure is also essential for optimum temperature control in the generation of the process temperature by the radiator. It has been found in tests that it is advantageous to carry out in the first phase of pyrolysis, a heating of the reaction vessel by means of the mantle inner surface, on the floor and on the ceiling of the pyrolysis furnace heating elements and in the second phase of pyrolysis primarily to a Heating the reaction vessel by means of the arranged on the shell inner surface and on the bottom of the pyrolysis furnace heating elements and turn off the heating on the ceiling surface.

Furthermore, an advantageous embodiment provides that in addition to a gas outlet opening for a gas discharge line centrally in the cover one or more further gas outlet openings for gas discharge lines are arranged eccentrically in the lid. The gas discharge line or the gas discharge lines should be connected at an angle of inclination to the horizontal of + 30 ° to + 60 °, preferably + 40 ° to + 50 °, in particular at an inclination angle of + 45 ° to the gas outlet or the openings in the lid. These measures have an advantageous effect on the formation of a flow profile in the headspace of the reaction vessel, which favors the deposition of fine soot and reinforced.

Of importance in this context is the design of the arranged in the lid of the reaction container screen container, which encloses the gas outlet opening and terminates with its outer edges with the inner surface of the lid. This sieve body is preferably designed as an upwardly open cylinder, or as a curved body, preferably as a ball cutout or truncated cone and arranged centrally aligned with the center of the lid.

In its lower, directed into the reaction vessel area it is designed to be closed, preferably in the form of a flat baffle plate for suspended matter contained in the gas. In particular, particles which have not yet been completely pyrolyzed are again thrown back into the reaction space in order to be progressively converted there.

Since the plant should alternatively be suitable both for smoldering waste tires as a whole and biomass in the form of pellets or cakes, provides an advantageous embodiment, in particular for the use of moist biomass, that in the reaction vessel an insert can be arranged, the reaction vessel subdivided into from bottom to top extending receiving cells for the reaction mixture to be coagulated.

Such an insert can be formed from intersecting in a longitudinal axis, which runs in the longitudinal axis of the reaction vessel, intersecting sheets, preferably sheets.

The walls of the insert advantageously have vertically extending openings, in particular slots, wherein the ones located in the bottom area are open on one side.

In this way, an optimal moisture exchange and thus a correspondingly uniform moisture reduction of the Verschwelgutes is achieved in the initial phase of pyrolysis.

The use of this makes the water vaporized from the wet biomass in the initial phase of pyrolysis on the surfaces of the Use condensed, runs to the bottom of the reaction vessel and collects there. The slots at the bottom of the plates allow a uniform distribution of the condensed water at the bottom of the reaction vessel.

There takes place, supported by the bottom heating of the reaction vessel, a renewed evaporation of the water. The Verschwelgut can be dehumidified due to this use on the one hand, but at the same time moistened evenly until the water was completely expelled from the Verschwelgut and evaporated. In pyrolysis, water is converted to hydrogen, which then reacts with the charred products to produce higher valence hydrocarbon compounds. Due to the uniform distribution or formation of H ₂ in the reaction space thus a uniform formation of hydrocarbons is possible.

Based on embodiments, the system will be explained. Show it:

1 an overall view,

2 a section through the empty pyrolysis furnace,

3 a view of the screen body,

4 a device for separating Feinruß and

5 an insert.

1 schematically shows the overall structure of a known per se from the prior art pyrolysis plant for performing a medium-temperature pyrolysis with a cylindrical pyrolysis 1 which has a steel shell of 2-5 mm and its inner surfaces 14 with an insulating layer 15 are provided of an inorganic thermal insulation material, wherein on or on the inner surfaces 14 the insulating layers 15 heating elements 9 are arranged.

They form in the pyrolysis furnace 1 on or on the inner surfaces of the insulating layer 15.1 of the jacket and / or on the insulating layer 15.2 the bottom and / or on the inner surface of the insulating layer 15.3 the ceiling arranged radiator 9 each groups, by the control device 10 each are separately controllable.

In the pyrolysis furnace 1 is via guide rails 23 the reaction vessel 2 retractable cylindrical shape, open at the top and with a lid 5 in the form of a curved bottom, preferably a dished bottom, is closable, wherein the lid 5 two with a gas discharge line 3 from the pyrolysis furnace 1 connectable gas outlet openings 4 having. The pyrolysis stove 1 is through a lift door 22 closable.

With the gas exhaust main 3 connected is a cooling coil 6 for condensing the pyrolysis oil contained in a pyrolysis oil receiver 7 is collected. The remaining gas is passed through a gas filter in a gas collector 8th fed.

