DE102006054531B4 - Temperature-stable photovoltaic system in palm-like appearance - Google Patents

Abstract

Temperature-stable photovoltaic system (PVA) with a palm-like appearance with a trunk element (SE) and several branch elements (AE) that are radially connected to the trunk element (SE) in a radial plane via flexible connecting elements (FVB) as well as leaf elements (BE) that can be flown freely by the wind and are arranged on them Photovoltaic cells (PVZ), where • each leaf element (BE) consists of a very good heat-conducting, elongated and thin carrier element (TE) with turbulence elements (TBE) on its underside, the turbulence elements being designed so that they create a turbulent flow through air turbulence produce, whereby the leaf element (BE) is excited to vibrate by the wind, • only one leaf element (BE) is arranged on each branch element (AE), • the flexible connecting element (FVB) on each branch element (AE) as a leaf spring (BF) is formed, which engages in a cylindrical mounting element (ME), which at the upper end of the trunk element (SE) in a to the radi a plane of the trunk element (SE) inclined plane is arranged as the starting position, and • for aligning the photovoltaic system (PVA) ...

Description

The invention relates to a temperature-stable photovoltaic system in palm-like appearance with a parent element and a plurality of radially interconnected via flexible connecting elements with the stem element in a radial plane branch elements as well as free from wind windable sheet elements with thereon arranged photovoltaic cells.

The efficiency of photovoltaic cells is highly temperature-dependent and decreases with increasing temperatures. Under real conditions, for example on a rooftop in summer, the hot photovoltaic cells thus generate significantly less power compared to solar cells with a constantly low cell temperature. A cooling of the solar cells brings here remedy. However, since these do not consume electricity and should also be easy to implement, there is usually a natural cooling of the photovoltaic cells by a wind flow. Conventional photovoltaic modules, however, are rigidly arranged and firmly encapsulated, so that cooling by wind remains relatively ineffective.

State of the art

From the DE 101 21 850 A1 For example, the cooling of photovoltaic modules to increase the power yield by means of free or forced convection or water cooling is known, the water cooling is complex but most efficient. For cooling, the back of the modules with good heat-conducting, corrosion-resistant and structured heat sinks, for example, aluminum, in the form of pins, ribs in straight, serrated or wavy form or in combinations of these as turbulence elements pasted. Similar measures are out of the DE 44 39 491 A1 known. The photovoltaic cell presented there is also provided with a metal plate on its back. By ribs results for passing air a chimney effect to dissipate heat from the surface.

Simple air cooling through narrow gaps between the photovoltaic modules and the substrate on which they are rigidly mounted, usually a horizontal or inclined roof construction, remains ineffective and does not provide the desired improvement in efficiency. So it makes sense to go beyond the classic concept of rigid photovoltaic modules on a roof. Following the example of nature, there are tree structures with leaves movably arranged on branches. On the one hand, they can orient themselves to the sun for photosynthesis, on the other hand they are surrounded by wind, directed in the wind direction and cooled.

Such a tree structure for a photovoltaic system is for example from the DE 195 02 949 A1 known. A holding device in tree form consists of the components anchoring, root element, branches, branch elements and solar tufts. The solar cells are attached as a kind of sheet on the branch elements, so that a rough orientation to the main direction of radiation is made possible. However, a statement about their cooling by wind is not made in this document. This photovoltaic system is designed in an artistic way, the crown structure can be based in particular on existing tree species, and in addition to the pure power generation gains an additional aesthetic value, which requires a large user acceptance and thus broad marketing.

