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CN1639462A - 风力涡轮机的工作方法 - Google Patents

风力涡轮机的工作方法 Download PDF

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CN1639462A
CN1639462A CNA028085078A CN02808507A CN1639462A CN 1639462 A CN1639462 A CN 1639462A CN A028085078 A CNA028085078 A CN A028085078A CN 02808507 A CN02808507 A CN 02808507A CN 1639462 A CN1639462 A CN 1639462A
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CN100353055C (zh
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阿洛伊斯·沃本
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/103—Purpose of the control system to affect the output of the engine
    • F05B2270/1033—Power (if explicitly mentioned)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/107—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies
    • F05B2270/1071—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies in particular sudden load loss
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/337—Electrical grid status parameters, e.g. voltage, frequency or power demand
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及风力涡轮机的工作方法，该风力涡轮机带有由转子驱动的发电机，可将电能送至电气负载，特别是高压输电线路网。为了尽可能地补偿高压输电线路网的波动，开发了上述的系统，使得可根据输出至负载的电流来调节发电机输送至负载的电能。

Description

风力涡轮机的工作方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种带有发电机的风力涡轮机的工作方法，该发电机由转子驱动，将电能送至电气负载，特别是送至高压输电线路网(electric grid)。
本发明还涉及带有一个转子和一个与该转子连接的发电机的风力涡轮机，用于将电能送至电气负载，特别是送至高压输电线路网。
背景技术
在由风能产生电能的已知的风力涡轮机中，带有电气负载(通常为高压输电线路网)的发电机是按与高压输电线路网平行的模式工作的。换句话说，只要风的供给足够，风力涡轮机将产生电能，并将电能输送至高压输电线路网。
然而，如果高压输电线路网发生故障(例如，由于高压输电线路网短路)，则风力涡轮机与高压输电线路网断开，并且在恢复正常工作条件之前，不会与高压输电线路网重新连接。
这表示在这种高压输电线路网故障以后，不再可能为高压输电线路网提供快速支持，而当电压和/或所需的电能波动大时，这种支承是特别需要的。
发明内容
本发明的目的是要为一个或多个风力涡轮机提供一种可以尽可能地补偿高压输电线路网波动的控制系统。
这个目的可利用开始说明的方法来达到。在该方法中，发电机输送至负载的电能可根据输出至负载的电流来调节。
在开始说明的装置中，该目的可利用控制装置来达到。该控制装置包括一个测量输送至负载的电流的电流传感器，使得可根据该电流传感器接收的电流来控制发电机输送至负载的电能。
这样，当高压输电线路网的电能需要波动时，可以产生和输送所需要的电能。
为了避免(例如)在由于高压输电线路网短路造成高压输电线路网故障的情况下，风力涡轮机和/或高压输电线路网的零件过载，应控制风力涡轮机，使输送至高压输电线路网的电流不超过预先确定的值。
在本发明的一个特别优选实施例中，为了尽可能地支持高压输电线路网，一方面要对高压输电线路的每一个相，调节可以输出的最大电流的电平；另一方面又要不使零件有损坏的危险。
在该特别优选实施例中，风力涡轮机可以由与遥控站制定的规定相适应的外部输入装置来操纵工作。这样，供电公司可以要求风力涡轮机在该时刻输送支持高压输电线路网所需的电流大小。
本发明的其他的优选实施例在从属权利要求中说明。
附图说明
现参照附图来详细说明本发明的一个实施例。其中：
图1为将电能送至高压输电线路网的风力涡轮机的简图；
图2为根据本发明的操纵风力涡轮机工作的控制装置；和
图3为在控制和调节装置中的主要零件的框图。
具体实施方式
图1简单表示的包括一个转子4的风力涡轮机2与高压输电线路网6(例如可以为公共高压输电线路网)连接。几个电气负载8与高压输电线路网连接。图1中没有示出的风力涡轮机2的发电机与电气控制和调节装置10连接。电气控制和调节装置10首先将发电机产生的交流电整流，接着，将电流转换为频率与高压输电线路网的频率相适应的交流电。风力涡轮机2也可将电能供给单一一个负载，而不是供给高压输电线路网6。控制和调节装置10具有根据本发明的调节装置。
图2表示根据本发明的调节装置。以简单形式表示的转子4与发电机12连接，发电机12则提供取决于风速和风能的电能量。发电机12产生的交流电开始经过整流，接着被转换为频率与高压输电线路网的频率相适应的交流电。
利用电流传感器(未示出)，可以检测送至高压输电线路网6(图1)中的电流大小。同时，将所述电流与预先确定的值I(max)比较。
如果送入高压输电线路网6的电流超过预先确定的最大电流I(max)，则调节装置调节整个风力涡轮机(和/或其发电机)产生的电能，使输送至高压输电线路网的电流不超过预先确定的阈值I(max)。在短路情况下，所述电流调节可由输送至高压输电线路网的电能输出比先前的小很多的风力涡轮机来进行；同时在高压输电线路网外面的某处，使用不送入高压输电线路网(例如供多余负载(电阻)用的)的电能；或将不送入高压输电线路网的电能送至电容器或其他内部存储装置。当高压输电线路网的工作完全恢复时，可以恢复将存储的能量输送至高压输电线路网。
这样，即使在高压输电线路网中有短路，风力涡轮机也可以继续将电能输送至高压输电线路网和支持高压输电线路网，而不会由于短路使电流超过预先确定的阈值。
图3表示图1中的控制和调节装置10的组成部分。控制和调节装置10包括将发电机产生的交流电整流的一个整流器16。与整流器16连接的转换器18将直流电转换为频率与高压输电线路网的频率相适应的交流电。这个电流以三相L1，L2和L3的形式送入高压输电线路网6。转换器18由构成调节装置一部分的微处理器20控制。为此，微处理器20与转换器18连接。用于调节风力涡轮机2产生的电能借以送入高压输电线路网6中的电流的输入变量为：瞬时电流和/或多个瞬时电流、高压输电线路网频率、发电机的电功率输出P、功率因数cos和功率梯度dP/dt。根据本发明，输送至高压输电线路网的电流的调节由微处理器20实现。根据本发明，L1，L2和L3相中每一个相的电流是分开检测的，并且在调节装置中考虑相应的电平值。
如果所测量的相电流(电平)I(实际)增加超过预先确定的最大电流，则控制转换器18，使电流(电平)降至预先确定的最大电流I(max)以下。同时，由风能产生和不输送至高压输电线路网的电能被用在别处，例如，输出至电阻(多余负载)或存储在内部存储装置(例如电容器或Ultracap)中。
风力涡轮机的控制系统可以独立地工作。通过监视高压输电线路网单个相的电压和/或相位，风力涡轮机可检测高压输电线路网的短路。如果达到预先确定的电压和/或相位差的阈值，则风力涡轮机认为是短路，并根据为这种情况提供的算法工作。
利用外部进入装置22，风力涡轮机与其高压输电线路网连接的供电公司，可以干预风力涡轮机的工作；例如，可改变输送至高压输电线路网的电流量，电流的形式(有功电流，无功电流)，和/或相角和/或相位等。这样，供电公司可相对于由风力涡轮机输送至高压输电线路网的与网络操作者的要求相适应的电能，精确地调整这些值(电流、电压、电功率)。

