DE102007032805A1 - Method and system architecture for secure single-channel communication for controlling a safety-critical rail operation process - Google Patents
Method and system architecture for secure single-channel communication for controlling a safety-critical rail operation process Download PDFInfo
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- DE102007032805A1 DE102007032805A1 DE102007032805A DE102007032805A DE102007032805A1 DE 102007032805 A1 DE102007032805 A1 DE 102007032805A1 DE 102007032805 A DE102007032805 A DE 102007032805A DE 102007032805 A DE102007032805 A DE 102007032805A DE 102007032805 A1 DE102007032805 A1 DE 102007032805A1
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- commercial
- security
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/16—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware
- G06F11/1629—Error detection by comparing the output of redundant processing systems
- G06F11/1633—Error detection by comparing the output of redundant processing systems using mutual exchange of the output between the redundant processing components
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
- B61L27/00—Central railway traffic control systems; Trackside control; Communication systems specially adapted therefor
- B61L27/30—Trackside multiple control systems, e.g. switch-over between different systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/16—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware
- G06F11/1658—Data re-synchronization of a redundant component, or initial sync of replacement, additional or spare unit
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/16—Error detection or correction of the data by redundancy in hardware
- G06F11/1675—Temporal synchronisation or re-synchronisation of redundant processing components
- G06F11/1683—Temporal synchronisation or re-synchronisation of redundant processing components at instruction level
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/22—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received using redundant apparatus to increase reliability
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0061—Error detection codes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/12—Applying verification of the received information
- H04L63/123—Applying verification of the received information received data contents, e.g. message integrity
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)
- Safety Devices In Control Systems (AREA)
- Hardware Redundancy (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Systemarchitektur zur sicheren einkanaligen Kommunikation über PC-Schnittstellen zum Steuern eines sicherheitskristischen Bahnbetriebsprozesses unter Verwendung eines signaltechnisch sicheren Rechnersystems (4) und eines kommerziellen Rechnersystems (3) zur Verarbeitung bahnspezifischer Software. Um das signaltechnisch sichere Rechnersystem (4) von der Bildung und dem Senden sicherheitsrelevanter Informationen (12) an externe Kommunikationspartner zu entlasten, ist vorgesehen, dass sicherheitsrelevante Datentelegramme mittels diversitärer kommerzieller Rechner (8, 9) des kommerziellen Rechnersystems (3) gebildet werden. Die Sicherheit wird dabei dadurch gewährleistet, dass Algorithmen zur Berechnung von Sicherheitscodes sicherheitsrelevanter Telegramme zwischen den diversitären kommerziellen Rechnern (8, 9) in der Weise aufgeteilt sind, dass gültige sicherheitsrelevante Datentelegramme nur durch das korrekte Zusammenwirken der speichersynchronen diversitären kommerziellen Rechner (8, 9) des kommerziellen Rechnersystems (3) gebildet werden können. Es werden rechnerspezifische vorläufige Sicherheitscodes (24, 25) berechnet, mit einer Speicherprüfsumme codiert zwischen den Rechnern (8, 9) im Rahmen einer dezentralen Synchronisation der Rechner (8, 9) ausgetauscht und die Datentelegramme von einem der Rechner (8, 9) einkanalig mittels kommerzieller Übertragungstechnik (21) an externe Kommunikationspartner übertragen. ...The invention relates to a method and a system architecture for secure single-channel communication via PC interfaces for controlling a security-critical railway operating process using a fail-safe computer system (4) and a commercial computer system (3) for processing web-specific software. In order to relieve the signal-technically secure computer system (4) from the formation and transmission of security-relevant information (12) to external communication partners, it is provided that security-relevant data telegrams are formed by means of diverse commercial computers (8, 9) of the commercial computer system (3). The security is thereby ensured by the fact that algorithms for calculating security codes of security-relevant telegrams between the diverse commercial computers (8, 9) are divided in such a way that valid security-relevant data telegrams only by the correct interaction of the memory-synchronous diverse commercial computer (8, 9) of the commercial computer system (3) can be formed. Computer-specific preliminary security codes (24, 25) are calculated, exchanged with a memory checksum between the computers (8, 9) in the context of a decentralized synchronization of the computers (8, 9) and the data telegrams from one of the computers (8, 9) are single-channel transmitted by means of commercial transmission technology (21) to external communication partners. ...
