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CN1772739A - 以n-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的布朗斯特酸性室温离子液体及其制备方法 - Google Patents

以n-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的布朗斯特酸性室温离子液体及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1772739A
CN1772739A CNA2004100927894A CN200410092789A CN1772739A CN 1772739 A CN1772739 A CN 1772739A CN A2004100927894 A CNA2004100927894 A CN A2004100927894A CN 200410092789 A CN200410092789 A CN 200410092789A CN 1772739 A CN1772739 A CN 1772739A
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lactam
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邓友全
杜正银
郭术
李作鹏
朱来英
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Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics LICP of CAS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体及其制备方法。此离子液体通过内酰胺与Brnsted酸在室温下经一步酸碱中和反应而得。本发明的以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体对水和空气稳定,具有较强的酸性,可以取代无机酸应用于传统的酸催化反应中,既可以作为催化剂,又可以作为反应介质。同时,还可以作为分离萃取介质。本发明的酸性离子液体的合成为一步原子经济反应,操作简单,转化完全,与咪唑基离子液体相比大大降低了合成成本,离子液体本身更为环境友好,适合大规模制备,具有广泛的实际应用前景。

Description

以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的布朗斯特酸性室温离子液体及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的布朗斯特(Brnsted)酸性室温离子液体及其制备方法。
背景技术
室温离子液体是完全由特定阳离子和阴离子构成的在室温或近于室温下呈液态的物质(P.Wasserscheid,T.Welton(Eds),Ionic liquids in Synthesis,Wiley-VCH,2003.)。与固态物质相比较,它是液态的;与传统的液态物质相比较,它是离子的。因而,与其他固体或液体材料相比,离子液体往往展现出独特的物理化学性质及特有的功能。离子液体的主要特点是,非挥发性或“零”蒸汽压,这应是离子液体被认为有绿色性的重要依据;低熔点(可低于90℃)、宽液程(可达200℃以上)、强的静电场,这应是区别于分子型介质与材料的重要特征;宽的电化学窗口(可高于5V),这意味着在如此宽的电压范围内,离子液体可以不发生电化学反应,即降解,这是通常的电解液所不具备的特性;良好的离子导电性(电导率为2.5×10-2S/cm)与导热性、高热容及热能储存密度(比现今使用的储热油的热能存储密度9MJ/m3高6.4倍);高的热稳定性(分解温度可高于400℃);选择性溶解力,故称为“液体”分子筛(1iquid zeolite);可设计性。这些特点使得离子液体成为兼有液体与固体功能与特性的“固体”液体(solid liquid)。并且,理论上讲,有超过万亿种可能的离子液体。离子液体的多样性,加上各种特性的组合,使得构成大量不同性质与用途的介质与功能材料成为可能。
1948年美国专利报道了主要用于电镀领域的三氯化铝和卤化乙基吡啶离子液体(F.H.Hurley.US Patent 4,446,331,1948;T.P.Jr.Wier,F.H.Hurley.U.S.Patent4,446,349,1948;T.P.Jr Wier.US Patent 4,446,350,1948.),可称之为第一代室温离子液体。此类离子液体有一缺点,就是遇水容易分解变质。到了20世纪90年代,稳定性更好的由二烷基咪唑正离子和一系列阴离子如四氟硼酸、六氟磷酸阴离子构成的室温离子液体产生了(Wilkes J S,Zaworotko M J.Air and water stable1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids.J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun.,1992,965~967.)。由于二烷基咪唑正离子结构和化学性质特别适合作为离子液体的正离子,所以,二烷基咪唑类离子液体是被研究最为广泛、深入并且直到现在仍被研究和应用的一类离子液体,它也被称之为第二代室温离子液体。
