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CN201297342Y - 滑动轴承 - Google Patents

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CN201297342Y
CN201297342Y CNU2007201875561U CN200720187556U CN201297342Y CN 201297342 Y CN201297342 Y CN 201297342Y CN U2007201875561 U CNU2007201875561 U CN U2007201875561U CN 200720187556 U CN200720187556 U CN 200720187556U CN 201297342 Y CN201297342 Y CN 201297342Y
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sliding
barrier layer
deck
tin
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Ch·克诺布劳赫
U·比朔夫贝格尔
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    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
    • C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C23C28/023—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C23C28/028—Including graded layers in composition or in physical properties, e.g. density, porosity, grain size
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/121—Use of special materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • F16C33/122—Multilayer structures of sleeves, washers or liners
    • F16C33/127—Details of intermediate layers, e.g. nickel dams
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

本实用新型涉及一种滑动轴承(10)，它包括一层用金属材料的承载层(12)、一层施加在承载层(12)上的铜基轴承金属层(14)、一层施加在轴承金属层(14)上的防扩散层(16)和一层施加在防扩散层(16)上的锡基滑动层(18)。根据本实用新型规定，防扩散层(16)为纯铁。

Description

滑动轴承
技术领域
本发明涉及一种滑动轴承，它包括一层用金属材料制成的承载层、一层施加在承载层上的铜基轴承金属层、一层施加在轴承金属层上的防扩散层和一层施加在防扩散层上的锡基滑动层。
背景技术
在全世界范围内，新型发动机、特别是运输和重型货车，都需要使用无铅多层复合材料型滑动轴承，因为越来越多的不同类型的车辆均基于共同的车辆型谱制造。
按已有的技术水准，已知有一种用多层复合材料制成的滑动轴承，它有一层钢质承载层、一层不含铅的轴承金属层、一层中间层或防扩散层以及一层不含铅的锡基滑动层。这种滑动轴承相当接近于已知的含铅滑动轴承，它是为了获得这类滑动轴承的诸项基本功能特性的一次尝试，包括例如其良好的形状适应能力和嵌入能力，这些特性是由软的锡基滑动层产生的，兼有相对较好的承载能力和基于在轴承金属层上的滑动层被完全磨掉情况下的良好的自润滑性能。这种滑动轴承，已在比如德国专利DE 103 37 030 A1中作了说明。
但是，与这种滑动轴承相联系还存在一个问题，即限制滑动层中的锡向轴承金属层中扩散，因为如果不加限制，滑动层就会变脆，并明显降低滑动轴承的承载能力。为此，德国专利申请DE 103 37 030A1建议，应在滑动层与轴承金属层之间规定一层防扩散层，所述防扩散层由纯镍构成，厚度应为约4至6μm。
这一措施已证实有改善作用，因为镍防扩散层必须相对较厚。当锡从滑动层转移到防扩散层中时，在其中形成了一层由锡和镍构成的扩散层。如果这时由纯镍构成的防扩散层太薄，则该防扩散层可完全转化成一层锡/镍层。在这一层新的扩散层中的锡继续向轴承金属层中转移。如果按照常规采用铜基轴承金属层，则锡与铜构成一层新的由锡和铜组成的扩散层。但这一扩散层是脆性的，容易碎裂。
发明内容
因此，本发明的任务是，对上述类型的滑动轴承进行进一步改进，以便能更好地控制锡基滑动层上的锡向轴承金属层中扩散。
解决办法是使滑动轴承具有权利要求1的特征。根据本发明规定由纯铁构成的防扩散层。
结果令人惊异地证实，由纯铁构成的防扩散层能有效地防止滑动层中的锡向轴承金属层中转移或扩散。发动机经过长时间的运转后，仍然没有出现与扩散有关的反应。根据本发明，由纯铁构成的防扩散层也可以利用例如已知的电镀方法毫无问题地施加到轴承金属层上。
本发明的另一些较佳的方案，见各项从属权利要求。根据本发明，如果防扩散层最大厚度为4μm，就足以发挥特别有效的防扩散作用。优先选用的实施型式的防扩散层规定最大厚度为3μm，特别优先选用的最大厚度为2μm。因此得以节省材料成本，并缩短成层时间。
根据本发明滑动轴承的防扩散层显示其良好的防扩散作用，与下述因素无关，即：与滑动层是否是基于锡和选自一组元素(银、铜、镍、钴、锌、金、铟、铋、铅)中的一种或多种元素的组合无关，或者与滑动层是否包含纯锡无关。同样，可以优先选用含镍和/或锌，或者含钴和/或金，或者含铋和/或铅的锡合金作为滑动层，其中锡含量最少为重量的60％。
与根据原有技术水准采用电镀滑动层的已知滑动轴承不同，滑动层也可以用熔化冶金方法施加到防扩散层上。因此，不仅可以节省成本和达到特别细密的结构，而且还为滑动层获得一种新的金属化合物。可以采用例如不能用电镀方法制备的合金化合物，如银或铜含量特别高的锡合金或锡镍合金。
轴承金属层是一层铜基轴承金属层，它在一种较佳的实施型式中有至少占重量85％的铜含量。作为其它的合金材料可以含有例如锡和/或镍和/或铋。
在防扩散层16与滑动层18之间可以预设一层中间层16b，例如一层电镀的锡或银或镍层，或者由它们制成的合金。这一中间层的作用是充当防腐蚀层，并辅助提高自润滑能力，适用于经过较长时间的运转后滑动层的高负荷区域被磨损的情况。
在采用熔化冶金方法施加滑动层的情况下，中间层16b起增附连接作用，并优先选用锡。
本发明的有益效果是，由纯铁构成的防扩散层能有效地防止滑动层中的锡向轴承金属层中转移或扩散。
附图说明
图1表示不按比例的经过根据本发明滑动轴承的一个实施例的示意横截面图；
图2示意地示出了本发明滑动轴承的另一个实施例。
具体实施方式
下面，根据附图说明本发明的一个实施例。图1表示不按比例的经过根据本发明滑动轴承10的一个实施例的示意横截面图。所述滑动轴承10有一层优先选用钢制成的承载层12，在该承载层12上施加了一层铜基合金，例如铜锡合金或铜锡镍合金或铜锡铋合金或铜锡铋镍合金构成的轴承金属层14，其中铜含量至少各占合金重量的85％。在轴承金属层14上施加了一层防扩散层16，在该防扩散层16上又施加了一层锡基合金滑动层18。滑动层18含有锡和选自一组元素(银、铜、镍、钴、锌、金、铟、铋、铅)中的一种或多种元素。另外，滑动层18也可以由纯锡构成。在实施例中，采用了一种锡含量为96％和熔点为221℃的低共熔锡银合金。也可以设想采用熔点为217℃的低共熔锡银铜合金。为了便于实现用熔融液体施加锡层的工艺，可以优先选择在合金中添加铋。这样可进一步降低熔点。
熔融液体锡或熔融液体锡基合金被施加到防扩散层16或附加层16b上，如图2中所示。通过本身已为人们熟知的电刷方法清除表面上多余的锡或多余的合金，或通过离心机的作用清除还处于熔融液体状态的锡或合金。为此，滑动轴承需要经受一次相应的离心运动。
由纯铁构成的防扩散层16是用电镀方法施加到轴承金属层14上，可有效地防止锡转移或扩散到轴承金属层14中。为此，防扩散层16的层厚可以选择最大4μm，优先选择最大3μm，特别是优先选择最大2μm。
实施例1(参见图1)：
用钢制成的承载层(12)；
用铜合金制成的、层厚为200μm的轴承金属层(14)；
用纯铁制成的、层厚为2μm的防扩散层(16)；
用电镀方法施加的层厚为12μm、银占重量8％的锡银合金滑动层(18)。
实施例2(参见图2)：
用钢制成的承载层(12)；
用铜合金制成的、层厚为190μm的轴承金属层(14)；
用纯铁制成的、层厚为2μm的防扩散层(16)；
用电镀方法施加的层厚为2μm的锡附加层(16b)；
用熔化冶金方法施加的层厚为20μm、镍占重量3％的锡镍合金滑动层(18)。