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur sicheren einkanaligen Kommunikation über PC-Schnittstellen zum Steuern eines sicherheitskritischen Bahnbetriebsprozesses unter Verwendung eines signaltechnisch sicheren Rechnersystems und eines kommerziellen Rechnersystems zur Verarbeitung bahnspezifischer Software sowie eine Systemarchitektur zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The The invention relates to a method for secure single-channel communication via PC interfaces for controlling a safety-critical rail operation process using a fail-safe computer system and a commercial computer system for processing railway-specific Software and a system architecture for implementation of the procedure.
Bahnbetriebsprozesse sind äußerst sicherheitskritisch, da etwaige Fehlfunktionen, sollten sie nicht rechtzeitig erkannt werden, zu erheblichen Sachschäden und Personengefährdungen führen können. Um Fehlfunktionen auszuschließen, werden üblicherweise signaltechnisch sichere Rechnersysteme verwendet, die die anstehenden Verarbeitungsaufträge mindestens zweikanalig abarbeiten und deren Ergebnisse ständig verglichen werden. Derartige signaltechnisch sichere Rechnersysteme sind extrem aufwendig. Außerdem wächst der Leistungsbedarf der bahnspezifischen Software ständig.Rail operation processes are extremely safety-critical, as any malfunctions, If they are not detected in time, they could cause material damage and personal injury. To rule out malfunctions are usually technically safe computer systems used that the upcoming Process processing jobs at least two channels and their results are constantly compared. Such signaling technology secure computer systems are extremely expensive. Furthermore the power requirement of railway-specific software is growing constantly.
Zur
Entlastung des signaltechnisch sicheren Rechnersystems ist gemäß
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Systemarchitektur der gattungsgemäßen Art anzugeben, die eine Entlastung des signaltechnisch sicheren Rechnersystems bezüglich der Bildung und des Versendens sicherheitsrelevanter Datentelegramme und der Datenkommunikation mit dem kommerziellen Rechnersystem zu ermöglichen.Of the The invention is based on the object, a method and a system architecture specify the generic type, a relief of the signal-technically secure computer system with regard to education and the sending of security-relevant data telegrams and the To allow data communication with the commercial computer system.
Verfahrensgemäß wird die Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass sicherheitsrelevante Datentelegramme durch das Zusammenwirken diversitärer kommerzieller Rechner des kommerziellen Rechnersystems gebildet werden und über die Standardkommunikationsschnittstellen des kommerziellen Rechnersystems an die externen Kommunikationspartner versendet werden. Die Sicherheit wird dabei dadurch gewährleistet, dass ein korrekter Sicherheitscode und damit ein gültiges sicherheitsrelevantes Telegramm nur durch das Zusammenwirken von zwei diversitären kommerziellen Rechnern des kommerziellen Rechnersystems berechnet werden kann und nur unter der Voraussetzung, dass die diversitären Rechner identische Telegrammdaten berechnet haben. Die Algorithmen zur Berechnung des Sicherheitscodes sind dabei so zwischen den diversitären kommerziellen Rechnern aufgeteilt, dass diese jeweils auf Basis ihrer eigenen Telegrammdaten und ihres rechnerspezifischen Teilalgorithmus nur vorläufige Sicherheitscodes berechnen, die in einem an schließenden Synchronisationsschritt zwischen den diversitären kommerziellen Rechnern ausgetauscht werden und durch anschließende Verknüpfung dieser vorläufigen Sicherheitscodes und der Telegrammdaten der eigentliche Sicherheitscode gebildet wird. Die so generierten sicherheitsrelevanten Datentelegramme werden einkanalig mittels kommerzieller Übertragungstechnik an externe Kommunikationspartner übertragen und die sicherheitsrelevanten Übertragungsfunktionen des externen Kommunikationspartners stellen anhand der Überprüfung des Sicherheitscodes der Datentelegramme deren fehlerfreie oder fehlerbehaftete Bildung fest, wobei nur fehlerfreie Datentelegramme akzeptiert und verarbeitet werden.According to the method solved the problem by the fact that security-related data telegrams the interaction of diversified commercial computers of the commercial