In the DE 198 31 692 C2 A hybrid system for the use of wind power and solar energy is revealed. To use the solar energy, the system is in the form of a tree formed with at least one cylindrical trunk element and with a plurality of each connected via a flexible connecting element with the trunk element branch elements to which leaf elements are mounted with arranged thereon photovoltaic cells. The branch elements are arranged in a radial plane of the trunk element. The flexible connecting elements are designed as cylinders. The photovoltaic cells can be designed as thin-film solar cells and are already moved and cooled on the leaf elements by every "gentle breeze" that runs through the tree. Occurring air currents from all wind directions can flow through the tree-like photovoltaic system and thus contribute to the cooling of the photovoltaic cells, so that they work largely thermally stable. However, further measures to improve the temperature stability are not mentioned. The use of wind power via piezo elements in the connecting elements to which the vibrations of the branch or leaf elements are transmitted in the wind. However, the design of the system for the use of wind power is not important for the present invention, so that only the known photovoltaic system is considered to be the closest prior art. The well-known thermally stable photovoltaic system has a tree with many small leaves on each branch as a model. The leaf elements carry correspondingly small photovoltaic cells. All cells must be contacted and interconnected for current collection. From each leaf element or branch to which it is attached, a wiring must be applied to a "busbar" in the associated branch element. All busbars are then combined in the root element. For cooling, the leaf elements are freely flowed around by the wind and align themselves in this. However, it forms a heat-insulating laminar Boundary layer around each sheet element or behind the transition point from a turbulent boundary layer with a laminar lower layer, which hinders the heat dissipation from the photovoltaic cells and thus their efficient cooling. By choosing the very small leaf elements in the known photovoltaic system, these can all be attached to resilient branches, branch elements and connecting elements. All leaf elements then automatically bend into the wind flow. In this case, relatively strong winds, for example in the manner of a birch, can be compensated by bending. But just the provision of a large number of small, individual leaf elements with correspondingly small photovoltaic elements in conjunction with a variety of flexible elements but in the manufacture and maintenance and in the power collection very complex and represents the aesthetic point clearly before the technical. A tracking of the leaf elements to the sun is not provided in the known photovoltaic system. Rather, in an intelligent circuit always only those leaf elements are connected to the power collection, which are sufficiently inclined according to natural knowledge of the sun. This is a very complex control, which must take into account many different parameters. A simpler tracking of a photovoltaic panel over two axes of rotation is from the DE 198 32 232 A1 known.

Other photovoltaic systems in tree-like appearance are from the US 2006/0 011 194 A1 and from the DE 20 2004 007 992 U1 known.

From the US 2005/0 045 224 A1 a photovoltaic system in the form of a solar palm is known, the plurality of palm fronds, each consisting of a branch element and a single, free from the wind can flow against sheet member having disposed thereon photovoltaic cells, which are inserted in a radial plane in a trunk. The plane is not inclined to the trunk. An incline is intended only for individual palm fronds, but not in an arrangement in a radial plane. The branch elements at the same time form the connecting elements to the trunk and are so flexible that they can not prevent touching of the leaf elements with each other and with the trunk in stronger wind influence, so here if necessary. Damage may occur. Special measures for wind cooling of the solar cells to increase their efficiency at higher temperatures, the leaf elements not on, so that especially in low wind conditions no wind cooling can take place and the solar palm is not thermally stable. Furthermore, the known solar palm has no means for a solar or wind tracking. The aim of the known solar palm is the most accurate imitation of the natural model.

From the DE 100 22 236 A1 is an adjustment system for a solar generator known, which allows for a tracking to the current direction (azimuth) and the other to the current altitude (elevation) of the sun. For this purpose, the solar generator is mounted on a vertical axis of rotation and on two with a vertical offset from each other arranged horizontal axes of rotation. For azimuth tracking, the vertical axis of rotation is adjusted via a rack, for the elevation tracking, a hydraulic cylinder is actuated, which shifts the upper horizontal axis of rotation relative to the lower horizontal axis of rotation and thus causes an increase or decrease of the inclination angle of the solar generator. Both drives require electrical power to operate, so the solar generator is not a self-sufficient system. An adaptation of the solar generator to the current wind conditions is not provided in the known adjustment system.

Finally, out of the DE 33 01 046 C1 a tracking device for aligning a device according to an arcuate path, for example, for tracking a solar device, known, wherein the movement of the device about different axes and the movement about the second axis and optionally further axes inevitably with the movement about the first axis by at least one Guide member is coupled with a mitbewegten hinge point. In this case, the guide member pivots about a respect to the main movement substantially fixed hinge point, which lies outside the first axis of the device.

task

The object of the present invention is to provide a photovoltaic system in palm-like appearance available, which has a particularly effective wind cooling of the photovoltaic cells to reduce the temperature-related efficiency drop, while still simple in construction, interconnection and manufacture. Furthermore, a simpler collection of electricity from the individual leaf elements and a targeted orientation of the photovoltaic cells to the sun without elaborate control programs should be done. However, the chosen design measures are still to allow a good alignment of the leaf elements in the wind flow for optimum cooling of the photovoltaic cells and to avoid damage from strong winds. Overall, in the photovoltaic system according to the invention, the technical aspect should not lag behind the aesthetic aspect, but the aesthetic aspect should by no means be neglected. The solution to this problem is the Main claim to remove. Advantageous developments are shown in the subclaims, which are explained in more detail below in connection with the invention.

