DE102004001722A1 - Turbomachine blade and method of making blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades - Google Patents
Turbomachine blade and method of making blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE102004001722A1 DE102004001722A1 DE102004001722A DE102004001722A DE102004001722A1 DE 102004001722 A1 DE102004001722 A1 DE 102004001722A1 DE 102004001722 A DE102004001722 A DE 102004001722A DE 102004001722 A DE102004001722 A DE 102004001722A DE 102004001722 A1 DE102004001722 A1 DE 102004001722A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- blade tip
- molybdenum
- blade
- laser
- intermediate layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000005524 ceramic coating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 29
- 229910052574 oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011224 oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000010062 adhesion mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
- F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
- F01D11/12—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
- B23K35/004—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of a metal of the iron group
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
- B23K35/005—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of a refractory metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
- B23K35/3608—Titania or titanates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
- B23K35/361—Alumina or aluminates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
- C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
- C23C28/3455—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer with a refractory ceramic layer, e.g. refractory metal oxide, ZrO2, rare earth oxides or a thermal barrier system comprising at least one refractory oxide layer
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
- F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
- F01D11/12—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part
- F01D11/122—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible. deformable or resiliently-biased part with erodable or abradable material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
- B23K2101/34—Coated articles, e.g. plated or painted; Surface treated articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/26—Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt and Chromium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
- B23K2103/52—Ceramics
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
- F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
- F05D2230/232—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together by welding
- F05D2230/234—Laser welding
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/30—Manufacture with deposition of material
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2230/00—Manufacture
- F05D2230/90—Coating; Surface treatment
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
- F05D2300/13—Refractory metals, i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
- F05D2300/131—Molybdenum
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft Turbomaschinenschaufel, insbesondere Gasturbinenschaufel. DOLLAR A Die Turbomaschinenschaufel weist ein Schaufelblatt und eine Schaufelspitze auf, wobei auf die Schaufelspitze eine Schaufelspitzenpanzerung aus einem keramischen Belag aufgebracht ist. DOLLAR A Erfindungsgemäß ist zwischen der metallischen Schaufelspitze (13) und der Schaufelspitzenpanzerung (14) aus dem keramischen Belage eine haftvermittelnde Zwischenschicht (15) aus Molybdän angeordnet. Die Zwischenschicht (15) aus Molybdän und die Schaufelspitzenpanzerung (14) aus dem keramischen Belag werden jeweils durch Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen aufgetragen.The invention relates to turbomachinery blade, in particular gas turbine blade. DOLLAR A The turbomachine blade has an airfoil and a blade tip, wherein on the blade tip a blade tip armor made of a ceramic coating is applied. DOLLAR A According to the invention an adhesion-promoting intermediate layer (15) made of molybdenum is arranged between the metallic blade tip (13) and the blade tip armor (14) from the ceramic covering. The intermediate layer (15) of molybdenum and the blade tip armor (14) of the ceramic coating are each applied by laser powder build-up welding.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Turbomaschinenschaufel, insbesondere eine Gasturbinenschaufel, nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1. Des weiteren betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schaufelspitzenpanzerung an Turbomaschinenschaufeln, insbesondere an Gasturbinenschaufeln, nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 6.The The invention relates to a turbomachine blade, in particular a Gas turbine blade, according to the preamble of patent claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for the preparation a blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades, in particular on gas turbine blades, according to the preamble of the claim 6th
Turbomaschinen, wie zum Beispiel Flugtriebwerke, umfassen in der Regel mehrere Stufen mit rotierenden Laufschaufeln sowie feststehenden Leitschaufeln, wobei die Laufschaufeln zusammen mit einem Rotor rotieren und wobei die Laufschaufeln sowie die Leitschaufeln von einem feststehenden Gehäuse der Gasturbine umschlossen sind. Zur Leistungssteigerung eines Flugtriebwerks ist es von Bedeutung, alle Komponenten und Subsysteme zu optimieren. Hierzu zählen auch die sogenannten Dichtsysteme in Flugtriebwerken. Besonders problematisch ist bei Flugtriebwerken die Einhaltung eines minimalen Spalts zwischen den rotierenden Laufschaufeln und dem feststehenden Gehäuse eines Hochdruckverdichters sowie zwischen den feststehenden Leitschaufeln und einer rotierenden Rotorwelle. Bei Hochdruckverdichtern treten nämlich die größten Temperaturen sowie Temperaturengradienten auf, was die Spalthaltung erschwert. Dies liegt unter anderem auch darin begründet, dass bei Verdichterlaufschaufeln sowie Verdichterleitschaufeln auf Deckbänder, wie sie bei Turbinen verwendet werden, verzichtet wird.Turbomachinery such as aircraft engines, typically include multiple stages with rotating blades and fixed vanes, wherein the blades rotate together with a rotor and wherein the blades and the vanes from a fixed casing the gas turbine are enclosed. To increase the performance of an aircraft engine It is important to optimize all components and subsystems. Which includes also the so-called sealing systems in aircraft engines. Especially The problem with aircraft engines is the maintenance of a minimum Gaps between the rotating blades and the fixed one casing a high pressure compressor and between the fixed vanes and a rotating rotor shaft. Occur at high pressure compressors namely the biggest temperatures and temperature gradients, which makes it difficult to cleave. This is partly due to the fact that in compressor blades and compressor vanes on shrouds, as in turbines used, is omitted.
