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CN1706680A - 用于移动式工作机械、特别是地面输送机械的传动系统 - Google Patents

用于移动式工作机械、特别是地面输送机械的传动系统 Download PDF

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CN1706680A
CN1706680A CNA2005100780080A CN200510078008A CN1706680A CN 1706680 A CN1706680 A CN 1706680A CN A2005100780080 A CNA2005100780080 A CN A2005100780080A CN 200510078008 A CN200510078008 A CN 200510078008A CN 1706680 A CN1706680 A CN 1706680A
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transmission
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shaft
hydraulic
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CN100465013C (zh
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R·巴金斯基
R·布伦斯
N-G·尼森
S·施泰格尔
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Jungheinrich AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/442—Series-parallel switching type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B60K6/365—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings with the gears having orbital motion
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2036—Electric differentials, e.g. for supporting steering vehicles
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/10—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of change-speed gearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66F—HOISTING, LIFTING, HAULING OR PUSHING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. DEVICES WHICH APPLY A LIFTING OR PUSHING FORCE DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF A LOAD
    • B66F9/00—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes
    • B66F9/06—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes movable, with their loads, on wheels or the like, e.g. fork-lift trucks
    • B66F9/075—Constructional features or details
    • B66F9/07572—Propulsion arrangements
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
    • B60K1/02—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units comprising more than one electric motor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/10—Road Vehicles
    • B60Y2200/15—Fork lift trucks, Industrial trucks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H47/00—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing
    • F16H47/02—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing the fluid gearing being of the volumetric type
    • F16H47/04—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing the fluid gearing being of the volumetric type the mechanical gearing being of the type with members having orbital motion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
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Abstract

用于工作机械、特别是地面输送机械的传动系统，其包括：一个内燃机；一个支线传动装置(5)，其第一轴与内燃机连接，其第二轴与一转换传动装置连接，其输出端经由一汇合传动装置作用到地面输送机械的被驱动的轮上；一个电气传动装置，由它使一第一电力机械在其转矩上与支线传动装置配合作用，并且一第二电力机械经由至少一个汇合传动装置被驱动的轮连接，其中，支线传动装置在第一电力机械与至少第一和第二轴之间建立一恒定的力矩比例，并且一电路布置将各电力机械电连接并与一电存储器相连；两个机械—液压换能器，其中的一个与支线传动装置的第一或第二轴连接而第二个与电气传动装置连接；以及可控制的用以消耗液压能的装置，它们配设于每一机械—液压换能器。