• • jedes Blattelement besteht aus einem sehr gut wärmeleitenden, länglich und dünn ausgebildeten Trägerelement mit Turbulenzelementen auf seiner Unterseite, das durch den Wind zum Schwingen angeregt wird, wobei die Turbulenzelemente so ausgebildet sind, dass sie durch Luftverwirbelung eine turbulente Strömung erzeugen, wobei das Blattelement durch den Wind zum Schwingen angeregt wird,
• • an jedem Astelement ist nur ein Blattelement angeordnet,
• • das flexible Verbindungselement ist an jedem Astelement als Blattfeder ausgebildet, die in ein zylindrisches Montageelement eingreift, das am oberen Ende des Stammelements in einer zur Radialebene des Stammelements geneigten Ebene als Ausgangsstellung angeordnet ist, und dass
• • zur Ausrichtung der Photovoltaikanlage sind in der Windströmung mehrere Umklapp- und Verdrehmechanismen vorgesehen, wozu das Stammelement bezogen auf das Montageelement eine vertikale Drehachse und zwei parallele, horizontal übereinander angeordnete Drehachsen aufweist, die jeweils über ein schwer- oder faderkraftbelastetes Rückstellelement in ihrer Drehung in eine Ausgangsposition rückführbar sind, wobei die Blattelemente mittelbar über die drei rückstellbaren Drehachsen ausschließlich und ohne weiteren Antrieb von einem aus beliebigen Windrichtungen anströmenden starken Wind in die Windströmung drehbar angeordnet sind.

The claimed photovoltaic system in palm-like appearance has the following characteristics:

• • Each blade element consists of a highly thermally conductive, elongated and thin support member with turbulence elements on its underside, which is excited by the wind to vibrate, wherein the turbulence elements are formed so that they generate a turbulent flow by air turbulence, wherein the sheet member the wind is made to vibrate,
• • only one leaf element is arranged on each branch element,
• • The flexible connecting element is formed on each branch element as a leaf spring which engages in a cylindrical mounting member which is disposed at the upper end of the stem member in a plane inclined to the radial plane of the trunk member as a starting position, and that
• • For aligning the photovoltaic system several Umklapp- and twisting mechanisms are provided in the wind flow, including the parent element relative to the mounting member has a vertical axis of rotation and two parallel, horizontal superimposed axes of rotation, each via a heavy or faderkraftbelastetes reset element in its rotation in a Starting position are traceable, the leaf elements are arranged indirectly via the three resettable axes of rotation exclusively and without further drive from a flowing from any wind directions strong wind in the wind flow rotatable.

The Australian umbrella palm "Licuala Ramsayi" served in the invention as a bionic model for a technical design, which can make a major contribution to the improvement of the problem of temperature-related efficiency decline in the field of photovoltaics. The efficiency of solar cells in the summer is about one-third significantly lower than that specified by the manufacturer, resulting in a significant yield reduction. The manufacturer's instructions are measured under exactly prescribed standard test conditions at 25 ° C cell temperature, but in reality this can be up to 70 ° C on hot days in Germany. By cooling the solar cells, this effect can be greatly reduced. The model from nature has excellent cooling properties combined with high surface utilization for photosynthesis. Despite large leaf area, the palm is storm-proof, as it has several mechanisms for protection against storm. In the development of the photovoltaic system according to the invention, these properties were implemented and supplemented by more useful.

In summary, the photovoltaic system according to the invention has the following advantages:
Good cooling properties by providing a very good thermal conductivity, elongated and thin support member for each blade element having turbulence elements on its underside. By the turbulence elements, the formation of a laminar heat-insulating flow on the underside of each sheet member is prevented. It creates a turbulent flow, which stimulates the blade element to vibrate and ensures a good and uniform heat dissipation. A further improvement of the cooling is still the resilient attachment of each leaf element on the stem element using leaf springs and by the inclination of all leaf elements relative to the radial plane of the stem achieved a particularly simple vibration excitation of the leaf elements by the wind is possible. Due to the above measures, the photovoltaic system according to the invention even at relatively low wind speed is temperature stable in almost all temperature ranges.