Wie bereits erwähnt, verfügen die Leitschaufeln und die Laufschaufeln im Verdichter über kein Deckband. Daher sind Enden bzw. Spitzen der rotierenden Laufschaufeln beim sogenannten Anstreifen in das feststehende Gehäuse einem direkten Reibkontakt mit dem Gehäuse ausgesetzt. Die freien Enden bzw. Spitzen der Leitschaufeln sind einem direkten Reibkontakt mit der Rotorwelle ausgesetzt. Ein solches Anstreifen der Schaufelspitzen wird bei Einstellung eines minimalen Radialspalts durch Fertigungstoleranzen hervorgerufen.As already mentioned, feature the vanes and blades in the compressor via no shroud. Therefore, tips of the rotating blades are at so-called rubbing into the fixed housing a direct frictional contact with the housing exposed. The free ends or tips of the vanes are exposed to direct frictional contact with the rotor shaft. Such Scraping of the blade tips will result in setting a minimum Radial gaps caused by manufacturing tolerances.
Da durch den Reibkontakt der Schaufelspitzen an denselben Material abgetragen wird, kann sich über den gesamten Umfang von Gehäuse und Rotor eine unerwünschte Spalt vergrößerung einstellen. Um dies zu vermeiden ist es aus dem Stand der Technik bereits bekannt, die Enden bzw. Spitzen der Schaufeln mit einem harten, keramischen Belag oder mit abrasiven Partikeln zu panzern, wobei die Schaufelspitzenpanzerung unmittelbar auf die zu panzernde Schaufelspitze aufgebracht wird. Nach dem Stand der Technik wird eine aus einem keramischen Belag hergestellte Schaufelspitzenpanzerung durch thermisches Spritzen aufgetragen, Schaufelspitzenpanzerungen aus abrasiven Partikeln werden hingegen unmittelbar auf die zu panzernde Schaufelspitze aufgelötet.There by the frictional contact of the blade tips with the same material can be removed, over the entire circumference of housing and rotor an undesirable Adjust the gap magnification. To avoid this, it is already known from the prior art the tips of the blades with a hard, ceramic Covering or with abrasive particles to armor, with the blade tip armor is applied directly to the blade tip to be armored. According to the prior art, a made of a ceramic coating Blade tip armor applied by thermal spraying, Shovel tip armor made of abrasive particles, on the other hand soldered directly onto the blade tip to be armored.
Hiervon ausgehend liegt der vorliegenden Erfindung das Problem zu Grunde, eine neuartige Turbomaschinenschaufel sowie ein neuartiges Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schaufelspitzenpanzerung an Turbomaschinenschaufeln zu schaffen.Of these, Based on the present invention, the problem underlying a novel turbine blade and a novel process for producing a blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades to accomplish.