Before the cooling stroke 6 is a solid particle and / or a condensate separator 21 arranged.

Further, the control unit becomes 10 for controlling and regulating the heating elements 9 shown, the control unit 10 with funds 12 for the detection of pyrolysis gas evolution and at least one temperature sensor 13 is coupled to determine the pyrolysis gas temperature, such that depending on the detected pyrolysis gas development and / or predetermined pyrolysis gas temperatures and / or a predetermined time, a gradual reduction of the heating power of heating elements 9 up to switching off all heating elements 9 is controllable or controllable.

The middle 12 For detecting the development of pyrolysis gas, preference is given to a sensor for determining the combustibility and / or ignitability of the pyrolysis gas.

The temperature sensor 13 is in the area outside the pyrolysis furnace 1 and in front of the condensation separator 21 or the cooling coil 6 arranged.

2 shows in a section through the empty pyrolysis furnace 1 the arrangement of the insulating layer 15 and the radiator 9 ,

The on the inner surfaces 14.1 the coat, 14.2 of the soil and 14.3 the ceiling arranged insulating layers 15 are each a silicate-bound aluminum-iron-magnesium silicate with aluminum fillers.

At least one of the insulating layers 15.1 . 15.2 . 15.3 is constructed of individual components, which are preferably arranged overlapping, as in the 2 in the insulating layer 15.1 of the cylinder jacket is shown.

Furthermore, it can be seen that the heating elements 9.1 on or on the insulating layer 15.1 of the jacket to here arranged clamping rings 16 are attached.

3 shows the upper part of the reaction vessel 2 with the lid 5 designed as a dished bottom. The lid 5 has two Gas outlet openings 4 on, their gas discharge lines 3 in an angle of inclination to the horizontal of + 30 ° to + 60 °, preferably from + 40 ° to + 50 °, in particular at an inclination angle of + 45 ° to the gas outlet opening 4 on the lid 5 are connected.

A gas outlet 4 for a gas discharge line 3 is centric in the lid 5 arranged while the second further gas outlet 4 for another gas discharge line 3 eccentric in the lid 5 is arranged.

In the lid 5 is a gas outlet opening 4 enclosing strainer body 17 arranged with its outer edges with the inner surface of the lid 5 concludes.

The sieve body 17 is designed as an upwardly open cylinder, or as a curved body, preferably as a spherical cutout or truncated cone and centric to the center of the lid 5 arranged aligned. In its lower, in the reaction vessel 2 directed area he is executed closed, preferably in the form of a flat baffle plate 18 ,

Below the sieve body 17 is in the reaction vessel 2 the device essential to the invention 19 arranged to separate Feinruß and including if necessary in biomass carbonization a use 20 ,

The device 19 relies on brackets 24 on the inner wall of the reaction vessel 2 from.

As in 4 shown is the device 19 for separating fine soot as a circular perforated plate 19.1 formed on the vertically upwardly facing perforated plates from each other at a distance from each other centrically and nested perforated pipe sections 19.2 are arranged. The fine soot accumulates in so formed ring cells, and can after opening the lid 5 with the entire device 19 from the reaction vessel 2 come out and then be separated.

The in 5 illustrated use 20 is used in the smoldering of pellets or cakes from biomass.

The use 20 divides the reaction vessel 2 in from bottom to top receiving cells 20.1 -N for the reaction mixture to be carbonized, preferably in receiving cells of the same size.

The walls 20.2 of the insert 20 have vertically extending openings, preferably slots 20.3 on, wherein the slots in the bottom area are open on one side.

As shown, the insert 20 preferably in a longitudinal axis, in the longitudinal axis of the reaction vessel 2 runs, intersecting surface bodies 20.4 , preferably sheets, formed.

In the proposed device and the method for pyrolyzing hydrocarbonaceous starting materials, in particular old tires, bio-waste, wood, rubber and residues of rapeseed oil production, the material to be pyrolyzed is as completely as possible introduced into the reaction vessel and pyrolyzed in the low temperature range.

A significant advantage is that several, different materials could be provided so that the pyrolysis plant can be used in relatively quick change for different Pyrolyserohstoffe, without changing the oven.

This process is extremely simple in construction and handling and also ensures a constant quality of the produced carbon, as has been shown in pilot plants.

In view of measurements on scrap tires, rubber or rapeseed cake, which in Germany alone reach an order of magnitude of 700,000 tons scrap tires and 4 million tons rapeseed meal / cake and constantly increase, the technology according to the invention has a great perspective.