High space utilization through the provision of relatively few leaf elements. Each branch carries only one leaf element with relatively large dimensions, which can be applied easily and effectively photovoltaic cells with a good land use.

Storm safety of the photovoltaic system is given by the provision of three axes of rotation and the elastically bending leaf springs. Over these, the leaf elements can always align parallel to the flow to the wind attack surface, so that even stronger winds can cause no damage. No drive is required, which significantly reduces the maintenance of the photovoltaic array. The alignment is made by the wind, the provision of the leaf elements, when the wind has subsided, takes place by means of return elements based on gravity or a tension spring.

High technicity combined with high aesthetics is given by the tree-like design of the photovoltaic system modeled on a palm tree. It creates a harmonious-looking, palms-like appearance that can be easily fitted in everyday life. At the same time, however, due to the high degree of technicality, a great effectiveness of the system under all conditions of use is guaranteed, so that beauty and benefits combine optimally.

Furthermore, a good weather resistance is given by an appropriate choice of weather-resistant materials and compounds. The low connection and Verschaltungsaufwand between only one branch and a leaf element contributes to this. These also have a positive effect on the mobility or transportability of the photovoltaic charge, especially since all elements preferably advantageously in their training and in their connection to each other cause a simple mobility of the photovoltaic system. Due to this mobility, ease of transport and the absolute independence of the photovoltaic system according to the invention (there are no supplying supply connections needed) this is almost everywhere in the world.

To avoid heat-insulating laminar flow, each support element has on its underside, d. H. on the side facing away from the applied photovoltaic elements, turbulence elements for air turbulence on. This may be, as known from the prior art, ribs, pins or other surveys. But it is particularly advantageous if each carrier element is designed as a thin metal sheet with holes or beads as turbulence elements. This prevents the formation of a uniform flow and enforces at each hole or on each bead again a turbulent start-up flow without disturbing laminar lower layer. Furthermore, the thin metal sheet may preferably be advantageously designed as an aluminum or aluminum alloy perforated sheet or beaded sheet metal. Due to the very good thermal conductivity of this material, the heat can be dissipated down and transported away from the passing wind. Furthermore, aluminum is very light and weather resistant. The thickness of the carrier element, which is resiliently and obliquely clamped to further increase heat dissipation, is designed for the wind loads to be expected during operation and is generally within a range of only 1.5 mm. To further improve the cooling of the photovoltaic cells, the carrier elements may advantageously have a coating which promotes heat radiation on their underside, so that a particularly high heat radiation results in the region of the turbulent flow.

An enormous simplification in the construction of the photovoltaic system according to the invention results from the direct assignment of only one leaf element to a branch element. The production and interconnection of a multiplicity of leaf elements, each with one branch element, which is known from the state of the art here, is completely eliminated in the invention. According to the model of the umbrella palm, preferably up to a maximum of 20 leaf elements can be arranged on the circumference of the trunk element. For example, if eight leaf elements distributed on the circumference of the stem segment, the resulting diameter may be, for example, 2.8 m, which corresponds to an area of about 6.2 m ² . If all the leaf elements and the surface of the mounting element are included in the leaf center, this results in a total usable area for the application of the photovoltaic cells of about 4.6 m ² and represents a good land use with 74%. In the case of the photovoltaic cells, this may be preferably thin-film solar cells (For example, copper indium sulfide CIS or amorphous silicon), which are relatively easy to produce and, if necessary, can be applied directly to the substrate as a substrate surface. The use of normal monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon solar cells is also possible.

An improvement in the cooling is achieved by a slight inclination of all leaf segments to each other (each about the longitudinal axis). By this measure, the heat dissipation is further improved by the passing wind, since the leaf elements can be flowed around individually and thus the sum of the leaf elements does not form a planar surface.