Dieses Problem wird dadurch gelöst, dass die eingangs genannte Turbomaschinenschaufel durch die Merkmale des kennzeichnenden Teils des Patentanspruchs 1 weitergebildet ist. Erfindungsgemäß ist zwischen der Schaufelspitze und der Schaufelspitzenpanzerung aus einem keramischen Belag eine haftvermittelnde Zwischenschicht aus Molybdän angeordnet. Die Zwischenschicht aus Molybdän und die Schaufelspitzenpanzerung aus dem keramischen Belag sind vorzugsweise durch Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen aufgetragen. Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen wird auch als Laserstrahlauftragschweißen oder Laserstrahlgenerieren bezeichnet.This Problem is solved by that the above-mentioned turbomachinery blade by the features of the characterizing part of patent claim 1 is further developed. According to the invention is between the blade tip and the blade tip armor of a ceramic Covering an adhesion-promoting intermediate layer of molybdenum arranged. The intermediate layer of molybdenum and the blade tip armor are from the ceramic lining preferably applied by laser powder buildup welding. Laser powder buildup welding becomes also as laser beam deposition welding or laser beam generation designated.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schaufelspitzenpanzerung an Turbomaschinenschaufeln, insbesondere an Gasturbinenschaufeln, ist im unabhängigen Patentanspruch 6 definiert.The inventive method for making a blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades, in particular gas turbine blades, is in the independent claim 6 defined.
Bevorzugte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen und der nachfolgenden Beschreibung. Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden, ohne hierauf beschränkt zu sein, an Hand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Dabei zeigt:preferred Further developments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims and the following description. Embodiments of the invention without being limited to this to be closer to the drawing explained. Showing:
Nachfolgend
wird die hier vorliegende Erfindung unter Bezugnahme auf
Erfindungsgemäß ist zwischen
die Schaufelspitze
Nach
einer ersten bevorzugten Weiterbildung der hier vorliegenden Erfindung
ist die Laufschaufel
Nach
einer alternativen Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist die Laufschaufel
Den
oben beschriebenen Turbomaschinenschaufeln bzw. Laufschaufeln
Es
liegt im Sinne der hier vorliegenden Erfindung, die Zwischenschicht
Zum
Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen
der Zwischenschicht
Unter
Verwendung des obigen CO2-Lasers wird in
einem ersten Schritt des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens auf die zu panzernde,
metallische Schaufelspitze
Auf
eine mit den obigen Prozessparametern aufgebrachte Molybdän-Zwischenschicht
Unter Verwendung der obigen Prozessparameter lassen sich äußerst stabile und gut haftende Schaufelspitzenpanzerungen an Turbomaschinenschaufeln bereitstellen.Under Using the above process parameters can be extremely stable and well-adhered blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades provide.
Für das hier vorliegenden, erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist es demnach von Bedeutung, auf die zu panzernde Schaufelspitze zuerst eine Zwischenschicht aus Molybdän und anschließend erst die Schaufelspitzenpanzerung aus der Oxidkeramik aufzutragen. Sowohl die Molybdän-Zwischenschicht als auch die Schaufelspitzenpanzerung aus der Oxidkeramik werden mithilfe von Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen aufgetragen. Bei einem derartigen Laserstrahlbeschichten wird die Haftung der aufgetragenen Schichten, insbesondere der aufgetragenen Oxidkeramik, durch Haftmechanismen wie chemische Wechselwirkung (Diffusion) und chemische Adsorption begründet. Die Existenz der Molybdän-Zwischenschicht begünstig dabei die Bildung einer Diffusionszone zwischen dem Basismaterial, also der Titanbasislegierung oder Nickelbasislegierung oder Eisenbasislegierung, der zu panzernden Schaufel und dem keramischen Werkstoff der eigentlichen Schaufelspitzenpanzerung. Sowohl beim Auftragen des Al2O3-TiO2-Keramikpulvers auf eine Schaufelspitze aus einer Titanbasislegierung als auch beim Auftragen des ZrO2-Y2O3-Keramikwerkstoffs auf eine Schaufelspitze aus einer Nickelbasislegierung oder Eisenbasislegierung spielt das Vorhandensein der Zwischenschicht aus Molybdän bei der Bildung einer Diffusionszone zwischen der Oxidkeramik und dem Substratmaterial der Schaufelspitze eine entscheidende Rolle für eine gute Haftung der Schaufelspitzenpanzerung. So verfügt Molybdän gegenüber den verwendeten Keramikpulvern über ein gutes Benetzungsverhalten, was das Haftverhalten des Keramikwerkstoffs auf dem metallischen Grundwerkstoff der zu panzernden Schaufel positiv beeinflusst. Das Benetzungsverhalten wird im Wesentlichen von der Neigung des Molybdäns zur Oxidbildung bestimmt. Diese Neigung ist beim Molybdän bei Temperaturen von größer als 400 °C stark ausgeprägt, sodass die Oxidkeramik das Molybdän sehr gut benetzt. Weiterhin spielt die hohe Sauerstoffaffinität des Molybdän bei der Bildung der Diffusionsschicht eine wichtige Rolle. Die Sauerstoffaffinität des Molybdäns