CZ303898A3 - Sensor with a plastic jacket and process for producing thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The proposal is for a sensor (37) and a process for its production. The sensor (37) is used to detect position shifts, speeds of movement or rotation speeds of an encoder and comprises a housing to receive electrical components with a first housing section (44) made of plastic which is at least partially surrounded by a second injection moulded section (46) also of plastic. Here, the first housing section (44) has at least one integral positioner (47) embedded in the second housing section (46).

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to active or passive sensors for sensing positional displacements, movement speeds and encoder rotation speeds in accordance with the preamble of the first patent claim. The invention further relates to a method of manufacturing the above-mentioned sensors.

State of the art

In the automotive industry, especially in the control and regulation of vehicle brakes by means of anti-lock systems, devices of the above type are generally known, which are used to sense the speed of rotation of the vehicle wheels. These devices are usually equipped with an encoder that is mechanically connected to the rotating wheel of the vehicle, and are further equipped with a sensor that senses the encoder in its unconnected state.

In the German published patent application DE 34 00 870 a plastic sensor is described, the first housing part of which is a coil carrier, adapted to accommodate a position core, a coil and two connecting rods. After the housing part is attached to the heated electrical components, a coating of plastic material is partially sprayed onto it, in an injection molding operation, the purpose of which is to create ·· ·· φ ·· ·· ··

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Φ · · · φφφ Φ φ φ *· ·· ·Φ· ·· ·· ·· the second sheath part, in which the end of the line cable is also placed.

The sensor, which is generally made of two housing parts, is further provided with an opening which is closed by a cap after the line conductor has been connected to the connecting rods. A sensor of this type is exposed to high loads, in particular due to the penetration of moisture, various impurities, due to thermal loads and vibrations or shocks.

The connection created with the second housing part, achieved by injection molding the first housing part, which is closed by an inserted cap, cannot reliably protect the sensor from moisture penetration, which can cause various malfunctions or incorrect operation of the sensor.

Therefore, both the two shell parts and the lid with the other shell part are molecularly connected to each other in their contact areas by ultrasonic welding. However, this measure increases the costs incurred in manufacturing the sensor, since additional operating steps must be performed, which also significantly increases the costs of the necessary equipment.

For this reason, a sensor was developed, which is described in German published patent application DE 39 30 702, where the sealing of the casing is already carried out when the second casing part is manufactured. When the first casing part is injection-molded from a fusible plastic material, the separate fusible element is then heated above its melting point, thereby forming a molecular bond between the two casing parts.

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However, the aforementioned fusible element, which can be formed in the form of a foil, fiber or tape, is not part of the sheath and therefore necessarily requires additional manufacturing steps.

steps in sensor manufacturing. Next is the first coat part on its lower end interrupted pole pin, which is other than that used for fastening this first coat parts in its proper position in

form when the second housing part is injection molded. This prevents the pole pin from being completely covered by the injected plastic, which can lead to the formation of leaky gaps, which can allow moisture to penetrate between the pole pin and the first housing part.

In the above-mentioned prior art, no other possibility of positioning the first housing part in the mold is mentioned, except for fixing this first housing part by means of a pole pin or pole extension. Thus, it may happen that the first housing part and the respective electrical components connected to it may move in the mold due to the high melt pressures that occur during the injection molding process when the second housing part is molded.

European patent application EP 0 357 777 describes a method and apparatus where components resistant to high temperatures are positioned in their proper position in a mold by means of projections and spacers. These positioning elements are integral parts of the components to be coated and are therefore also resistant to high temperatures.

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Therefore, there is no sealed connection, and in particular no molecular connection, between the components and the material that forms their spray coating. Leakage paths can thus be created that can allow moisture and other contaminants to penetrate the interior of the component.

The essence of the invention

The object of this invention is to develop an active or passive plastic sensor that will allow for precise and stable positioning of individual electrical components in the mold during its production, thereby reliably preventing leakage or moisture penetration, and which will also enable simple and inexpensive production.

The above-mentioned object is achieved by means of the features set forth in the first patent claim.

In accordance with the subject matter of the present invention, there is provided at least one positioning element which is integral with the first housing part and which is used to secure the first housing part in its proper position in the mold during the production of the second housing part. Displacement or displacement of the electrical components is thus completely prevented.