Claims (8)

1.滑动轴承(10)，包括一层由一种金属材料制成的承载层(12)、一层施加在承载层(12)上的铜基轴承金属层(14)、一层施加到轴承金属层(14)上的防扩散层(16)和一层施加在防扩散层(16)上的锡基滑动层(18)，其特征在于，防扩散层(16)为纯铁制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滑动轴承，其特征在于，防扩散层的层厚为最大4μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的滑动轴承，其特征在于，防扩散层的层厚为最大3μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的滑动轴承，其特征在于，防扩散层的层厚为最大2μm。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的滑动轴承，其特征在于，在防扩散层(16)与滑动层(18)之间预设一层用以改善自润滑能力和防腐蚀能力的中间层(16b)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的滑动轴承，其特征在于，中间层(16b)是一层优先选用电镀方法施加的锡或银或镍层。
7.根据权利要求1所述的滑动轴承，其特征在于，锡基的滑动层(18)要么由纯锡构成，要么由锡基合金构成。
8.根据权利要求1所述的滑动轴承，其特征在于，锡基滑动层(18)用熔化冶金方法施加在防扩散层(16)上或中间层(16b)上。
CNU2007201875561U 2006-12-19 2007-12-19 滑动轴承 Expired - Lifetime CN201297342Y (zh)

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CN102537067A (zh) * 2011-12-15 2012-07-04 湖北安达汽车零部件有限公司 轴瓦基底层

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