2000年以来,二烷基咪唑类离子液体的种类和功能被进一步的丰富,主要思路和做法是将二烷基咪唑侧链引入官能团,制备出官能化离子液体(A.Wierzbicki,and J.H.Davis,Jr.Proceedings of the Symposium on Advances in Solvent Selectionand Substitution for Extraction,Atlanta,Georgia,March 5~9,2000.),从而赋予离子液体以某种特殊性能、用途或功能,使其成为“任务专一性离子液体”(task specficionic liquid),它被称之为第三代室温离子液体。例如,二烷基咪唑阳离子取代基末端含有氨基的离子液体能在室温下捕获二氧化碳并在较高温度下释放出来,可以用于选择性地从混合气体中分离二氧化碳(Eleanor D.Bates,Rebecca D.Mayton,Ioanna Ntai and James H.Davis,Jr.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2002,124,927.);二烷基咪唑阳离子取代基含有脲基和硫脲基的离子液体能选择性的与Cd2+、Hg2+络合萃取(Ann E.Visser,Richard P.Swatloski,W.Matthew Reichert,RebeccaMayton,Sean Sheef,Andrzej Wierzbicki,James H.Dayis,Jr.and Robin D.Rogers.Environ.Sci.Techno1.,2002,36,2523-2529.);二烷基咪唑阳离子侧链带有强酸性质子如-SO3H的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体可用作烯烃齐聚(Yanlong Gu,FengShi,Youquan Deng.Catalysis Communications,2004,4,597.)、醚化反应(AmandaC.Cole,Jessica L.Jensen,Ioanna Ntai,Kim Loan T.Tran,Kristin J.Weaver,DavidC.Forbes and James H.Davis,Jr.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2002,124,5962.)、酯化反应(Amanda C.Cole,Jessica L.Jensen,Ioanna Ntai,Kim Loan T.Tran,Kristin J.Weaver,David C.Forbes and James H.Davis,Jr.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2002,124,5962.;Yanlong Gu,Feng Shi,Youquan Deng.Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical,2004,212,71.;Jianzhou Gui,Xiaohui Cong,Dan Liu,Xiaotong Zhang,Zhide Hu,Zhaolin Sun.Catalysis Communications 2004,5,473.)、片呐醇重排反应(Amanda C.Cole,Jessica L.Jensen,Ioanna Ntai,Kim Loan T.Tran,Kristin J.Weaver,David C.Forbes and James H.Davis,Jr.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2002,124,5962.)、傅-克烷基化反应(Kun Qiao and Chiaki Yokoyama.Chemistry Letters,2004,33,472.)和芳烃硝化反应(Kun Qiao and Chiaki Yokoyama.Chemistry Letters,2004,33,808.)的反应介质和催化剂。在一些专利和期刊上还公开和报道了氮质子化的甲基咪唑为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体(Hai-Hong Wu,FanYang,Peng Cui,Jie Tang and Ming-Yuan He.Tetrahedron Letters,2004,45,4963.;Hua-Ping Zhu,Fan Yang,Jie Tang and Ming-Yuan He.Green Chemistry,2003,5,38.),此类非挥发的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体可取代传统的无机酸如硫酸或氢氟酸,成为一类新的液体酸催化剂。
尽管二烷基咪唑的结构和化学性质特别适合作为离子液体的正离子,但是其前体甲基咪唑的价格相当昂贵,目前尚无大规模工业生产,市场供应量很小。另外,甲基咪唑类化合物有一定的毒性,其环境相容性也开始受到人们质疑。因此,发现和研究价格相对低廉、环境更为友好并具有更为独特物理化学特性的适合作为离子液体正离子的前体具有重要的科学研究和实际意义。
内酰胺类化合物及其衍生物含有三级胺结构,可形成相应的季铵盐。并且,内酰胺分子含有羰基,若能作为离子液体的正离子构成相应的离子液体则有望表现独特物理化学特性。与二烷基咪唑类化合物相比,内酰胺类化合物环境更为友好且价格相对低廉,而且市场供应量很大,仅中国国内每年己内酰胺的产量达十余万吨。
2002年Huen Lee等报道了两步法合成N-乙烯基-N-烷基丁内酰胺基离子液体(D.Demberelnyamba,Bae Kun Shin and Huen Lee.Chem.Commun.,2002,1538.),但是这类离子液体呈中性。迄今为止,尚未发现以内酰胺作为阳离子基团合成Brnsted酸性室温离子液体。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体及其制备方法。
一种以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的布朗斯特酸性室温离子液体,其化学结构式用式(I)表示:
其中R代表含有1-4个碳原子的烷基或氢原子,X代表Brnsted酸HX的阴离子基团,n代表1-5的整数。
式(I)化合物的离子液体中,R选自甲基,乙基,正丙基,异丙基,正丁基,异丁基或氢原子中的一种。
式(I)化合物的离子液体中,阴离子X-具体选自BF4 -,CF3SO3 -,CF3COO-,CH3COO-,ClCH2COO-,C6H4COO-,C6H4CH2COO-,NO3 -,HSO4 -,H2PO4 -,(CN)2N-,CH3SO3 -中的一种。
我们制备了新颖的以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体,最具有代表性的有:
(1)己内酰胺氟硼酸离子液体
Figure A20041009278900072
其密度为1.34g/ml,熔点为-78.2℃,绝对粘度为63cP,电化学窗口为2.0V,电导率为5.6×10-4S/cm,Hammett酸强度H0=2.56(以2,4-二硝基苯胺为指示剂)。
(2)己内酰胺三氟乙酸离子液体
Figure A20041009278900073
其密度为1.26g/ml,熔点为-68.0℃,绝对粘度为41cP,电化学窗口为1.9V,电导率为1.17×10-4S/cm,Hammett酸强度H0=4.54(以甲基黄为指示剂)。
以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体,制备这种酸性室温离子液体的方法为内酰胺与Brnsted酸HX经一步酸碱中和反应而得。
一种式(I)化合物N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体的制备方法,其中R代表含有1-4个碳原子的烷基或氢原子,X代表Brnsted酸HX的阴离子基团,n代表1-5的整数,
Figure A20041009278900081
其特征在于在反应介质的存在下,式(II)化合物内酰胺与Brnsted酸HX在室温下经过中和反应制得,
Figure A20041009278900082
式(II)化合物中R代表含有1-4个碳原子的烷基或氢原子,n代表1-5的整数;反应介质选自苯、甲苯、乙醚、环己烷或水;X代表Brnsted酸HX的阴离子基团。
制备式化合物(I)Brnsted酸性室温离子液体,内酰胺与Brnsted酸HX的摩尔比为1∶1。
制备式(I)化合物Brnsted酸性室温离子液体所用的Brnsted酸HX选自四氟硼酸(HBF4),三氟甲烷磺酸(CF3SO3H),三氟乙酸(CF3COOH),乙酸(CH3COOH),氯乙酸(CICH2COOH),苯甲酸(C6H4COOH),苯乙酸(C6H4CH2COOH),硝酸(HNO3),硫酸(H2SO4),磷酸(H3PO4),二腈酰胺((CN)2NH),甲烷磺酸(CH3SO3H)中的一种。
本发明制备的所有以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体都经过红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C-NMR)、质谱(MS)和元素分析进行结构表征和确认。固体的熔点用显微熔点仪测定,液体的熔点用美国TA公司差示扫描量热仪DSC Q100测定。液体的密度用标准容量瓶在25℃下采用称重法测定,电化学窗口用美国CHI660A电化学工作站测定,绝对黏度用毛细管乌氏黏度计在25℃的恒温水浴中测定,电导率用上海DDS-11A数显电导率仪测定,液体的Brnsted酸性H0以甲基黄或2,4-二硝基苯胺为指示剂采用紫外-可见光谱法测定。
本发明的室温离子液体对水和空气稳定,具有较强的酸性,可以取代无机酸应用于传统的酸催化反应中,既可以作为催化剂,又可以作为反应介质,同时还可以作为分离萃取介质,具有广泛的实际应用前景。
本发明的室温离子液体及其制备方法与现在广泛使用的咪唑基室温离子液体相比,有如下特点:
(1)以价格低廉的内酰胺代替了甲基咪唑,降低了离子液体的原料成本;
(2)环境更为友好;
(3)形成一类与二烷基甲基咪唑物理化学性能不同的酸功能化的离子液体;
(4)合成反应为一步酸碱中和反应,又是原子经济反应,转化完全,产物收率高,降低了合成成本且制备过程环境友好;
(5)反应简单,可操作性强,能用于大规模制备。
具体实施方式
为了进一步说明本发明的详细情况,下面列举若干实施例,但不应受此限制。
实施例1
称取丁内酰胺(2-吡咯烷酮)8.51g(0.1mol)溶解在水中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加40wt%的四氟硼酸水溶液21.95g(含HBF40.1mol),20分钟滴完,在室温下继续搅拌反应1h,加热真空除水,即得到产物丁内酰胺氟硼酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为97.2%。
实施例2
称取己内酰胺11.32g(0.1mol)溶解在水中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加40wt%的四氟硼酸水溶液21.95g(含HBF40.1mol),20分钟滴完,在室温下继续搅拌反应1h,加热真空除水,即得到无色粘稠液体,为产物己内酰胺氟硼酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为98.0%,熔点为-78.2℃,密度为1.34g/ml,特性黏度为63cP,电化学窗口为2.0V,电导率为5.6×10-4S/cm,Hammett酸强度H0=2.56(以2,4-二硝基苯胺为指示剂)。
实施例3