In order to reliably prevent moisture from penetrating between the preferably multiple positioning elements and the second shell part, this second shell part is molecularly bonded to the positioning elements during the injection molding process in the production of the second shell part.

• · • ··

Achieving molecular bonding is facilitated by at least one fusible element, preferably by a plurality of fusible elements that are integral parts of the positioning elements.

In order to prevent moisture from penetrating into various places of the first housing part, for example through its lower end where the pole piece enters the passive sensor, fusible ribs can also be formed directly on the first housing part.

An advantageous aspect of the present invention is the fact that the melting process is particularly simple when the melting elements are formed as thin ribs which are partially melted during injection molding of the second shell part.

It is advantageous if the fusible elements are made of a thermoplastic material whose melting point is lower than or at least equal to the melting point of the material of the second shell part. If the melting temperature of the ribs is too low, these ribs could melt completely and would thus not be able to form a molecular connection with the second shell part. However, if the melting temperature of the ribs were much higher than the melting temperature of the material of the second shell part, then the ribs on their surface might not melt at all.

Especially when using active sensors, the small overall dimensions of these sensors compared to passive sensors often do not allow for the placement of all electrical components in the first housing part. It is then very advantageous that during the injection molding process for the production of the second housing part, the said components can be firmly positioned in their proper position in the

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The above-mentioned additional positioning elements then establish a molecular connection with the second shell part. This occurs in particular when said fusible ribs are arranged on said elements.

In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one part of the positioning element is formed in the form of an opening.

This opening is preferably used to accommodate pins or pin-like elements by means of which the first housing part can be firmly fixed in place in the mold. The advantage of this arrangement is that the positioning elements do not have to include parts that protrude from the sensor housing for the purpose of fixing the first housing part. Advantageously, the need to remove the above-mentioned parts when manufacturing the sensor according to the present invention is also eliminated.

It is advantageous if the positioning elements lie in a radial direction from the center axis of the sensor outwards in the direction of the mold. Shifting and displacement of the first housing part with the electrical components accommodated therein is reliably prevented by the direct positioning connection of the positioning elements in the mold.

The fusible ribs are arranged in particular radially circumferentially around the axis of the positioning elements, in order to close any possible leaky gaps between the positioning elements and the second casing part.

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However, the fusible elements can also be arranged at any other end of the first housing part, where the individual electrical components protrude from this first housing part. Any non-sealing gaps are closed by means of fusible ribs which are arranged radially circumferentially with respect to the central axis of the sensor.

In order to directly fix the first casing part in its proper position in the mold, the protruding parts can be at least slightly protruding in a simple manner.

It is advantageous for the positioning elements to be stored in a completely

In this arrangement, the positioning elements are preferably designed so that they can be easily separated, for example cut off, after injection molding of the second shell part.

The electrically conductive connection between the contacts of the electrical components and the cable conductors leading outwardly from the sensor can be carried out in accordance with the subject matter of the present invention by means of a molecular connection, such as soldering or welding, or by means of a form-fitting connection, such as, in particular, a mechanical connection. Advantageous combinations of the two types of connection mentioned above are also possible.

The electrically conductive connection of the individual components can be achieved in particular by means of a crimped connection according to the invention. In this way, tensile forces that may arise in the cables are transmitted by the crimped sleeves so that they are not transmitted to the contacts. The crimped connections can be

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999 99 99 99 located both in the first shell part and in the second shell part.

The crimped joint can be anchored in the first sheath part. In this variant of the subject matter of the present invention, which is called "pre-forming I", the forces that act on the cable conductor during the formation of the second sheath part can be absorbed by the crimped sleeves and thus by the first sheath part.

However, in a variant according to the invention, which is called "pre-molding II", it is also possible that the corrugated joints are located in the second housing part. These corrugated joints can then be made much more simply after the injection molding of the first housing part, since the electronic components are arranged in such a way that they can be handled simultaneously with the first housing part.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, the electrical components are provided with at least partially radially outwardly projecting portions.

By means of these parts, which are preferably arranged in the form of eyelets on the mounting plates of the individual components, these electrical components and in particular the mounting plates of the sensing elements, formed as chips, can be firmly mounted in the proper position in the first housing part and/or in the mold during the injection molding operation.