At each branch element in the photovoltaic system according to the invention, only one blade element is arranged. Therefore, the branch elements do not have to be particularly long in length and branched, but may be small and compact. Preferably branch elements are used in the invention, which are formed as a closed rectangular profile, which is connected on its upper side with the support member and on its underside with the leaf spring. This results in easy accessibility and installation while maintaining high stability. Furthermore, for a better stress distribution during bending, the leaf springs may preferably have a regular trapezoidal shape, the wider side engaging in the mounting element. Advantageously, a further leaf spring, which terminates freely in the region below the branch element, can also preferably engage in a small distance below each engaging leaf spring in the mounting element. There, the further leaf spring indirectly supports the upper leaf spring via the branch element, so that bending of the upper leaf springs in this direction is avoided and no collision with the root element can occur. In addition, the lower leaf springs have the function to dampen rapid return movements of the upper leaf springs.

Protection against storm is achieved in the photovoltaic system according to the invention by several Umklapp- or twisting mechanisms for alignment in the wind flow. There is on the one hand, the bending of the leaf springs, which are preferably designed due to the better distribution of tension in trapezoidal shape and at the narrow end of the Astelemente the leaf segments are mounted. On the other hand, however, different rotational movements of the leaf elements on three axes of rotation or on two axes of rotation and on a rotary shaft, are provided. All of these mechanisms aim to align the leaf elements parallel to the wind to reduce their windage area. Further explanations on the execution of the three pivot bearings can be found in the special description part with reference to the illustrative figures.

The orientation of the blade elements after the wind serves to avoid destruction, but usually leads to the fact that the photovoltaic cells are rotated out of the main direction of solar radiation. So that the solar cells again assume an optimal position for solar radiation, when no strong wind blows, the three axes of rotation have reset elements. No reset element requires an electric drive, all three are loaded either by gravity or spring force to return. Preferably, the return member for the vertical axis of rotation, which serves to twist (torsion) the entirety of the sheet members around the vertical Cartesian axis, is formed by a spring inside the stem member. This may be a simple tension spring, which is stationary at one end and connected at the other end with the axis of rotation, which can also be referred to as a rotary shaft. During rotation, the tension spring is then deflected and contracts continuously with the release of the deflecting wind force. The two horizontal axes of rotation, which serve to tilt the entirety of the leaf elements about the horizontal Cartesian axis, are arranged one above the other. In this case, the lower horizontal axis of rotation is preferably arranged between an inner trunk element section and an outer trunk element section which is fork-shaped for the passage of the inner trunk element section and a counterweight is arranged as the return element on the inner trunk element section below the lower horizontal axis of rotation. The deflection about this axis of rotation is thus against the gravity of the counterweight. When the deflection force (wind force) ceases, the counterweight returns the axis of rotation to the starting position.

Furthermore, the upper horizontal axis of rotation may advantageously be arranged eccentrically directly below the cylindrical mounting element. As a restoring element then acts the gravity of the mounting element arranged on the leaf elements. The leaf elements are mounted centrally on the branch elements and the leaf springs on the mounting element. For better sunshine this is inclined for example at 60 ° to the trunk element. In this case, the mounting element may preferably be adjustable in its inclination angle relative to the vertical parent element as a starting position in dependence on the location and season-dependent position of the sun. By this variability of the inclination of the leaf elements, for example, five different setting angles in the range of 10 ° -70 ° be set. This ensures the usability of the photovoltaic array according to the invention in all countries of the world during the different seasons. Preferably can be provided for adjusting the inclination angle can be arranged at different positions support. In very strong and gusty wind attack, the mounting element and the blade elements then lifts off from this support and rotates about the upper horizontal axis of rotation until it comes to rest on another support. In addition, the described deflection with the counterweight. In nachfassender wind power, the mounting element then rotates back against the first support by the gravity of the leaf elements. Further details on these details can also be found in the special description section.

For most components of the photovoltaic array according to the invention, for example, the aluminum alloy EN AW 6082 can be selected. This material has a relatively high magnesium content and is therefore very weather-resistant. Partly, the use of fiber-reinforced plastics is possible. Components that can not be made of aluminum due to the required properties (counterweight, etc.) are preferably made of stainless steel. The palm-like photovoltaic array according to the invention can be easily disassembled for transport in smaller assemblies, whereby the total weight can be easily moved. The flexibility of the leaf springs allows the bending of the leaf elements by hand and thus allows locking of the leaf elements in the bent state for transport by means of a rope.

embodiment

Embodiments of the photovoltaic array (acronym: PVA) according to the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the schematic, partially perspective figures for further understanding of the invention. Showing:

1 the PVA in a side view in normal working position,

1A a detailed view of the PVA in the region of the mounting element,

1B a top view of the PVA,

2 the PVA in wind from behind, starting from 1

3A the PVA in wind from the front, starting from 1 .