unterstützt die Diffusion des Sauerstoffs aus dem grenznahen Bereich der Keramikschicht in die Molybdän-Zwischenschicht hinein.For the method according to the present invention, it is therefore important to first apply an intermediate layer of molybdenum on the blade tip to be armored, and then first apply the blade tip armor from the oxide ceramic. Both the molybdenum interlayer and the oxide ceramic blade tip armor are applied using laser powder buildup welding. In such a laser beam coating, the adhesion of the applied layers, in particular the applied oxide ceramic, by adhesion mechanisms such as chemical interaction (diffusion) and chemical adsorption is justified. The existence of the molybdenum intermediate layer thereby promotes the formation of a diffusion zone between the base material, ie the titanium-based alloy or nickel-based alloy or iron-based alloy, the armor to be armored and the ceramic material of the actual blade tip armor. Both when applying the Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 ceramic powder to a blade tip of a titanium-based alloy and when applying the ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 ceramic material to a blade tip made of a nickel-based alloy or iron-based alloy, the presence of the intermediate layer of molybdenum in the Formation of a diffusion zone between the oxide ceramic and the substrate material of the blade tip is crucial for a good adhesion of the blade tip armor. Thus, molybdenum has a good wetting behavior with respect to the ceramic powders used, which has a positive effect on the adhesive behavior of the ceramic material on the metallic base material of the blade to be armored. The wetting behavior is essentially determined by the tendency of molybdenum to form oxides. This tendency is pronounced for molybdenum at temperatures greater than 400 ° C, so that the oxide ceramic wets the molybdenum very well. Furthermore, the high oxygen affinity of molybdenum plays an important role in the formation of the diffusion layer. The oxygen affinity of molybdenum promotes the diffusion of oxygen from the near-boundary region of the ceramic layer into the molybdenum interlayer.
Das
Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen
der Molybdän-Zwischenschicht
Im Sinne der hier vorliegenden Erfindung kann eine porenfreie und rissarme Schaufelspitzenpanzerung mit einer guten Haftung zum metallischen Grundwerkstoff der zu panzernden Schaufel bereitgestellt werden. Die Haftfestigkeit der Schaufelspitzenpanzerung auf dem metallischen Grundwerkstoff ist aufgrund der Verwendung einer Molybdän-Zwischenschicht optimiert. Die Struktur der Schaufelspitzenpanzerung aus der Oxidkeramik ist sehr fein, die Wärmedämmung ist äußerst gut.in the For the purposes of the present invention, a non-porous and low-crack Blade tip armor with good adhesion to the metallic base material be provided to be armored shovel. The adhesive strength the blade tip armor on the metallic base material is optimized due to the use of a molybdenum interlayer. The structure the blade tip armor from the oxide ceramic is very fine, the thermal insulation is extremely good.
- 1010
- Laufschaufelblade
- 1111
- Schaufelblattairfoil
- 1212
- Schaufelfußblade
- 1313
- Schaufelspitzeblade tip
- 1414
- SchaufelspitzenpanzerungBlade tip armor
- 1515
- Zwischenschichtinterlayer
- 1616
- Laserquellelaser source
- 1717
- Laserstahllaser beam
- 1818
- Zuführeinrichtungfeeding
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004001722A DE102004001722A1 (en) | 2004-01-13 | 2004-01-13 | Turbomachine blade and method of making blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades |
| PCT/DE2004/002795 WO2005068784A1 (en) | 2004-01-13 | 2004-12-22 | Turbo machine blade and method for producing armour plating on the tips of turbo machine blades |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004001722A DE102004001722A1 (en) | 2004-01-13 | 2004-01-13 | Turbomachine blade and method of making blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE102004001722A1 true DE102004001722A1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
Family
ID=34716489
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004001722A Withdrawn DE102004001722A1 (en) | 2004-01-13 | 2004-01-13 | Turbomachine blade and method of making blade tip armor on turbomachinery blades |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE102004001722A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005068784A1 (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2893268A1 (en) * | 2005-11-15 | 2007-05-18 | Snecma Sa | METHOD OF MAKING A REBORD LOCATED AT THE FREE END OF A DAWN, DAWN OBTAINED BY THIS PROCESS AND TURBOMACHINE EQUIPPED WITH SUCH |
| EP1865258A1 (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2007-12-12 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Armoured engine component and gas turbine |
| EP2068082A1 (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-06-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Machine components and gas turbines |
| DE102009032564A1 (en) * | 2009-07-10 | 2011-01-13 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Method for arming components made of a TiAl base material, and corresponding components |