In particular, when fastening electrical components in the first housing part, it is particularly advantageous that this first housing part is provided with slot-type openings into which ·· ·· • · · · · · · · · • 99 99 99

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9 99 9 9 99 the protruding parts can be inserted. This reliably prevents the individual components from shifting or moving during the injection molding of the second housing part, which allows the electrical components to be positioned very precisely in the first housing part. This makes it possible to determine the position of the reading point of the sensing element in the sensor very precisely.

The method according to the present invention, used in the production of sensors of the above-mentioned type, is particularly simple and inexpensive.

First, the respective electrical components are connected to the first housing part by injection molding, or are secured there by proper seating or insertion.

Subsequently, the first housing part, which contains the electrical components stored therein, is firmly placed in its proper position in the mold by means of positioning elements.

A second shell part is then formed around the first shell part by injection molding.

The materials of the positioning elements and the second shell part are preferably similar and have at least approximately the same melting points, so that a molecular bond can be formed between these parts during injection molding of the second shell part.

In particular, in active sensors that have very small overall dimensions, the electrical components that are located outside the first housing part can also be firmly held in their proper position in the mold by means of additional • · · • · ··· • · · · · · • ♦· ·· t* 4 · · • · ··

positioning elements in the second production step. This prevents these components from being moved and shifted during the subsequent injection molding process.

In a manufacturing step following the main manufacturing process, parts of the positioning elements that may protrude from the outer contour of the sensor can be easily removed. This makes it possible to achieve very different shapes of the positioning elements at different locations of the first housing part, which cannot have a negative impact on the size and final shape of the respective sensor.

The contacts of the electrical components are electrically conductively connected to the cable conductors in a single step using crimped sleeves, preferably before the second jacket part is produced by injection molding. These crimped sleeves transmit tensile forces in the cable, so that cable ferrules are not necessary.

In one preferred embodiment, the crimped joint is already made before the first housing part is injection molded. In this way, the crimped joint can be arranged in the first housing part, with the result that the forces acting on the cable conductors during the injection molding of the second housing part are transmitted by the first housing part via the crimped joint.

Alternatively, the corrugated joint can also be made only after the first housing part has been injection molded. This is then easier to make, as it is also much easier to handle the electronic components in the first housing part.

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As already explained in detail above, at least parts of the electrical components are located in the first housing part and/or in the mold, preferably by means of parts that protrude radially therefrom.

Positioning of the components may be accomplished by injection molding the electronic components together with the first housing portion, or by inserting protrusions or lugs into grooves of the first housing portion.

This effectively prevents said components from moving or shifting during the injection molding process, and also allows the position of the components in the first housing part and thus in the entire sensor to be precisely predetermined.

Overview of images in drawings

The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:

Fig. 1 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a passive sensor made of plastic material according to the present invention;

Fig. 2 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of an active sensor made of plastic material according to the present invention;

Fig. 3 shows a section taken along line I-I shown in Fig. 1;

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4 4 1 » 44 44 Fig. 4 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of an active sensor according to the present invention;

Fig. 5a shows a side cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the present invention shown in Fig. 4;

Fig. 5b shows a side sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention which is alternative to the embodiment shown in Fig. 5a;

Fig. 6 shows a side cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of an active sensor according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 6.

Examples of embodiments of the invention

Fig. 1 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a passive sensor 1 according to the present invention, which operates on the inductive principle.

The sensor _1 generally comprises a first housing part or coil member 2, made of plastic material, in which a permanent magnet 3, two pole pieces 4, a coil 5 and its contacts _6 are housed as electrical components, and a second injection-molded housing part 1_, also made of plastic material.

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The contacts 6 are connected by means of crimped connections 8 to electrical conductors 9, which are provided with insulation 10, and which further extend out of the sensor 2 through a nozzle 11, around which a second shell part 2 is formed by injection molding. ^For sealing and also for positioning the cable 2 ^and Aθ ⁱⁿ the second shell part 2, the above-mentioned nozzle 11 is used, which is provided with ribs 12, which are positively engaged with the second shell part 1.