computer system are formed and over the Standard communication interfaces of the commercial computer system sent to the external communication partners. The security This is guaranteed by the fact that a correct security code and thus a valid safety-relevant telegram only through the interaction of two diversified commercial Calculators of the commercial computer system can be calculated and only on the condition that the diversified Computer have calculated identical telegram data. The algorithms to calculate the security code are so between the diversified divided into commercial computers that each based on their own telegram data and their computer-specific sub-algorithm only calculate provisional security codes in one at closing synchronization step between the diversified commercial computers are exchanged and by subsequent Linking these provisional security codes and the telegram data formed the actual security code becomes. The thus generated safety-relevant data telegrams become single-channel by means of commercial transmission technology transfer external communication partners and the safety-related transfer functions of the external communication partner based on the review of the security code of the data telegrams whose error-free or faulty formation fixed, with only error-free data telegrams accepted and processed.
Das
erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ermöglicht
eine sichere einkanalige Datenübertragung ohne direkte
Beteiligung des signaltechnisch sicheren Rechnersystems als Datenquelle
der sicherheitsrelevanten Datentelegramme. Das signaltechnisch sichere
Rechnersystem wird nur noch für die Überwachung
der kommerziellen Rechner und als Schnittstelle für Ein-
und Ausgaben zur Peripherie, d. h. zur Ansteuerung des sicherheitskritischen
Bahnbetriebsprozesses, benötigt. Durch den Austausch der
rechnerspezifischen vorläufigen Sicherheitscodes für
alle Datentelegramm wird eine dezentrale Synchronisation der diversitären
kommerziellen Rechner ermöglicht. Die vorläufigen
Sicherheitscodes des eigenen und des jeweils anderen Rechners werden
mit der aktuellen Speicherprüfsumme codiert, wodurch sich
nur diversitäre Rechnertypen mit identischen Speicherinhalten
untereinander erfolgreich synchronisieren können. Ein gültiges
Datentelegramm kann somit nur unter Beteiligung mindestens zweier
diversitärer speichersynchroner kommerzieller Rechner gebildet
werden. Folglich kann ein gültiges sicherheitsrelevantes
Datentelegramm als hochgradig sicher gebildet angesehen werden und
einkanalig an externe Kommunikationspartner übertragen
werden. Die Überprüfung der Gültigkeit der Datentelegramme
durch die sicherheitsrelevanten Übertragungsfunktionen
des externen Kommunikationspartners erfolgt anhand der spezifischen
Berechnungsvorschriften für die Sicherheitscodes der sicherheitsrelevanten
Datentelegramme, wobei die zweikanalig diversitäre Bildung
der sicherheitsrelevanten Datentelegramme verifiziert wird. Eine
direkte Beteiligung des signaltechnisch sicheren Rechnersystems
an der sicherheitsrelevanten Kommunikation mit externen Kommunikationspartnern
ist nicht erforderlich. Die Performancebeanspruchung des sicherheitsrelevanten
Rechnersystems ist damit gegenüber dem aus der oben erläuterten
und gattungsbildenden
Eine für die Durchführung des Verfahrens geeignete Systemarchitektur ist erfindungsgemäß dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das kommerzielle Rechnersystem diversitäre kommerzielle Rechner aufweist, die über Kommunikationsschnittstellen miteinander verbunden sind und dass mindestens einer der diversitären Rechner über kommerzielle Übertragungstechnik mit externen Kommunikationspartnern verbunden ist. Über die Kommunikationsschnittstellen zwischen den diversitären kommerziellen Rechnern werden die Synchronisationstelegramme ausgetauscht. Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand figürlicher Darstellungen näher erläutert. Es zeigen:A suitable for carrying out the process System architecture is according to the invention by characterized in that the commercial computer system diverse has commercial computers that have communication interfaces and that at least one of the diversified Calculator over commercial transmission technology connected to external communication partners. about the communication interfaces between the diversified commercial computers, the synchronization telegrams are exchanged. The invention is based on figurative representations explained in more detail. Show it:
Das
signaltechnisch sichere Rechnersystem
Die
beiden Rechnersysteme sind zum Datenaustausch durch ein Übertragungssystem
Das
kommerzielle Rechnersystem
Die
Ablaufumgebung
Das
signaltechnisch sichere Rechnersystem
Wenn
von der bahnspezifischen Software
Die
auf diese Weise gebildete sicherheitsrelevante Nachricht N
Die
externe sicherheitsrelevante Übertragungsfunktion
Letztlich übernimmt
das signaltechnisch sichere Rechnersystem
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNGQUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
- - EP 1197418 B1 [0003, 0006] - EP 1197418 B1 [0003, 0006]
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007032805A DE102007032805A1 (en) | 2007-07-10 | 2007-07-10 | Method and system architecture for secure single-channel communication for controlling a safety-critical rail operation process |
| PCT/EP2008/057649 WO2009007206A1 (en) | 2007-07-10 | 2008-06-18 | Method and system architecture for safe single-channel communication for controlling a safety-critical railway operating process |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007032805A DE102007032805A1 (en) | 2007-07-10 | 2007-07-10 | Method and system architecture for secure single-channel communication for controlling a safety-critical rail operation process |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE102007032805A1 true DE102007032805A1 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
Family
ID=40029313
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007032805A Ceased DE102007032805A1 (en) | 2007-07-10 | 2007-07-10 | Method and system architecture for secure single-channel communication for controlling a safety-critical rail operation process |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE102007032805A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2009007206A1 (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CZ303209B6 (en) * | 2011-03-17 | 2012-05-23 | Ažd Praha S. R. O. | Method of maintaining safe state of safety systems with complex security, especially on railway, when making data impressions |
| CN103538600A (en) * | 2012-07-17 | 2014-01-29 | 赵乎 | Station receiving/departure work system and control method thereof in rail transit |
| WO2015071169A1 (en) * | 2013-11-13 | 2015-05-21 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Level crossing safety system |
| EP2677454B1 (en) | 2012-06-19 | 2016-05-18 | ALSTOM Transport Technologies | Computer, communication arrangement comprising such a computer, railway management system including such an arrangement, and method for enhancing the reliability of data in a computer |
| WO2016142159A1 (en) * | 2015-03-11 | 2016-09-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Safety-relevant computer system |
| DE102016203694A1 (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2017-09-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Railway installation and method for operating a railway installation |
| DE102017209163A1 (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2018-12-06 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SECURE / NON-SECURE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN AT LEAST THREE CONTROL DEVICES |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2534543B1 (en) | 2010-02-13 | 2019-04-10 | BAE Systems PLC | Control of safety critical operations |
| DE102012208134B4 (en) * | 2012-05-15 | 2013-12-05 | Ifm Electronic Gmbh | Method for single-channel coupling of safety-critical process from secure environment to bus system in non-secure environment, involves combing code word with bus-specific constants in logic unit of bus connection |
| CN103204167B (en) * | 2013-04-02 | 2016-08-17 | 马钢(集团)控股有限公司 | Enterprise railway transportation management system and the determining method of train marshalling list car number mistake thereof |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19833867C2 (en) * | 1998-07-28 | 2000-07-06 | Alcatel Sa | Method for the secure single-channel transmission of data between the computer nodes of a computer network as well as computer network and computer nodes |
| DE19532640C2 (en) * | 1995-08-23 | 2000-11-30 | Siemens Ag | Device for single-channel transmission of data originating from two data sources |