As has already been described, the raw materials are not primarily used to produce aggregates, but rather pure starting materials for industry with pure carbon, pyrolysis oil, steel and gas.

In the energy balance of a pyrolysis furnace for 750 kg waste tires is an energy production (pyrolysis gas and pyrolysis oil) of approx. 3,500 kWh compared to a process energy consumption of 500 kWh.

With a capacity of 1,000 kg rapeseed cake, the energy production amounts to approx. 7,000 kWh compared to a consumption of 500 kWh.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

pyrolysis furnace

2

reaction vessel

3

Gas vent line

4

Gas outlet

5

Cover in the form of a curved bottom, preferably dished bottom

6

cooling coil

7

Pyrolyseölauffangbehälter

8th

gas collector

9

heating elements

9.1

coat

9.2

ground

9.3

cover

10

control unit

11

gas filter

12

Means for detecting pyrolysis gas evolution

13

temperature sensor

14

inner surfaces

14.1

Inner surfaces of the jacket

14.2

Interior surfaces of the soil

14.3

Inner surfaces of the lid

15

insulating

15.1

Insulating coat

15.2

Insulating layer floor

15.3

Insulating layer ceiling

16

Retainers

17

screen body

18

baffle

19

Device for separating fine soot

19.1

perforated sheet

19.2

Perforated plate (pieces of pipe)

19.3

commitment

20.1-n

receiving cells

20.2

walls

20.3

slots

20.4

sheet

21

Kondenswasserabschneider

22

Lift Door

23

guide rails

24

brackets

Claims (27)