Description

用于移动式工作机械、特别是地面输送机械的传动系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有权利要求1的特征的、用于移动式工作机械、特别是地面输送机械的传动系统。
背景技术
内燃机驱动的地面输送机械需要一传动装置，以便提供所要求的转矩与所要求的转速。希望：地面输送机械可以以同样高的最大速度向前和向后行驶。
在汽车中已知，采用一离合器和一流体动力换能器与一级或多级的传动装置相组合。但这样的系统只能受限地适用于地面输送机械，因为其在缓慢的行驶速度的情况下具有很低的效率。此外为了地面输送机械的提升功能的独立操作需要一离合功能。
在一流体静力传动线路中不存在流体动力传动系统的缺点。前者具有无级的变换范围并且能够容易地逆转操作。但相对于缓慢行驶时较高的效率，在较高的行驶速度时效率降低。由于总的传动功率的多次的液压—机械变换而不能达到机械变速装置的效率。此外不利的是，由于高达400巴的液压压力和系统的故障率问题、特别是考虑到泄漏，造成了较高的结构费用。
最后，在地面输送机械中还已知，借助一电气传动装置来实现力传递。在一电气传动装置中，由内燃机产生的总能量借助一发电机变成电能。该电能借助一电动机又变成机械能。在预定的限度内电力机械用的传动控制装置能够在发电机与电动机之间具有任何的传动比。因此这样的系统具有可调性特别好的优点。但不利的是，由于控制装置和电力机械中高的损失而造成低的效率。
对于内燃机驱动的地面输送机械，目前的传动解决方案中一般在规定的运转情况下联系着很大的能量损失。此外在制动或载荷下降的情况下其并不能将能量导回存储器中。也不可能实现无排放的运转，这使得这样的地面输送机械几乎不可能应用于封闭的空间内。至今的传动系统的另一缺点在于，必须按最大载荷设计各个部件，而部件的平均载荷明显在其以下。因此使其在高的结构费用下运转，这总的来说是不必的。
由DE 138 15 780已知一种地面输送机械的无级作用的流体静力—机械的载荷切换传动装置，其可以以降低的结构费用达到无级的流体静力的起动或逆转。该已知的传动装置具有多个切换离合器和齿轮附加连接级。该传动系统不可能无排放地运转，并且不可能回收制动时和载荷下降时的动能。该单纯的流体静力的起动直至转换入功率支线运转导致传动效率的降低。此外不可能以最大的速度向后行驶。
由DE 197 47 459已知一种地面输送机械的流体静力—机械的移动装置，其通过提高传动装置沿机械支线的总效率，可充分利用流体静力传动和机械传动组合的优点。这样的传动系统可以设计成使其可以从停止到最大速度以很好的传动效率的优化行驶方向行驶。在其他的行驶方向，在最大速度的范围内效率是很低的。该传动系统不可能无排放地运转并且也不可能回收制动能量和载荷下降能量。
由DE 198 03 160已知一种支线传动装置和操作方法，其可改善效率特性并可提高传动系统的使用寿命。对此，在超过轴极限转速时，一根据汽车的行驶状态可控制的旋转制动器可以暂时或持久地停止一个轴。该传动系统未考虑用于地面输送机械的情况，其不可能无排放地运转并且也不可能回收制动能量和载荷下降能量。此外同样不能实现以最大速度的向后行驶。
由DE 199 55 311、DE 199 55 312和DE 199 55 313已知地面输送机械的内燃机的传动系统。其中一内燃机和至少一个电力机械产生驱动能量。该已知的传动系统具有至少一个汇合传动装置，用以集合内燃机和电力机械的能量。借此可以总体上改善行驶功率，可以实现无级的很好的可调性并且可以提高总效率。该已知的传动系统需要机械的行驶制动器，以便即使在最大速度时也可达到所要求的最小制动并且不存在尺寸过大的电力机械。内燃机在该已知的传动系统中与后置的传动系统刚性连接，从而内燃机被有损耗地拖带于无排放的电传动中。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，提供一种用于地面输送机械的内燃机的双支线的传动系统，其可以无排放地运转，能够回收制动能量和载荷下降能量，并且特别可省去机械的行驶制动器。
该目的通过权利要求1的特征来达到。
在本发明的传动系统中，内燃机与一支线传动装置连接，它的一个输出轴与一转换传动装置连接，转换传动装置本身又与一汇合传动装置连接，以便将转矩施加到地面输出机械的至少一个被驱动的轮上。第二传动支线由至少两个电力机械构成，其中一个与支线传动装置连接，而使在电力机械与支线传动装置的第一或第二轴的至少一个之间建立一恒定的力矩比例。第一和第二电力机械经由一电路布置连接，后者本身又连接于一储电器，例如蓄电池。通过电路布置的控制可以在限度内任意调节电力机械之间的传动比。按照本发明，设置两个机械—液压换能器，例如液压泵，其中一个与支线传动装置的第一或第二轴连接而第二个与电气传动装置连接，机械—液压换能器可以用来将能量供给地面输送机械的液压操作。也分别为它们配置一例如节流阀形式的可控制的装置，以便消耗不需要的液压能。
在本发明的地面输送机械的传动系统中设置一双支线的系统，其中一个支线机械地设置在内燃机与输出轴之间，而在另一支线中设置一电气变速装置。供给电气变速装置的机械能经由支线传动装置借助第一电力机械的发电机运转而变成电能。该电能借助第二电力机械以电动机运转的形式变成机械能。已知的电力机械的驱动控制装置在由电力机械预定的限度内能够调节出发电机与电动机之间的任意的传动比。
在内燃机加速时，内燃机的驱动功率在支线传动装置中根据支线传动装置的各轴的传动比分配到两支线上，其中由各轴的转速的大小给出功率流动方向。在电气传动装置中无级地调节传动比，并且为电气传动装置配置的存储器(蓄电池)在需要时可从传动系统中提取能量或供给其能量。
两支线的功率集合于一汇合传动装置中，其中由各轴的力矩的大小给出功率流动方向。为了与行驶状态无关地提高传动系统的总效率，可以将内燃机转速不变地连接于主支线的轴。
为了能够在一封闭的空间中至少暂时无排放地以良好的效率运行，按照本发明的一种设计形式，可以将内燃机与其余的传动系统机械地脱开，特别是借助于可切换的离合器。在这样的操作状况下，由为电气传动装置所配置的存储器而取得地面输送机械的行驶功能和提升功能所需要的能量。
在制动过程中，由电力机械从传动系统中取得地面输送机械的一部分动能并且可利用地存储于存储器中。其余的能量由拖带的内燃机和两个机械—液压换能器吸收。其可以例如由液压的辅助耗能器(提升功能、倾斜功能等)加以利用。如果在辅助耗能器中没有功率需要，则液压功率通过适当的装置耗散，例如通过可控制的节流阀。对于地面输送机械的传动系统的制动能量的吸收由EP 140 3130 A2是已知的。
为了改变轮的转向，在内燃机运转时可以借助一在主支线中的转换传动装置在向前和向后行驶之间转换。
如上所述，液压的辅助耗能器由至少一个机械—液压换能器供给能量。机械—液压换能器根据操作状况可从机械能取得液压能或者从液压能取得机械能。在载荷下降时供给传动系统的能量可以经由电力机械导回存储器中。
附图说明
以下要借助附图中所示的各实施例更详细地说明本发明。
图1   示意示出本发明的传动系统的第一实施形式；
图2   示意示出本发明的第二实施形式。
具体实施方式
图1中，一未详细示出的地面输送机械的内燃机1经由一轴和一可切换的离合器2连接于一支线传动装置5，其例如为一种三轴行星齿轮传动装置或行星齿轮箱。支线传动装置5根据支线传动装置5的各轴的传动比将内燃机1的功率分配到两支线上。在机械的主支线中结合有一转换传动装置9，以便可以在向前行驶与向后行驶之间进行转换。在副支线中结合有一电气变速装置，其形式是第一电力机械8、第二电力机械12和一在各电力机械之间设置的电路布置11。借助这些部件可以无级地调节副支线中的传动比。一蓄电池10连接于电路布置11并且可从系统中提取能量或供给其能量。
主支线和副支线与一汇合传动装置13连接，以便集合两支线的功率。差动传动装置15将驱动功率从汇合传动装置13分配到两个驱动轮14、16上。
经由离合器2与支线传动装置5之间的圆柱齿轮传动4连接一第一机械—液压换能器3，例如一液压泵。一第二机械—液压换能器7经由圆柱齿轮传动6连接于支线传动装置5与第一电力机械8之间的一根轴上。
如果要求无排放地以良好的效率运行，则使内燃机1通过离合器2与传动系统和转换传动装置9脱开。仅仅经由副支线借助电力机械8、12实现驱动，此时经由蓄电池10供给其能量。未示出的地面输送机械的液压操作由至少一个换能器3、7供给能量，此时在该操作状态下同样由存储器10实现能量供给。
在车辆制动过程中，机械—液压换能器3、7被驱动。因此它们或者是吸收制动能量，使其供给液压辅助功能，或者是在耗能器不要求液压能时经由例如节流阀消耗液压能。这由液压—热力的换能器3a、7b表示，它们配属于换能器3、7并且可以进行控制(这未示出)。此外，当内燃机1未与传动系统脱开时经由驱动轮拖带内燃机1并且在发电机运转中实现电力机械12和8的驱动，借此将制动能量导回存储器10中。载荷下降时所产生的液压能经由换能器3、7中的至少一个和通过电力机械同样变为电能并且供给蓄电池10。
按图2的实施形式与按图1的区别在于，代替图1中的电力机械12，设置两个电力机械12a、12b，它们经由各一个自身的汇合传动装置13a、13b与驱动轴连接。在一地面输送机械中，可调节两个电力机械12a、12b的转速，该地面输送机械可以行驶如此狭小的弯道，以致其回转点位于驱动轮14、16之间。其优点是，由于提高了灵活性，因此对工作空间具有较小的要求并由此在一货栈内可以设置较窄的通道。此外，通过在电力机械12a、12b的动力学特性中加以控制技术的干预，可以有利地影响地面输送机械的行驶动力特性。由此，为借助一电子控制装置提高行驶稳定性并从而提高地面输送机械的工作可靠性，提供了先决条件。