| DE10065907A1 (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2002-09-26 | Heinz Gall | Secure data transport method using parallel or serial network or bus system by copying contents of intermediate register to allow error removal with redundant microprocessors |
| EP1197418B1 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2005-05-04 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Control method for a safety critical railway operation process and device for carrying out this method |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5435000A (en) * | 1993-05-19 | 1995-07-18 | Bull Hn Information Systems Inc. | Central processing unit using dual basic processing units and combined result bus |
| DE102004039932A1 (en) * | 2004-08-17 | 2006-03-09 | Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and device for bus connection of safety-relevant processes |
| ES2309687T3 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2008-12-16 | Siemens Transportation Systems S.A.S. | REDUNDANT PROCEDURE AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR SAFE COMPUTERS. |
-
2007
- 2007-07-10 DE DE102007032805A patent/DE102007032805A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2008
- 2008-06-18 WO PCT/EP2008/057649 patent/WO2009007206A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19532640C2 (en) * | 1995-08-23 | 2000-11-30 | Siemens Ag | Device for single-channel transmission of data originating from two data sources |
| DE19833867C2 (en) * | 1998-07-28 | 2000-07-06 | Alcatel Sa | Method for the secure single-channel transmission of data between the computer nodes of a computer network as well as computer network and computer nodes |
| EP1197418B1 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2005-05-04 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Control method for a safety critical railway operation process and device for carrying out this method |
| DE10065907A1 (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2002-09-26 | Heinz Gall | Secure data transport method using parallel or serial network or bus system by copying contents of intermediate register to allow error removal with redundant microprocessors |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CZ303209B6 (en) * | 2011-03-17 | 2012-05-23 | Ažd Praha S. R. O. | Method of maintaining safe state of safety systems with complex security, especially on railway, when making data impressions |
| LT5901B (en) | 2011-03-17 | 2013-02-25 | AŽD PRAHA s. r. o. | Method of the preservation of the safe state of safety related electronic systems with composite fail-safety, especially on the railways, when creating fingerprints |
| EP2677454B1 (en) | 2012-06-19 | 2016-05-18 | ALSTOM Transport Technologies | Computer, communication arrangement comprising such a computer, railway management system including such an arrangement, and method for enhancing the reliability of data in a computer |
| CN103538600A (en) * | 2012-07-17 | 2014-01-29 | 赵乎 | Station receiving/departure work system and control method thereof in rail transit |
| CN103538600B (en) * | 2012-07-17 | 2016-12-21 | 赵乎 | The station of track traffic receives/sends car operating system and control method thereof |
| WO2015071169A1 (en) * | 2013-11-13 | 2015-05-21 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Level crossing safety system |
| WO2016142159A1 (en) * | 2015-03-11 | 2016-09-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Safety-relevant computer system |
| CN107430539A (en) * | 2015-03-11 | 2017-12-01 | 西门子公司 | Safety-related computer system |
| US10489228B2 (en) | 2015-03-11 | 2019-11-26 | Siemens Mobility GmbH | Safety-relevant computer system |
| CN107430539B (en) * | 2015-03-11 | 2020-09-25 | 西门子交通有限公司 | Security-related computer system |
| DE102016203694A1 (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2017-09-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Railway installation and method for operating a railway installation |
| DE102017209163A1 (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2018-12-06 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SECURE / NON-SECURE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN AT LEAST THREE CONTROL DEVICES |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2009007206A1 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
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| 8131 | Rejection |