3B the PVA in a further wind from the front, starting from 3A .

4A the PVA with wind from the side, starting from 1 .

4B the PVA with further wind from the side, starting from 4A .

5A Detail view of the PVA in the area of the mounting element with a strong inclination to the position of the sun and

5B Detail view of the PVA in the area of the mounting element with low inclination to the position of the sun.

The 1 shows the photovoltaic array PVA in a side view in normal working position, ie with a tilt angle to the sun and without rotation or deflection by the wind. The PVA shows the palm-like appearance of an Australian umbrella palm with a parent element SE and a plurality of branch elements AE connected via flexible connecting elements FVE. With the branch elements AE are free to be stirred by the wind leaf elements BE, which carry on their top photovoltaic cells PVZ to generate solar power. At each branch element AE only one leaf element BE is arranged.

In the 7A a detail of the photovoltaic array PVA is shown with a single leaf element BE. It consists of a very good heat-conducting, elongated and thin support member TE with turbulence elements TBE on its underside, which is excited by the wind to vibrate. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the turbulence elements TBE are simple holes LR, but the provision of beads (dell-like depressions) is also possible. The photovoltaic cells PVZ transfer their heat to the carrier element TE, where it is removed by the turbulent flow at the holes LR from the wind. In an embodiment of through holes LR, a part of the heat is also discharged through these directly from the photovoltaic cells PVZ. In an embodiment of the turbulence elements TBE as beads, the entire accumulating heat is dissipated via the carrier element TE. In the selected embodiment, the support element TE is formed as a perforated plate LB made of aluminum. The branch element AE is designed as a closed rectangular profile RP and carries a leaf element BE. To achieve an inclination of the leaf element BE with respect to its longitudinal axis, the connection via an intermediate wedge ZK. The branch element AE connects the leaf element BE to the flexible connecting element FVE. This is formed in the selected embodiment as a leaf spring BF, which is fixed radially in a cylindrical mounting member ME. All leaf springs BF lie in a radial plane of the mounting element ME. For better bending stress distribution, the leaf springs BF are trapezoidal, the narrow side carries the branch element AE, the broad side is mounted in the mounting element ME. Furthermore, the leaf springs BF in the selected embodiment are multi-layered (in the 1A . 1B indicated by a dash). This allows the leaf springs BF from a certain wind load by bending respond (see also 2 . 3B ). Below each leaf spring BF, another leaf spring WBF having a similar configuration as the upper leaf spring BF is mounted in the mounting member ME. The further leaf spring WBF ends in the region of the branch element AE and prevents excessive bending back of the upper leaf spring BF to avoid a collision with the stem element SE and for damping the return vibration of the upper leaf spring BF.

The 1B shows a plan view of the mounting member ME in the embodiment eight, arranged in a radial plane blade elements BE. Good to see is the expression of the support elements TE. Their shape is lancet-shaped, wide outside and rounded, narrow inside and provided with a recess AS, which does not hinder bending of the support elements TE in the direction of mounting element ME. Below the recesses AS, the upper leaf springs BF can be seen. The photovoltaic cells PVZ, which may, for example, be thin-film solar cells PVZ based on copper-indium-sulfide (CIS), are arranged on the carrier elements TE (in FIG 1B only partially indicated, wherein the division of the individual thin-film solar cells PVZ is shown only as an example, the individual thin-film solar cells PVZ can be larger or even over the entire surface formed on the support member TE). In the middle of the support elements TE four screwed connections for fastening the intermediate wedges ZW or the branch elements AE on the underside of the support elements TE are indicated. Shown is in 1B an embodiment of the support elements TE with turbulence elements TBE in the form of beads on the underside of the support elements TE, so that no holes are visible on the top of the support elements TE.