Claims (8)

1.用于工作机械、特别是地面输送机械的传动系统，其包括：
一个内燃机(1)；
一个支线传动装置(5)，其第一轴与内燃机(1)连接，其第二轴与一转换传动装置(9)连接，其输出端经由一汇合传动装置(13、13a、13b)作用到地面输送机械的被驱动的轮(14、16)上；
一个电气传动装置，由它使一第一电力机械(8)在其转矩上与支线传动装置(5)配合作用，并且一第二电力机械(12、12a、12b)经由至少一个汇合传动装置(13、13a、13b)与被驱动的轮(14、16)连接，其中，支线传动装置(5)在第一电力机械(8)与至少第一和第二轴之间建立一恒定的力矩比例，并且一电路布置(11)将各电力机械(8或12、12a、12b)电连接并与一电存储器相连；
两个机械—液压换能器(3、7)，其中的一个与支线传动装置(5)的第一或第二轴连接而第二个与电气传动装置连接；以及
可控制的用以消耗液压能的装置，它们配设于每一机械—液压换能器(3、7)。
2.按照权利要求1所述的传动系统，其特征在于，为各机械—液压换能器(3、7)配置可控制的节流阀。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的传动系统，其特征在于，内燃机(1)经由一可切换的离合器(2)与支线传动装置(5)的输入轴连接。
4.按照权利要求1至3之一项所述的传动系统，其特征在于，电路布置(11)设计成使得在发电机运转中可将至少一个电力机械(8、12、12a、12b)的电能输入存储器(10)中。
5.按照权利要求1至4之一项所述的传动系统，其特征在于，至少一个机械—液压换能器可经由控制装置与地面输送机械的液压耗能器相连。
6.按照权利要求1至5之一项所述的传动系统，其特征在于，电气传动装置具有三个电力机械(8、12、12a、12b)，其中的两个(12a、12b)是并联的并且分别经由一汇合传动装置(13a、13b)作用到一驱动轴(14、16)上。
7.按照权利要求1至6之一项所述的传动系统，其特征在于，支线传动装置(5)为一种三轴行星齿轮传动装置。
8.按照权利要求7所述的传动系统，其特征在于，设置一行星齿轮箱。
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