It is advantageous if the first housing part 2 comprises two integrally formed positioning elements or pins 13 according to the present invention. The positioning elements 13 are in this embodiment arranged in a radial direction so that they form the centre line of the sensor 2 of the first housing part 2 outwardly.

When manufacturing the second housing part 2 by injection molding, the positioning elements 13 are then used to position the first housing part 2 and the electrical components 3 to 6 associated with it in the injection molding 14. For this purpose, the positioning elements 13 protrude at least slightly from the outer contour 15 of the sensor 2. The protruding parts 16 of the positioning elements 13 are located in corresponding recesses or grooves in the mold 21' ^with a positive or operative engagement.

In an alternative embodiment of the subject matter of the present invention (not shown in the figures), it is also possible that the positioning elements are designed at least partially as an opening in the first casing part 2. This first casing part 2 is then fixed in the mold 14 by means of pins or pin-shaped elements (not shown in the figures) which can be inserted into said opening.

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In such a case, it is not necessary for the positioning elements 13 to have a radially protruding shape. This advantageously avoids the need for their subsequent removal if such separation is required.

In order to prevent the ingress or leakage of moisture between the positioning elements 13 and the second shell part Ί_, then in accordance with the subject matter of the present invention, said positioning elements 13 are provided with at least one fusible element 17, preferably with a larger number of these fusible elements 17, which will guarantee the achievement of molecular connection with the second shell part Ί_ during its manufacture.

Said fusible elements 17 are preferably formed as thin fusible ribs 18 which extend circumferentially around the centre line of the positioning elements 13. When the second shell part is produced by injection moulding, the thin fusible ribs 18 begin to melt on their surface as a result of reaching a contact temperature and a melting pressure of up to 400 bar, as a result of which they create a molecular contact surface and a watertight connection with the second shell part Ί_.

Thermoplastic materials are preferably recommended as materials for the first shell part 2 and also for the melting ribs 18, since they have a melting temperature which is lower or not higher than the melting temperature of the material of the second shell part.

By means of the positioning elements 13 it is also possible to achieve that the pole pieces £ (which have a different shape in this embodiment) are completely surrounded by the second casing part 7 of the sensor 1 so that moisture cannot penetrate even in these places.

In the illustrated embodiment, the ingress or leakage of moisture is prevented at the lower end of the first casing part 12 by means of further fusible ribs 19, which are arranged radially around the circumference in relation to the central axis of the sensor 1, and which, in exactly the same way as the aforementioned fusible ribs 18, achieve a molecular connection with the second casing part 2.

The active sensor 20 of the present invention is shown in partial cross-section in the form of the arrangement of FIG. 2 .

The necessity of using a coil for the sensor is eliminated with sensors of this type, so active sensors can have significantly smaller overall sensors compared to passive sensors.

In accordance with a preferred arrangement, the active sensor 20 comprises a combination of magnetostatically and magnetoresistively sensitive elements 21 and a pre-magnetized magnet 22, which are magnetically coupled to an encoder 23 (shown only schematically). The signal voltage produced by the sensor element 21, which may be, for example, a Hall effect probe or, as in the present case, a magnetoresistive resistor bridge, is evaluated by a circuit, which is preferably implemented as an integrated circuit, and which is housed in an integrated circuit housing 24.

The contacts 25 of said integrated circuit housing 24 are preferably connected by means of crimped contacts 26 to electrical conductors 27, each surrounded by insulation 28, and which extend outwardly from the sensor 20. As an alternative to the crimped connection, a molecular connection may be used, which may be achieved, for example, by soldering or welding, in order to create an electrically conductive connection between the conductors 27 and the contacts 26. A combination of a crimped connection and said molecular connection is also possible.

The sensing element 21 and the pre-magnetized magnet 22 are housed in a first housing part 29, which is also used as a positioning element. This positioning element 29 is provided at its lower end with a positioning part 30, by means of which the first housing part 29 is fixed in its position in a mold (not shown in the figures) in a non-rotatable and non-slip manner during the injection molding process of the second housing part 31.

The positioning part 30, which protrudes from the outer contour 32 of the active sensor 20, is removed after the completion of this active sensor 20, for example by cutting along the line 33. This ensures that the resulting active sensor 20 has very small overall dimensions.