The photovoltaic array PVA according to the invention enables a high temperature stability of the photovoltaic cells PVZ by the constant wind cooling. In conjunction with an adjustable orientation of photovoltaic cells PVZ, these can thus working with optimum efficiency and ensure maximum solar power yield. In order to avoid damage to the photovoltaic system PVA by excessive wind, this has a vertical axis of rotation VD and two parallel, horizontally stacked axes of rotation OHD, UHD with respect to the mounting member ME. Each axis of rotation VD, OHD, UHD is traceable via a heavy or spring-loaded reset element RSE in its rotation into a starting position. The modes of action of these axes of rotation VD, OHD, UHD and reset elements RSE are the following 2 to 4 refer to. By means of these elements and the bendable leaf springs BF, the leaf elements BE are indirectly rotatable by a strong wind flowing from any wind directions strong wind in the wind flow, so that no damage can be caused by the minimization of the wind attack surface.

Starting from the 1 show the 2 the reaction of the photovoltaic system PVA, if this hits a strong wind SWH exactly from behind. The mounting member ME carrying the blade members BE rotates about the lower horizontal rotation axis UHD disposed between an inner trunk member portion ISA and an outer trunk member portion ASA bifurcated to pass the inner trunk member portion ISA, first in the wind direction. In this case, a counterweight GG, which forms the return element RSE for the lower horizontal axis of rotation UHD, is deflected at the lower end of the inner trunk element section ISA. If the mounting element ME is in the vertical, the blade elements BE are bent forward at their leaf springs BF to further reduce the windage surface. This process is similar to closing a flower and minimizes windage. If the wind leaves, the leaf elements BE "open" again due to the restoring force of the leaf springs BF. Thereafter, the mounting member ME oscillates by the force of gravity of the counterweight GG back to its original position. The entire provision is made continuously in response to the release of the wind and runs through two oil brake cylinders, which connect the inner and outer trunk element ISA, ASA on both sides, attenuated.

Starting from the 1 show the 3A a first position of the photovoltaic system PVA in strong wind SWV exactly from the front. The mounting element ME is deflected via the lower horizontal axis of rotation UHD in the strong wind SWH opposite direction from the rear. The 3B shows following the 3A in that, in the event of a further increase in the strong wind SWV from the front, first the mounting element ME is rotated via the upper horizontal axis of rotation OHD from a support UP, to which it abuts in a set inclination position, to another support ANS. If the mounting element ME is then perpendicular again, then the leaf elements BE close again, as in the case of the strong wind SWH, from behind to a further reduction of the wind attack surface. When the wind subsides, the leaf elements BE first open again. Thereafter, the mounting elements ME is pulled by the counterweight GG back into the vertical. As a return element RSE for the upper axis of rotation ODA acts while the gravity of the assembled with the leaf elements BE mounting member ME and the verses attachment of the upper axis of rotation ODA from the center of gravity of the assembled mounting element ME.

In all other cases, where the strong wind is not exactly from behind or from the front, the photovoltaic system PVA first reacts with a rotation of the mounting member ME about the vertical axis of rotation VD to turn the mounting member ME with the projecting blade elements BE in the wind , The vertical axis of rotation VD is located between the outer stem portion ASA, which carries at its upper end and the lower horizontal axis of rotation UHD, and a base member SOE, which is steadily connected to the substrate of the photovoltaic system PVA.

Starting from the 1 is strong wind SWS from the side in the 4A shown. In the 4B is then starting from the 4A again showing the closing of the leaf elements BE at an additional gain of the wind when the photovoltaic system PVA according to 4A was turned into the wind, so that now the case "strong wind SWH from behind" results. The return element RSE for rotation about the vertical axis of rotation VD is formed by a tension spring SF, which is fastened between the outer trunk element section ASE and the base element SOE and is deflected upon rotation of the outer trunk element section ASE.

The cylindrical mounting element ME is arranged at the upper end of the stem element SE in a direction inclined to the radial plane of the stem element SE level as a starting position. The angle of inclination of the mounting element ME with respect to the solar radiation is determined by the adjustable arrangement of the support OPEN. In the 5A . 5B Different angles of inclination are shown. It can also be seen in both figures that the mounting element ME can rotate around the upper horizontal axis of rotation OHD until the contact of the further support ANS, whereby with increasing inclination the possible rotational movement into the vertical becomes ever shorter.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