称取己内酰胺11.32g(0.1mol)溶解在苯中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加氯乙酸9.45g(0.1mol)的苯溶液20ml,20分钟滴完,在室温下继续搅拌反应7h,加热真空除苯,干燥,即得到淡黄色液体,为产物己内酰胺氯乙酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为95.9%,电导率为2.9×10-5S/cm,Hammett酸强度H0=5.03(以甲基黄为指示剂)。
实施例4
称取己内酰胺11.32g(0.1mol)溶解在苯中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加三氟乙酸11.40g(0.1mol),60分钟滴完,在室温下继续搅拌反应4h,加热真空除苯,干燥,即得到无色透明液体,黏度非常小,为产物己内酰胺三氟乙酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为97.5%,熔点为-68.0℃,密度为1.26g/ml,电化学窗口为1.9V,电导率为1.17×10-4S/cm,特性黏度为41cP,Hammett酸强度H0=4.54(以甲基黄为指示剂)。
实施例5
称取己内酰胺11.32g(0.1mol)溶解在水中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加65%的浓硝酸9.694g(0.1mol),30分钟滴完,在室温下继续反应8h,加热真空除水,干燥,即得到白色固体,为产物己内酰胺硝酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为98.1%,熔点为40-42℃。
实施例6
称取4-甲基丁内酰胺9.91g(0.1mol)溶解在苯中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加三氟乙酸11.40g(0.1mol),40分钟滴完,在室温下继续搅拌反应6h,加热真空除苯,干燥,即得到棕色粘稠液体,为产物4-甲基丁内酰胺三氟乙酸离子液体,产率为97.7%,对水和空气稳定。
实施例7
称取辛内酰胺14.12g(0.1mol)溶解在水中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加40wt%的四氟硼酸水溶液21.95g(含HBF40.1mol),大约20分钟滴完后,在室温下继续搅拌反应1h,加热真空除水,即得到无色粘稠液体,为产物辛内酰胺氟硼酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为96.7%。
实施例8
称取辛内酰胺14.12g(0.1mol)溶解在苯中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加三氟乙酸11.40g,30分钟滴完,在室温下继续搅拌反应4h,加热真空除苯,即得到无色粘稠液体,为产物辛内酰胺三氟乙酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为98.2%。
实施例9
称取己内酰胺11.32g(0.1mol)溶解在适量的苯中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加浓硫酸9.8g(0.1mol),大约30分钟滴完后,在室温下继续搅拌反应5h,加热真空除苯,即得到无色粘稠液体,室温放置变为蜡状,为产物己内酰胺硫酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为97.6%,熔点25-28℃。
实施例10
称取己内酰胺11.32g(0.1mol)溶解在水中,室温搅拌下缓慢滴加85%磷酸11.53g(0.1mol),30分钟滴完,在室温下继续搅拌反应12h,加热真空除水,即得到白色结晶,为产物己内酰胺磷酸离子液体,对水和空气稳定,产率为98.6%,熔点为61-64℃。
实施例11
同实施例2,但是将原料己内酰胺和四氟硼酸的量放大到1mol,其余条件不变。反应结束后得到无色粘稠液体,为产物己内酰胺四氟硼酸离子液体,产率为96.3%。

Claims (6)

1、一种以N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的布朗斯特酸性室温离子液体,其化学结构式用式(I)表示:
其中R代表含有1-4个碳原子的烷基或氢原子,X代表Brnsted酸HX的阴离子基团,n代表1-5的整数。
2、如权利要求1所说的离子液体,其特征在于R选自甲基,乙基,正丙基,异丙基,正丁基,异丁基或氢原子中的一种。
3、如权利要求1所说的离子液体,其特征在于阴离子X-选自BF4 -,CF3SO3 -,CF3COO-,CH3COO-,ClCH2COO-,C6H4COO-,C6H4CH2COO-,NO3 -,HSO4 -,H2PO4 -,(CN)2N-,CH3SO3 -中的一种。
4、一种式(I)化合物N-质子化内酰胺为阳离子基团的Brnsted酸性室温离子液体的制备方法,其中R代表含有1-4个碳原子的烷基或氢原子,X代表Brnsted酸HX的阴离子基团,n代表1-5的整数,
Figure A2004100927890002C2
其特征在于在反应介质的存在下,式(II)化合物内酰胺与Brnsted酸HX在室温下经过中和反应制得,
式(II)化合物中R代表含有1-4个碳原子的烷基或氢原子,n代表1-5的整数;反应介质选自苯、甲苯、乙醚、环己烷或水;X代表Brnsted酸HX的阴离子基团。
5、如权利要求4所说的方法,其特征在于内酰胺与Brnsted酸HX的摩尔比为1∶1。
6、如权利要求4所说的方法,其特征在于Brnsted酸HX选自四氟硼酸,三氟甲烷磺酸,三氟乙酸,乙酸,氯乙酸,苯甲酸,苯乙酸,硝酸,硫酸,磷酸,二腈酰胺,甲烷磺酸中的一种。
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