Device for carrying out a medium-temperature pyrolysis with a cylindrical pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ), whose inner surfaces ( 14 ) with an insulating layer ( 15 ) are provided of an inorganic thermal insulation material, wherein on or on the inner surfaces ( 14 ) of the insulating layers ( 15 ) Heating elements ( 9 ) are arranged, with a in the pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ) insertable reaction container ( 2 ) cylindrical shape, the top open and with a lid ( 5 ) in the form of a curved bottom, is closable, wherein the lid ( 5 ) at least one with a gas discharge line ( 3 ) from the pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ) connectable gas outlet opening ( 4 ) and in the lid ( 5 ) a gas outlet opening ( 4 ) enclosing strainer body ( 17 ) is arranged, with its outer edges with the inner surface of the lid ( 5 ), in the reaction vessel ( 2 ) above the material to be glazed further a device ( 19 ) is arranged for separating high-purity fine carbon black which is in the form of a circular perforated plate ( 19.1 ) is formed on the vertically upwardly facing perforated plates of spaced from each other centrally and nested perforated pipe sections ( 19.2 ) are arranged, wherein the perforated plate ( 19.1 ) is supported laterally on the reaction vessel wall, with at least one with the gas discharge line ( 3 ) connected cooling coil ( 6 ) for condensing the pyrolysis oil, with at least one pyrolysis oil collecting container ( 7 ) and with a gas collector ( 8th ) for the remaining gas, and with a control unit ( 10 ) for controlling and regulating the heating elements ( 9 ), the control unit ( 10 ) in a known manner with at least one temperature sensor ( 13 ) is coupled to determine the pyrolysis gas temperature and by means ( 12 ) for detecting the pyrolysis gas evolution in the form of a sensor for determining the combustibility and / or ignitability of the pyrolysis gas, such that in dependence on the detected pyrolysis gas evolution and / or predetermined pyrolysis gas temperatures and / or a predetermined time, a gradual reduction of the heating power of heating elements ( 9 ) to the switching off of all heating elements ( 9 ) controls or is controllable. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the arrangement of the inner surfaces ( 14 ), the insulating layers ( 15 ) and the introduced reaction vessel ( 2 ) is provided centrally to each other and preferably the pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ) and the reaction vessel ( 2 ) have a circular cross-section. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the outer jacket of the pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ) is made of steel with a jacket thickness preferably <5 mm. Device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that on the inner surfaces ( 14 ) arranged insulating layers ( 15 ) are each a silicatically bonded aluminum-iron-magnesium silicate with aluminum fillers. Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that at least one of the insulating layers ( 15.1 . 15.2 . 15.3 ) is constructed from individual components and these are preferably arranged overlapping. Device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that in the pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ) on or on the inner surfaces of the insulating layer ( 15.1 ) of the jacket and / or on the insulating layer ( 15.2 ) of the soil and / or on the inner surface of the insulating layer ( 15.3 ) of the ceiling heating elements ( 9 ) are arranged. Device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the heating elements ( 9.1 ) on or on the insulating layer ( 15.1 ) of the jacket on here arranged clamping rings ( 16 ) are attached. Device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the group of heating elements ( 9 ) on or on the inner surface of the insulating layer ( 15.1 ) of the jacket and / or on or on the inner surface of the insulating layer ( 15.2 ) of the floor and / or on or on the inner surface of the insulating layer ( 15.3 ) of the ceiling by means of the control unit ( 10 ) is each separately controllable. Device according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that a gas outlet opening ( 4 ) for a gas discharge line ( 3 ) centric in the lid ( 5 ) is arranged. Apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that in addition one or more further gas outlet openings ( 4 ) for gas discharge lines ( 3 ) eccentric in the lid ( 5 ) are arranged. Apparatus according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the gas discharge line or the gas discharge lines ( 3 ) at an angle of inclination to the horizontal of + 30 ° to + 60 °, preferably from + 40 ° to + 50 °, in particular at an inclination angle of + 45 ° to the gas outlet opening ( 4 ) or the openings in the lid ( 5 ) are connected. Device according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the gas discharge lines ( 3 ) into a gas exhaust main. Device according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the screen body ( 17 ) as an upwardly open cylinder, or as a curved body, preferably formed as a ball cutout or truncated cone and centric to the center of the lid ( 5 ) is aligned. Device according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the screen body ( 17 ) in its lower, in the reaction vessel ( 2 ) directed area is executed closed, preferably in the form of a flat baffle plate ( 18 ). Device according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that in the reaction vessel ( 2 ) an insert ( 20 ) is arranged, which the reaction vessel ( 2 ) in bottom-up receiving cells ( 20.1 -N) for the reaction mixture to be smelted. Device according to claim 15, characterized in that the walls ( 20.2 ) of the mission ( 20 ) vertically extending openings, preferably slots ( 20.3 ), which are open on one side in the bottom region. Device according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the insert ( 20 ) in a longitudinal axis, in the longitudinal axis of the reaction vessel ( 2 ), intersecting surface bodies ( 20.4 ), preferably sheets, is formed. Device according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the reaction container is rollable and / or pushed and preferably at the bottom of the pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ) Guide rails ( 23 ) for rolling in and / or inserting the reaction vessel ( 2 ) are arranged. Device according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that in front of the cooling coil ( 6 ) a solid particle and / or a condensate separator ( 21 ) is arranged. Device according to one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that at least one temperature sensor ( 13 ) in the area outside the pyrolysis furnace ( 1 ) and in front of the condensate separator ( 21 ) or the cooling coil ( 6 ) is arranged. Method for operating a device according to one of claims 1 to 20, wherein after loading the pyrolysis furnace with a filled with Verschwelbaren Good reaction vessel in a first phase of the pyrolysis individual or all heating elements of the pyrolysis furnace are heated to a predetermined first heating temperature, wherein a pyrolysis gas development is detected by means of a sensor for detecting the pyrolysis gas evolution, wherein by means of the control unit upon detection of a Pyrolysisgasentwicklung the heating elements are driven in accordance with the Einregelung on a second phase of the pyrolysis predetermined second heating temperature, which is below the first heating temperature, and / or in accordance with the setting of individual groups of heating elements on the operating state "off " wherein a predetermined pyrolysis gas temperature is detected by means of a temperature sensor, wherein by means of the control unit to detect a predetermined pyrolysis gas temperature, the heating elements are driven in accordance with the setting of all heating elements on the operating state "off". A method according to claim 21, characterized in that in the first phase of the pyrolysis, the first heating temperature which can be generated by the heating elements is between 650 ° C and 820 ° C. A method according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that in the second phase of Pyrolysis which can be generated by heating elements second heating temperature between 450 ° C and 520 ° C. Method according to one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that the determinable by means of a temperature sensor predetermined pyrolysis gas temperature is a temperature below 140 ° C, preferably a temperature between 100 ° C and 110 ° C. Method according to one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that in the first phase of the pyrolysis, a heating of the reaction vessel by means of the arranged on the shell inner surface, on the floor and on the ceiling of the pyrolysis furnace heating elements. Method according to one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that in the second phase of the pyrolysis, a heating of the reaction vessel by means of the arranged on the shell inner surface and on the bottom of the pyrolysis furnace heating elements. Use of the method according to claim 21 and / or the device according to claim 1 for smoldering old tires in the whole or of biomass in the form of pellets.

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