• AE

  Astelement

  ANS

  another stop

  AS

  recess

  ASA

  outer trunk element section

  ON

  In stock

  BE

  leaf member

  BF

  leaf spring

  FVE

  flexible connection element

  GG

  counterweight

  ISA

  inner trunk element section

  LB

  perforated sheet

  LR

  hole

  ME

  mounting element

  OHD

  upper horizontal axis of rotation

  PVA

  photovoltaic arrangement

  PVZ

  photovoltaic cell

  RP

  rectangular profile

  RSE

  Return element

  SE

  root element

  SF

  mainspring

  SOE

  base element

  SWH

  strong wind from behind

  SWS

  strong wind from the side

  SWV

  strong wind from the front

  TBE

  turbulence element

  TE

  support element

  UHD

  lower horizontal axis of rotation

  VD

  vertical axis of rotation

  WBF

  another leaf spring

  ZK

  intermediate wedge

Claims (15)

Temperature-stable photovoltaic system (PVA) in palm-like appearance with a stem element (SE) and a plurality of flexible connecting elements (FVB) with the stem element (SE) in a radial plane radially connected branch elements (AE) and free from the wind against flowable leaf elements (BE) arranged thereon Photovoltaic cells (PVZ), where Each blade element (BE) consists of a highly thermally conductive, elongate and thin support element (TE) with turbulence elements (TBE) on its underside, the turbulence elements being designed to generate a turbulent flow by air turbulence, the blade element (FIG. BE) is caused to vibrate by the wind, • only one blade element (BE) is arranged on each branch element (AE), • The flexible connecting element (FVB) is formed on each branch element (AE) as a leaf spring (BF) which engages in a cylindrical mounting element (ME), which at the upper end of the stem element (SE) inclined to the radial plane of the stem element (SE) Level is arranged as the starting position, and • For aligning the photovoltaic system (PVA) in the wind flow (SWH, SWS, SWV) several Umklapp- and twisting mechanisms are provided, including the parent element (SE) relative to the mounting element (ME) a vertical axis of rotation (VD) and two parallel, horizontal having rotational axes (OHD, UHD) arranged one above the other, each of which can be traced in its rotation into a starting position by means of a heavily loaded or spring-loaded restoring element (RSE), and the leaf elements (BE) indirectly via the three resettable rotational axes (VD, OHD, UHD) are arranged to be rotatable in the wind flow exclusively and without further drive by a strong wind flowing from any wind directions. Photovoltaic system according to claim 1, characterized in that each carrier element (TE) has on its underside a heat radiation-promoting coating. Photovoltaic system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that each carrier element (TE) is designed as a thin metal sheet with holes or beads as turbulence elements (TBE). Photovoltaic system according to claim 3, characterized in that the thin metal sheet is formed as a perforated plate (LB) or corrugated sheet of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a number of a maximum of 20 leaf elements (BE) on the circumference of the trunk element (SE) is arranged. Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that each blade element (BE) is arranged with an inclination angle with respect to its longitudinal axis on the branch element (AE). Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that each branch element (AE) is designed as a closed rectangular profile (RP), which is connected on its upper side to the carrier element (TE) and on its underside with the leaf spring (BF). Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that each leaf spring (BF) is regularly trapezoidal, wherein the wider side engages in the mounting member (ME). Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that at a short distance below each engaging leaf spring (BF) in the mounting element (ME) another leaf spring (WBF) engages freely in the area below the branch element (AE) ends. Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the return element (RSE) for the vertical axis of rotation (VD) by a tension spring (SF) is formed. Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the lower horizontal axis of rotation (UHD) is arranged between an inner trunk element section (ISA) and an outer trunk element section (ASA) which is forked to the passage of the inner trunk element (ISA) and a counterweight (GG) is arranged as a return element (RSE) on the inner trunk element section (ISA) below the lower horizontal axis of rotation (UHD). Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the upper horizontal axis of rotation (OHD) is arranged eccentrically directly below the cylindrical mounting element (ME) and the gravity of the mounting element (ME) arranged leaf elements (BE) as a restoring element (RSE) acts. Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the mounting element (ME) is adjustable in its inclination angle relative to the vertical stem element (SE) as a starting position in dependence on the position of the sun. Photovoltaic system according to claim 13, characterized in that for the adjustment of the angle of inclination an arrangeable at different positions supports (AUF) is provided. Photovoltaic system according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the photovoltaic cells (PVZ) are formed as thin-film solar cells.

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