Claims (16)

1.一种风力涡轮机的工作方法，该风力涡轮机带有由转子驱动的发电机，该发电机可将电能供给电气负载，特别是供给高压输电线路网；其特征为，发电机(12)输送至负载(6)的电能可根据输出至负载(6)的电流来调节。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征为，发电机(12)输出至负载的功率可根据输出至负载的电流大小调节。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征为，该电流为具有预先确定的频率的交流电。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征为，该预先确定的频率基本上等于高压输电线路网的频率。
5.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征为，输出的功率不超过预先确定的量，具有预先确定的相位和/或包括预先确定比例的无功电流。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征为，在多相系统中，每一个相的无功电流的量、相位和/或比例不超过预先确定的值。
7.如权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征为，对于每一个相，可以预先确定与其他相无关的值。
8.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征为，在发生短路时刻，每一个受短路影响的相的电流限制为瞬时值。
9.用于实现根据上述权利要求的方法的风力涡轮机包括转子和与该转子连接用于将电能输出至高压输电线路网的发电机；其特征为，它具有一个带有检测输出至高压输电线路网(6)的电流的电流传感器的调节装置，可以根据该电流传感器接收到的电流，调节由发电机输送至高压输电线路网(6)的电能。
10.如权利要求9所述的风力涡轮机，其特征为，该调节装置具有微处理器(20)。
11.如权利要求9或10所述的风力涡轮机，其特征为，它具有外部控制输入装置(22)，用于将数据传送至调节装置。
12.如权利要求9至11中任一项所述的风力涡轮机，其特征为，它具有检测高压输电线路网中的短路的装置。
13.如权利要求12所述的风力涡轮机，其特征为，它具有检测高压输电线路网中至少一个相的电压的电压检测装置。
14.如权利要求12或13所述的风力涡轮机，其特征为，它具有检测高压输电线路网中至少一个相的电流和/或电压的相位的相位监视器。
15.具有如上述权利要求中任一项所述特征之一的风力涡轮机，它带有将电能送至高压输电线路网的发电机；其特征为，当发生短路或类似的破坏时，例如当电压达到偏离参考值多于20％、优选多于40％的值时，该风力涡轮机仍保持与高压输电线路网连接。
16.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的风力涡轮机，它具有将电能送至高压输电线路网的发电机和将数据传送至调节风力涡轮机的装置的外部控制输入装置；其特征为，通过该外部控制输入装置，从高压输电线路网操作者或从操纵该高压输电线路网的电能供应者接收控制信号；并且根据从高压输电线路网操作者发出的所述控制信号，根据高压输电线路网操作者的需要，控制风力涡轮机；这样，电能-例如非无功的电能，风能，电流位置，电压位置或相位-以高压输电线路网操作者需要的形式送入高压输电线路网中。
CNB028085078A 2001-04-20 2002-04-12 风力涡轮机及其工作方法 Expired - Lifetime CN100353055C (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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