| DE102009050563A1 (en) * | 2009-10-23 | 2011-01-27 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Nickel-basis alloy for generative production and/or repair of gas turbine components using a laser melting process, comprises titanium, aluminum, and powdered particles made of different materials |
| WO2015197811A1 (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2015-12-30 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Coating method and coated substrate |
| DE102017129793A1 (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2019-06-13 | BENTELER Lightweight Protection GmbH & Co. KG | Armor component and method for producing an armor component |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102005011011A1 (en) * | 2005-03-10 | 2006-09-14 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Component, in particular gas turbine component |
| US20160245110A1 (en) * | 2015-02-25 | 2016-08-25 | United Technologies Corporation | Hard phaseless metallic coating for compressor blade tip |
| CN114150256B (en) * | 2021-12-14 | 2023-11-03 | 中国航发南方工业有限公司 | High-temperature-resistant hot corrosion coating for small-sized turbine working blade of aero-engine |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8720248D0 (en) * | 1987-08-27 | 1987-10-07 | Imi Titanium Ltd | Turbines |
| US5554837A (en) * | 1993-09-03 | 1996-09-10 | Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corporation | Interactive laser welding at elevated temperatures of superalloy articles |
| US6190124B1 (en) * | 1997-11-26 | 2001-02-20 | United Technologies Corporation | Columnar zirconium oxide abrasive coating for a gas turbine engine seal system |
| DE19920567C2 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2001-10-04 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Process for coating a component consisting essentially of titanium or a titanium alloy |
-
2004
- 2004-01-13 DE DE102004001722A patent/DE102004001722A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-12-22 WO PCT/DE2004/002795 patent/WO2005068784A1/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2893268A1 (en) * | 2005-11-15 | 2007-05-18 | Snecma Sa | METHOD OF MAKING A REBORD LOCATED AT THE FREE END OF A DAWN, DAWN OBTAINED BY THIS PROCESS AND TURBOMACHINE EQUIPPED WITH SUCH |
| EP1785214A3 (en) * | 2005-11-15 | 2013-01-09 | Snecma | Method for creating a flange at the free end of a turbine blade, turbine blade obtained by the method and turbomachine equipped with said turbine blade |
| US7695248B2 (en) | 2005-11-15 | 2010-04-13 | Snecma | Method of making a rim situated at the free end of a blade, a blade obtained by the method, and a turbomachine fitted with the blade |
| CN101473171B (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2011-04-06 | 西门子公司 | Armored machine components and gas turbines |
| EP1865258A1 (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2007-12-12 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Armoured engine component and gas turbine |
| WO2007141091A1 (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2007-12-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Armor-plated machine components and gas turbines |
| US8091366B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2012-01-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Armor-plated machine components and gas turbines |
| RU2492327C2 (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2013-09-10 | Сименс Акциенгезелльшафт | Composite part of machine and gas turbine |
| CN101889173A (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2010-11-17 | 西门子公司 | Machine part and gas turbine |
| WO2009071395A1 (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-06-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Machine component and gas turbine |
| EP2068082A1 (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-06-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Machine components and gas turbines |
| CN101889173B (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2015-05-13 | 西门子公司 | Machine component and gas turbine |
| US9702561B2 (en) | 2007-12-04 | 2017-07-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Machine component and gas turbine |
| DE102009032564A1 (en) * | 2009-07-10 | 2011-01-13 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Method for arming components made of a TiAl base material, and corresponding components |
| DE102009050563A1 (en) * | 2009-10-23 | 2011-01-27 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Nickel-basis alloy for generative production and/or repair of gas turbine components using a laser melting process, comprises titanium, aluminum, and powdered particles made of different materials |
| WO2015197811A1 (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2015-12-30 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Coating method and coated substrate |
| DE102017129793A1 (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2019-06-13 | BENTELER Lightweight Protection GmbH & Co. KG | Armor component and method for producing an armor component |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2005068784A1 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
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