As mentioned above, the positioning element 29 is provided with elements that are formed as fusible ribs 34, and that form a molecular bond with the second shell part 31, thereby preventing leakage or penetration of moisture between the first shell part 29 and the second shell part 31, as already explained in detail above.

Due to the special shape of the first housing part 29, the wall thickness D of this first housing part 29 can be made extremely small. In this way, the usable air gap L between the sensing element 21 and the encoder 23 can be very large according to the invention. This advantage is particularly significant because the installation space of the sensor is thus minimized, for example in a wheel bearing of a car.

Fig. 3 shows a section taken along line I-I shown in Fig. 2.

The electrical conductors 27, which are located outside the first housing part 29, are fixed in the mold by means of their insulation 28 by means of additional positioning elements 35, during the injection molding of the second housing part 31. This is particularly advantageous in active sensors, which have small overall dimensions, so that not all electrical components can be accommodated in the first housing part 29. Such components can be fixed in the mold by means of additional positioning elements 35. These additional positioning elements 35 are further provided with fusible ribs 36, the purpose and method of application of which has already been described in detail above.

Another active sensor 37 according to the present invention is shown in plan and side views, partly in section, in Fig. 4, Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b.

The construction and shape of the electrical components, their function and mode of operation with respect to the sensing element 38, the pre-magnetized magnet 39 and the integrated circuit housing 40 have already been described in detail in the description of the arrangement according to Fig. 2 and will therefore not be repeated.

The contacts 41 of the integrated circuit housing are again preferably connected to the electrical conductors 43 by means of crimped sleeves 42. This crimped connection of the components is preferably carried out in a single operation. However, as in the embodiment according to Fig. 2, other types of connections can also be used, such as soldering or welding, or a combination of these connections with crimped connections can be used.

In the arrangement according to Fig. 5a (pre-forming I), the corrugated connection is arranged in the first sheath part 44 in such a way that the tensile forces that may act on the cable 45 are not transmitted to the contacts 41 but to the first sheath part 44 via the corrugated sleeves 42.

Compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, a further improvement is achieved here, since in this way the first sheath part 44 can also transmit the forces that act on the cable 45 during the injection molding of the second sheath part 46.

As an alternative embodiment, the corrugated connection according to FIG. 5b can also be made in the second housing part 46' (pre-molding II). This corrugated connection can then be made much more easily after the injection molding of ^the first housing part 44, since the electronic components 38 to 43 can be handled simultaneously and together with the first housing part 44.

During injection molding of the second shell part 46, 46', the first shell part 44, ^44z is secured in the mold (not shown) again by means of positioning elements 47, ^47z , whereby the protruding positioning parts 48, 48' of the positioning elements 47, 47z are removed after the active sensor 37 has been completely manufactured.

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The sealing of the first shell part 44, 4Λ_' and the second shell part 46, 4_6' is again carried out by means of fusible ribs 49, which are molecularly connected to the second shell part 46, 46 ^y and integrally connected to the first shell part 44, 44'.

Another advantage is achieved with this active sensor 37. When injection molding electrical components such as the sensing element 38, the pre-magnetized magnet 39 or the integrated circuit housing 40 is carried out together with the injection molding of the first housing part 44, 46', the said components can be supported in the mold for the purpose of their precise positioning. The remaining support points or openings 50, 51, 52 are then potential paths for moisture ingress. To prevent this, the openings are closed in accordance with the subject matter of the present invention simultaneously with the injection molding of the second housing part 46, 46'.

In accordance with a particularly advantageous embodiment of the subject matter of the present invention, at least the support plate of the sensing element 38, which is in particular formed in the form of a chip, is provided with radially projecting portions 53, which are preferably shaped as eyes. Such a support element 53, which is also called a lead support frame, allows the sensing element 38 to be fixed in its exact position in the first housing part 44, 44 ^z and/or in the mold (not shown) during the injection molding operation when forming the second housing part 46, 46'.

The above-mentioned measure reliably prevents positional displacement of the sensing element 38 during the injection molding operation, and at the same time enables precise positional ·· · · • · · · » · · · • ·

the location of the sensing element 38 in the first housing part 44. In particular, this enables precise determination of the position of the reading point of the sensing element in the active sensor 37.

Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show another embodiment of an active sensor 54 according to the present invention.

This active sensor 54 is again provided with a first housing part 55 and a second housing part 56. Positioning elements 57 are integrally connected to the first housing part 55, which are sealed against the external atmosphere, preferably by means of fusible ribs 58. Furthermore, electrical components, such as a sensing element 59 and a housing 60 of an integrated circuit, are housed in the first housing part 55.

This integrated circuit housing 60 is provided with contacts 61 which are electrically conductively connected to electrical conductors 63 by means of crimped sleeves 62. As explained in detail above, this connection may be made by molecular bonding or a combination of molecular bonding and crimped bonding. The electrical conductors 63 are provided with insulation and extend outwardly from the active sensor 54 in the form of a cable 64.

As already explained in detail in connection with the embodiment shown in Fig. 4, Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b, the sensing element 59 is provided with radially projecting parts 65, which are used as support parts for fixing the sensing element 59 in its position and thus also serve to determine the exact reading point of the active sensor 54.

These parts 65 can in particular be inserted or pushed into associated groove-shaped openings made in the first housing part 55, so that in this case injection-molding of electrical components such as the sensing element 59, the integrated circuit housing 60, the contacts 61, the crimped sleeves 62 and the electrical conductors 63 is not required, as this injection-molding can be replaced by insertion or pushing.

The corrugated contacts 62 are in this embodiment connected to a retaining element 66. This retaining element is anchored in the first housing part 55 during the injection molding of this first housing part 55 and is thus advantageously enabled to absorb the tensile forces acting on the corrugated connection and to direct them to the first housing part 55.

• ·

Claims (1)

PATENT CLAIMS 1. A sensor for sensing positional displacements, movement speeds or encoder rotation speeds, which includes a housing in which electrical components are housed (3-6, 8-10, 21-28, 38-43, 45, 59-63), and which comprises a first casing part (2, 29, 44, 44', 55) made of plastic material, which is at least partially surrounded by a second casing part (7, 31, 46, 46', 56), which is also made of plastic material by injection molding, characterized in that the part (2, 29, 44, 44', 55) is provided with at least one positioning element (13, 29, 47, 47', 57) which is integrally connected thereto, and which is molecularly connected to the second casing part (7, 31, 46, 46', 56). from the first coat 2. Sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that the positioning element (13, 29, 47, 47', 57) and/or the first housing part (2, 29, 44, 44', 55) are provided with at least one integrated fusible element (17, 19, 34, 49, 58). 3. Sensor mark created as thick thin according to that 34, 49 claim of melting , 58) . elements 2 I am is s i rib; and thus and (18, 19, 4. Sensor according to claim 2 or 3 mark i c is with and so on that fusible elements (18, 19, 34, 49, 58) are made of a thermoplastic material having a melting point lower than or at least equal to the melting point of the material of the second shell part (7, 31, 46, 46', 56). • · Φ Φ φ φ φφ φφφ φ φ φ φ φ 5. A sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrical components (27, 28), arranged outside the first housing part (29), are provided with at least one additional positioning element (35), which is molecularly connected to the second housing part (31). 6. A sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one part of the positioning element (13, 29, 35, 47, 47', 57) is formed as an opening in the first housing part (2, 29, 44, 4455). 7. A sensor according to claim 6, characterized in that the opening is adapted to accommodate a pin or a pin-shaped element. 8. A sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the positioning elements (13, 35, 47, 47', 57) extend radially outwardly with respect to the central axis of the sensor (1, 37). 9. Sensor according to claim 6 or 8 in y characterized by that, that fusible elements (18, 36, 49, 58) are arranged radially after circumference around the center axes positioning elements (13, 35, 47, 57) • 10. Sensor according to any from claims 1 to 4 in y characterized by that, that fusible elements (19) are arranged radially circumferentially with respect to the central axis of the sensor (1) at at least one end of the first casing part (2). 4* · • 44 ·· ·444 · • 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 •4 44 444 44 »4 • 4 · 4 4 4 4 4 444 44 444· 4 4 4 4 4 ·· ·4 44 11. A sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the positioning elements (13, 29, 47, 47', 57) protrude at least slightly from the outer surface.